Orientation to the Major Landmarks of the Human Body: How do we discuss location?

• Topics for 8/27• What is homeostasis and feedback?• What are the eleven organ systems?• What is the standard anatomical position?• What are the anatomical planes and the terms of

anatomical orientation?• What are the major cavities and membranes?• How do the axial and appendicular regions differ?• Review of study tips-Please read ahead and review CH2:Chemistry, this is not a chemistry

class but you must be familiar with this material.

Practice Quiz for yesterdays notes:

1) If you weigh 221 pounds, how many kg is this?

2) If you are 50% water how many liters of water is this?

2) If the drug dose was 1 pill (100 mg) per person (male) and your patient was Yao Yang (7’ 8”) and 320 lbs, about how much drug (pills) would they need?

3) The heart, blood vessels and blood work together to deliver oxygen to the body. This is an example of a what?

• A) Organelle B) Organ C) Placebo effect• D) Auscultation E) None are a perfect match

How do I study this material?Why do I need this information?

• 1) Spend quality time on task• 2) Work cooperatively on task• 3) Have high expectations for yourself• 4) Study 2-3 hours for each daily lecture hour, not just the

night before an exam• 5) Mentally review material when not actively studying.• 6) Try to look for FUN applications of Anatomy and

Physiology!!!

Remember: Open Lab Hours: M-Th 6-8am and 8-10pm, Fri 6am-4pm, Sunday 6-8pm Typically each lab requires about 2-4 hours of study outside of lab for a “B” on a typical test.

• Lab Use Agreement: Sign and bring to Lecture, please do NOT hand in at lab.

HOMEOSTASIS means stability. Types: Weight, Temperature, Calcium Content, Blood Supply and much more! Loss in homeostasis=disease!Why is Homeostasis so important?Homeostasis is a “dynamic” equilibrium.

Typical Body Temp= 37oC or 98.6oF What are some of the sources of body temperature variation?• What is a dynamic equilibrium?• What is a “set point”?• Is there a range for temperature? • Variation is natural and healthy!• Physiology describes how change is detected and compensated for!

What is “Feedback”?• Negative Feedback>>• Positive Feedback>>

What is your “set point” for body temperature? Why/when do you Sweat or Shiver? Why do blood vessels Vasodilate (radiate heat) or Vasoconstrict (conserve heat)? Are all set points alike in all people?

• 39oC

• 37oC………………………………………..

• 35oC• Time--------------------------------------------->

• Why do we experience the chills or fever?

• Is it advantageous to create chills or a fever?

Why do negative and positive feedback systems make homeostasis possible in your body?

Exercise requires O2, creates CO2, and generates heat.• What changes occur during exercise?

– Heart rate– Breathing rate– Body temperature

• Why would the heart rate be expected to speed up when it is warm during exercise?– Heat provides what type of feedback for heart rate?– Are there limits to body temperature or heart rate?

• Why does excess exercise lead to a depressant effect in the brain when you work too hard? – Acidosis provides what kind of feedback for activity?

What is an organ system?What are the functions of the 11 organ systems?How do organs and organ systems differ?“Organ System”= several organs working to perform a function.

(See A.11 for a great review of Organ Systems).• 1) Prevention of body entrance• 2) Support of body• 3) Transport of body• 4) Control of physical actions• 5) Control of biochemical actions• 6) Transport of blood within body• 7) Drainage of excess tissue fluid• 8) Transport of oxygen/carbon dioxide• 9) Transport of food• 10) Control of nitrogenous waste/fluids• 11) Female/Male reproductionThe same “organ” can appear in several different organ “systems”!

i.e. blood vessel or lymph vesselWhere is each “organ system” located in the body?

How do you describe injury location/severity to a physician or follow a physician’s instructions?

• Anatomical Position:

• Anatomical Plane:

• Directional Location:

• Surface Anatomy:

• Body Cavity:

What medical terms do we need to convey meaningful information to others?

Descriptions of anatomical location are typically relative to other reference point(s)!

“Anatomical Position”: standing up straight, with feet flat and toes forward, arms down with palms forward and thumbs out, and eyes straight ahead.Why is having a universal reference position important?

How do we describe how to take an x-ray?How shall the person be placed in the x-ray machine? What part of body will the x-ray examine? Terms for anatomical plane/direction:• Supine: Face up • (Palm Anterior)• Prone: Face down• (Palm Posterior)• Transverse Plane: horizontal• Frontal Plane: coronal• Midsagittal Plane: medial

– Parasagittal Plane: Right/LeftLateral/Medial: outside/insideOblique: at an angle

• Figures A 1,2,and 3 and Table A1 provide a great review!

• Medial/Lateral Direction

• Anterior/Ventral Direction

• Superior/Cranial Direction

• Inferior/Caudal Direction

• Posterior/Dorsal Direction

• Proximal: closer to center

• Distal: more distant from center

• Superficial: On top/above

• Deep: Below/Underneath

When taking an x-ray we also use a set of terms to describe location in a body cavity!

Dorsal Cavities: Neural tissues– Cranial cavity vs. Vertebral Canal

Ventral: Thoracic or Abdominal cavities are divided by diaphragm – Thoracic Cavity: Chest

• Pleural Cavity: contains lungs • Pericardial: contains heart

– Abdominopelvic Cavity: Gut• Abdominal: above pelvic brim• Pelvic Cavity: Below brim

Why are the fluids found in each cavity so important to consider with respect to understanding a disease?

Please Familiarize yourself with where the following fluids are located: pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, cerebral spinal fluid, peritoneal and lymphatic fluid

Sometimes infection of organ tissues in a cavity is prevented by the membranes that cover the organ.

Please familiarize yourselves with these membranes: Meninges, Pleural membrane, Pericardial membrane, Peritoneum (Peritoneal membrane), and mesentery.

Organs located in the dorsal region of the abdominal region are termed “retroperitoneal” or behind the peritoneal membrane, the kidney is a classic example!

An injury to the body can be either axial or appendicular in location!

• Appendicular= limbs and appendagesArms and Legs– Proximal or distal?– Lateral or medial?– Deep or superficial?

• Axial Region=head, neck, and trunkContinuous with vertebral column– Trunk= thoracic and abdominal regions– Includes shoulders – Clarification: Muscle of shoulders with the Scapula

and clavicle are technically part of appendicular skeleton

Dorsal and Ventral Perspectives:Which is which? How do you know?

Welcome to Winona State! Here are some great Study Tips:Read the Chapter Reviews and Testing Recalls. Could you write 50

words or so about each topic listed in the Chapter Outline and Study Outline? You might also try the online Learning Center at http://www.mhhe.com for additional help.

Generally I almost always put some review test questions from book and website directly on the tests! Most questions on the tests are written from material in the notes, this material is also described in the book. The order will not be the exact same and the content will not be the exact same, if it was why pay tuition and not “just” buy the book.

The idea is to get you to speak the most important parts of the AP language, we have 634 pages of text to review so get going!

Final Shot from the “Cheap Seats”, when you put in your 2-3 hours of study time yesterday, was the I-Pod or TV on? This Won’t Help!

To stay awake while studying late at night, try drinking 1 liter of water each hour. I promise that your kidneys will keep you wake and I promise your will get out of bed in the morning with your alarm!

If you have questions try to answer them yourself, then ask your friends, and then ask the instructor at his office! (232 Pasteur)