origin of life
DESCRIPTION
Origin of life. From: http://www.mediafire.com/?jfijmimctnd. L ife didn’t have to start with modern chemicals!. The pre-biotic environment contained many simple fatty acids. . Under a range of pH they SPONTANEOUSLY form stable vesicles. And they are permeable to small organic molecules… - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Origin of life
From:http://www.mediafire.com/?jfijmimctnd
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Life didn’t have to start with modern chemicals!
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The pre-biotic environment contained many simple fatty acids.
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Under a range of pH they SPONTANEOUSLY
form stable vesicles.
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And they are permeable to small organic molecules…
…meaning no complex proteins are required to get stuff in.
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When a vesicle encounters free fatty acids in solution, it will incorporate them.
Eating and growth are driven purely by thermodynamics.
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When a vesicle grows it adopts a tubular branched shape…
Surface area grows faster than volume.
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…which is easily divided by mechanical forces (waves, currents, rocks…)
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During mechanical division, none of the contents of the vesicle are lost.
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So far, with naturally occurring simple fatty acids,
we have a vesicle that can spontaneously grow and divide.
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So what about the genetic material.
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Again, modern nucleotides are too stable and require complex protein machinery to replicate.
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The pre-biotic environment contained hundreds of types of different
nucleotides (not just DNA and RNA).
(All it took was 1 to self polymerize.)
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Recent experiments have shown that some of these are capable
of spontaneous polymerization, such as Phosphoramidate DNA.
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Monomers will base pair with a single stranded template and self ligate.
Hydrogen BondsBase Pair
Covalent BondLigation
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They can also polymerize in solution, and spontaneously form new templates, or
extend existing templates.
No special sequences are required, it’s just chemistry.
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So far we have lipid vesicles that can grow and divide,
and nucleotide polymers that can self replicate, all on their own.
But how does it become life?
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Here’s how.
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Our fatty acid vesicles are permeable to nucleotide
monomers, but not polymers.
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Once spontaneous polymerization occurs within the vesicle, the
polymer is trapped.
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Floating through the ocean, the polymer containing vesicles will encounter convection currents…
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… such as those set up by hydrothermal vents.
(fatty acid vesicles are stable under near boiling conditions)
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The high temperatures will separate the polymer strands and increase the
membrane’s permeability to monomers.
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Once the temperature cools spontaneous polymerization can
occur. And the cycle repeats.
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Here’s where it gets cool.
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The polymer, due to surrounding ions, will increase the osmotic pressure within the
vesicle, stretching its membrane.
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A vesicle with more polymer, through simple thermodynamics, will “steal” lipids
from a vesicle with less polymer.
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This is the origin of competition.
They eat each other.
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A vesicle that contains a polymer that can replicate faster,
will grow and divide faster,
eventually dominating the population.
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-Monomers spontaneously polymerize and copy any template-Heat separates strands, increases membrane permeability to monomers-Polymer backbones attract ions increasing osmotic pressure-Pressure on the membrane drives its growth at the expense of nearby vesicles containing less polymer
Let’s Review: -Monomers diffuse into a fatty acid vesicle
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-Mechanical forces cause vesicles to divide-Daughter vesicles inherit polymers from the parent vesicle-Polymer sequences that replicate faster will dominate the population…
Let’s Review: -Vesicles grow into tubular structures
Thus beginning evolution!
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Early genomes were completely random and therefore contained
NO information.
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It was their ability to spontaneously replicate, irrespective of sequence,
that drove growth and division of the fatty acid vesicles.
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Any mutation that increases the rate of polymer replication
would be selected for.
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And as I’ve shown before
Mutation +
Natural Selection=
Increased Information
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Early beneficial mutations would include:
Change sequence to contain only the most common nucleotides.
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Early beneficial mutations would include:
Don’t form secondary structures that block replication.
X
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Early beneficial mutations would include:
Form sequences that are stable yet separate easily.
X
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Early beneficial mutations would include:
Form secondary structures that show some enzymatic activity.
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Just like RNA, early nucleotides could both store information and
function as enzymes.
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Early polymer enzymes would:
Enhance replication
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Early polymer enzymes would:
Use high energy molecules in the environment (near thermal vents)
to recharge monomers.
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Early polymer enzymes would:
Synthesize lipids from other molecules in the environment.
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Early polymer enzymes would:
Modify your lipids so they don’t leave your membrane.
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And that’s it.
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A simple 2 component system that SPONTANEOUSLY forms
in the pre-biotic environment…
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…can eat, grow, contain information, replicate,
and EVOLVE…
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…simply through thermodynamic, mechanical,
and electrical forces.