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ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

Chapter 6 - 8 Motivation

Emotions & Moods

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Key Elements

1. Intensity: How hard a person tries

2. Direction: Toward beneficial goal

3. Persistence: How long a person tries

Key Elements

1. Intensity: How hard a person tries

2. Direction: Toward beneficial goal

3. Persistence: How long a person tries

Motivation•The process that accounts for an individual ‘s efforts towards any goal.

•The processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal

What Is Motivation?

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What Is Motivation?What Is Motivation?

Direction

PersistenceIntensity

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Key Motivational Theories

• McGregor Theory X and Y

• Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory

• Hertzberg's Motivation – Hygine Theory

• McClelland Need Achievement Theory

• Vroom Expectancy Theory

• Equity Theory

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Application of Motivational Concepts

• Job Design

• Job Design & Scheduling

• Alternative work arrangements

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Job Design Theory

• Job Characteristics Model (JCM)• Model proposes that any job can be defined in terms of

five core job dimensions :

– Skill variety

– Task identity

– Task significance

– Autonomy

– feedback

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Job Design Theory Skill Variety

The degree to which a job requires a variety of different activities (how may different skills are used in a given day, week, month?) (Meaningful)

Task Identity

The degree to which the job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work (from beginning to end) (Meaningful)

Task Significance

The degree to which the job has a substantial impact on the lives or work of other people (Meaningful)

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Job Design Theory

Autonomy

The degree to which the job provides substantial freedom and discretion to the individual in scheduling the work and in determining the procedures to be used in carrying it out (Responsible)

Feedback

The degree to which carrying out the work activities required by a job results in the individual obtaining direct and clear information about the effectiveness of his or her performance (Knowledge)

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Job Design and Scheduling

Job Rotation ( cross-training)

The periodic shifting of a worker from one task to another

Job Enlargement

The horizontal expansion of jobs for individual

Job Enrichment

The vertical expansion of jobs increase the employee freedom

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Alternative Work Arrangements

Flextime

Employees work during a common core time period each day but have discretion in forming their total workday from a flexible set of hours outside the core.

Job Sharing

The practice of having two or more people split a 40-hour-a-week job

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Example of a Flextime Schedule

E X H I B I T 7–3E X H I B I T 7–3

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Alternative Work Arrangements

Categories of Telecommuting Jobs• Routine information-handling tasks

• Mobile activities

• Professional and other knowledge-related tasks

Categories of Telecommuting Jobs• Routine information-handling tasks

• Mobile activities

• Professional and other knowledge-related tasks

Telecommuting

Employees do their work at home on a computer that is linked to their office.

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Telecommuting

• Advantages

– Larger labor pool

– Higher productivity

– Less turnover

– Improved morale

– Reduced office-space costs

• Disadvantages (Employer)

– Less direct supervision of employees

– Difficult to coordinate teamwork

– Difficult to evaluate non-quantitative performance

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Performance = f (A x M x O)

E X H I B I T 6–9E X H I B I T 6–9

Source: Adapted from M. Blumberg and C.D. Pringle, “The Missing Opportunity in Organizational Research: Some Implications for a Theory of Work Performance,” Academy of Management Review, October 1982, p. 565.

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Emotions—Why Emotions Were Ignored in OB

• Emotions are critical factor in employee behavior.• The “myth of rationality”• Emotions of any kind are disruptive to organizations.

– Original OB focus was solely on the effects of strong negative emotions that interfered with individual and organizational efficiency.

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Aspects of Emotions• Biology of Emotions

– Originate in brain’s limbic system• Intensity of Emotions

– Personality– Job requirements

• Frequency and Duration of Emotions– How often emotions are exhibited– How long emotions are displayed

• Functions of Emotions– Critical for rational thinking– Motivate people

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Mood as Positive and Negative Affect

• Emotions could be classified as positive or negative– Positive affect : mood dimensions consisting of positive

emotions such as excitement, self-assurance, and cheerfulness at the high end and boredom, sluggishness, and tiredness at the low end.

– Negative Affect : mood dimensions consisting of nervousness, stress and anxiety at the high end, and relaxation, tranquility, and poise at the low end.

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Mood as Positive and Negative AffectMood as Positive and Negative Affect

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Sources of Emotions and Moods

• Personality– Affect intensity : individual differences in the

strength with which individuals experience their emotions.

• Day and Time of the Week– People are in their best moods on weekends.

• Weather – Weather has little impact on mood

• Stress– Stress affects emotions and moods negatively

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Sources of Emotions and Moods

• Social Activities– Social activities increase positive mood

• Sleep – Sleep quality affects mood

• Exercise– Exercise enhances people’s positive mood

• Age– Emotional experience tends to improve with age

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Gender and Emotions

• Women– Can show greater emotional expression– Experience emotions more intensely– Display emotions more frequently– Are more comfortable in expressing emotions– Are better at reading others’ emotions

• Men– Believe that displaying emotions is inconsistent with the male

image– Are innately less able to read and to identify with others’

emotions– Have less need to seek social approval by showing positive

emotions

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External Constraints on Emotions

OrganizationalInfluences

OrganizationalInfluences

CulturalInfluences

CulturalInfluences

IndividualEmotions

IndividualEmotions

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Emotional LaborA situation in which an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions.

Emotional dissonance—Inconsistencies between the emotions we feel and the emotions we project.

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Felt vs. Displayed Emotions

Felt Emotions

An individual’s actual emotions

Displayed Emotions

Emotions that are organizationally required and considered appropriate in a given job

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OB Applications of Emotions and Moods

• Emotions and Selection– Emotions affect employee effectiveness.

• Decision Making– Emotions are an important part of the decision-

making process in organizations.• Creativity

– Positive mood increases creativity.• Motivation

– Emotional commitment to work and high motivation are strongly linked.

• Leadership– Emotions are important to acceptance of messages

from organizational leaders.

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OB Applications • Interpersonal Conflict

– Conflict in the workplace and individual emotions are strongly intertwined.

• Negotiation – Emotions can impair negotiations.

• Customer Services– Emotions affect service quality delivered to customers

which, in turn, affects customer relationships.• Job Attitudes

– Can carry over to home• Deviant Workplace Behaviors

– Negative emotions lead to employee deviance (actions that violate norms and threaten the organization).