origin of indian ocean seamount province by shallow ... · variable violations of the “closed...

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONDOI: 10.1038/NGEO1331

NATURE GEOSCIENCE | www.nature.com/naturegeoscience 1

Origin of Indian Ocean seamount province by shallow recycling of continental lithosphere; Hoernle et al. 2011.

SupplementaryInformationGuide

SupplementaryInformationFile1:40Ar/39Aranalyticalmethods,agedataand

step‐heatingagespectradiagrams.Pages2‐10.

SupplementaryInformationFile2:Sr‐Nd‐Pb‐Hfisotopeanalyticalmethods.

Pages11‐13.

SupplementaryInformationFile3:Tectonicmodeldescription.Pages14‐15.

© 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.

Suppl. File 1: 40Ar/39Ar analytical methods and age data.

Thirty-four dredged rock samples (SO199) and eight land samples (Christmas Island)

were dated by 40Ar/39Ar laser step-heating. Crystals (plagioclase, K-feldspar, hornblende)

matrix and glass particles were hand-picked from crushed and sieved splits (250-500µm).

Feldspar separates were etched in 15% hydrofluoric acid for 5 minutes in order to remove

alteration surfaces and adhering matrix material. All samples were washed and cleaned using an

ultrasonic disintegrator.

Separates were irradiated in aluminum trays and cans lined by cadmium foil at the 5-MW

reactor of the GKSS Research Center (Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Germany). The neutron

flux was monitored using Taylor Creek Rhyolite Sanidine (TCR-2: 27.87 ± 0.04 Ma; Lanphere

and Dalrymple, 2000). 40Ar/39Ar laser step-heating analyses were carried out at the IFM-

GEOMAR Geochronology Lab using a 20W SpectraPhysics Argon-Ion laser and an MAP 216

series noble gas mass spectrometer. Ar Isotope ratios from mass spectrometry were corrected

for mass discrimination, background and blank values, J-value gradients, and interfering

neutron reactions on Ca and K.

The step-heating data are evaluated in age spectra (apparent age and error vs cumulative

39Ar) trying to detect plateaus (>3 consecutive steps comprising >50% of the 39Ar released,

with ages overlapping within 2Sigma errors), plateau ages representing the inverse-variance

weighted mean of the plateau step ages and errors. The MSWD (mean square weighted

deviates; should be <<3) and POF (probability of fit; should be >0.05 at 2 Sigma / 95%

confidence levels) are calculated to test the statistical robustness of the plateaus and plateau

ages (Baksi, 1999). Because many of the SO199 marine and land samples are variably strongly

altered, the degree of alteration was monitored critically by calculating alteration indices based

on the measured 36Ar/37Ar ratios (plagioclase, hornblende, matrix, basaltic glass) or measured

36Ar/39Ar ratios (K-feldspar) following the methods established by Baksi (2007).

Results of step-heating analyses which yielded scattered age spectra, too small plateaus

(39Ar<<50%), statistically invalid plateaus (POF<<0.05), or large-error pseudo-plateaus were

rejected. All of these exhibit excessively high alteration indices (36Ar/37Ar) throughout the age

spectra, reflecting a significant uptake of (atmospheric) 36Ar during alteration, and indicating


khoernle

Text Box

Origin of Indian Ocean seamount province by shallow recycling of continental lithosphere; Hoernle et al.

variable violations of the “closed system” assumption, such as gain or loss of the

parent/daughter after formation/closure.

Fourtythree step-heating analyses yield statistically valid plateau ages and plateau range

alteration indices around and close to the cut-off values for fresh sample material suggested by

Baksi (2007). Low-temperature heating steps generally yield 10 to 100 times higher alteration

indices, but are not included in the plateau age calculation. Results are summarized in Table 1.

References:

Baksi, A.K., 1999. Revaluation of plate motion models based on hotspot tracks in the Atlantic

and Indian oceans: Journal of Geology, v. 107, p. 13–26.

Baksi, A.K., 2007. A quantitative tool for detecting alteration in undisturbed rocks and minerals

- I: Water, chemical weathering, and atmospheric argon. Geological Society of America Special

Paper 430, p. 285-303.

Lanphere, M.A. and G.B. Dalrymple, 2000. First-principles calibration of 38Ar tracers:

Implications for the ages of 40Ar/39Ar fluence monitors. U.S. Geological Survey Professional

Paper 1621, 10 p.

Suppl. File 1: 40Ar/39Ar step-heating results table

Step-heating plateau data Sample No Material

Dated Age (Ma)

± 2σ (Ma)

MSWD Prob. %39Ar Steps Alteration Index

Cocos-Keeling Volcanic Province

SO199-DR13-1 plagioclase 56.0 ± 0.2 0.81 0.66 97.4 6 to 20

0.0002 - 0.002

SO199-DR13-12C

hornblende 55.6 ± 0.2 1.19 0.31 81.2 13 to 18

0.0002 - 0.0003

SO199 DR16-1C

hornblende 46.7 ± 0.2 0.96 0.47 86.4 8 to 17

0.0002 - 0.0004

SO199-DR21-1 matrix 47.0 ± 0.2 0.86 0.56 84.0 8 to 17

0.0002 - 0.0004


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Text Box


Outsider Seamount

SO199-DR1-10 glass 53.4 ± 0.3 1.40 0.22 50.0 6 to 10

0.0003 - 0.001

Vening-Meinesz Volcanic Province

SO199-DR35-1A

plagioclase 63.6 ± 2.5 1.60 0.10 76.3 7 to 18

0.0001 - 0.001


0.0001 - 0.0005


0.0001 - 0.0003

SO199 DR40-3 plagioclase 70.1 ± 0.4 0.14 0.99 46.7 10 to 16

0.0007 - 0.001


0.0002 - 0.0005


0.0001 - 0.0002


0.0001 - 0.0006

SO199-DR45-1 K-feldspar 64.9 ± 0.1 1.2 0.31 69.9 13 to 17

0.0001 - 0.0002


0.0001 - 0.0002


0.0002 - 0.0005


0.0002 - 0.0006

SO199-DR50-9C

K-feldspar 81.1 ± 0.2 1.60 0.15 96.2 1 to 16

0.00003 - 0.0002


0.00015 - 0.0003

SO199-DR87-19C

K-feldspar 89.8 ± 0.2 0.33 0.86 80.7 16 to 20

0.00002 - 0.00003

Christmas Island (Lower Volcanic Series)


0.00015 - 0.00035


0.00015 - 0.001

SO199-DR55-3 hornblende 39.3 ± 0.4 0.89 0.54 87.5 8 to 17

0.00007 - 0.0004


khoernle

Text Box


CH5A matrix 41.1 ± 0.1 1.50 0.10 86.1 5 to 19

0.003 - 0.004

CH9 matrix 37.0 ± 0.6 1.70 0.11 52.3 5 to 12

0.004 - 0.08

CH11 matrix 42.6 ± 0.4 1.60 0.09 53.1 7 to 18

0.004 - 0.01

CH13 matrix 43.6 ± 0.4 2.00 0.02 64.9 6 to 17

0.007 - 0.009

Christmas Island (Upper Volcanic Series)

CH1A matrix 4.31 ± 0.14 1.40 0.11 100.0 1 to 19

0.001 - 0.01

CH2 matrix 4.50 ± 0.18 0.48 0.96 100.0 1 to 18

0.0008 - 0.02

CH3 matrix 4.52 ± 0.18 1.30 0.17 97.5 2 to 19

0.0007 - 0.01

CH4 matrix 4.35 ± 0.24 0.69 0.66 58.0 4 to 10

0.002 - 0.009

Eastern Wharton Basin Volcanic Province

SO199-DR56-1 plagioclase 105.3 ± 2.0 1.2 0.29 74.4 6 to 9 0.0002 - 0.009


0.00015-0.0005


0.00015-0.00025


0.00015-0.0002


0.0002-0.0009


0.00015 - 0.0003


0.0004 - 0.002


0.0002 - 0.0007

SO199-DR73-11C

K-feldpar 114.7 ± 0.3 0.72 0.72 79.7 1 to12 0.00002 - 0.01


0.0002 - 0.001

SO199-DR79-3 K-feldpar 101.5 ± 0.2 1.7 0.13 86.3 15 to 20

0.00003 - 0.00007

SO199-DR79-4 K-feldpar 101.8 ± 0.3 1.7 0.16 80.5 13 to 16

0.00003 - 0.0001


khoernle

Text Box


Argo Basin Volcanic Province


0.00015 - 0.0002

Suppl. File 1: 40Ar/39Ar step-heating age spectra


khoernle

Text Box


30

40

50

60

70

80

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Cumulative 39Ar Fraction

Age

(Ma)

Plateau age = 53.42±0.31 Ma(2 , including J-error of .185%)MSWD = 1.4, probability=0.22

Includes 50% of the 39Ar

Plateau steps are magenta, rejected steps are cyan box heights are 2

1-10gls

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




21-1mxs

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)


Includes 86.4% of the 39Ar


16-1hbs

40

50

60

70

80

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




13-12hbs

30

40

50

60

70

80

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)



Plateau steps are magenta, rejected steps are cyan

Box heightsare 2σ

30

40

50

60

70

80

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)



13-1fss

Cocos-Keeling Volcanic Province

Outsider Seamount

fss = feldspar step-heating analysishbs = hornblende step-heating analysismxs = matrix step-heating analysisgls = glass step-heating analysis


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




35-1Afss

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




40-1fss

20

40

60

80

100

120

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




40-2fss

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)

Plateau age = 70.06±0.40 Ma(2 , including J-error of .185%)

MSWD = 0.14, probability=0.992



40-3fss

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




42-1fss

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




42-3fss

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




44-1fss

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




45-1fss

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




49-1fss

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




49-3fss

70

80

90

100

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




50-1Cfss

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




50-9Cfss

0

40

80

120

160

200

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




87-1fss

85

87

89

91

93

95

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




87-19fss

Vening-Meinesz Volcanic Province


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




56-1fss

0

50

100

150

200

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




57-1fss

50

100

150

200

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




58-1fs2

0

40

80

120

160

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)

Plateau age = 94.26±0.33 Ma(2 , including J-error of .137%)




58-2fs2

50

100

150

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




59-3fss

50

100

150

200

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




65-1fss

0

50

100

150

200

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




66-5fss

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




73-5fss

105

110

115

120

125

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




73-11fss

0

50

100

150

200

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)

Plateau age = 115.2±2.3 Ma(95% conf.), including J-error of .161%)




75-2fss

90

95

100

105

110

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




79-3fss

90

95

100

105

110

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




79-4fss

50

100

150

200

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




72-1fss

Argo Basin Volcanic Province

Eastern Wharton Basin Volcanic Province


20

30

40

50

60

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




55-1fss

0

20

40

60

80

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




55-3fss

20

30

40

50

60

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




55-3hbs

25

35

45

55

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




X5Amxs

20

30

40

50

60

70

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




X9mxsA

ge (M

a)

30

40

50

60

70

80

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




X11mxs

30

40

50

60

70

80

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




X13mxs

Christmas Island (Lower Volcanic Series)

Christmas Island (Upper Volcanic Series)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




X1Amxs

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




X2mxs

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




X3mxs

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Age

(Ma)




X4mxs


Origin of Indian Ocean seamount province by shallow recycling of continental lithosphere; Hoernle et al. Suppl. File 2: Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf Isotopes: Analytical methods and data for the Christmas Island Seamounts and Christmas Island.

Samples selected for geochemistry were first crushed to small pieces, then

washed in de-ionized water and carefully handpicked under a binocular microscope.

Sr, Nd, and Double Spike (DS) Pb isotope analyses were determined on leached rock

chips (2N HCl at 70°C for 1 hour and triple rinsed with ultrapure water thereafter).

Powders used for Hf isotope analyses were not leached. The element chromatography

followed the methods of Hoernle and Tilton 1 and Hoernle et al. 2. Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic

ratios were analyzed in static multi-collection mode on the TRITON and MAT262

RPQ2+ thermal ionization mass spectrometers (TIMS) at IFM-GEOMAR. Sr and Nd

isotopic ratios are normalized within run to 86Sr/88Sr = 0.1194 and 146Nd/144Nd =

0.7219 respectively. All Sr isotope data are reported relative to NBS987 87Sr/86Sr =

0.710250 with an external 2s error (2 s.e.) of ±0.000016 (N=23) for the MAT262 and

2 s.e. of ±0.000011 (N=18) for the TRITON. Similarly the Nd isotope data

(exclusively determined on the TRITON) are reported relative to La Jolla 143Nd/144Nd= 0.511850± 0.000006 (N=30). Double Spike corrected NBS 981 values

(N=107) gave 206Pb/204Pb = 16.9420 ± 0.0029, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.4999 ± 0.0027, 208Pb/204Pb = 36.7257 ± 0.0071, 207Pb/206Pb = 0.91488 ± 0.00005 and 208Pb/206Pb =

2.16773 ± 0.00009. These values compare well with published double and triple spike

data for NBS981 3-7. For details of the Pb-DS technique see Hoernle at al. 8. Hf

chemistry was carried out following the methods of Blichert-Toft et al. 9 and isotope

ratios were measured in static mode on a VG Elemental AXIOM multi-collector

magnetic sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS) at

IFM-GEOMAR. A subset of samples were measured on a Nu-Plasma II MC-ICP-MS

at IFM-GEOMAR. Our in-house SPEX Hf ICP standard solution (Lot #9) yields an

averaged, JMC 475-normalized value of 176Hf/177Hf = 0.282173 ± 0.000008 (n=132)

on the AXIOM and 176Hf/177Hf = 0.282170 ± 0.000007 (n=8) on the Nu Plasma II. A

detailed description of the Hf analytical procedures is found in Geldmacher et al. 10.

Total chemistry blanks were <100 pg for Sr, Nd, Hf and Pb and thus considered

negligible. Sr-Nd-Pb replicate analyses by means of separate dissolutions of SO199

DR57-1, SO199 DR35-1A and CH13 are within the external errors of the standards

except for a slightly larger offsets in 207Pb/206Pb for SO199 DR51-1 and 208Pb/204Pb

and 208Pb/206Pb for SO199 DR35-1A. The isotopic composition of the CHRISP


Origin of Indian Ocean seamount province by shallow recycling of continental lithosphere; Hoernle et al. volcanic rocks covers a large range (e.g. 206Pb/204Pb = 17.3-19.3; 207Pb/204Pb = 15.49-

15.67; 143Nd/144Nd = 0.51220-0.51295; 176Hf/177Hf = 0.28246-0.28319; 87Sr/86Sr =

0.7036-0.7058). Trace element data (Rb, Sr, Sm, Nd, U, Th, Pb, Lu and Hf) were

determined on an Agilent 7500cs ICPMS at the Institute of Geoscience (Univeristy of

Kiel) after the methods of Garbe-Schönberg 11. A subset of samples marked with an

asterix were determined at AcmeLabs (http://acmelab.com/) by ICPMS following a

lithium metaborate/tetraborate fusion technique.

Table 2. Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf Isotope data.

Ages (bold) are from Supplementary File 1, Table 1. For undated samples the average

age (italic) of the respective volcanic province or unit is used to calculate the initial

isotopic ratios. For sample numbers marked with an asterix (*) the trace element

concentrations were determined at AcmeLabs. “_R” denotes replicate analyses in

terms of separate sample dissolution.

References:

1 Hoernle, K. A. & Tilton, G. R. Sr-Nd-Pb isotope data for Fuerteventura (Canary Islands) basal complex and subaerial volcanics: applications to magma genesis and evolution. Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt. 71, 3-18 (1991).

2 Hoernle, K. et al. Arc-parallel flow in the mantle wedge beneath Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Nature 451, 1094-1097 (2008).

3 Baker, J. A., Gamble, J. A. & Graham, I. J. The age, geology and geochemistry of the Tapuaenuku Igneous Complex, Marlborough, New Zealand. New Zeal. J. Geol. and Geophys. 37, 249-268 (1994).

4 Baker, J. A., Peate, D. W., Waight, T. E. & Thirlwall, M. F. Reply to the: Comment on "Pb isotopic analysis of standards and samples using a 207Pb-204Pb double spike and thallium to correct for mass bias with a double focusing MC-ICP-MS" by Baker et al. Chem. Geol. 217, 175-179 (2005).

5 Galer, S. J. G. & Abouchami, W. Practical application of lead triple spiking triple spiking for correction of instrumental mass discrimination. Mineral. Mag. 62A, 491-492 (1998).

6 Thirlwall, M. F. Inter-laboratory and other errors in Pb isotope analyses investigated using a 207Pb-204Pb double spike. Chem. Geol. 163, 299-322 (2000).

7 Thirlwall, M. F. Multicollector ICP-MS analysis of Pb isotopes using a 207Pb-204Pb double spike demonstrates up to 400 ppm/amu systematic errors in Tl-normalization. Chem. Geol. 184, 255-279 (2002).

8 Hoernle, K. et al. On- and off-axis chemical heterogeneities along the South Atlantic Mid-Ocean-Ridge (5-11°S): Shallow or deep recycling of ocean crust and/or intraplate volcanism? Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 306, 86-97 (2011).


Origin of Indian Ocean seamount province by shallow recycling of continental lithosphere; Hoernle et al. 9 Blichert-Toft, J., Chauvel, C. & Albarede, F. Separation of Hf and Lu for

high-precision isotope analyses of rock samples by magnetic sector-multiple collector ICP-MS. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 127, 248-260 (1997).

10 Geldmacher, J. et al. Origin and geochemical evolution of the Madeira-Tore Rise (eastern North Atlantic). J. Geophys. Res. 111, B09206, doi:10.1029/2005JB003931 (2006).

11 Garbe-Schönberg, C.-D. Simultaneous determination of thirty-seven trace elements in twenty-eight international rock standarts by ICP-MS. Geostand. Newslett. 17, 81-97 (1993).


Origin of Indian Ocean seamount province by shallow recycling of continental lithosphere; Hoernle et al. Suppl. File 3. Tectonic model description.

Figure 3 was created using GPlates, a no-cost, interactive plate-tectonic and raster

visualization package (see http://www.gplates.org/ and 1 for more details). The

tectonic model 2,3 is based upon the identification of marine magnetic anomaly picks

from the Argo, Gascoyne, Cuvier and Perth abyssal plains, offshore Western

Australia, using gravity and magnetic potential field data and comparison with a

synthetic magnetic model. Rotation poles were derived iteratively invoking the best

visual fit and ensuring compliance within the available constraints such as fracture

zones and ODP/DSDP drill site minimum ages. The plate motion vectors in figure 3

are from 4-6 and references therein. Here are the rotation poles for Greater India 3, except 10.9 Ma 7, and 20.1 Ma 8: Time (Ma) Latitude Longitude Angle Relative plate 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 India-Central Indian Basin 10.9 -8.7 76.9 2.75 India-Central Indian Basin 20.1 -5.2 74.3 5.93 India-Central Indian Basin 83.5 23.25 -16.38 3.02 India-Central Indian Basin 83.5 16.6 24.66 -53.43 India-Madagascar 100.0 20.34 26.01 -57.43 India-Madagascar 106.0 23.01 26.85 -55.79 India-Madagascar 121.0 24.07 25.33 -54.75 India-Madagascar 124.0 23.04 25.03 -55.73 India-Madagascar 126.7 22.08 24.27 -56.61 India-Madagascar 126.7 0.87 -170.31 85.14 India-Antarctica128.96 1.29 -169.52 85.52 India-Antarctica129.5 1.45 -169.38 85.78 India-Antarctica136.0 2.79 -167.32 87.49 India-Antarctica600.0 2.79 -167.32 87.49 India-Antarctica And Argoland (West Burma Block): Time (Ma) Latitude Longitude Angle Relative plate 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 West Burma-India 80.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 West Burma-India 80.0 27.37 24.66 67.43 West Burma-India 85.0 34.06 44.26 76.32 West Burma-India 121.0 34.06 44.26 76.32 West Burma-India 136.0 -31.1 -127.86 -81.57 West Burma-India 136.0 14.91 102.95 73.6 West Burma-Australia


Origin of Indian Ocean seamount province by shallow recycling of continental lithosphere; Hoernle et al. 146.0 8.44 112.29 86.24 West Burma-Australia 146.75 8.39 112.59 86.3 West Burma-Australia 148.12 8.12 113.42 86.47 West Burma-Australia 150.43 7.89 114.13 86.6 West Burma-Australia 150.7 7.74 114.51 86.67 West Burma-Australia 152.11 7.56 114.97 86.75 West Burma-Australia 153.54 7.42 115.37 86.83 West Burma-Australia 154.1 7.26 115.74 86.9 West Burma-Australia 155.0 7.13 116.06 86.98 West Burma-Australia 155.36 6.96 116.52 87.07 West Burma-Australia 600.0 6.96 116.52 87.07 West Burma-Australia

1 Boyden, J. A. et al. Next-generation plate-tectonic reconstructions using GPlates. in: Geoinformatics: Cyberinfrastructure for the Solid Earth Sciences, Keller G.R. and Baru, C., eds., Cambridge University Press, pp 388, ISBN: 9780521897150 (2011).

2 Gibbons, A., Whittaker, J. & Müller, R. D. Composite tectonic model for the early Indian Ocean. Geophysical Research Abstracts 13, EGU2011-5179, EGU General Assembly (2011).

3 Gibbons, A., et al. Constraining the Jurassic extent of Greater India: tectonic evolution of the West Australian margin: G3, submitted (2011). 4 Cande, S. C., Patriat, P. & Dyment, J. Motion between the Indian, Antarctic

and African plates in the early Cenozoic. Geophys. J. Int. 183, 127-149 (2010).

5 Eagles, G. & König, M. A model of plate kinematics in Gondwana breakup. Geophys. J. Int. 173, 703-717 (2008).

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