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CERN82-10 Health and Safety Department 4 November 1982
ORGANISATION EUROPÉENNE POUR LA RECHERCHE NUCLÉAIRE
CERN EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH
COMPILATION OF RADIATION DAMAGE TEST DATA PART III: Materials used around high-energy accelerators
INDEX DES RÉSULTATS D'ESSAIS DE RADIORÉSISTANCE
III e PARTIE: Matériaux utilisés autour des accélérateurs de haute énergie
P. Beynel, P. Maier and H. Schônbacher
GENEVA 1982
© Copyright CERN, Genève, 198 2
Propriété littéraire et scientifique réservée pour tous les pays du monde. Ce document ne peut être reproduit ou traduit en tout ou en partie sans l'autorisation écrite du Directeur général du CERN, titulaire du droit d'auteur. Dans les cas appropriés, et s'il s'agit d'utiliser le document à des fins non commerciales, cette autorisation sera volontiers accordée. Le CERN ne revendique pas la propriété des inventions brevetables et dessins ou modèles susceptibles de dépôt qui pourraient être décrits dans le présent document; ceux-ci peuvent être librement utilisés parles instituts de recherche, les industriels e: autres intéressés. Cependant, le CERN se réserve le droit de s'opposer à toute revendication qu'un usager pourrait faire de la propriété scientifique ou industrielle de toute invention et tout dessin ou modèle décrits dans le présent document.
Literary and scientific copyrights reserved in all countries of the world. This report, or any pan of it, may not be reprinted or translated without written permission of the copyright holder, the Director-General of CERN However, permission will be freely granted for appropriate non-commercial use. If any patentable invention or registrable design is described in the report, CERN makes no claim to property rights in it but offers it for the free use of research institutions, manufacturers and others. CERN, however, may oppose any attempt by a user to claim any proprietary or patent rights in such inventions or designs as may be described in the present document.
CERN 82-10 Health and Safety Department 4 November 1982
ORGANISATION EUROPÉENNE POUR LA RECHERCHE NUCLÉAIRE
CERN EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH
COMPILATION OF RADIATION DAMAGE TEST DATA PART III: Materials used around high-energy accelerators
INDEX DES RÉSULTATS D'ESSAIS DE RADIORESISTANT
III e PARTIE: Matériaux utilisés autour des accélérateurs de haute énergie
P. Beynel, P. Maier and H. Schônbacher
GENEVA 1982
CERN — Service d'information scientifique-RD/5 64 - 2500 - novembre 1982
ABSTRACT RESUME
This handbook gives the results of radiation damage tests on various engineering materials and components intended for installation in radiation areas of the CERN high-energy particle accelerators. It complements two previous volumes covering organic cable-insulating materials and thermoplastic and thermosetting resins.
The irradiations have been carried out at various radiation sources and the results of the different tests are reported, sometimes illustrated by tables and graphs to show the variation of the measured property with absorbed radiation dose. For each entry, an appreciation of the radiation resistance is given, based on measurement data, indicating the range of damage (moderate to severe) for doses from 10 to 10 8Gy.
Also included are tables, selected from published reports, of general relative radiation effects for several groups of materials, to which there are systematic cross-references in the alphabetical part. This third and last volume contains cross-references to all the materials presented up to now, so that it can be used as a guide to the three volumes.
Ce manuel donne les résultats d'essais sur la résistance aux rayonnements ionisants de matériaux et de divers composants d'équipements susceptibles d'être installés dans des zones actives des accélérateurs de particules à haute énergie du CERN. Il est le complément de deux volumes déjà parus qui couvrent, l'un les matériaux organiques pour l'isolation de câbles, l'autre les résines thermoplastiques et thermodurcissables.
Les irradiations ont été effectuées auprès de diverses sources de radiations, et les résultats des différents tests sont rapportés, parfois illustrés de tableaux et graphiques pour montrer la variation de la propriété mesurée avec la dose absorbée. Pour chaque objet, on donne une estimation de la radiorésistance, basée sur des mesures, offrant une échelle de dommages (modérés à sévères) pour des doses allant de 10 à 108 Gy.
Sont inclus également des tableaux montrant les effets généraux de l'irradiation pour plusieurs groupes de matériaux sélectionnés de rapports publiés; dans la partie alphabétique des renvois à ces tableaux sont faits systématiquement. Ce troisième et dernier volume comprend des renvois à tous les matériaux testés jusqu'à présent, ce qui en fait un guide pour les trois volumes.
DOC/kw-rm-msv-mg-cc m
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Irradiation conditions
3. Presentation of results
4. General comparative results of radiation effects
5. Classification of materials
Acknowledgements
References
Les chapitres l à S, et l'appendice 7, sont français
Appendix I: Names, in alphabetical order, of all materials for which test results are presented in these volumes
Appendix 2: Explanation of trade names and popular names
Appendix 3: List of firms who collaborated in the irradiation tests presented in this volume
Appendix 4 : List of abbreviations used in this volume
Appendix 5: Tables of general relative radiation effects
Appendix 6: Classification of materials and components contained in this volume according to the dose range up to which they may typically be used
Appendix 7: Detailed description of data entry sheets
TABLE DES MATIÈRES
Page
1 1. Introduction
2 2. Conditions d'irradiation
4 3. Présentation des résultats
4. Résultats généraux comparatifs 5 des effets de l'irradiation
5 5, Classification des matériaux
7 Remerciements
8 Références
its en
14
16
17
18
19
Appendice 7: Description détaillée des feuilles de données
32
Alphabetic compilation of data 35
1. INTRODUCTION This is the third and last volume (Part III) of a series
of compilations of radiation damage test data published by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) on the results and experience gained there over the last 10 years, particularly during the construction and operation of the 450 GeV Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS).
Part I u contains data on commercially available cable-insulating materials, a list of which can be found in Appendix 1. The test samples were supplied by some 30 European cable manufacturers in the form of moulded plates, from which tensile test samples (ISO/R37, ISO/R 527) were cut. The degradation of the mechanical properties and Shore hardness (ISO 868) are reported as a function of the absorbed dose in the range of 5 X 10J to 5 X 106 Gy. As an end-point criterion for an elastic cable-insulating material, we consider it to be radiation resistant up to a dose at which the elongation at break is 100% or more.
Part I I 2 ) contains thermosetting and thermoplastic resins, with the exception of cable-insulating materials (see Appendix 1). Most of the data have been obtained from epoxy resins used as insulation for large high-energy accelerator magnet coils. Again, mechanical properties have been recorded as a function of the absorbed dose in the range of 5 X 106 to 1 X 10s Gy but, in the case of rigid plastics, flexion tests (ISO 178) have been carried out. As an end-point criterion we require that at a given dose D the ultimate flexural strength of the material is 50% or more of the initial value at zero dose. The electrical properties have not been tested, since usually the permanent effects only become important at doses where the mechanical damage is already severe.
The present Part III contains all items which did not fit into the two previous ones, e.g. cable ties, glass, hoses, motors, oils, paints, relays, scintillators, seals, etc. The items for the irradiation tests either have been supplied by firms from whom CERN had intentions of buying certain items containing materials that were particularly sensitive to radiation, or they have simply been taken from the CERN stock without particular choice of material and supplier. In addition, tables of general relative radiation effects (see Appendix 5) and cross-references to the main entries of all three volumes are given, as will be explained in Section 3. Therefore the present volume can be used as a guide to information contained in the whole series of data compilations.
Contrary to Parts I and II, where irradiation and test procedures could be carried out in accordance with IEC Standard 544 3 ) for insulating materials, the variety of materials and components presented here had to be irradiated and tested in a specific non-standard way depending on size, composition, and functions. Also, the critical test parameters are often only vaguely
1. INTRODUCTION Ce volume est le troisième et dernier (IIIe partie) d'une
série de publications de résultats d'essais de radio-résistance des matériaux obtenus à l'Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire (CERN) au moyen d'essais effectués au cours des dix dernières années, en particulier pendant la construction, puis le fonctionnement, du super synchrotron à protons de 450 GeV (SPS).
La première partie" traite de la radiorésistance des matériaux utilisés comme isolants pour les câbles électriques. Une liste alphabétique de ces matériaux se trouve ici dans l'appendice 1. Environ trente fabricants européens de câbles ont fourni les échantillons pour ces essais, sous forme de plaques moulées. Les propriétés mécaniques (résistance à la traction ISO/R 37, ISO/R 527) et la dureté Shore (ISO 868) sont présentées en fonction de la dose absorbée, pour une gamme de doses allant de 5 X 105 à 5 X 106 Gy. Dans notre définition du critère de dégradation, nous considérons un isolant de câble radioresistant si, à une dose seuil donnée, l'allongement à la rupture est encore égal ou supérieur à 100%.
La seconde partie2' contient les résultats concernant les résines thermodurcissables et thermoplastiques, à l'exception des isolants de câbles (voir appendice 1). Dans la plupart des cas, il s'agit de résines époxydes utilisées pour l'isolation des bobines d'aimant pour les accélérateurs à haute énergie. Les propriétés mécaniques sont de nouveau données en fonction de la dose absorbée, pour une gamme de doses allant de 5 X 106 à 1 X 108 Gy; dans le cas des plastiques rigides, nous avons effectué des tests de flexion (ISO 178). Le critère de dégradation choisi exige qu'à une dose seuil D, la résistance à la flexion du matériel soit encore supérieure ou égale à 50% de la valeur initiale à dose zéro. Nous n'avons pas étudié les propriétés électriques car, en général, elles commencent à changer à des doses où les dégradations mécaniques sont déjà très importantes.
Le présent volume (troisième partie) contient tous les objets et produits que l'on ne pouvait inclure dans les catalogues précédents, par exemple les ligatures de câbles, le verre, les tuyaux, les moteurs, les huiles, les peintures, les relais, les scintillateurs, les O-rings, etc. Les objets à soumettre aux tests d'irradiation proviennent de l'une ou l'autre de deux sources: ou bien ils ont été confiés par des firmes auxquelles le CERN avait l'intention d'acheter des objets contenant des matériaux particulièrement radiosensibles, ou bien ils ont été pris aux stocks du CERN sans qu'il ait été fait un choix particulier du matériau ou de sa provenance. Nous présentons en outre des tableaux qui donnent les effets des radiations en général (voir appendice 5), ainsi que les références des sujets principaux traités dans les trois volumes, comme nous l'expliquerons dans la section 3.
1
defined, and in some cases we had to restrict ourselves to operational tests or to visual inspections. The methods of irradiation and testing will be discussed in more detail in Sections 2 and 3. In some cases, the tests have been performed by specialists interested in the application (see references). We are grateful to them for having made their results available for this publication.
The entries in this series of data compilation cover a large spectrum of materials and components used in high-energy accelerator engineering; however, this list is still far from complete. Also, because of the extended period of about 10 years during which the data were being collected, several items may have become obsolete, or they are no longer available on the market. Nevertheless, the data presented could provide easily accessible information for the use of design engineers when selecting materials or when deciding whether further radiation damage tests have to be carried out.
As to the future project to build at CERN a large electron/positron storage ring (LEP), we should make it clear that all information contained in these three volumes on organic materials, representing the highest number of entries, is also valid for the radiation environment around this new installation. This is due to the fact that for organic materials the damage is to a large extent related to the absorbed dose irrespective of the type of radiation4'. For inorganic substances, e.g. semiconductors and metals, this is not true, and great care must be taken if the radiation field in an application is different to the one during the radiation test. At this point we would like to stress that electronics components are amongst the most radiation-sensitive items used in accelerator engineering. Although electromagnetic radiation, which will be the main contribution to the absorbed dose at LEP, may cause up to 100 times less damage to semiconductors than would particle radiation from proton accelerators or neutrons from a nuclear reactor5', this has to be seriously considered. A data compilation6', made for European space projects, of the effects of electromagnetic radiation on electronic components is available and can be consulted for reference purposes.
2. IRRADIATION CONDITIONS As mentioned in the Introduction, the irradiation con
ditions depend on the size, composition, and function of the item to be tested. Basically we used three radiation sources for this series of investigations: - the 7 MW ASTRA pool reactor at Seibersdorf,
Austria; - w C o irradiators or spent-fuel elements; - dump and target areas of the CERN accelerators. Table 1 7 " U ) gives a summary of the characteristics of the various irradiation sources and their positions, and indicates which items have been irradiated there.
Par conséquent, nous pouvons considérer cette partie comme un guide des informations contenues dans la série complète.
Dans les Parties I et II, les irradiations des matériaux isolants ont été effectuées en accord avec la norme IEC 544 3 ) . Dans le cas présent ceci n'était pas possible à cause de la diversité des matériaux et composants qui ont été irradiés et testés selon leurs dimensions, leur composition et leurs utilisations. Souvent les paramètres des essais ont été insuffisamment définis et on a dû se restreindre à de simples tests d'observation et d'inspection visuelle. Les sections 2 et 3 seront consacrées aux méthodes d'irradiation et d'essais. Dans certains cas, les tests ont été exécutés par des spécialistes qui étaient intéressés à l'application d'un matériau (voir les références citées). Nous les remercions ici d'avoir mis leurs résultats à notre disposition.
Les éléments de cette série de compilations représentent un grand nombre de matériaux et composants utilisés dans la construction des accélérateurs à haute énergie; néanmoins, on ne peut considérer cette liste comme complète. D'autre part, il faut tenir compte du fait que ces résultats ont été recueillis en une dizaine d'années de travaux, et il n'est pas exclu que certains objets ne soient plus présents sur le marché. Malgré cet inconvénient les résultats présentés ici peuvent fournir aux ingénieurs des indications utiles et facilement accessibles pour choisir des matériaux ou pour prendre, dans certains cas, la décision d'effectuer des essais de radiation supplémentaires.
En ce qui concerne le nouveau projet de construction au CERN d'un anneau de stockage à électrons/positons (LEP), on peut souligner que toutes les informations contenues dans ces trois volumes sur les matériaux organiques (qui représentent de loin la branche la plus importante), restent utilisables pour les champs de radiation dans cette nouvelle installation. En effet, les dommages occasionnés aux matériaux organiques varient, dans la plupart des cas, en fonction de la dose absorbée et sont indépendants de la nature des radiations4' . En revanche, pour les composés inorganiques, par exemple semi-conducteurs et métaux, cette remarque n'est pas forcément exacte: il faut donc être très prudent dans le cas où le champ de radiation pendant le fonctionnement est différent de celui utilisé pour le test. Sur ce point nous aimerions attirer l'attention de l'utilisateur sur le fait que les composants électroniques sont parmi les objets les plus radiosensibles dans la construction des accélérateurs. Dans la machine LEP, la majeure partie des rayonnements sera du type électromagnétique qui, on le sait par expérience, peut causer jusqu'à 100 fois moins de dommages aux composants électroniques que les rayonnements issus d'accélérateurs à protons ou de réacteurs nucléaires5'. Toutefois, il faut être très attentif et nous citerons comme référence
2
Most of the materials have been irradiated in the nuclear reactor. This radiation source has the advantage of having a well-defined radiation field, reliable dosimetry methods, and sufficiently high dose rates and therefore short irradiation times. A detailed survey of the irradiation positions and dosimetry methods at the ASTRA reactor can be found elsewhere7'.
Spent-fuel elements (or switched-off reactor) and 6 0 Co irradiations were preferred for items with metallic parts which would have become too radioactive after irradiation in a reactor or a high-energy accelerator field. The radiation-sensitive parts within these items were, of course, the organic materials.
Irradiations around the CERN accelerators were carried out in only a very limited number of cases, the main reasons for this being the low dose rates, high dose gradients, imprecise knowledge of the particles and their energy spectra, and difficult dosimetry. Some parasitic irradiations were carried out on electronics components and on insulating materials, near dumps and target stations, in order to study the effect of the radiation field and the dose rate.
The aim of the tests presented in this compilation was to predict the lifetime of the materials and components used in a radiation environment, prior to their installation and operation. Therefore these types of tests are accelerated ones, where the integrated total dose is collected over a period ranging from hours up to three weeks, whereas the same dose, during operation, would be accumulated after periods usually exceeding 10 years.
It is known that radiation damage to organic materials may depend not only on the absorbed dose but also on the irradiation time and dose ra te 1 2 - 1 4 ' . The amount of oxygen available by diffusion into the sample, in relation to the number of radiation-produced chemically reactive radicals, or chain scission sites, may strongly influence the amount of permanent damage to the material. Therefore the damage caused by irradiation over a long period of time may be more important than damage from irradiation to the same total dose, at high dose rates for a short time. The dose rate effect is, in addition, dependent on the chemical structure of the material itself. The amount of oxygen available is a function of the sample thickness and of its permeability for gases, and of the amount of stabilizers added to the polymer to control oxidation damage under normal ageing conditions. For example, it is known that the effect is more pronounced in polyolefins [e.g. polyethylene (PE)], but is usually not of great importance for polyvinylchloride (PVC) and ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR).
Finally, we draw the attention of the user of this catalogue to the different dosimetry methods as listed in Table 1 for the various radiation sources. Only the calorimetric method yields a direct measure of the
une compilation6' des effets de radiation par rayonnement électromagnétique sur les composants électroniques, éditée pour des projets spatiaux européens.
2. CONDITIONS D'IRRADIATION Comme mentionné dans l'introduction, les conditions
d'irradiation dépendent des dimensions, de la composition et des utilisations possibles des objets testés. Nous avons principalement utilisé trois modes d'irradiation: - Le réacteur piscine ASTRA, de 7 MW, à Seibersdorf
(Autriche); - Une source de cobalt ou de combustible usé d'un
réacteur; - Des zones de cibles et des arrêts de faisceau des
accélérateurs du CERN. Le tableau l 7 _ u ) présente un résumé des caractéristiques de ces différentes sources d'irradiation, ainsi que les positions d'irradiation avec indication des positions choisies pour les différents objets à tester.
La plupart des matériaux ont été irradiés dans le réacteur nucléaire. Cette source d'irradiation a l'avantage de posséder un champ de radiation bien défini, une méthode dosimétrique fiable et des débits de dose suffisamment élevés pour permettrer des temps d'irradiation assez courts. Les détails sur les positions d'irradiation et la dosimetric au réacteur ASTRA ont été présentés ailleurs7'.
Les combustibles du réacteur (ou réacteur éteint), ainsi que la source de cobalt, sont utilisés de préférence pour irradier les objets contenant des parties métalliques qui deviendraient trop radioactives dans un réacteur ou un accélérateur en fonctionnement. Les parties radiosensibles de ces objets sont, bien entendu, les composants organiques.
Nous n'avons effectué des irradiations autour des accélérateurs du CERN que dans très peu de cas. Les principales raisons en sont un faible débit de dose, un gradient de dose élevé, une dosimetric difficile et une mauvaise connaissance du spectre des particules et de leur énergie. Quelques irradiations isolées ont été effectuées auprès des arrêts de faisceau et stations de cible sur des composants électroniques ainsi que sur des matériaux isolants, avec pour but l'étude des effets du champ de rayonnement et du débit de dose.
Le but de tous les essais présentés dans cette compilation est de prédire, avant leur installation et leur utilisation, le temps de vie ou de fonctionnement des matériaux et composants utilisés dans un champ de radiation. Par conséquent, ces types d'essais sont des essais accélérés, où l'on distribue la dose totale intégrée au cours d'une période qui peut aller de quelques heures à trois semaines, alors que les mêmes doses, pendant le fonctionnement réel, seront accumulées en général au bout de périodes dépassant dix ans.
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absorbed dose, whereas all the other doses were obtained by intercalibration. All doses in this report are quoted in gray (Gy) for a (CH2)n-type material (1 Gy = 1 J*kg~' = 102 rad). For non-organic materials, e.g. semiconductors, this does not represent the true dose but serves as a comparative measure of exposure. If the true dose is needed for comparison with other data, it can be calculated from this by the methods described in Refs. 3 or 15, for example, if the atomic composition of the material is known.
3. PRESENTATION OF RESULTS As demonstrated in the previous section, it is evident
that in the complex field of radiation damage to materials a great number of parameters may influence the results, especially if a large variety of materials are tested and the doses range over six decades. Therefore the information presented has to be used with precaution and in many cases it can serve as a guideline only. We are confident, however, from the experience that we have gained over the last 10 years, that we can predict the expected lifetime of materials in a high-energy accelerator environment, within the right order of magnitude, using the results from our accelerated reactor tests. If the results for different items made of the same base material are found to differ, this may be due to a specific composition or test condition. Furthermore, the function of the items may require different degrees of performance from the base material, and therefore different appreciations of the radiation resistance may result.
As in the two preceding volumes, the data are presented in alphabetical order, and the following information can be found for tested materials or components: - the keyword used to describe the entry; - most radiation-sensitive base material used in the
composition of the test item, followed by type, supplier, and an internal identification;
- a short description of the material ; - its application or use at CERN, if known; - irradiation conditions specifying the radiation source,
the medium, the dose rate, and the total integrated doses received by the material;
- the methods of testing, a short description, and the test standard if applicable;
- a summary of the results of tests; more details, when available, will be found on the opposite (left-hand) page.
- remarks, if any; - references 1^ 3 5 ' to where further data or information
on this entry may be found; - a general appreciation, illustrating graphically the
dose range in which no damage (blank), light to moderate damage (hatched), and/or moderate to severe damage (black) can be expected. It is also indicated if
Il faut noter que les effets des radiations sur les matériaux organiques ne dépendent pas uniquement de la dose absorbée mais aussi du temps d'irradiation et du débit de dose 1 2~ 1 4 ). La quantité d'oxygène disponible par diffusion dans l'échantillon, en relation avec le nombre de radicaux chimiquement actifs durant l'irradiation, qui sont des positions de rupture de chaînes, peuvent fortement influencer les dommages subis par les matériaux. Il en résulte que les dommages causés au cours d'une longue période d'exposition peuvent être plus importants que ceux causés, à même dose intégrée, par des débits de dose élevés durant une courte période. De plus, la structure chimique du matériel influence cet effet de débit de dose. La disponibilité en oxygène est une fonction de l'épaisseur de l'échantillon, de sa perméabilité aux gaz et de la quantité de stabilisateurs présents dans le polymère pour contrôler les dommages par oxydation au cours du processus normal de vieillissement. Ainsi, il est connu que cet effet est plus important pour les polyoléfines [par exemple le polyethylene (PE)1 que pour le chlorure de polyvinyle (PVC) ou le caoutchouc ethylene propylene (EPR).
Enfin, nous attirons l'attention de l'utilisateur de ce catalogue sur les différentes méthodes dosimétriques présentées au tableau 1, et qui sont utilisées pour des sources d'irradiation différentes. Seule la méthode calorimétrique offre une mesure directe de la dose absorbée, alors que toutes les autres doses sont obtenues par intercalibration. Toutes les doses mentionnées dans ce catalogue sont données en gray (Gy) pour un matériel du type (CH 2 ) n (1 Gy = 1 J • k g - 1 = 102 rad). Pour les matériaux inorganiques, semi-conducteurs par exemple, ceci ne représente pas la dose exacte; nous gardons cependant cette unité pour des motifs de comparaison des expositions. Si l'on a besoin de la dose réelle, pour des comparaisons avec d'autres données, pour autant que la composition atomique du matériel soit connue, on peut la calculer d'après nos valeurs en utilisant les méthodes décrites dans les références 3 et 15, par exemple.
3. PRÉSENTATION DES RÉSULTATS Comme signalé plus haut, il est évident que les effets
des radiations sur les matériaux sont très complexes, un grand nombre de paramètres pouvant influencer les résultats; cette complexité est due, en particulier, à la grande diversité des matériaux testés ainsi qu'à la gamme de dose étendue sur six ordres de grandeur. L'information présentée doit donc être utilisée avec précaution et, dans bien des cas, elle ne doit être considérée que comme une ligne à suivre. Grâce à l'expérience que nous avons acquise en dix ans, nous pouvons toutefois prédire avec un ordre de grandeur correct, à partir des résultats de nos essais accélérés en réacteur, la durée de
4
the appropriate range was not reached in our test or in the test of an equivalent material contained in this catalogue. A more detailed description of these data sheets is
given in Appendix 7. As mentioned in the Introduction, the materials pre
sented in this series of catalogues are listed in Appendix 1. Table 2 gives the French names with their English translation, and the trade names. Appendix 2 gives explanations of trade names and popular names. Appendix 3 lists the firms who collaborated in our radiation test programme, and Appendix 4 explains the abbreviations which occur in this volume.
4. GENERAL COMPARATIVE RESULTS OF RADIATION EFFECTS
All the entries mentioned in Section 3 refer to a specific material, component, or device. In addition, Appendix 5 gives a review of general relative radiation effects, in the form of tables or graphs, under the following entries 1 ' 2 , 3 6- 3 7»:
- cable insulations, - elastomers, - G-values (radio-chemical yield), - hoses, - oils, - paints, - textiles, - thermoplastic and thermosetting resins. Appendix 5 begins with a complete list of all materials quoted in these tables; cross-references to the tables are also given in the alphabetical data compilation section.
Further information on radiation damage to materials and components that might be of interest to the reader can be found elsewhere 6 , 3 8 - 4 4 ' .
5. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS In Appendix 6 we classify the main materials and
entries contained in these three volumes, under the following categories: - use not recommended, or to be used with precaution, - usable up to 5 X 10 5Gy, - usable up to 1-2 X 106 Gy, - usable up to 1-2 X 10 7Gy, - usable up to 1 X 10" Gy, - usable above 1 X 108 Gy.
Following the remarks in Sections 2 and 3, the aim of this classification is to indicate to the user the dose limit up to which the various materials may be used. It should again be stressed that the limits are specific to the item tested and to the end-point criteria applied, and that it may be possible to obtain higher or lower dose tolerances for differently designed applications of the same type of material. Nevertheless, our experience shows
vie des matériaux utilisés auprès des accélérateurs de haute énergie. Il est possible que les résultats obtenus pour différents objets fabriqués avec la même matière de base soient différents; ceci peut être expliqué par des compositions ou des conditions d'essais spécifiques différentes. De plus, l'utilisation de ces objets peut demander des degrés différents de performance à la matière de base; il en résulte une appréciation différente de la radiorésistance.
Comme dans les deux volumes précédents, les résultats sont présentés ici par ordre alphabétique en anglais; sur chaque page on peut trouver les informations suivantes: - Nom-clef identifiant l'objet décrit; - Matériaux de base radiosensibles constituant l'objet
de l'essai, suivi du type, du nom du fournisseur et du numéro d'identification interne;
- Brève description du matériau ou de l'objet; - Application ou utilisation au CERN si connues; - Conditions d'irradiation spécifiant la source, le
milieu, le débit de dose et les doses totales reçues par le matériau;
- Méthodes d'essais, brève description, norme si applicable;
- Résumé des résultats obtenus; on peut trouver sur la page en face (page de gauche) un supplément d'information chaque fois que cela est possible;
- Remarques, s'il y a lieu; - Références 1 6 - 3", si l'on désire connaître plus de
détails sur cet objet; - Appréciation générale, montrant graphiquement la
gamme de doses pour laquelle les dommages sont nuls (blanc), modérés (hachuré) et sévères (noir); parfois aussi, indication (no test) de la zone susceptible d'être dégradante mais où nous n'avons pas fait d'essais sur le matériau lui-même ou un matériau équivalent.
Une description plus détaillée de ces feuilles de données est présentée à l'appendice 7.
Comme nous l'avons dit dans l'introduction, tous les matériaux mentionnés dans cette série de catalogues constituent l'appendice 1. Pour retrouver facilement un matériau dont on connaît le nom uniquement en français, le tableau 2 liste tous les matériaux cités dans ce volume en ordre alphabétique en français, avec leur traduction anglaise.
L'appendice 2 donne les explications des noms déposés ou commerciaux. L'appendice 3 présente la liste des firmes qui ont collaboré dans nos essais de radiorésistance, l'appendice 4 explique les abréviations.
4. RÉSULTATS GÉNÉRAUX COMPARATIFS DES EFFETS DE L'IRRADIATION
Tous les éléments de la section 3 désignent un matériau ou appareil bien déterminé. L'appendice 5 se
5
that the mechanical damage to a base material is consistent in relation to the dose, and that radiation-sensitive materials such as Teflon must not be employed after they have reached their respective dose limit.
compose d'une série d'informations générales sur les effets des radiations, sous forme de tableaux ou graphiques, pour les objets suivants 1 ' 2 - 3 6 ' 3 7 ' : - Isolants de câbles, - Elastomères, - Valeur G (rendement radiochimique), - Tuyaux, - Huiles, - Peintures, - Textiles, - Résines thermoplastiques et thermodurcissables.
Avant ces tableaux, nous avons introduit une liste de tous les matériaux qui y sont mentionnés. D'autre part, dans la partie alphabétique, des renvois aux tableaux de cet appendice 5 sont faits chaque fois qu'il y a lieu.
Des informations supplémentaires sur les effets des radiations qui pourraient intéresser l'utilisateur sont citées sous les références 6 et 38-44.
5. CLASSIFICATION DES MATÉRIAUX Dans l'appendice 6, tous les matériaux et objets con
tenus dans les trois volumes sont classés dans les catégories suivantes: - Utilisation non recommandée, ou avec précaution, - Utilisable jusqu'à 5 X 10 5Gy, - Utilisable jusqu'à 1-2 X 10 6Gy, - Utilisable jusqu'à 1-2 X 107Gy, - Utilisable jusqu'à 1 X 10" Gy, - Utilisable au-dessus de 1 X 108Gy. Suivant les remarques des sections 2 et 3, le but de cette classification est de donner l'ordre de grandeur de la dose limite jusqu'à laquelle un matériau peut être utilisé. Il faut de nouveau souligner que ces limites sont spécifiques aux objets testés et aux critères de fin d'utilisation choisis. Il est possible d'obtenir des performances plus faibles ou plus élevées suivant les différentes applications proposées pour un même type de matériaux. Toutefois, nous avons remarqué par expérience que les dommages mécaniques subis par un matériau de base sont en rapport avec la dose; des matériaux sensibles au rayonnement, comme par exemple le Teflon, ne devront en aucun cas être utilisés au-delà de leur limite de dose respective.
6
Acknowledgements Remerciements
The present study was initiated by J.B. Adams with the start of the SPS programme and was originally carried out in collaboration with M. Van de Voorde and the ISR Division. The radiation damage test studies have been continuously supported by A.J. Herz (HS Department).
Our particular thanks are due to K. Goebel for his interest in this work and for many useful discussions and suggestions.
We would like to thank the firms which have supplied the test samples, both for their interest in this subject and for useful discussions which we had with their representatives.
The irradiations have been carried out at the ASTRA reactor centre, which belongs to the Osterreichische Stu-diengesellschaft fur Atomenergie in Vienna. The good collaboration with A. Burtscher and J. Casta is acknowledged.
These irradiation tests were carried out at the request of numerous colleagues at CERN. We are grateful to them for supplying us with samples and information, and, in many cases, conducting the material tests and making the results known to us. They also crosschecked the information presented in this publication. This data compilation depended to a large part on their collaboration.
Finally, we would like to acknowledge the special effort and care taken by the CERN Scientific Reports Editing and Text Processing Sections in the preparation of this document.
Cette étude a été lancée par J.B. Adams, avec le début du programme SPS; initialement, elle a été effectuée en collaboration avec M. Van de Voorde et la Division ISR. Les études de dégradation des matériaux due au rayonnement ont été constamment soutenues par A.J. Herz (Département HS).
Nous remercions particulièrement K. Goebel pour l'intérêt qu'il a montré pour cette étude et pour de nombreuses suggestions et discussions.
Nous tenons aussi à remercier les fabricants qui ont fourni des échantillons d'essais; nous avons eu des discussions utiles avec les représentants de nombreuses firmes.
Les irradiations ont été effectuées au réacteur ASTRA, à Seibersdorf, en Autriche, qui fait partie de l'Osterreichische Studiengesellschaft fur Atomenergie. Nous avons apprécié la bonne collaboration que nous ont offerte A. Burtscher et J. Casta.
Ces tests d'irradiation ont été exécutés à la demande de nombreux collègues au CERN. Nous leur sommes reconnaissants de nous avoir fourni des échantillons et des informations, et d'avoir, dans de nombreux cas, réalisé eux-mêmes les tests sur les matériaux, mettant leurs résultats à notre disposition. Ils ont aussi vérifié les informations présentées dans cette publication. Cette compilation de données a dépendu en grande partie de leur collaboration.
Nous voudrions enfin exprimer notre appréciation de l'effort et de l'attention que les sections Edition de rapports scientifiques et Traitement de textes du CERN ont apportés à la préparation de ce document.
7
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8) S. Battisti, R. Bossart, H. Schônbacher and M. Van de Voorde, Radiation damage to electronic components, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 136, 451 (1976); see also: CERN 75-18 (1975) (also translated into Russian).
9) B. McGrath, H. Schônbacher and M. Van de Voorde, Effects of nuclear radiation on the optical properties of cerium-doped glass, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 135, 93 (1976); see also: CERN 75-16(1975).
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13) R.L. Clough and K.T. Gillen, Radiation-thermal degradation of PE and PVC: Mechanism of synergism and dose rate effects, Radiât. Phys. and Chem. 18, 661 (1981).
14) I. Kuriyama, N. Hayakawa, Y. Nakase, J. Ogura, H. Yagyu and K. Kasai, Effect of dose rate on degradation behavior of insulating polymer materials, IEEE Transact, on Electr. Insulation EI 14,272 ( 1979).
15) M.H. Van de Voorde, Effects of radiation on materials and components — Megarad dosimetry, CERN 69-12 (1969).
16) D.C. Phillips, J.M. Scott, K. Goebel, H. Schônbacher, W. Dieterle, W. Eichenberger and J. Maurer, The selection and properties of epoxide resins used for the insulation of magnet systems in radiation environment, CERN 81-05(1981).
17) D. Johnson, Material radiation resistance and the SPS radiation field, CERN EP/SCE-R 703T/UA5/P80-I (1980).
18) P. Beynel, Tenue aux rayons ionisants des matériaux isolants sous forme de bande autoadhésive, CERN Lab II-RA/TM 75-5(1975).
19) P. Beynel, Tenue à l'irradiation des principaux matériaux composant un moteur électrique, CERN Lab II-RA/37.40/TM 74-26(1974).
20) P. Beynel, Tenue aux rayons ionisants des ligatures pour câbles électriques, CERN Lab II-RA/TM 75-4(1975). P. Beynel, Tenue à l'irradiation des ligatures AMP, CERN Lab II-RA/TM 75-32(1975).
21) H. Schônbacher. K.P. Lambert and M. Van de Voorde, The effect of mixed radiation fields on electronic devices, CERN preprint Lab II/RA/PP 74-4, Int. Conf. on Evaluation of Space Environment on Materials, Toulouse, 1974 (CNES, Toulouse, 1974).
22) G. Villard, Essai de tenue en haute tension de liquides diélectriques. CERN Lab II/BT/GT/aw/E, Techn. Note/74-2(1974).
23) R. Dubois, Fonctionnement en opération du septum électrostatique pour l'extraction Ouest, période juillet 1976-décembre 1977. CERN SPS/ABT/RD/Note Tech/78-3 (1978).
24) R. Dubois, Fonctionnement en opération des septa électrostatiques en 1978 (Extractions Ouest et Nord), CERN SPS/ABT/RD/Note Tech/79-4 ( 1979).
25) P. Beynel, Tenue aux radiations d'un éclairage de secours au néon, CERN HS-RP/TM 77-66 (1977).
26) D. Bendl, J. Casta and H. Kurz, Messung der Ànderung der magnetischen Eigenschaften von lamellierten Ring-kernen durch Neutronenbestrahlung im ASTRA-Reaktor, ASTRA Reaktor Inst, report, REX 123 (1974).
27) H. Beger, Radiation induced attenuation in some communication glass fibres around 850 and 1060 nm, CERN-SPS/ARF/77-21 (1977).
28) H. Schônbacher, M. Van de Voorde, G. Kruska and K..M. Oesterle, Performance of paint coatings in the radiation field of nuclear reactors and of high energy particle accelerators, and after contamination by radionuclides, Kerntechnik 19,209(1977).
29) H. Schônbacher and W. Witzeling, Degradation of acrylic scintillator and wavelength shifter material by nuclear radiation, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 165, 517 (1979).
30) D. Johnson, Irradiation study of film, mylar and scintillator, CER N/EP/JD/ed, 21.6.19 79 (unpublished).
31) P. Beynel, Note concernant l'établissement d'un ensemble d'essais systématiques de résistance mécanique de O-ring subissant des irradiations, CERN Lab II/RA/37.04/TM/73-14 (1973).
32) P. Beynel, Note sur la tenue à l'irradiation des joints O-ring, CERN Lab II/RA/TM 75-42(1975).
33) C. Mueller, P. Siffert and H.M. Heijne, Defects introduced in silicon by irradiation with muons of GeV energy, Proc. Int. Conf. on Radiation Effects in Semiconductors, Dubrovnik, 1976, eds. N.B. Urli and J.W. Corbett (The Institute of Physics, Bristol and London, 1977), p. 505. E. Heijne, Radiation damage: Experience with silicon detectors in high-energy particle beams at CERN, Proc. of Meeting on Miniaturization of High-Energy Physics Detectors, Pisa, 1980 (Plenum Press, London, 1981).
34) P. Beynel and A. Ijspeert, Résultats d'un essai d'irradiation nucléaire sur les parties isolantes d'un microrupteur utilisé pour les interlocks des aimants splitters, CERN Technical note SPS/ABT/TA/AI/79-193(1979).
35) P. Beynel, Résistance aux radiations des matériaux de construction du sas du puits de secours neutrino (SPS), CERN HS-RP/TM/78-64(1978).
36) M.H. Van de Voorde, Effects of radiation on materials and components, CERN 70-5 ( 1970).
37) M.H. Van de Voorde and C. Restât, Selection guide to organic materials for nuclear engineering, CERN 72-7 (1972).
38) Proc. IEEE Annual Conferences on Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects, published in IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.
8
39) L.L. Bonzon, An experimental investigation of synergisms in class 1 components subjected to LOCA type-tests, NUREG/CR-0275, SAND 78-0067 (Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, N.M., USA, 1978).
40) C.L. Hanks and D.J. Hamman, Radiation effects design handbook — Section 3: Electrical insulating materials and capacitors (NASA CR 1787, Washington, 1971).
41) A. Spencker, H.G. Wagemann and D. Bràunig, Strahlen-belastungsuntersuchungen an elektronischen Bauele-
menten des SYMPHONIE-Satelliten, Hahn-Meitner Institute report HMI-B 181(1975).
42) D.S. Billington and J.H. Crawford Jr., Radiation damage in solids (University Press, Princeton, 1961).
43) J.F. Kircher and R.E. Baumann, eds., Effects of radiation on materials and components (Reinhold, New York, 1964).
44) R.O. Bolt and J.G. Carrol, eds., Radiation effects on organic materials (Academic Press, New York, 1963).
9
Table 1
Characteristics of various radiation sources used for this data compilation
Radiation source Irradiation position*'
7 MW ASTRA research pool
Pos. 11
SNIF
Core
Fuel elements ASTRA
Pos. 35
6 0 Co source Various
CERN accelerators
Characteristics of radiation field
Irradiation Irradiation Dose rate medium temperature
(°C) (Gy/h)
Dosimetry method Items irradiated
5 X 10 1 6 n t h /m 2 s 3X 1 0 1 6 n f ( E > l M e V ) / m 2 s
Water 40-50 2 X 106 Calorimeter71
Activation detector1* Thermosetting resins2'
Ebenel(El) 4 X 10"n t h ,/m 2 s 3X 10 1 4 n,<E>lMeV)/m 2 s
Air 32-45 2X 10s Ionization chamber1' Cable-insulating materials"; other organic materials
2X 10 1 3 n t h /m 2 s 5X 1 0 ' 3 n f ( E > l M e V ) / m 2 s
Air 35-45
n: 2 X 103
y:2X 1 0 2
Activation detector Ionization chamber
Electronics components8', optical glasses"
1 X 10 l l ! n l h /m 2 s 8 X I 0 n n f ( E > l M e V ) / m 2 s
Water or N 2 or He 50-100 3X 10"
Activation detectors Calorimeter Magnetic materials, copper wires"
Gamma radiation field characteristic for reactor fuel elements (0.5-3 MeV)
Air 25-35 1 X 104
1 X 10 ! Ionization chamber" Insulating materials containing metal; hoses with metal connectors
Gamma rays 1.2 MeV Air 25 1 X 104 Fricke dosimeter Insulating materials containing metal; motors
1SR beam Hadron cascade and secondary gamma rays. Air dump Primary proton energy ~ 30 GeV ;22
RPL and PDG glass dosimeters'"
Electronics components and items containing metal, up to 103 Gy
SPS neutrino Hadron cascade and secondary gamma rays. Air target area Primary proton energy ~ 400 GeV 23 3X 102 RPL and glass
dosimeters'" Cable and magnet insulations; items containing metal, up to 5 X 106 Gy
PS or SPS Primaries (losses) and secondaries up to Air ring 30 GeV (PS) or 250 GeV and 400 GeV (SPS) 22 1-10
RPL and glass dosimeter. Cable and magnet insulation; paints; ionization chambers'" operational life-tests
a) Specified on each entry in the data compilation section.
Tableau 2
Noms, en ordre alphabétique, de tous les matériaux cités dans ce volume, avec leur traduction, sous laquelle on peut les trouver dans le catalogue.
Les noms en italiques sont des marques de fabrique ou des noms déposés, sous lesquels on les trouve dans le catalogue
En français
Absorbeur HF Accessoires de pompe à vide Acétate Acétate cellulosique Acétate d'éthylène vinyl Acétone Alcool polyvinylique Alkyl aromatique Amiante-ciment Aniline formaldehyde A raldite Askarel Benzène Bois Bromoforme Bromure d'éthyle Buna Caoutchouc acrylique Caoutchouc acrylonitrile C aoutchouc acry lonitrile-butadiène C aoutchouc acrylonitrile-butadiène-styrène C aoutchouc de buty le Caoutchouc chloré Caoutchouc éthylène-propylène Caoutchouc polychloroprène Caoutchouc polyuréthane Caoutchouc de silicones Caoutchouc styrène-butadiène Céramique Chlorobenzène Chloroforme Chlorure de polyvinyle Chlorure de poly vinylidène Composants électroniques Composés fluorés Connecteur Copolymèred'éthylène-tétrafluoroéthylène Dacron Détecteur de particules Détecteur silicone Diala C Dichlorobenzène Dichloréthane Dobeckot Dynel Eclairage Elément de chauffage Epikote Esters Esters cellulosiques Ethers Ethylène-chlorotrifluoroéthylène Fer Fibre cellulosique Fibre optique Fibre de verre Fil de cuivre Fil électrique isolé Fil électrique, câble Flamtrol Gaine thermorétractable Hatar Hostalen Huile Huile chlorofluorocarbonée Huile fluorée Huile de graissage Huile isolante
Voir sous
HF absorber Vacuum pump accessory Acetate Cellulose acetate Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) Acetone Polyvinylalcohol Aromatic alkyl Asbestos cement Aniline formaldehyde
Askarel Benzene Wood Bromoform Ethyl bromide
Acrylic rubber Acrylonitrile rubber Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene rubber (ABS) Butyl rubber Chlorinated rubber Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) Polychloroprène rubber (Neoprene) Polyuréthane rubber (PUR) Silicone rubber Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) Ceramic Chlorobenzène Chloroform Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Polyvinylidene chloride Electronics components Fluorinated compounds Connector Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE)
Particle detector Silicon detector
Dichlorobenzène Dichloroethane
Lighting Heating element
Esters Cellulose esters Ethers Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene(E-CTFE) Iron Cellulose fibre Optical fibre Glass fibre Copper wire Insulated wire Cable insulation
Thermoshrinking sheath
Oil Chlorofluorocarbon oil Fluorinated oil Lubricating oil Insulating oil
11
Huile minérale Huile phosphatée Huile de polyglykol Huile de silicate Huile de silicones Hypalon Hypermalloy Hytrel Interrupteur Isolation de bobine d'aimant Isolation de câbles Joint (cage de roulement) Joint d'étanchéité Joint pour chambre à vide Kapton Kel-F Kevlar Kynar Laine Ligature de câbles Lupolen Makrolon Manchon isolant Matériel magnétique Mélamine-formaldéhyde Méthacrylate de polyméthyl Micatherm Microrupteur Moteur électrique Mousse Mylar Neoprene Nomex Noryl Novolac Nylon O-ring Orlon Oxyde d'aluminium Oxyde de polyphénylène Papier Peinture Peinture lumineuse Perbunan Perfluoroéthylene-propylène Pertinax Plexiglas Polyacryl Polyacrylonitrile Polyallomère éthyléne-propylène Polyamide Polyamide aromatique Polybutadiéne Polybutylène-téréphtalate Polycarbonate Polychloroprène Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Polyester Polyethylene Polyethylene chlorosulfoné Polyethylene réticulé Polyhydantoïne Polyimide Polyisobutyléne Polymère fluoré Polymères vinyl-chlorés Polyoléfine Polyphénylène (oxyde de) Polyphénylène (sulfure de) Polypropylene Polysilicate de lithium Polysiloxane Polystyrène Polytétrafluoroéthylène Polyvinylbutyral Polyvinylformal Pyrofil Quartz Radox
Mineral oil Phosphate oil Polyglykol oil Silicate oil Silicone oil
Switch Magnet coil insulation Cable insulation Joint Seal (O-ring) Vacuum gasket
Wool Cable tie
Insulating sleeve Magnetic material Melamine-formaldehyde Polyméthyl méthacrylate (PMMA)
Microswitch Motor, electric Foam
Seal
Aluminium oxide Polyphénylène oxide Paper Paint Paint, luminescent pigment
Perfluoroethylene-propylene (FEP)
Polyacryl Polyacrylonitrile Ethylene-propylene polyallomer Polyamide Aromatic polyamide Polybutadiéne Polybutylene-terephtalate (PBTP) Polycarbonate Polychloroprène (Neoprene) Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (Kel F) Polyester Polyethylene (PE) Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSP) Polyethylene cross-linked (XLPE) Polyhydantoin Polyimide Polyisobutyléne Fluorinated polymer Vinyl chloride polymers Polyolefin Polyphénylène oxide Polyphenylene-sulfide Polypropylene Lithium polysilicate Polysiloxane Polystyrene Polytétrafluoroéthylène (PTFE) Polyvinyl butyral Polyvinyl formal
Quartz
12
Rayonne Relais Résine Résine époxyde Résine phénolique Résine de polyester Résine de silicones Résine thermodurcissable Résine thermoplastique Resistofol Ruban Ruban isolant Ryton Saran Scintillateur Silicate Soie Styrène Tableau terminal 7e/7on(PTFE) Tefzel Tétrachlorure de carbone Téréphtalate de polyethylene Toluène polyvinylique Tube de chambre à vide Tuyaux (tubes) Urée-formaldéhyde Valvata Vanne Vanne pour le vide Verre Verre dopé au cérium Vestolene Viton
Rayon Relay Resin Epoxy resin Phenolic resin Polyester resin Silicone resin Thermosetting resin Thermoplastic resin
Tape Insulating tape
Scintillator Silica Silk Styrene Terminal board
Carbon tetrachloride Polyethylene terephthalate (PETP) Polyvinyl toluene Vacuum chamber tube Hoses Urea-formaldehyde
Valve Vacuum valve Glass Cerium-doped glass
13
APPENDIX 1
Names, in alphabetical order, of all materials for which test results are presented in these volumes. The main entries are in romans, the names in italics appear as cross-references.
Volume I: Cable insulating materials (Ref. 1)
Butyl rubber Chlorostop Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSP) Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) Desmopan Ethyl-acrylate rubber (EAR) Ethylene-propylene diene rubber (EPDM) Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) Flamtrol Fluoropolymer Halar Hypalon Hytrel Kapton Lupolen Neoprene Nordel Polychloroprene Polyethylene (PE) Polyurethane(PUR) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Pyrofil Radox Semiconducting polyethylene Silicone rubber Silythene Stilan Teflon Tefzel Viton XLPE
Volume II: Thermoplastic and thermosetting resins (Ref. 2)
Araldite B Araldite D Araldite F and other Araldite resins A raldite F + Epoxy Novolac Birakrit Cevolit Crystic Dobeckan IF Dobeckot
Epikote Epoxy resins Epoxy resins + Epoxy Novolac Etronax Isoval Kerimid Kinel Makrolon Novolac Orlitherm Phenolic resins Polycarbonate resins Polyester resins Polyimide resins Polylite Polyurethane resins Resofil Ryton Samicanit Samicatherm Silicone resins Veridur Vetresit Vetronit
Volume III: Accelerator engineering materials and components (present volume)
Adhesive tape Aluminium oxide Araldite Asbestos cement Askarel Buna Cable insulation Cable tie Ceramic Cerium-doped glass Connector Copper wire Diala C Diester oil Electronic components Epoxy resin Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) and (EPDM) Ethylene-tetrajluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE) Fluorinated oil
14
Fluorinated polymer Foam Glass Glassfibre Heating element HF absorber Hoses Hostalen Hypermalloy Hytrel Insulated wire Insulating oil Insulating sleeve Insulating tape Iron Joint Kapton Kevlar Kynar Lighting Lithium polysillcate Lubricating oil Luminous paint Lupolen Magnet coil insulation Magnetic material Makrolon Micatherm Microswitch Mineral oil Motor, electric Mylar Neoprene Nitrile-butadiene rubber Nomex Noryl Novolac Nylon Oil Optical fibre O-ring Paint Paper Particle detector Pertinax Plexiglas Polyacrylate Polyamide Polybutylene terephthalate (PBTP) Polycarbonate Polychloroprene (Neoprene)
Polyester resin Polyethylene (PE) and (XLPE) Polyethylene terephthalate (PETP) Polyhydantoin Polyimide Poly olefin Polyphenylene oxide (PPO) Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) Polypropylene (PP) Polysiloxane Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon PTFE) Polyurethane resin (PUR) Polyurethane rubber (PUR) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Polyvinyl toluene Quartz Relay Resin Resistofol Rubber Ryton Scintillator Scotchcal Seal (O-ring) Silica Silicon detector Silicone oil Silicone rubber Sleeve Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) Switch Tape Teflon (PTFE) Tefzel Terminal board Textile Thermoplastic resin Thermosetting resin Thermoshrinking sheath Vacuum chamber tube Vacuum gasket Vacuum pump accessory Vacuum seal Vacuum valve Valvata Valve Vestolene Viton Wire Wood
15
APPENDIX 2
Explanation of trade names and popular names
Araldlte Epoxy resin Askarel Oil, containing chlorinated diphenyls Buna Synthetic rubber Dacron Polyethylene terephthalate Diala Mineral oil Dynel Polyvinylidene chloride Epikote Epoxy resin Flamtrol Polyolefin, flame retardant Furan Thermosetting resin Halar Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene Hostalen Polyethylene Hypalon Chlorosulfonated polyethylene Hypermalloy Magnetic material Hytrel Polyethylene terephthalate copolymer Kapton Polyimide Kel-F Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Kevlar Polyamide, aromatic Kynar Polyvinylidene fluoride Lupolen Polyethylene and copolymers Makrolon Polycarbonate Micatherm Glass-mica composite Mylar Polyethylene therephthalate Neoprene Polychloroprene rubber Nomex Aromatic polyamide Noryl Polyphenylene oxide Novolac Thermosetting resin Nylon Polyamide Orion Polyacryl Perbunan Acrylonitrile butadiene rubber Pertinax Paper/phenolic resin Plexiglas Polyacryl Pyrofil Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPDM) Radox Polyolefin Resistofol Polyhydantoin Ryton Polyphenylene sulfide Saran Polyvinylidene chloride Scotchcal Plastic display foil Teflon Polytetrafluoroethylene Tefzel Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer Valvata Mineral oil Vestolene Polyethylene Viton Fluorinated copolymer
16
APPENDIX 3
List of firms who collaborated in the irradiation tests presented in this volume
The firms listed below are those who participated in a collaboration to determine the radiation resistance of products offered to CERN. They supplied us with samples for testing or they supported our work by taking part in a discussion of the results.
In the alphabetical compilation of the catalogue are also quoted standard products, which have been taken from stock for radiation testing without contacting the firms. Therefore, for these entries, the supplier is not mentioned.
It is understood that better radiation-resistant materials may be found on the market or that the qualities of the tested materials have been upgraded since.
AEG, Allgemeine Elektrizitats Gesellschaft - Telefunken, Ulm, Fed. Rep. Germany Angst & Pfister S.A., Geneva, Switzerland ASEA A/S, Allmânna Svenska Electriska AB, Odense, Denmark Bachofen AG (repr. Burgess), Cheseaux, Switzerland BICC, British Insulated Calender's Cables Ltd., Wrexham, England Burgess, see Bachofen CEM, Cie Electro-Mécanique, see CERCEM CERCEM, Centre d'études et de recherches de la CEM, Lyon, France Chance-Pilkington, St. Asaph, Flintshire, Great Britain Ciba-Geigy AG, Basle, Switzerland CMC, Carl Maier Cie, Schaffhausen, Switzerland Dow Chemical Europe, S.A., Horgen, Switzerland Draka Kabel, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Egli, Fischer & Co. Ltd. (repr. T & B), Zurich, Switzerland Felten & Guillaume Kabelwerke, Cologne, Fed. Rep. Germany Gummi Maag AG, Diibendorf, Switzerland Hellermann, see Summerer, H.C. Heraeus Quarzschmelze, Hanau, Fed. Rep. Germany Huber & Suhner, Zurich, Switzerland ITT, Div. Diffusion Composants, Bagneux, France Joint Français (Le), Bezons, France Labitzke Handels AG (repr. 3M Schweiz AG), Zurich, Switzerland Leybold Heraeus, Cologne, Fed. Rep. Germany Mâder AG, Dr. W., Killwangen, Switzerland Precision Rubber, see Riibeli & Guigoz S.A. Raychem AG, Baar, Switzerland Rohm GmbH, Darmstadt, Fed. Rep. Germany Riibeli & Guigoz S.A. (repr. Precision Rubber), Ecublens, Switzerland Schott & Gen., Mainz, Fed. Rep. Germany Shell Switzerland, Zurich, Switzerland Sperry Vickers Lucifer S.A., Geneva, Switzerland Summerer, H.C. (repr. Hellermann), Zurich, Switzerland T & B, Thomas & Betts, see Egli, Fischer & Co 3M, Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co., see Labitzke Handels AG VAT, Vacuum-Apparate-Technik AG, Haag, Switzerland Walther Pràzision, see Wieland & Oertli AG Wieland & Oertli AG, Illnau/Zurich, Switzerland
17
APPENDIX 4
List of abbreviations used in this volume
ABS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene BBQ Benzimidazo-benzisoquinoline-7-one CSP Chlorosulfonated polyethylene CTFE C hlorotrifluoroethy lene EAR Ethylene-acrylate rubber E-CTFE Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene EP Epoxy resin EPDM Ethylene-propylene difunctional monomer copolymer,
e.g. Ethylene-propylene diene rubber EPN Epoxy-phenol-Novolac resin EPR Ethylene-propylene rubber ETFE Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene ETP-Cu Electrolytic tough-pitch copper EVA Ethylene vinyl acetate FEP Perfluoroethylene-propylene NBR Nitrile-butadiene rubber OFHC-Cu Oxygen-free, high-conductivity copper PA Polyamide PBTP Polybutylene terephthalate PE Polyethylene PETP Polyethylene terephthalate PMMA Polymethyl methacrylate PP Polypropylene PPO Polyphenylene oxide PPS Polyphenylene sulfide PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene, Teflon PUR Polyurethane rubber PVC Polyvinyl chloride SBR Styrene-butadiene rubber SIR Silicone rubber XLPE Polyethylene, cross-linked
18
APPENDIX 5
Tables of general relative radiation effects
There are tables for the following categories of items:
5.1 Cable insulations
5.2 Elastomers
5.3 G-values
5.4 Hoses
5.5 Oils
5.6 Paints
5.7 Textiles
5.8 Thermoplastic resins
5.9 Thermosetting resins
These tables are modified versions of those given in the respective references. Cross-references to these tables contained in the alphabetical data compilation section. An alphabetical index of the contents follows.
List of all materials presented in this part in tables of general relative radiation effects
Acetate Acetone Acrylic rubber Acrylonitrile rubber Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene(ABS) Aniline-formaldehyde Aromatic alkyl Aromatic polyamide Benzene Bromoform Butyl rubber Carbon tetrachloride Cellulose esters Cellulose acetate Cellulose fibre Chlorinated rubber Chlorobenzene Chlorofluorocarbon oil Chloroform Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSP) Cotton Dacron Dichloroethane Dichlorobenzene Dynel Epoxy resin Esters Ethers Ethyl bromide Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene(E-CTFE) Ethylene-propylene polyallomer Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene(ETFE) Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) Flamtrol Fluorinated compounds Halar Hypalon Hytrel Kapton Kel-F Melamine-formaldehyde Mineral oils Mylar Neoprene Nomex Nylon Orion
Perbunan Perfluoroethylene-propylene (FEP) Phenolic resin Phosphate oil Polyacryl Polyacrylonitrile Polyamide (Nylon) Polybutadiene Polycarbonate Polychloroprene rubber (Neoprene) Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (Kel-F) Polyester Polyethylene (PE) Polyethylene cross-linked (XLPE) Polyethylene terephthalate (PETP) Polyglycol oil Polyimide Polyisobutylene Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) Polyolefin Polyphenylene oxide (PPO) Polypropylene (PP) Polysiloxane (Silicone rubber SIR) Polystyrene Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon PTFE) Polyurethane resin (PUR) Polyurethane rubber (PUR) Polyvinyl alcohol Polyvinyl butyral Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Polyvinyl formal Polyvinylidene chloride Pyrofil Radox Rayon Saran Silicate oil Silicone oil Silicone resin Silicone rubber (SIR) Silk Styrene Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) Teflon PTFE Tefzel Urea-formaldehyde Vinyl chloride polymers Wool
20
APPENDIX 5.1
General relative radiation effects: Cable insulation
These appreciations are taken from the references cited and can only serve as a general guideline. Atmospheric and other environmental conditions such as temperature and dose rate
are not taken into consideration. See also Sections 2 and 3.
E
Polyimide(Kapton)
Polyurethane rubber (PUR)
Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR/EPDM)
Polyethylene/Polyolefin (e.g. PE/PP, XLPE)
Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (Hypalon)
Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene(Halar)
Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPDM) flame ret. (Pyrofil) p;':' •;•;•:':•;
Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (Tefzel) |:-:-;:;::::::::^
Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) lx'-:::::::-:-:'-:
Polychloroprene rubber (Neoprene) 1:':::::::-:':-:-^
Polyethylene terephthalate copolymer (Hytrel)
Polyolefin, flame-retardant(Flamtrol, Radox)
Polyvinylchloride(PVC)
Silicone rubber (SIR)
Butyl rubber
Perfluoroethylene-propylene ( FEP)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon PTFE)
E
E E E m
r ' • • • • • ' ' • • • • • • • • ' • ' • • ' . ' • . ' v v v V A ' A W A V A V A ' A V A M
mmmmmm mmmsmm 5555H3
r T i i T » i i "ift
®mmmm%m&&
DOSE IN GRAY 103 104 105 106 107 10 DOSE IN RAD 105 10° 101 108 10' 10
USEFUL RANGE USE NOT RECOMMENDED
REFERENCES:!
21
APPENDIX 5.2
General relative radiation effects: Elastomer
These appreciations are taken from the references cited and can only serve as a general guideline. Atmospheric and other environmental conditions such as temperature and dose rate
are not taken into consideration. See also Sections 2 and 3.
S$$m&^W££*
^£&£&£Sftï¥S
SSS^5S^^®S^^
Polyurethane rubber (PUR) txxx-x : x : x : x : x : x : x : x :
Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) [-X-XX-X-X-.X-X-X-X-X-X-
Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) l: :X :: :: :X :X :; :x'xXX :XXX
Polychloroprene rubber (Neoprene) [:-X :: :X-x ::-X :x-x-x-: :X-x ^wS^SSSJS
Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (Hypalon) |x-:':'-x'xx-x'xx
Acrylonitrile rubber f ^ x ^ x T R ^ ^ ^ ^ f t ^ ^ ï j j a ^ ^
Acrylic rubber |x :: :X :: :X :X :X :X
Silicone rubber (SIR) | : : : : : :> : : : : : :X : :vX
Fluoro rubber |-x-x-x':'x-x-x-
Butyl rubber l++<+<:+y.1SB8BBr~ " ~ "
ssasas^Bs&Ba&aa wx-x\%-:->>:
ms^mmmmmms
REFERENCES : 36
22
105 io7 103 104 106 108
Gamma dose, Gy
Damage Utility
Incipient to mild Nearly always usable Mild to moderate Often satisfactory Moderate to severe Not recommended
APPENDIX 5.3
General relative radiation effects: G-value
These values are taken from the references cited and can only serve as a general guideline. Atmospheric and other environmental conditions such as temperature and dose rate
are not taken into consideration. See also Sections 2 and 3.
Compound G-value*)
Benzene: (~) 1.8
Styrène: Ç) — CH = CH 2 1.6
Chlorobenzene : <T°) —CI
o-Dichlorobenzene : — <Oz -CI -CI
17.3
30.0
Acetone : CH 3 — CO — CH 3 50.0
Ethyl bromide : CH 3 — CH2Br 28.0
1,2-Dichloroethane : CH2C1 — CH2C1 41.0
Chloroform :CHC1 3 59.5
Bromoform : CHBr 3 57.0
Carbon tetrachloride : CC14 70.0
*) G-value = number of product molecules formed or reactant molecules consumed per 100 eV of energy absorbed by the compound. The G-value quoted here is for the production of free radicals.
REFERENCES : 36, see also 43
23
APPENDIX 5.3
General relative radiation effects: G-value of poly mers
These values are taken from the references cited and can only serve as a general guideline. Atmospheric and other environmental conditions such as temperature and dose rate
are not taken into consideration. See also Sections 2 and 3.
Polymer G-value*) Composition
Polyethylene (PE) 2.1 H2(95.5%);C3Hg(3.4%) Polystyrene 0.03 H2(100%) Polyacrylonitrile 0.4 H2(24%); NH3(8%);
C2N2(67.5%) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 0.3 HCI Polyvinyl alcohol 1.7 H2(95°/o);CO(4.3%) Polybutadiene 0.2 H 2 + CH4(100%) Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) 1.3 H2(18%);CH4(15%);
CO(36%);C02(25%); C3H8(5.3%)
Polyisobutylene 0.87 H 2 + CH4(95.5%) C 0 2 + C3H„(4.5%)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon PTFE) 0.03 CO + CO, Polyethylene terephthalate (PETP, Mylar) 0.15 Polyamide (Nylon) 1.1 Styrene butatiene rubber (SBR) 0.15 Polyurethane rubber (PUR) 0.7 Polysiloxane 0.6 Polychloroprene (Neoprene) 0.1
*) G-value = number of product molecules formed or reactant molecules consumed per 100 eV of energy absorbed by the polymer. The G-value quoted here is for the production of all gases listed.
REFERENCES : 36, see also 43
24
APPENDIX 5.4
General relative radiation effects: Hoses
These appreciations are taken from the references cited and can only serve as a general guideline. Atmospheric and other environmental conditions such as temperature and dose rate
are not taken into consideration. See also Sections 2 and 3.
SSSSSSS^S >SX^wvK"KwJv
^SSSSS8S«SS88*S888Ê88888888i!
$s$$^mmmmmmmmmzm
A. Plastics
Polyphenylene oxide (PPO) [':':'•'
Polyolefins, glass reinforcement t;:: :':
Polyethylene(PE) + SR f x ^ , . Mmwmvmwwmm
Combination PE-PVC | i ^ ^ ^
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) + SR" [x^
Polyamide (Nylon) f-X;
Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon PTFE)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (Tenon PTFE) •*' tigS$ffl$!ÏÏSl^?fà&ffiffîffi&$ffî!:&ïï^&îfà3Gïïffl
B. Elastomers
Ethylene-propylene rubber, glass reinforcement lxxx:-xx-XvX-x -x-x-xx-x-xxx :-xx xx»SK<w>HKI
Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (Perbunan) + SR [
Polychloroprene (Neoprene) + SR L
Silicone rubber + SR L;
Butyl rubber + SR R S K S K S S g S g S g 8 8 8 8 ^ ^
§^5^5J5ï5^S8S$^=gS8SSSS^^««
îSSSSS^ ÎKSSSSS^SSSSS^ 1
i io 3 10" 105 10" 10' 10»
Gamma dose, Gy
SR = synthetic reinforcement. All results for 1 bar, except *) for 1 and for 15 bar and **) for 20 bar water bursting pressure.
Damage Utility
3 Incipient to mild Nearly always usable Mild to moderate Often satisfactory Moderate to severe Not recommended
REFERENCES: 36
25
APPENDIX 5.5
General relative radiation effects: Oil
These appreciations are taken from the references cited and can only serve as a general guideline. Atmospheric and other environmental conditions such as temperature and dose rate
are not taken into consideration. See also Sections 2 and 3.
SSSSSSSSSS:
sasssssss^.m
Aromatic alkyl
Ethers tx :: ::-x :x :x
Mineral oils |X XX-XX
Polyglycols 1 x i ^ ! ^ ^
Silicones |X
silicates t - - : ; - ; - : - : : ; : | 8 ^ ^ ^ l
Phosphates
Chlorofluorocarbons
Fluorinated compounds
^ ^ ^ : : : : : : : : ! : : : : x
S S S S S S ^ & £ £ £ £ £
r~ 104 106 107
1 10" 105
Gamma dose, Gy, in oxygen-free atmospheres
Damage
Incipient to mild
Utility Nearly always usable
tSgggSSaajl Mild to moderate Often satisfactory Moderate to severe Not recommended
REFERENCES : 36
26
APPENDIX 5.6
General relative radiation effects: Paint
These appreciations are taken from the references cited and can only serve as a general guideline. Atmospheric and other environmental conditions such as temperature and dose rate
are not taken into consideration. See also Sections 2 and 3.
Epoxy resins
Phenolics
Melamine-formaldehyde
Polyurethartes
Polyesters
Vinylchloride polymers
Silicone resins
Chlorosulphonated polyethylene
m
Polychloroprene rubber ( Neoprene) [_
Chlorinated rubber
Polymethyl methacrylate
Cellulose esters
3^^M s^ssss i ffl
ssssssBsasssa
;E^^S£££S^
mmmmm®
r~ 10 4 io6 105 107 n
10s
Gamma dose, Gy
Damage Utility
t^Xiv/X-'xl Incipient to mild Nearly always usable Mild to moderate Often satisfactory Moderate to severe Not recommended
>*SN*NSS
REFERENCES : 36, see also 28
27
APPENDIX 5.7
General relative radiation effects: Textile
These appreciations are taken from the references cited and can only serve as a general guideline.
Atmospheric and other environmental conditions such as temperature and dose rate
are not taken into consideration. See also Sections 2 and 3.
A. Natural fibres
Wool
Acetate
Silk
Cellulose fibre (Rayon)
Cotton
E j^^fiaaaasassssas^^ H H H H S S S S ^ ^ : ^ ^ ^
B. Synthetic fibres
Aromatic polyamide (Nomex) t :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :x ::^
Polyester (Dacron)
Polyacryl (Orion)
Polyvinylidene chloride (Saran, Dynel) I K ^ ^
Polyamide (Nylon)
:S^&mB3338888S8888S!
^ ^ " S S ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ S ^
wwsss^^s:^
1 10"
I I 103 104
Gamma dose, Gy
105 106 io7
Damage Utility
Incipient to mild Nearly always usable Mild to moderate Often satisfactory Moderate to severe Not recommended
S S N S Ï ^
R E F E R E N C E S : 36
28
APPENDIX 5.8
General relative radiation effects: Thermoplastic resin
These appreciations are taken from the references cited and can only serve as a general guideline.
Atmospheric and other environmental conditions such as temperature and dose rate
are not taken into consideration. See also Sections 2 and 3.
88^S3^:B88S3&W
ssasas; w.w.v .w.v .v .w.yw
Polystyrene teWy^WÏ+Wy^^
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene ( ABS) | ;X : : : : : X : X : X : X : X : X : : : x;x : X : XX x ' x ï x ï S x ^ x t ^ s t S ^ ^ t S S S S S S J ^ ^ g l
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) | :; :: :x :: :x :x :x :x :: :x-x-x :x-x :>x•x-x :: :Fggggg§§g
Polyethylene (PE) Yyyyyyy'yy-y-yy:-yyyy'-\'-yyy^yyy.'<
Polyvinyl formal Jx-x-xx-x-XyX-x-x x x :•
Polycarbonate j i ^ i ^ ^
Ethylene-propylene polyallomer F
Polyvinylidene chloride f/
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (Kel-F) V
Polyvinyl butyral l ::v; ::v: :>: :: :: :: :; :: :: ::o: :; :: ::v:ï: :JS!S$^„,jjUuuuuJuuyUuuujuLiLLrvwwv«
t ^ ^
Polypropylene r x ^ X Ï i ï X Ï S x ï ^ x ï x ï x E S S S S S J
Polymethyl methacrylate U.
Polyamide (Nylon) [;:;X;X;.;.;X;X;X;X;X;X;X;X
PerfluOrOethylene-prOpylene(FEP) | : ;X-:;X;X;X;X;X;X;X;X;X;X;{^»^j
Teflon PTFE and FEP (Vacuum) [>
Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon PTFE)
ssssssss^s*^ SSSSSSS!^ : îS^^^^^S^«3S
SS8S8S8^^:W:W::ft¥xWftïw
sssssm ssssssmm&msmm. sm$m>xxttx*x<xxx>>>>m
: ^ ^ ^ ^ : : : : : : : : : : : :
103 102 10" 105 106 I07
10»
Gamma dose. Gv
Damage Utility
ly.'-y.-'.-y.-'.-'.-'A Incipient to mild Nearly always usable RSSiC'SSSSl Mild to moderate Often satisfactory
Moderate to severe Not recommended
REFERENCES: 36, 37,43
29
APPENDIX 5.9
General relative radiation effects: Thermosetting resin
These appreciations are taken from the references cited and can only serve as a general guideline. Atmospheric and other environmental conditions such as temperature and dose rate
are not taken into consideration. See also Sections 2 and 3.
Phenolic, glass laminate
Phenolic, mineral filled
Phenolic, unfilled
Epoxy, glass laminate
Epoxy, aromatic-type curing agent
Polyurethane(PUR)
Polyester, glass filled
Polyester, mineral filled
Polyester, unfilled
Polyethylene terephthalate (Mylar)
Silicone, glass-filled
Silicone, mineral-filled
Silicone, unfilled
Melamine-formaldehyde
Urea-formaldehyde
Aniline-formaldehyde
E
3 • ,t i t ' t ' i i I ' I ' I i i l l t ' l ' i V i ' i l t f i t f J
mm ~wm®
i • T-i r i-'i
• •'• • • •', «§§S55?§S§S§$SS§51:>-:;^
$$S$$S$S^^:;:£^^
3^SK E^SK
smss isssms
SSSSSSS: : :« : :« :
m 'I!»
106
T " io 7
103 104 10!
Gamma dose, Gy
Damage Utility
t-:-:-::-:-:-:::l Incipient to mild Nearly always usable Mild to moderate Often satisfactory Moderate to severe Not recommended
Ï*WSXSS>
REFERENCES: 36, 37,43
30
APPENDIX 6
Classification of materials and components contained in this volume according to the dose range up to which they may typically be used.
Materials Upper dose limit inGy = 100 rad
Acrylic scintillator 10 2 - 10" Butyl rubber 5 X 10" Electronics components (active) 1 0 2 - 1 0 3
Optical fibre 10 -10 2
Perfluoro ethylene-propylene (FEP) 5 X 10"
Phenolic resin, unfilled 10" • * Polyacryl (Plexiglas) 10' • *
Polyamide (Nylon) 1 X 105
Polyester resin, unfilled 5 X 10" Silicone oil 5 X 105
Silicone rubber 5 X 105
Tenon (PTFE) 103
Viton 1-2 X 105 J
Araldite D (epoxy resin, cured at ambient temperature)
Chlorosulfonated PE (Hypalon.CSP)
Cross-linked PE(XLPE) Ethylene-acrylate rubber (EAR) Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) Flamtrol (polyolefin) 1-2 X 106
Halar(CTFE) Hytrel (PETP copolymer) Lupolen (PE) Polychloroprene (Neoprene) Polyolefin Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Materials Upper dose limit inGy = 100 rad
Araldite B (epoxy resin) Araldite F (epoxy resin) Epikote (epoxy resin) Epoxy Novolac Epoxy resin, aromatic hardener Glass-fibre reinforced EPR-hoses Mineral oil 1-2 X 107
Paints based on epoxy or polyurethane resins
Polyimide resin Special radiation resistant
lubricants Special radiation resistant motors
Cerium-doped glass Ryton (PPS) Inorganic filled resins: - Epoxy, aromatic hardener - Phenolic 1 X 108
- Polyester - Polyimide - Polyurethane - Silicone
Aluminium oxide Magnesium oxide Magnetic materials Metals > 10* Mica Glass fibre Quartz
*) Use of these materials in radiation areas is not recommended or to be used with precautions.
31
APPENDIX 7 APPENDICE 7
Detailed description of data entry sheets Description détaillée des feuilles de données
The data entry sheets are designed to provide the
maximum information for a given item, as far as this is
available, with only the minimum use of abbreviations
and symbols, and to be largely self-explanatory (see
also Section 3 of the text). In the following list, some indi
cations are given regarding the layout of the different
entries, especially to help understand small differences
in the presentation of the data. The list of comments
below refers to the corresponding circled numbers on the
sample data sheet reproduced on the opposite page. It
should be understood that all indications mentioned in
these comments are subject to exceptions, especially in
cases where the appropriate information was not avail
able.
1 The alphabetic position of the keyword.
2 The keyword grouping a class of items by their usual application. This does not mean that all items under one keyword are equivalent for a given application, but that they share a characteristic property.
3 The dominant component among the base materials, or the most radiation-sensitive component. In the case of composite materials, more than one material is sometimes given. See 7 for a complete description of the base materials composing the tested item.
4 The type identification of the material as given by the supplier. In some cases the trade name of a characteristic material component is added after a semicolon. A dash indicates that the supplier was not contacted.
5 The name, given in a shortened form (see Appendix 3 for more details), is normally that of the supplier of the finished, tested product. However, it should be noted that this supplier is not always the same as the firm producing the base products. A dash indicates that the supplier was not contacted. See also 7.
6 Identification number given by the authors to the tested materials. The integer part of the first number represents the identification of a group of items, which have been tested by the same method, or which simply belong to a group of different items used together in an apparatus. The fractional part identifies the single item described. The year when the test was carried out is added as general information.
7 A description of the item and its intended application, together with details of composition as far as is known. Trade names of materials are added in brackets in some cases.
8 Application at CERN: if known to us, details are given here. If an application was only proposed but not realized, this is mentioned under 7.
9 Irradiation conditions. In case of reactor irradiation, the exact irradiation position together with the approximate gamma dose rate is given. More details can be found in Table 1 and Ref. 7. The contribution to the dose by other components of the complex reactor irradiation is usually less than 5%. However, if the materials are especially sensitive to particle irradiation, as with crystals or metals, the fluence of fast neutrons is given instead of the dose. For the accelerator irradiations, the position
Les feuilles de données ont été préparées de façon
qu'un maximum d'informations, dans la mesure où elles
sont disponibles, soient présentées en utilisant un mini
mum de symboles et d'abréviations, et que ceux-ci
soient suffisamment clairs (voir aussi la section 3 du
texte). Quelques indications sont données dans la liste
suivante, concernant le schéma des pages de données
pour les divers matériaux, pour faciliter en particulier
l'interprétation des petites différences dans la présenta
tion des données sur des matériaux comparables. Cette
liste fait référence aux numéros entourés d'un cercle sur
la feuille de données servant d'exemple à la page
ci-contre. Il va sans dire que toutes les indications don
nées ici souffrent des exceptions, surtout si l'informa
tion appropriée n'a pas été disponible.
1 Position du mot-clé dans l'alphabet.
2 Mot-clé pour un ensemble de matériaux groupés par application. Ceci ne signifie pas que tous les matériaux soient équivalents pour une application donnée, mais qu'ils ont en commun une propriété caractéristique.
3 Composition des matières de base ou composant le plus sensible aux radiations. Pour les matériaux composés, plusieurs matières sont parfois citées. Voir sous 7 la liste complète des matières de base qui constituent le matériau examiné.
4 Dénomination du type, donnée par le fournisseur de ce matériau. Dans quelques cas, le nom de marque d'une matière caractéristique est ajouté après un point-virgule. Un tiret signifie que le fournisseur n'a pas été contacté.
5 L'abréviation du nom du fournisseur (voii Appendice 3 pour le détail), qui est normalement le fournisseur du produit final testé. A noter que ce fournisseur n'est pas toujours celui qui a fourni les produits de base. Un tiret signifie que le fournisseur n'a pas été contacté. Voir aussi 7.
6 Numéro d'identification des matériaux testés, donné par les auteurs. La partie entière du premier nombre représente l'identification d'un groupe de matériaux qui soit ont été testés d'après la même méthode, soit constituent un groupe de matériaux divers utilisés pour le même appareillage. La partie fractionnelle donne l'identification de la pièce concernée. L'année pendant laquelle l'essai a été effectué est rajoutée pour information.
7 Description de l'objet, et son application prévue. Elles sont données ensemble, avec le détail de la composition de l'objet, si elle est connue. Le nom de marque est rajouté dans certains cas entre parenthèses.
8 Application au CERN: si nous la connaissons, les détails en sont donnés ici. Si une application a été proposée mais pas réalisée ceci sera mentionné sous 7.
9 Conditions d'irradiation. Dans le cas d'une irradiation dans le réacteur nucléaire, la position exacte de l'irradiation est donnée, avec le débit de dose gamma approximatif. Pour plus de détails, voir tableau 1 et réf. 7. La contribution à la dose par d'autres composants du champ de rayonnement dans le réacteur est en général en dessous de 5%. Toutefois si les matériaux sont spécialement sensibles à l'irradiation par des particules, comme
32
A ADHESIVE TAPE BASE MATERIAL: Polyamide/mica/paper, rubber adhesive
TYPE: 6610;Nomex (yj\
SUPPLIER: CMC
IDENTIFICATION: 102.5-1974
150
100
r/f(0) l%l
50
10'
© SYMBOL PROPERTY
force to take off
INITIAL VALUES
4.3 N/25 mm
S
A© ADHESIVE TAPE 0
3 ) BASE MATERIAL: Polyamide/mica/paper, rubber adhesive
4 ) TYPE: 6610;Nomex
5 ) SUPPLIER: CMC
IDENTIFICATION: 102.5 1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Self-adhesive film for insulation purposes. Film material: polyamide reinforced paper with mica (Nomex). Adhesive: synthetic rubber, thermosetting.
8 ) APPLICATION AT CERN:
© ®
©
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Doses:
Reactor ASTRA, position EI in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s 5 X 10 5, 1 X 10 6, 5 X I0 6 , 1 X 10 'Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Pieces of film (115 X 25 mm), stuck to an aluminium support of the same dimensions without heat treatment, were irradiated, after which the film was peeled off at a constant rate of 50 mm/min. The bending radius was fixed by a roller of 10 mm diameter and the mean force measured by a tensile testing machine.
RESULTS: Before irradiation, the peeling-off force was 4.3 N for a width of 25 mm. After irradiation, the force decreased but remained effective up to 5 X 106 Gy. At 1 X 10 1 Gy, the rubber no longer stuck to the film; instead, it adhered to the metal. The colour darkened with the dose.
Remarks:
( Î 2 ) REFERENCES: 18
M 3 j APPRECIATION: See Appendix 7
16) © (jg no test
10' 102 10' 104 105 I06 10 7 108
Dose (Gy)-<
code refers to Table 1, where the characteristics of the radiation field are given; in most cases the dose as measured with our dosimeters will be sufficient for the interpretation of data.
10 The methods of testing are described. If no number of a standard covering this test is given, this means that we modified a standard test to fit our needs (see point 12 for more details). When comparing the test results of similar items, it is important that the integer part of the identification number (see 6) be the same, otherwise the testing method may have been different.
11 The results obtained are briefly described, bearing in mind the methods of testing 10 and the irradiation conditions and doses 9. In some cases, a cross-reference is cited under "Remarks", where data relating to similar materials can be found. This information together with the test results was used for the appreciation 13.
12 The number(s) given refer(s) to the list of references at the end of the introductory text (page 8).
13 In this appreciation, we give warning if the material is especially radiation sensitive, and show a scale where the ranges of different degrees of degradation are marked: blank — "no damage"; hatched 14 — "moderate damage"; black 15—"severe damage". If in the range considered the material is probably susceptible to damage but no test was performed, this region is marked "no test" 16. If the appreciation refers to standard mechanical properties, this is stated explicitly, in which case the beginning of 14 marks a change of 25% and of 15 of 50% of the most sensitive property (flexion test: flexural strength, tensile tests: elongation at break). Otherwise we judged the test results in relation to the intended application.
17 If the test results justify a representation in a graph, or if other additional information is given, there will be a repetition of positions 1 to 6 on the left-hand page. Otherwise, this page is left blank.
18 If there is a graph of irradiation test results, please pay attention to the scales. The abscissa may be linear or logarithmic, and the numbers on the ordinate, which normally are percentage values normalized to the unirradiated value given under 20, may sometimes give a logarithmic measure of this value (see 19). The graph can also be replaced by a table.
19 Identification of plotted symbols and measured functions. The initial values are given, and sometimes an indication of the estimated error of measurement, if available. The lines are intended only as a guide to the eye. If one of the symbols relates to a special interpretation of the scale, this is stated.
par exemple les cristaux ou les métaux, la fluence de neutrons est donnée au lieu de la dose absorbée. Pour les irradiations dans les accélérateurs, le code de position se référé au tableau 1, où la caractéristique du champ de rayonnement est donnée; dans la plupart des cas, la lecture des mesures de nos dosimètres sera suffisante pour l'interprétation des données.
10 Méthodes d'essais. Si l'on ne donne pas de numéro de norme pour un essai, cela signifie que les normes ont été modifiées pour satisfaire nos besoins (voir point 12 pour plus de détails). Si l'on compare les résultats d'essais de produits similaires, il est important de vérifier que le numéro d'identification (voir 6) est le même, sinon la méthode d'essai a pu être différente.
11 Les résultats obtenus sont brièvement décrits en tenant compte de la méthode utilisée pour les essais (voir 10) et des conditions d'irradiation et des doses (voir 9). Dans certains cas, une référence est citée sous "Remarks", où des résultats similaires peuvent être trouvés. Cette information a été utilisée, avec les résultats de nos essais, pour l'appréciation donnée sous 13.
12 Le(s) numéros(s) renvoie(nt) à la liste de références donnée à la fin du texte d'introduction (voir page 8).
13 Dans cette appréciation, nous donnons un avertissement si le matériau est particulièrement sensible aux rayonnements; nous montrons une échelle où les différents degrés de dégradation sont indiqués: blanc — "pas de dommage"; hachuré 14 —"dommage léger"; noir 15 — "dommage sévère". Si dans la gamme considérée le matériau est susceptible d'être endommagé mais qu'aucun essai n'a été effectué, cette région 16 sera marquée "no test" (pas d'essais). Dans le cas où l'appréciation se réfère aux essais mécaniques standard, ceci sera mentionné explicitement; dans ce cas, le début de 14 indique un changement de 25% et le début de 15 un changement de 50% de la propriété la plus sensible (essais de flexion: résistance à la flexion; essais de traction: allongement à la rupture). Dans les autres cas, nous avons jugé les résultats d'essais en relation avec l'application prévue.
17 Dans le cas où les résultats d'essais justifient la présentation d'un graphique ou d'une information complémentaire, les positions 1 à 6 seront reproduites sur la page opposée. Dans le cas contraire, cette page restera blanche.
18 Dans le cas où il y a un graphique des résultats d'irradiation, veuillez tenir compte des échelles: les abscisses peuvent être linéaires ou logarithmiques. Pour l'ordonnée, nous donnons en général les valeurs en pourcentage de dégradation, normalisées à la valeur "non irradié" donnée sous 20. Dans certains cas, l'ordonnée peut aussi représenter la dégradation des propriétés mesurées sur échelle logarithmique (voir 19).
19 Identification des symboles utilisés dans le graphique et des propriétés mesurées. On donne la valeur initiale, et quelquefois l'erreur de mesure estimée, si disponible. Les lignes qui relient les points de mesure sont le plus souvent tracées simplement comme guide. Dans le cas où l'un des symboles se réfère à une interprétation spéciale de l'échelle, ceci est mentionné ici.
34
ALPHABETICAL COMPILATION OF DATA
Entries and cross-references
Acrylic resin see Paint see Scintillator
Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) see Seal
ADHESIVE TAPE Plastic display foil Polyamide/mica paper, rubber adhesive Polyamide paper, rubber adhesive Polyethylene terephthaiate (PETP), rubber adhesive Polyhydantoin, resin adhesive Polyimide, resin adhesive see also Insulating tape
Aluminium oxide see Ceramic
Araldite, trade name of Ciba-Geigy Epoxy resin, see Thermosetting resin
Asbestos cement see Ceramic
Askarel Chlorinated oil, see Insulating oil
A Materials listed in General Tables in Appendix 5
Acetate see Textile, p. 28
Acetone see G-value, p. 23
Acrylic rubber see Elastomer, p. 22
Acrylonitrile rubber see Elastomer, p. 22
Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber see Hose, p. 25
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene(ABS) see Thermoplastic resin, p. 29
Alkyl aromatics see Oil, p. 26
Aniline-formaldehyde see Thermosetting resin, p. 30
Aromatic polyamide see Textile, p. 28
37
A ADHESIVE TAPE
BASE MATERIAL: Plastic display foil
TYPE: Scotchcal
SUPPLIER: Labitzke
IDENTIFICATION: 104-1975
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Self-adhesive warning sign with black letters on a yellow background, dimensions 300 X 100 mm2, made of Scotchcal
APPLICATION AT CERN: Warning signs used for various purposes in radiation areas
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position El in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 105, 1 X 106, 5 X 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Samples of dimensions 115 X 20 mm2, stuck to an aluminium sheet, were irradiated and afterwards examined qualitatively.
RESULTS: At 5 X 105 Gy, no changes were observed. At 106 Gy, the yellow background coloration became greenish. No change in contrast or adhesion. At 5 X 106 Gy, the background coloration was greenish, bubbles of 5-10 mm diameter had formed between the plastic foil and the support, and it was easy to scratch off the foil. Corrosion of the aluminium support began under the bubbles.
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-.
106 107 10s
39
A ADHESIVE TAPE BASE MATERIAL: Polyamide/mica paper, rubber adhesive
TYPE: 6610;Nomex
SUPPLIER: CMC
IDENTIFICATION: 102.5-1974
f/f(0)
Dose[Gy]
SYMBOL PROPERTY
force to take off
INITIAL VALUES
4.3 N/25 mm
40
A ADHESIVE TAPE
BASE MATERIAL: Polyamide/mica paper, rubber adhesive
TYPE: 6610;Nomex
SUPPLIER: CMC
IDENTIFICATION: 102.5-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Self-adhesive film for insulation purposes. Film material: aromatic polyamide paper with mica(Nomex). Adhesive: synthetic rubber, thermosetting.
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 105, 1 X 106, 5 X 106, 1 X 107 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Pieces of film (115 X 25 mm), stuck to an aluminium support of the same dimensions without heat treatment, were irradiated, after which the film was peeled off at a constant rate of 50 mm/min. The bending radius was fixed by a roller of 10 mm diameter and the mean force measured by a tensile testing machine.
RESULTS: Before irradiation, the peeling-off force was 4.3 N for a width of 25 mm. After irradiation, the force decreased but remained effective up to 5 X 106 Gy. At 1 X 107 Gy, the rubber no longer stuck to the film; instead, it adhered to the metal. The colour darkened with the dose.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 18
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-»
106 107 108
41
A ADHESIVE TAPE BASE MATERIAL: Polyamide paper, rubber adhesive
TYPE: 6510;Nomex
SUPPLIER: CMC
IDENTIFICATION: 102.6-1974
f/f(0) [%]
DoselGyl
SYMBOL PROPERTY
force to take off
INITIAL VALUES
23 N/25 mm
42
A ADHESIVE TAPE
BASE MATERIAL: Polyamide paper, rubber adhesive
TYPE: 6510;Nomex
SUPPLIER: CMC
IDENTIFICATION: 102.6-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Self-adhesive film for insulation purposes. Film material: aromatic polyamide paper (Nomex). Adhesive: synthetic rubber, thermosetting.
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 105, 1 X 106, 5 X 106, 1 X 107 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Pieces of film (115 X 25 mm), stuck to an aluminium support of the same dimensions without heat treatment, were irradiated, after which the film was peeled off at a constant rate of 50 mm/min. The bending radius was fixed by a roller of 10 mm diameter and the mean force measured by a tensile testing machine.
RESULTS: Before irradiation, the peeling-off force was 23 N for a width of 25 mm. After irradiation, the force remained comparatively high up to 5 X 106Gy (23%), but at 107 Gy the gum no longer stuck to the metal. The colour darkened with the dose.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 18
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 108
43
A ADHESIVE TAPE BASE MATERIAL: Polyethylene terephthalate (PETP), rubber adhesive
TYPE: 1050; Mylar
SUPPLIER: CMC
IDENTIFICATION: 102.4-1974
300
200
f/f(0) [%1
SYMBOL PROPERTY
force to take off
INITIAL VALUES
8.6 N/25 mm
44
A ADHESIVE TAPE
BASE MATERIAL: Polyethylene terephthalate (PETP), rubber adhesive
TYPE: 1050; Mylar
SUPPLIER: CMC
IDENTIFICATION: 102.4-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Self-adhesive film for insulation purposes. Film material: polyethylene terephthalate (Mylar). Adhesive: synthetic rubber, thermosetting.
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 105, 1 X 106, 5 X 106, 1 X 10 7Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Pieces of film (115 X 25 mm), stuck to an aluminium support of the same dimensions without heat treatment, were irradiated, after which the film was peeled off at a constant rate of 50 mm/min. The bending radius was fixed by a roller of 10 mm diameter and the mean force measured by a tensile testing machine.
RESULTS: Before irradiation, the peeling-off force was 8.6 N for a width of 25 mm. After irradiation, the force reached 150% at 5 X 105 and 1 X 106 Gy. At the higher doses, the base material (Mylar) was too brittle to carry out this test, but the film still stuck to the support. There was no change in the colour.
Remarks: For irradiation to higher doses, see also Insulating tape
REFERENCES: 18
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-n
106 107 108
45
A ADHESIVE TAPE BASE MATERIAL: Polyhydantoin. resin adhesive
TYPE: 6210;Resistofol
SUPPLIER: CMC
IDENTIFICATION: 102.1-1974
f/f(0) [%l
Dose[Gy
SYMBOL PROPERTY
force to take off
INITIAL VALUES
8.3 N/25 mm
46
ADHESIVE TAPE BASE MATERIAL: Polyhydantoin, resin adhesive
TYPE: 6210; Resistofol
SUPPLIER: CMC
IDENTIFICATION: 102.1-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Self-adhesive film for insulation purposes. Film material: polyhydantoin (Resistofol). Adhesive: resin type, thermosetting.
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 105, 1 X 106, 5 X 106, 1 X 10 7Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Pieces of film (115 X 25 mm), stuck to an aluminium support of the same dimensions without heat treatment, were irradiated, after which the film was peeled off at a constant rate of 50 mm/min. The bending radius was fixed by a roller of 10 mm diameter and the mean force measured by a tensile testing machine.
RESULTS: Before irradiation, the peeling-off force was 8.3 N for a width of 25 mm. After irradiation, the film remained flexible until 1 X 107 Gy, but the peeling-off force decreased, reaching less than 1% of the initial value at this dose. The colour darkened with the dose.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 18
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 108
47
A ADHESIVE TAPE BASE MATERIAL: Polyimide. resin adhesive
TYPE: 7010;Kapton
SUPPLIER: CMC
IDENTIFICATION: 102.2-1974
150,
100
f/f(0) [%l
50
104 105 106
DoselGyl
\ «
107
SYMBOL PROPERTY
force to take off
INITIAL VALUES
5.6 N/25 mm
48
A ADHESIVE TAPE
BASE MATERIAL: Polyimide, resin adhesive
TYPE: 7010;Kapton
SUPPLIER: CMC
IDENTIFICATION: 102.2-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Self-adhesive film for insulation purposes. Film material: polyimide (Kapton). Adhesive: resin type, thermosetting.
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 105, 1 X 106, 5 X 106, 1 X 10 7Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Pieces of film (115 X 25 mm), stuck to an aluminium support of the same dimensions without heat treatment, were irradiated, after which the film was peeled off at a constant rate of 50 mm/min. The bending radius was fixed by a roller of 10 mm diameter and the mean force measured by a tensile testing machine.
RESULTS: Before irradiation, the peeling-off force was 5.6 N for a width of 25 mm. After irradiation, the film remained flexible and even retained 45% of its initial adhesive strength at 1 X 107 Gy. However, after this dose, it could not be restuck to the metal. Slight darkening of the colour.
Remarks: At 5 X 107 and 1 X 108 Gy thin films remained flexible, but broke under relatively small tensile force.
REFERENCES: 18
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
1 I 1 HI no test 10' 102 103 104 105 106 107 10'
Dose (Gy)-+
49
A ADHESIVE TAPE BASE MATERIAL: Polyimide, resin adhesive
TYPE: KaptonT
SUPPLIER: CMC
IDENTIFICATION: 102.3-1974
300
200 —
f/f(0) [%1
DoselGyl
SYMBOL PROPERTY
force to take off
INITIAL VALUES
4.3 N/25 mm
50
A ADHESIVE TAPE
BASE MATERIAL: Polyimide, resin adhesive
TYPE: KaptonT
SUPPLIER: CMC
IDENTIFICATION: 102.3-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Self-adhesive film for insulation purposes. Film material: polyimide (Kapton T). Adhesive: resin type.
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 105, 1 X 106, 5 X 106, 1 X 10 7Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Pieces of film (115 X 25 mm), stuck to an aluminium support of the same dimensions, were irradiated, after which the film was peeled off at a constant rate of 50 mm/min. The bending radius was fixed by a roller of 10 mm diameter and the mean force measured by a tensile testing machine.
RESULTS: Before irradiation, the peeling-off force was 4.3 N for a width of 25 mm. After irradiation, the force increased to about 170% at 106 Gy, but then fell off very rapidly to less than 20%at l0 7 Gy. Slight darkening of the colour.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 18
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Dose (Gy)-»
51
Entries and cross-references
Buna, trade name of Chemische Werke Hiils AG Synthetic rubber, see Vacuum gasket
Materials listed in General Tables in Appendix 5
Benzene see G-value, p. 23
Bromoform see G-value, p. 23
Butyl rubber see Cable insulation, p. 21 see Elastomer, p. 22 see Hose, p. 25
Entries and cross-references
CABLE INSULATION Table of general relative radiation effects in Appendix 5 Chloroprene rubber (Neoprene) Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) Polyethylene (PE) Polyethylene, cross-linked (XLPE) Polyvinylchloride(PVC) Silicone rubber
CABLE TIE Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) copolymer Polyamide Polybutylene terephthalate (PBTP) Polyethylene (PE)
CERAMIC Aluminium oxide Asbestos cement Quartz
Cerium doped glass see Glass
CONNECTOR Polyphenylene oxide (PPO) Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)
COPPER WIRE ETP-Copper(ETP-Cu) OFHC-Copper (OFHC-Cu)
c Materials listed in General Tables in Appendix 5
Carbon tetrachloride see G-value, p. 23
Cellulose esters see Paint, p. 27
Cellulose fibre see Textile, p. 28
Cellulose acetate see Thermoplastic resin, p. 29
Chlorinated rubber see Paint, p. 27
Chlorobenzene see G-value, p. 23
Chlorofluorocarbon oil see Oil, p. 26
Chloroform see G-value, p. 23
Chloroprene rubber (Neoprene) see Cable insulation, p. 21 see Elastomer, p. 22 see G-value, p. 24 see Hose, p. 25 see Paint, p. 27
Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSP) see Cable insulation, p. 21 see Elastomer, p. 22 see Paint, p. 27
Cotton see Textile, p. 28
CABLE INSULATION BASE MATERIAL: Chloroprene rubber (Neoprene)
TYPE: C1
SUPPLIER: CERCEM
IDENTIFICATION: 171.2-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Cable for power supply of 1 kW electric motor, insulated with chloroprene rubber (Neoprene)
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 106Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Coiling test, winding ten turns on a core four times the diameter of the cable (Swiss Std. VSM 23708); searching for defects with a magnifying glass. Bending test, counting the number of 360° backward and forward bends, until damage occurs (Swiss Std. VSM 23780).
RESULTS: Neither the coiling test nor the bending test ( 10 bends) revealed any defect after 106 Gy. No change in colour.
Remarks: See also Part I (Ref. 1) for results of tests on similar materials
REFERENCES: 19
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
no i est 101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 108
59
c CABLE INSULATION BASE MATERIAL: Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR)
TYPE: 940
SUPPLIER: SILEC
IDENTIFICATION: C 343-1977
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3< 13 MATERIAL: EPR
TYPE: INSULATOR 940
SUPPLIER: SILEC
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ABSORBED DOSE (Gy)
60
c CABLE INSULATION
BASE MATERIAL: Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR)
TYPE: 940
SUPPLIER: SILEC
IDENTIFICATION: C 343-1977
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Moulded plates, 2 mm thick. Material used for 1 kV d.c. power cables
APPLICATION AT CERN: Power cable available in CERN stores, SCEM No. 04.08.61.994.1
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 105, 1 X 106, 5 X 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Standard tensile tests on samples of shape-type 2 (ISO/R 527-1966)
RESULTS: At 1 X 106 Gy the elongation at break was reduced by a factor of 2 but was still well above the value of 100%, which has been adopted as the end-point criterion of the useful working range at CERN. The end-point criterion of IEC 544 (50% of initial value) was reached at 8 X 105 Gy.
Remarks: Example taken from a number of equivalent materials contained in Part I (Ref. 1)
REFERENCES: 1
APPRECIATION: See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Dose (Gy)->
61
CABLE INSULATION BASE MATERIAL: Polyethylene (PE)
TYPE: Lupolen 1812 DXSK
SUPPLIER: Felten& Guillaume
IDENTIFICATION: C 206-1973
< MPa ) (ff
1r^r 5 rfi 5 10 7
ABSORBED DOSE (Gy)
MATERIAL: PE
TYPE: LUPOLEN 1812 DXSK
SUPPLIER: FELTEN 8 GUILLAUME
Remarks:
CURVE P R O P E R T Y
R Tensile strength
E Elong. at break
H Hardness
Oxygen index
INITIAL VALUE
17-8 MPa
682 %
55 Shore D
17.8
62
CABLE INSULATION BASE MATERIAL: Polyethylene (PE)
TYPE: Lupolen 1812 DXSK
SUPPLIER: Felten &Guillaume
IDENTIFICATION: C 206-1973
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Moulded plates, 2 mm thick. Material used as insulation for power cables
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 105, 1 X 106, 5 X 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Standard tensile tests on samples of shape-type 2 (ISO/R 527-1966).
RESULTS: At 1 X 10* Gy the elongation at break was reduced by a factor of 6 and has reached the value of 100%, which has been adopted as the end-point criterion of the useful working range at CERN. The end-point criterion of IEC 544 (50% of initial value) was reached at 4 X 105 Gy.
Remarks: Example taken from a number of equivalent materials contained in Part I (Ref. 1)
REFERENCES: 1
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)->
106 107 108
63
CABLE INSULATION BASE MATERIAL: Polyethylene, cross-linked (XLPE)
TYPE: Unknown
SUPPLIER: BICC
IDENTIFICATION: C 320-1976
MATERIAL: XLPE
TYPE: INSULATOR
SUPPLIER: BICC
Remarks:
WE P R O P E R T Y INITIAL VALUE
R Tensile strength 20.8 M Pa
E Elong. at break 450 % H Hardness 39 Shore D
Oxygen index 19.0
64
CABLE INSULATION BASE MATERIAL: Polyethylene, cross-linked (XLPE)
TYPE: Unknown
SUPPLIER: BICC
IDENTIFICATION: C 320-1976
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Moulded plates, 1.5 mm thick. The material was proposed for the insulation of low-voltage power cables
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 105, 1 X 106, 5 X 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Standard tensile tests on samples of shape-type 2 (ISO/R 527-1966)
RESULTS: At 8 X 105 Gy the elongation at break was reduced by a factor of 2, and at 2 X 106 Gy it reached the value of 100%, which has been adopted as the end-point criterion of the useful working range at CERN. The end-point criterion of IEC 544 (50% of initial value) was reached at 8 X 105 Gy.
Remarks: Example taken from a number of equivalent materials contained in Part I (Ref. 1)
REFERENCES: 1
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-H
106 107 10*
65
c CABLE INSULATION
BASE MATERIAL: Polyethylene, cross-linked (XLPE)
TYPE: C2
SUPPLIER: CERCEM
IDENTIFICATION: 171.3-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Cable for power supply of 1 kW electric motor, insulated with chemically cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE)
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 106Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Coiling test, winding ten turns on a core four times the diameter of the cable, and searching for defects with a magnifying glass (Swiss Std. VSM 23708). Bending test, counting the number of 360° backward and forward bends until damage occurs (Swiss Std. VSM 23780).
RESULTS: Neither the coiling test nor the bending test (10 bends) revealed any defect after 106 Gy. No change in colour.
Remarks: See also previous entry and Part I (Ref. 1) for results of tests on similar materials
REFERENCES: 19
APPRECIATION: See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
[4— no ^est —y\ 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Dose (Gy)->
10'
67
c CABLE INSULATION BASE MATERIAL: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
TYPE: S 34
SUPPLIER: Felten& Guillaume
IDENTIFICATION: C 204-1974
MATERIAL: PVC
TYPE: WITHOUT FILLER, S34
SUPPLIER: FELTEN S GUILLAUME
Remarks:
CURVE P R O P E R T Y
R Tensile strength
E Elong. at break
H Hardness
Oxygen index
INITIAL VALUE
14.8 fc?a
256 %
« Shore D
ABSORBED DOSE (Gy)
68
c CABLE INSULATION
BASE MATERIAL: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
TYPE: S 34
SUPPLIER: Felten & Guillaume
IDENTIFICATION : C 204-19 74
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Moulded plates, 2 mm thick
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 105, 1 X 106, 5 X 106 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Standard tensile tests on samples of shape-type 2 (ISO/R 527-1966)
RESULTS: At 1 X 106 Gy the elongation at break was reduced by a factor of 2 but was still well above the value of 100%, which has been adopted as the end-point criterion of the useful working range at CERN. The end-point criterion of IEC 544 (50% of the initial value) w?.s reached at 8 X 105 Gy. Because of the considerable amount of corrosive hydrochloric acid (HCl) vapours released at high irradiation levels as well as during a possible fire, the use of this material is no longer recommended.
Remarks: Example taken from a number of equivalent materials contained in Part I (Ref. 1)
REFERENCES: 1
APPRECIATION: See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
10' 102 103 10" 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 108
69
CABLE INSULATION BASE MATERIAL: Silicone rubber
TYPE: SR 1
SUPPLIER: Draka
IDENTIFICATION: C 134-1973
M A T E R I A L : SILICONE RUBBER
TYPE: SRI
SUPPLIER: DRAKA
Remarks:
CURVE P R O P E R T Y
C Eton«.«t b m t
H H a r t — M
O * r 0 * n into*
INITIAL VALUE
8-5 MP.
637 %
Shore C,0
70
c CABLE INSULATION
BASE MATERIAL : Silicone rubber
TYPE: SR 1
SUPPLIER: Draka
IDENTIFICATION: C 134-1973
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Moulded plates, 2 mm thick
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type : Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 10s, 1 X 106, 5 X 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Standard tensile tests on samples of shape-type 2 (ISO/R 527-1966)
RESULTS: At 5 X 105 Gy the elongation at break was reduced to 100%, which has been adopted as the end-point criterion of the useful working range at CERN. The end-point criterion of IEC 544 (50% of the initial value) was reached at 2 X 103 Gy. At 5 X 106 Gy, no tests were possible owing to brittleness.
Remarks: Example taken firom a number of equivalent materials contained in Part I (Ref. 1)
REFERENCES: 1
APPRECIATION: *** USE IN HIGH LEVEL RADIA TION AREAS NOT RECOMMENDED *** See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 108
71
CABLE INSULATION BASE MATERIAL: Silicone rubber
TYPE: C3
SUPPLIER: CERCEM
IDENTIFICATION: 171.4-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Cable for power supply of 1 kW electric motor, insulated with silicone rubber
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position El in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Coiling test, winding ten turns on a core four times the diameter of the cable, and searching for defects with a magnifying glass (Swiss Std. VSM 23708). Bending test, counting the number of 360° backward and forward bends until damage occurs (Swiss Std. VSM 23780).
RESULTS: Before irradiation, neither tests revealed any damage. After a dose of 1 X 10* Gy, the insulation broke everywhere when bending was attempted for both tests. No change in colour.
Remarks: See also previous entry and Part I (Ref. 1) for results using similar materials
REFERENCES: 19
APPRECIATION: *** USE IN HIGH LEVEL RADIA TIONAREAS NOT RECOMMENDED *** See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 108
73
CABLE INSULATION BASE MATERIAL: Silicone rubber
TYPE: C4
SUPPLIER: CERCEM
IDENTIFICATION: 171.5-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Cable for power supply of 1 kW electric motor, insulated with silicone rubber
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air. dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: IX 106Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Coiling test, winding ten turns on a core four times the diameter of the cable, and searching for defects with a magnifying glass (Swiss Std. VSM 23708). Bending test, counting the number of 360° backward and forward bends until damage occurs (Swiss Std. VSM 23780).
RESULTS: Before irradiation, no defects were detected with either test ( 10 bends for the bending test). After 1 X 106 Gy, the coiling test revealed one crack only, whereas in the bending test, one bend was sufficient to break the cable. No change in colour.
Remarks: See also previous entry and Part I (Ref. 1) for results of tests on similar materials
REFERENCES: 19
APPRECIATION: *** USE IN HIGH LEVEL RADIATION AREAS NOT RECOMMENDED*** See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
101 102 10-1 104 105
Dose (Gy)-
107 10s
75
CABLE TIE BASE MATERIAL: Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) copolymer
TYPE: KR 6118; Tefzel
SUPPLIER: Hellermann
IDENTIFICATION: 109.3-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Cable ties made from ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (Tefzel) to be used for 40 mm diameter cable bundles
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 106, 5X 10* Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Bending tests around a 20 mm diameter core, counting the number of bends until breaking occurs. Straight samples and samples closed to 40 mm diameter were irradiated.
RESULTS: No tests were made before irradiation. After 1 X 106 Gy, 10 bends were made before breaking occurred. At 5 X 106 Gy, the material became very brittle and broke when bending was attempted; the closed samples broke when a slight pressure was applied. The colour changed from transparent to light yellow.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 20
APPRECIATION: See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
10' 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 108
77
c CABLE TIE BASE MATERIAL: Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene(ETFE) copolymer
TYPE: TY-RAP-.Tefzel
SUPPLIER: T&B
IDENTIFICATION: 106.2-1978
150
100 —
f/f(0) l%l
DoselGyl
SYMBOL PROPERTY
number of bends hardness
INITIAL VALUES
> 100 66 Shore D
78
c CABLE TIE
BASE MATERIAL: Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) copolymer
TYPE: TY-RAP;Tefzel
SUPPLIER: T&B
IDENTIFICATION: 106.2-1978
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Cable ties made from ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (Tefzel)
APPLICATION AT CERN: Securing of cables in the Super Proton Synchrotron LSS2, LSS6 and neutrino cave
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 105, 1 X 106, 5 X 106, 1 X 107 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Bending test, counting the number of 180° bends until breaking occurs. Shore hardness test.
RESULTS: Before irradiation, there was still no break in the cable tie after 100 bends. At 1 X 106 Gy, it broke after 20 bends. At 5 X 106 Gy, the material was unusable. The colour changed from initial light green to dark green at the highest dose.
Remarks: According to the manufacturer, the tensile strength is increased by irradiation up to 106 Gy.
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
10' 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-)
10" 107 108
79
c CABLE TIE BASE MATERIAL: Polyamide
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 107-1975
f/f(0) [%]
DoselGyl
SYMBOL PROPERTY
number of bends
INITIAL VALUES
100
80
CABLE TIE BASE MATERIAL: Polyamide
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 107-1975
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Cable ties made from white polyamide (Nylon), two rolled to 45 mm diameter, three normal straight
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 105, 1 X 106, 5 X 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Bending tests, counting the number of 360° bends around a 2-3 mm diameter core until breaking occurs
RESULTS: Before irradiation, 100 bends were needed to break the cable tie. At 1 X 10 6Gy, 40 bends were made before breaking occurred; and at 5 X 10 6Gy, it broke after 10 bends. Colour changed to yellow (after first two doses) and then to brown.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 20
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
10' 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 108
81
CABLE BASE MATERIAL: Polybutylene terephthalate (PBTP)
TYPE: KR 4000
SUPPLIER: Hellermann
IDENTIFICATION: 108.2-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Cable ties made from polybutylene terephthalate (PBTP); 68 kg
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate approx. 10 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 106Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Bending tests around a 20 mm diameter core, counting the number of bends until breaking occurs. Straight samples and samples closed to 40 mm diameter were irradiated.
RESULTS: Before irradiation, there was still no break in the cable tie after 100 bends. At 1 X 106 Gy, it broke at 10 bends. Closed samples in good condition.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 20
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 10
c CABLE TIE
BASE MATERIAL: Polyethylene (PE)
TYPE: KR6/10;Hostalen
SUPPLIER: Hellermann
IDENTIFICATION: 108.1-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Cable ties made from low-pressure polyethylene (Hostalen); 35 kg
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type : Reactor ASTRA, switched off reactor position 3 5 in air, dose rate approx. 10 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 106 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Bending test around a 20 mm diameter core, counting the number of bends until breaking occurs. Straight samples and samples closed to 40 mm diameter were irradiated.
RESULTS: Before irradiation, there was still no break in the cable tie after 100 bends. At 1 X 106 Gy, about 50 bends were necessary before breaking occurred. Closed samples in good condition. The colour remained unchanged.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 20
APPRECIATION: See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
IE nc test 10' io2 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 10"
85
c CABLE TIE
BASE MATERIAL: Polyethylene (PE)
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 109.1-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Cable ties made from polyethylene, to be used for 40 mm diameter cable bundles
APPLICATION AT CERN: Securing of wiring in termination racks
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type : Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 10 6, 5X 106Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Bending tests around a 20 mm diameter core, counting the number of bends until breaking occurs. Straight samples and samples closed to 40 mm diameter were irradiated.
RESULTS: Before irradiation, there was still no break in the cable tie after 100 bends. At 1 X 106 Gy, about 5 bends were made before breaking occurred; and after 5 X 106, it broke after two bends. Closed samples in good condition. The colour changed from white to light yellow and dark yellow.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 20
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-*
106 107 108
87
CABLE TIE BASE MATERIAL: Polyethylene (PE)
TYPE: P 5206 S; Vestolene
SUPPLIER: Hellermann
IDENTIFICATION: 109.2-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Cable ties made from polyethylene (Vestolene), to be used for 40 mm diameter cable bundles. Special fire-resistant type.
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 1 0 6 , 5 X 10*Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Bending tests around a 20 mm diameter core, counting the number of bends until breaking occurs. Straight samples and samples closed to 40 mm diameter were irradiated.
RESULTS: Before irradiation, there was still no break in the cable tie after 100 bends. Already at 1 X 106 Gy, breaking occurred before the first bend. The colour changed from light grey to brown. The curved samples were broken without application of special forces, either due to elastic stress alone or during handling.
Remarks: High induced remanent radioactivity.
REFERENCES: 20
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
OH 101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 108
89
c CABLE TIE
BASE MATERIAL: Polyethylene (PE)
TYPE: D
SUPPLIER: Hellermann
IDENTIFICATION: 106.1-1978
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Cable ties made from a polyethylene derivative
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position El in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 10\ 1 X 10 6, 5 X 106, 1 X 10 7Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Bending test, counting the number of 180° bends until breaking occurs. Shore hardness test.
RESULTS: Before irradiation, there was still no break in the cable tie after 100 bends. Already after 5 X 105 Gy it broke at the first bend, becoming more and more brittle at the higher doses. Colour changed from transparent before irradiation, over light yellow at 5 X 105 Gy, to brown at 1 X 107 Gy. Shore hardness increased from 59 D at zero dose to 64 D at 5 X 105 Gy, and to 70 D and more at 1 X 10 6Gy and above.
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : *** USE INHIGH-LE VEL RADIA TION AREA S NOT RECOMMENDED *** See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
no tes 10' 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Dose (Gy)->
91
c CERAMIC
BASE MATERIAL: Aluminium oxide
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 112-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Tubes of dimensions 75 X 2 X 17 0 and 50 X 2 X 12 0 (in mm) made from 99.5% pure A1 20 3 were used as substrate for resistive coating
APPLICATION AT CERN: With NiCr coating, used as dumping resistors in the SPS vacuum system in large quantities ( > 2000 pieces)
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position 11 in water, dose rate 400 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 10 8Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Visual inspection
RESULTS: No defects found
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Dose (Gy)->
93
c CERAMIC
BASE MATERIAL: Aluminium oxide
TYPE: Unknown
SUPPLIER: Unknown
IDENTIFICATION: 111.6-1973
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Aluminium oxide 99.5% (A1203), of dimension 8 0 X 90 (in mm)
APPLICATION AT CERN: General applications (available from CERN stores, SCEM No. 19.63.26.081)
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position 11 in water, dose rate 300 Gy/s Doses: 5X 107, IX 10" Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Three-point flexural test, similar to ISO 178
RESULTS: Flexural strength: 250 N/mm 2. Modulus of elasticity: 1 X 10 3N/mm 2. No changes after irradiation up to 1 X 10* Gy.
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Dose (Gy)-»
95
c CERAMIC
BASE MATERIAL: Asbestos cement
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 111.11-1973
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Asbestos and cement composite material
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position 11 in water, dose rate 300 Gy/s Doses: 5X 107, 1 X 10 8Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Three-point flexural test, similar to ISO 178
RESULTS: Flexural strength: 44 N/mm 2. Modulus of elasticity: 8 X 103 N/mm 2. At 1 X 108Gy : Flexural strength decreases by 25% and modulus of elasticity increases by 70%.
Remarks: Results probably influenced by irradiation in water
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Dose (Gy)-+
97
c CERAMIC
BASE MATERIAL: Quartz
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 111.7-1973
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Vacuum fused high-purity quartz, of dimensions 5 0 X 80 (in mm)
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position 11 in water, dose rate 300 Gy/s Doses: 5X 107, I X 10 8Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Three-point fiexural test, similar to ISO 178
RESULTS: Flexural strength: 70N/mm 2. Modulus of elasticity: 4.7 X 10 4N/mm 2. No major changes due to irradiation up to 1 X 108Gy.
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Dose (Gy)-»
99
c CONNECTOR
BASE MATERIAL: Polyphenylene oxide (PPO)
TYPE: - ; Noryl
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 20.1-1975
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Inserts for BNC connectors, made from Noryl (polyphenylene oxide, PPO)
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, switched-off reactor position 35 in air, dose rate 10 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 106, 5 X 10s Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Connection test
RESULTS: No damage observed
Remarks: According to data published in Ref. 37, this material is radiation-resistant up to 5 X 107 Gy
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
I I I I I I I 1 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Dose (Gy)-*
101
CONNECTOR BASE MATERIAL: Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)
TYPE: -; Ryton
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 123-1975
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Inserts for multipin connectors, made from Ryton (polyphenylene sulfide, PPS) with 40% glass-fibres (Ryton-R-4)
APPLICATION AT CERN: General application (available in CERN Stores, SCEM No. 09.31.05)
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position 11 in water, dose rate 400 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 106, 1 X 107, 5 X 107 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Multiple connection test (up to 5 X 107 Gy). Insulation resistance (after 10* Gy). Breakdown voltage (after 106Gy).
RESULTS: No damage was observed up to 5 X 101 Gy. At 1 X 106 Gy, mechanical and electrical tests were performed by the supplier. No damage was observed. Insulation resistance > 5 X 109 Q, dielectric breakdown voltage > 2000 V a.c.
Remarks: See also Part II (Ref. 2) for further test results on Ryton
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
«— no test 101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-*
106 107 108
103
c COPPER WIRE BASE MATERIAL: Copper
TYPE: OFHCandETP
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 239-1975
1.0
/ 1 ,
6 OFHC [cold drawn
2 weeks after irradiation A
! ^
^ 5 -
O)
a •5
1 -
f3 -
6 weeks after irradiation -
Res
ist
-
/ __ /
1 1 1 1
—
2.0 3 0 Neutron fluence IE > 0.1 MeV]
4.0 x 1023m'2
XS
I I 6 weeks after irradiation
SYMBOL
OFHC [cold drawn]x
20
PROPERTY
30 4 0 50*10nm2
Neutron fluence [E> 01 MeV]
resistivity (I = 100 mA) a t22°C
INITIAL VALUES
not measured
REMARKS
ETP annealed OFHC cold drawn
ETP cold drawn OFHC annealed
104
c COPPER WIRE
BASE MATERIAL: Copper
TYPE: OFHC and ETP
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 239-1975
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Wires of 0.4 mm diameter, cold-drawn from oxygen-free high-conductivity (OFHC) copper (99.96%) and from electrolytic tough-pitch (ETP) copper (99.92%), with and without a following anneal at 300 °C
APPLICATION AT CERN: Similar material used for the Super Proton Synchrotron septum magnets
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, high-flux core position; flux: 7 X 101 7 n/m 2 s (E > 0.1 MeV) Fluences: between 0.7 and 5.5 X 10 2 3n/m 2
METHODS OF TESTING: Resistance bridge measurements at a current I < 100 mA on wire samples of lengths varying from 1.5 to 5 m. During irradiation the wires were loosely coiled inside an aluminium container of 20 mm diameter in close contact with the wall. The container was filled with He gas at 10s Pa, and was cooled with the pool cooling-water at 40 °C.
RESULTS: The increase in resistance was most pronounced in the high-purity annealed material, 4% at 1 X 10 2 3 n/m 2 corresponding to about 3 X 106 Gy from fast neutrons. In the ETP-type, the effect was 30% lower; and in the non-annealed samples, only 1.5% for both materials. See figures on opposite page (Ref. 10).
Remarks: A fluence of 1023n/m2corresponds to 2.6 X 106 Gy in copper or 4 X 108 Gy in organic (CH 2) n
materials
REFERENCES: 10
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Dose (Gy)->
105
Entries and cross-references
Diala C, trade name of Shell Mineral oil, see Insulating oil
Diester oil see Lubricating oil
Materials listed in General Tables in Appendix 5
Dacron, trade name of Du Pont Polyethylene terephthalate, see Textile, p. 28
Dichloroethane see G-value, p. 23
Dichlorobenzene see G-value, p. 23
Dynel, trade name of Union Carbide Chemicals Corp. see Textile, p. 28
Entries and cross-references
Elastomer
Table of general relative radiation effects in Appendix 5
ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS
Epoxy resin see Paint see Thermosetting resin see Vacuum chamber tube see Vacuum pump accessory
Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) and (EPDM) see Cable insulation see Hoses see Seal see Valve
Ethyiene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE) see Cable tie
E Materials listed in General Tables in Appendix 5
Epoxy resin see Paint, p. 27 see Thermosetting resin, p. 30
Esters see Oil, p. 26
Ethers see Oil, p. 26
Ethyl bromide see G-value, p. 23
Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene (E-C TFE) see Cable insulation, p. 21
Ethylene-propylene polyallomer see Thermoplastic resin, p. 29
Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) and (EPDM) see Cable insulation, p. 21 see Elastomer, p. 22 see Hose, p. 25
Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene(ETFE) see Cable insulation, p. 21
Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) see Cable insulation, p. 21
111
E ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS BASE MATERIAL: Selenium
TYPE: HV diode
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 18-1978
f/f(0) [%l
DoselGy
SYMBOL PROPERTY
Vr(0.01 A) Ir(5 kV)
INITIAL VALUES
100 V 100 M
112
E ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS
BASE MATERIAL: Selenium
TYPE: HV diode
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 18-1978
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: High-voltage rectifier stack of selenium diodes
APPLICATION AT CERN: High-voltage d.c. power supplies for use in high-level radiation areas
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS:
Type: Reactor ASTRA, standard neutron irradiation facility (SNIF); flux: 4 X 10 1 3 n /m 2 s (E > 1 MeV)
Doses: 5 X 1 0 1 8 n / m 2 ( E > 1 MeV)
METHODS OF TESTING: Measurement of forward voltage drop V f at a current of 10 mA. Measurement of reverse current I r at a voltage of 5 kV.
RESULTS: Up to a fluence of 5 X 10 1 8 n /m 2 (E > 1 MeV) there is no deterioration of the tested electrical properties; instead, there is a slight improvement. This fluence corresponds to 130 Gy in selenium or 2.1 X 10 4 Gy in (CH 2 ) n materials
Remarks: More data on radiation effects on electronics components can be found in Refs. 5, 6, 8, 21, 38 and 41
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
<— no ^est — •
101 10 2 10 3 104 105 10 6 107 10'
Dose (Gy)-+
113
ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS BASE MATERIAL: Silicon
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 14-1979
DoselGyl
SYMBOL PROPERTY
9 forward voltage drop ( 100 mA) • reverse current ( 1 kV) For both properties, y — 20 log f/f(0) has been plotted (decibels)
INITIAL VALUES STD. DEV.
0.76 V < ±1.5dB 50 nA < ±5dB
114
E ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS
BASE MATERIAL: Silicon
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 14-1979
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Rectifier diode for 1 kV
APPLICATION AT CERN: Rectifier diodes for use in power supplies that are subject to low-level radiation doses only
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, standard neutron irradiation facility (SNIF); flux: 4 X 101 3 n/m 2 s
(E > 1 MeV) Doses: 10 1 6, 10 1 7, 101 8, 10 , 9 n /m 2 (E> 1 MeV)
METHODS OF TESTING: Forward voltage drop V f at 100 raA forward current. Reverse current I r at reverse voltage of 1 kV.
RESULTS: The reverse current increases almost linear with fluence, whereas the forward voltage drop increases slowly up to 10 1 7 n/m2, then accelerates considerably, reaching about 70 V at 10 1 8 n/m2. At 10 n/m2, the rectifier is destroyed. This fluence corresponds to a dose of 1200 Gy from fast neutrons in silicon or 4.1 X 10 4Gy in (CH 2) n material.
Remarks: More data on radiation effects on electronics components can be found in Refs. 5,6,8,21,38, and 41
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION: *** USE IN RADIA TION AREAS NOT RECOMMENDED*** See Appendix 7
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 10'
Dose (Gy)-»
115
E ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS BASE MATERIAL: Various
TYPE: See table below
SUPPLIER: Various
IDENTIFICATION: 133-1974
Designation Type Exposure in n/m 2 (E > lMeV)*)
10" 10' 10" 10'
Resistor: carbon 1 kfi, 5% metal film 1 kO, 1% wire wound 100 fi, 5% potmeter "cermet" 1 kfi, 78P
Capacitor: : ceramic 20 nF,30 V mica 22 pF, 300 V polyester 15 nF, 125 V polycarbonate 15 nF, 250 V MKL 0.22//F, 100 V electrolytic Al 200//F, 10 V tantalum 15//F, 20V
Diode: rectifier, Si 10D6 general-purpose, Si 1N914 general-purpose, Si BAY72 hot carrier, Si HP2900 Zener, Si ZF6.8 tunnel, Ge 1N3717
Transistor : NPN, Si 2N918 PNP, Si, rad. resist. 2N5332 PNP, Si, rad. resist. MM4261H FET, Si, N-channel 2N3819 FET, Si, P-channel 2N3820 MOSFET, P-channel 3N165 MOSFET, N-channel BSV81
Integrated : TTL gate SN7400N TTL flip-flop SN7473N TTL counter SN7493N TTL one-shot SN74121N TTL gate MC3000P TTL flip-flop MC3055P amplifier, rad. res. RSN55900 amplifier, rad. res. RSN55910 op. am pli. rad. res. RSN52709 op. ampli, rad. res. M ? 4 4 op. ampli. FET input M 7 4 0 op. ampli, gen. purpose MCI 741 comparator SN72710 op. ampli. T1303 op. ampli. T1319 op. ampli. FET input T1420
Discrete: op. ampli. TI024 DAC. 10 bits T4022
Rectifier: selenium B250C75
sz^zszz^ •2 tysssss/ss/Avztt
yr/v'/7y/y>y/yy////y,//ss/s///s.
YSSMrSjVS/SZVZa •VAvyMVAwyyyMWMMVJ^
j
vr/M^/y/A'///^///>y/////,
vs/ssy/y///ASSA'>'//////s'. V/////////////ZZ^2Z* VSS"SSS/S//SZV7Z00a
WSSSSSSMWZB* VSSSSSSMWJI!Za
V/MMWA vssrsssssssssssssss.
'/y/y/,//,///s/////. W^S/S/SA'.
V//MWM\ 'SSSSSSSSSSSS/SSSS.
'S///////S/A
VS/MUZ
V///AW1/// E: V///////AÏ
t/ssssss/ss,
'/////////s. YA^yyyyyyy.
'/ztzwity. 'SSS/SS/SSSSSSSSSs
'/W0WMWW W/////A
WSSSSSSSS/SSSSSSSA 'SAfS/S/SSSS.
L VSSAVAW///MU/S/A
'S/SSS/A'SS'
wvv>vy////ys/s////x*
V///////////////////////////?i
') Conversion factor 10' 7 n /m 2 ( E > 1 MeV) ~ 410Gy in organic ( C H ; ) materials or 12 Gy in silicon.
L" stable damaged broken
16
E ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS
BASE MATERIAL: Various
TYPE: See table on opposite page
SUPPLIER: Various
IDENTIFICATION: 133-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Resistor, capacitor, diode, transistor, integrated TTL circuit, discrete monolithic units, selenium rectifier.
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, standard neutron irradiation facility (SNIF); flux: 4 X 10 1 3 n/m 2 s
(E > 1 MeV); dose rate: 0.4 Gy/s Doses: Various
METHODS OF TESTING: See reference
RESULTS: See table on opposite page
Remarks: More data on radiation effects on electronics components can be found in Refs. 5, 6, 8, 21, 38, and 41
REFERENCES: 8
APPRECIATION: *** USE IN RADIA TION AREAS NOT RECOMMENDED*** See Appendix 7
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Dose (Gy)-f
117
Entries and cross-references
Fluorinated oil see Insulating oil see Vacuum seal
Fluorinated polymer see Cable tie see Heating element see Seal see Vacuum seal
FOAM Polyurethane foam
Materials listed in General Tables in Appendix 5
Flamtrol, trade name of Raychem Polyolefin, see Cable insulation, p. 21
Fluorinated compounds see Cable insulation, p. 21 see Elastomer, p. 22 see Hose, p. 25 see Oil, p. 26 see Thermoplastic resin, p. 29
F FOAM
BASE MATERIAL: Polyurethane foam
TYPE: Non-elastic
SUPPLIER: Unknown
IDENTIFICATION: 40-1978
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Test samples of PUR foam used for thermal insulation of tubings, non-elastic type
APPLICATION AT CERN: Used for insulation of tubings in Super Proton Synchrotron tunnel neutrino cave
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5X 105, 1 X 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Qualitative, mechanical and visual
RESULTS: Visual appearance was unchanged after irradiation without mechanical forces applied; slight darkening of colour. At 1 X 106Gy, the foam was very brittle and crumbled easily.
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
10' 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 108
121
G Entries and cross-references
G-value Table of general relative radiation effects in Appendix 5
GLASS Cerium-doped glass see also Optical fibre
Glass fibre see Optical fibre
123
G GLASS BASE MATERIAL: Cerium-doped glass
TYPE: See table
SUPPLIER: Chance-Pilkington; Schott & Gen.
IDENTIFICATION: 146-1974
Types of glass (in order of increasing Ce content) and reduction of light transmission (X = 450 nm) in percent at 1 X 106, 1 X 107, and 5 X 107 Gy.
(Manufacturer: Schott, except Nos. 9 and 10: Pilkington.)
No. Glass type ç e Q Reduction of light transmission (A = 450 nm) in percent at a dose of
content 1 X 106Gya> 1 X 10 7 Gy b ) 5 X 10 7 Gy b )
9 RSF 0.5 60 16 SF19G7 0.7 13 18 SF8G7 0.7 11 19 SF1G7 0.7 0 3 W G 9 G 9 0.9 4
12 SK10G10 1.0 10 5 BAK1G12 1.2 2
14 F2G12 1.2 3 15 SF16G12 1.2 3 8 SK4G13 1.3 7 1 BK7G14 1.4 2 7 LF5G15 1.5 0
17 LAKN9G15 1.5 18 10 OW 10 1.7 7.3 11 F2G20 2.0 0 2 BK7G25 2.5 0 4 GG375G34 3.4 1 6 LF4G34 3.4 3
13 F6G40 4.0 2
63 78 26 30 12 12 22 21 20 29 23 37 12 13 5 6 3 12
28 49 13 21
1 6 64 74
22.5 32 1 3
13 16 8 24
11 15 9 11
a) Reactor irradiation position E1 b) Reactor irradiation position 11
For both (a) and b) irradiation positions, the exposure dose in organic ( C H ^ materials is given, which will represent the true dose from y-radiations in these glasses within measurement error. The transmission values are normalized for a thickness of 2.5 mm.
124
G GLASS
BASE MATERIAL: Cerium-doped glass
TYPE: See table opposite page
SUPPLIER: Chance-Pilkington; Schott & Gen.
IDENTIFICATION: 146-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Glass with cerium content varying from 0.5% to 4.0%
APPLICATION AT CERN: Windows for beam observation equipment
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position El in air, 30 Gy/s; position 11 in water, 300 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 104, 1 X 105, 5 X 105, 1 X 106, 5 X 105, 1 X 107, 5 X 107 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Percentage change in spectral transmission between 350 nm and 550 nm
RESULTS: Noeffectuptol0 6Gy. Reduction in light transmission of less than 10% at 10 7Gy. Reduction of light transmission of less than 20% at 5 X 107 Gy. For details, see table on opposite page.
Remarks: More data and transmission spectra can be found in Ref. 9
REFERENCES: 9
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Dose (Gy)-»
125
Entries and cross-references
HEATING ELEMENT
Teflon
HF ABSORBER
HOSE Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR)/glass fibre EPR/Kevlar fibre EPR/polyester fibre Polyethylene terephthalate copolymer
Hostalen, trade name of Hoechst Polyethylene, see Cable tie
Hypermalloy see Magnetic material
Hytrel, trade name of Du Pont Polyethylene terephthalate copolymer see Hose
Materials listed in General Tables in Appendix 5
Halar, trade name of Allied Chemical Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene see Cable insulation, p. 21
Hypalon, trade name of Du Pont Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSP), see Cable insulation, p. 21 see Elastomer, p. 22 see Paint, p. 27
Hytrel, trade name of Du Pont PETP copolymer, see Cable insulation, p. 21
H HEATING ELEMENT
BASE MATERIAL: Teflon
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 291-1980
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Flexible heating element of total width 68 mm consisting of a carbonized tissue (woven fibres) of width 38 mm embedded in an insulating coating of Teflon
APPLICATION AT CERN: Heating element for vacuum chamber bakeout at the Intersecting Storage Rings and at the Super Proton Synchrotron LSS4 and LSS5
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, switched-off reactor position 35 in air, dose rate 10 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 105, 1 X 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING:
RESULTS: Teflon matrix was severely damaged at 1 X 106 Gy. After some handling to test flexibility, the electrical resistance was greater than 2 X 106 Q. At the lower dose of 1 X 105 Gy, however, the Teflon did not break, and the electrical resistance was 6.6 X 103 Q at a length of 15 cm.
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION: *** USE IN HIGH LEVEL RADIA TION AREAS NOT RECOMMENDED *** See Appendix 7
101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 108
129
H HF ABSORBER
BASE MATERIAL: Resistive fibres
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 150-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: High-frequency (microwave) absorber material composed of rubberized lossy fibres, proposed as anti-reflexion material in RF-accelerating cavity systems. Dimensions: 50 0 X 170 (in mm).
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5X 103, 1 X 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Qualitative mechanical test
RESULTS: No damage detected up to 106 Gy
Remarks: Not used because of vacuum problems.
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
1 <— no 1 est —•
10' 102 103 104 105 106 107 10'
Dose (Gy)->
131
H HOSE BASE MATERIAL: Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR)/glass fibre
TYPE: Flexible insulating water hose
SUPPLIER: Gummi-Maag
IDENTIFICATION: 260-1970
f/f(0) [%l
Dose[Gy|
SYMBOL PROPERTY
bursting pressure
INITIAL VALUES
11.3MPa
132
H HOSE
BASE MATERIAL: Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR)/glass fibre
TYPE: Flexible insulating water hose
SUPPLIER: Gummi-Maag
IDENTIFICATION: 260-1970
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Ethylene-propylene rubber tubes reinforced with flass fibres; diameter: internal 8 mm, external 17 mm
APPLICATION AT CERN: Used for the Intersecting Storage Rings magnet cooling system
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, switched-off reactor position 35 in air, dose rate approx. 10 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 105, 1 X 106, 2 X 106, 5 X 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Bursting pressure tests
RESULTS: Fulfilled specification requirements; no expansion of hoses before bursting
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 36
APPRECIATION: See Appendix 7
! «— no test—•
101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 108
133
H HOSE
BASE MATERIAL: EPR/Kevlar fibre
TYPE: Flexible insulating water hose
SUPPLIER: Gummi-Maag
IDENTIFICATION: 261-1980
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Ethylene-propylene rubber tubes reinforced with Kevlar (aromatic polyamide) fibre. Over-all resistivity higher than 105 Q • m. Inner diameters: 8, 13, 19, and 25 mm
APPLICATION AT CERN: Used for Super Proton Synchrotron magnet cooling system. Installed in 1980/81.
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, switched-off reactor position 35 in air, dose rate approx. 10 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Pressure test at 6.4 MPa
RESULTS: No damage; pressure test passed
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
k- n °J no lest 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Dose (Gy)->
135
H HOSE
BASE MATERIAL: EPR/polyester fibre
TYPE: Flexible insulating water hose
SUPPLIER: Angst &Pfister
IDENTIFICATION: 225-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Ethylene-propylene rubber tubes reinforced with polyester fibres, inner diameters 8, 13, 19, and 25 mm.
APPLICATION AT CERN: Used for Super Proton Synchrotron water hoses, 1975 to 1980, and partially also thereafter
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, switched-off reactor position 35 in air, dose rate approx. 10 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Pressure test at 6.4 MPa(= 4 X operating pressure). Bursting pressure test.
RESULTS: No damage, passed pressure test. Bursting pressure: non-irradiated: 35 MPa
irradiated 1 X 106: 34 MPa.
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
no i est 101 102 103 10" 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 108
137
H HOSE
BASE MATERIAL: Polyethylene terephthalate (PETP) copolymer
TYPE: - ; Hytrel 55D
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 226-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Semi-rigid water hoses made from polyethylene terephthalate (PETP) copolymer (Hytrel), diameter 6 mm, wall thickness 4 mm
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS:
Type: Reactor ASTRA, switched-off reactor position 35 in air, dose rate approx. 10 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 10 6 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Bursting pressure test
RESULTS: No radiation damage found. Before irradiation the bursting pressure was about 57 X 10 5 Pa. After irradiation, 57.8 ± 3.6 X 10 5 Pa were measured.
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
«— no jest —•
10 1 10 2 10 3 104 105 106 10 7 101
Dose (Gy)->
139
Entries
INSULATED WIRE PETP/Polyamide Polyamide-imide Polyester-imide
INSULATING OIL Chlorinated oil Fluorinated oil Mineral oil Silicone oil
INSULATING SLEEVE Silicone rubber/glass fibres see also Thermoshrinking sheath
INSULATING TAPE Paper Polyamide paper Polyethylene terephthalate (PETP) PETP/asbestos PETP/epoxy PETP/PETP fibres PETP/polyamide PETP, thermoadhesive Polypropylene see also Adhesive tape
Iron see Magnetic material
I INSULATED WIRE BASE MATERIAL: Polyethylene terephthalate (PETP)/Polyamide; Polyamide-imide resin
TYPE: F l andF2
SUPPLIER: CERCEM
IDENTIFICATION: 240.1-1974
f/f(0) [%l
DoselGyl
SYMBOL PROPERTY INITIAL VALUES REMARKS
• • A •
torsion resistance pencil hardness torsion resistance pencil hardness
240 m"' 81.3%
320 m"' 75%
I Type F1
I Type F2
142
I INSULATED WIRE
BASE MATERIAL: Polyethylene terephthalate (PETP)/Polyamide; Polyamide-imide resin
TYPE: F l andF2
SUPPLIER: CERCEM
IDENTIFICATION: 240.1-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Insulated wire for field coils of 1 kW electric motor. Insulation for type F1 is made from PETP with Nylon topcoating; for type F2 from modified amide-imide with topcoat.
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, switched-off reactor position 35 in air, dose rate approx. 10 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 106, 1 X 107Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Elasticity: Twisting together two, 125 mm long, pieces of wire, and noting the number of turns per unit length needed to produce cracks that are visible with the aid of a magnifying glass (Swiss Std. VSM 23780). Hardness: Pencil hardness used to attack the insulation: scale ranging from 6B to 9H in 16 steps (Swiss Std. VSM 23714).
RESULTS: Elasticity: Whereas type 155 showed no change after irradiation, type 170 did so only up to 5 X 106 Gy, but showed cracks after 1 X 107Gy. Hardness: Changed one step for type 155; no change for type 170.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 19
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
III 111 no test 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 10'
Dose (Gy)-+
143
I INSULATED WIRE BASE MATERIAL: Polyester-imide resin
TYPE: F3
SUPPLIER: CERCEM
IDENTIFICATION: 240.2-1974
0 0.5 1.0X107 1.5 DoselGy]
SYMBOL PROPERTY INITIAL VALUES
# torsion resistance 400 m _ 1
• pencil hardness 94%
144
1 J W
100
f/f(0) [%]
50
I INSULATED WIRE
BASE MATERIAL: Polyester-imide resin
TYPE: F3
SUPPLIER: CERCEM
IDENTIFICATION: 240.2-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Insulated wire for field coils of 1 kW electric motor. The insulation is made from polyester-imide resin.
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type : Reactor ASTRA, switched-off reactor position 3 5 in air, dose rate approx. 10 Gy/s Doses: 5X 106, I X 10 7Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Elasticity: Twisting together two, 125 mm long, pieces of wire, and noting the number of turns per unit length needed to produce cracks that are visible with the aid of a magnifying glass (Swiss Std. VSM 23780). Hardness: Pencil hardness used to attack the insulation: scale ranging from 6B to 9H in 16 steps (Swiss Std. VSM 23714).
RESULTS: Elasticity: No irradiation effect up to 400 turns/m at 5 X 106 Gy and 320 turns/m at 1 X 107 Gy. Hardness: No irradiation effect at either dose; the high value of 8H (94% of the scale) was retained. No visible alteration up to 1 X 10 7Gy.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 19
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
no test 101 102 103 10" 105 106 107 10'
Dose (Gy)-*
145
I INSULATING OIL BASE MATERIAL: Chlorinated oil
TYPE: Askarel
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 52.2-1973
300
DoselGy]
SYMBOL PROPERTY
breakdown voltage viscosity insulation resistance
INITIAL VALUES
18kV/mm 98mPa-s
8X 10"fi /m For A, y = - 10 log f/fl(0) is plotted (in decibels)
146
I INSULATING OIL
BASE MATERIAL: Chlorinated oil
TYPE: Askarel
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 52.2-1973
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Synthetic oil containing chlorinated diphenyls (Askarel) used as an insulating liquid. Proposed for pulsed magnet insulation; not inflammable.
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 28 Gy/s Doses: 3 X 105, 1 X 106Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: High-voltage breakdown test in a 'Baur'-type set-up with spherical electrodes of 12.5 mm diameter at a distance of 2 mm. Variable voltage supply of 0-150 kV at 40 MQ resistance. Steps of 2 kV every minute after 20 min to 2 days rest for each sample. Four samples, three tests per sample. Dynamic viscosity using "Viscotemp Eprecht", t = 20°C.
RESULTS: Breakdown voltage was slightly lower at 3 X 105 Gy. At 1 X 106 Gy, the sample volume was too small for the test. Viscosity increased by a factor of 2. The dielectric constant decreased from 5.75 at dose 0 to 5.4 at 106 Gy. The insulation resistance was about 1% of the initial value and already rather low at both doses (10 1 0Q/m). The colour changed from transparent before irradiation to greenish-brown after both irradiation doses. Strong HC1 gases evaporated from the irradiated liquid. The chlorine content was 41.9% and decreased after irradiation to about 41.1 %.
Remarks: Gas evolution (partly HC1) was 1.3 and 2.6 times the volume of the liquid at the two doses, respectively
REFERENCES: 22
APPRECIATION: *** USE IN RADIA TIONAREAS NOTRECOMMENDED*** See Appendix 7
ro test 101 102 103 104 10s
Dose (Gy)-»
106 107 108
147
I INSULATING OIL
BASE MATERIAL : Fluorinated oil
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 52.4-1973
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Synthetic fluorinated oil used as an insulating liquid
APPLICATION AT CERN: Insulation in high-voltage feedthrough of the Super Proton Synchrotron electrostatic septa (LSS2, LSS6)
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 28 Gy/s. Doses: 1 X 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: High-voltage breakdown test in a 'Baur'-type set-up with spherical electrodes of 12.5 mm diameter at a distance of 2 mm. Variable voltage supply of 0-150 kV at 40 MQ resistance. Steps of 2 kV every minute after initial rest of 5 min. Ten tests were performed. Dynamic viscosity using "Viscotemp Eprecht", t = 20°C.
RESULTS: Owing to high gas evolution, no tests were possible after irradiation. Before irradiation, the breakdown voltage measured yielded very high values. At the end of a testing series, 62 kV/mm were obtained; whereas at the beginning of a series, 24 kV/mm were measured. Viscosity was very low. According to the manufacturer, the liquid will show only minor changes after a dose of 1 X 106 Gy. The measured content of fluorine decreased from 78.6% to 71.7% at this dose, and some acidity (8 X 10~5
mol/kg) was detected in the liquid. During service in electrostatic septa, about 0.05 mol/kg HF were liberated after a dose of 105 Gy, the acid being neutralized continuously by special equipment.
Remarks: Gas evolution was 10 times the volume of the liquid at the dose 1 X 106 Gy, the gas being very strong and toxic
REFERENCES: 22,23
APPRECIATION: *** USE IN RADIATION AREAS NOT RECOMMENDED*** See Appendix 7
not tested beciuse of oitgassing osses 101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 108
149
I INSULATING OIL BASE MATERIAL: Mineral oil
TYPE: DialaC
SUPPLIER: Shell
IDENTIFICATION: 52.1-1973
0 0.5 1.0X106 I DoselGyl
SYMBOL PROPERTY INITIAL VALUES
# breakdown voltage 22 kV/mm • dynamic viscosity 32mPa*s • insulation resistance 3 .7X10 1 5 Q/m For A. y = - 10 log f/f(0) is plotted (decibels)
150
1 J U
100
f/f(0) [%]
50
I INSULATING OIL
BASE MATERIAL: Mineral oil
TYPE: DialaC
SUPPLIER: Shell
IDENTIFICATION: 52.1-1973
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Naphtenic insulating oil, subsequently renamed diala oil b
APPLICATION AT CERN: Insulation and cooling of terminating resistors and of matching boxes of the Super Proton Synchrotron fast pulsed magnets
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 3X 105, 1 X 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: High-voltage breakdown test in a 'Baur'-type set-up with spherical electrodes of 12.5 mm diameter at a distance of 2 mm. Variable voltage supply of 0-150 kV at 40 MQ resistance. Steps of 2 kV every minute after initial rest of 5 min. Ten tests were performed. Dynamic viscosity using "Viscotemp Eprecht", t = 20°C.
RESULTS: Breakdown voltage slightly lowered to 89% and 81% at both doses. Viscosity increased only about 12%. The dielectric constant decreased by 4% from an initial value of 2.25. The insulation resistance went down by a factor of 1.6 X 10~\ but the absolute value was still comparatively high. Colour changed from light yellow at zero dose to dark brown at both doses. No change was noticed in infrared spectra after irradiation; only saturated hydrocarbon bands. No chlorine or free acids were detected.
Remarks: Gas evolution was 2.0 and 5.3 times the volume of the liquid at the two doses, respectively
REFERENCES: 22
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
no 1 est 10' 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
105 107 108
151
I INSULATING OIL BASE MATERIAL: Mineral oil
TYPE: Valvata460
SUPPLIER: Shell
IDENTIFICATION: 189-1979
f/f(0) [%l
DoselGy
SYMBOL PROPERTY
dynamic viscosity (24 °C)
INITIAL VALUES
1.4Pa-s
152
I INSULATING OIL
BASE MATERIAL: Mineral oil
TYPE: Valvata460
SUPPLIER: Shell
IDENTIFICATION: 189-1979
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: A refined mineral oil formerly known as Valvata 79.
APPLICATION AT CERN: Used as insulating oil in the 300 kV and 400 kV plugs for the HV circuits of the electrostatic septa and electrostatic separators in the Super Proton Synchrotron (LSS2, LSS6, LSS5)
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS:
Type: 6 0 C o gamma source Doses: 1 X 10 4, 5 X 10 4, 1 X 10 5, 5 X 10 5, 1 X 10 6 Gy, dose rate 2.8 Gy/s
METHODS OF TESTING: Dynamometric viscosity measurement at 24 °C using concentric cylinders at several speeds
RESULTS: Viscosity decreased about 4% up to 5 X 10 4 Gy, and then increased again, reaching a value 11% higher than the initial value. Samples have also been taken after 3 years of operational exposure under high tension. The accumulated dose has been estimated to be about 1 X 105 Gy. In this case, the viscosity increased about 5% (measured at 25 °C), indicating that during operational exposure, only 36% of the dose is needed to get the same damage as in the test.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 23,24
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
<— no jest —•
10' 10 2 10 3 104 105 106 10 7 10'
Dose (Gy)->
153
I INSULATING OIL
BASE MATERIAL: Mineral oil
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 12-1975
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Used as dielectric and cooling agent in 50 H RF load (Bird model 8408: power 600 W, frequency 0 to 3 GHz)
APPLICATION AT CERN: Used for Super Proton Synchrotron accelerating cavities during 1977-1978
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 104, 1 X 105, 5.5 X 105 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Static measurement of viscosity using a 'Ubbelonde'-type set-up. Operational test in accelerator.
RESULTS: Up to 1 X 105 Gy there was almost no change in viscosity; up to 5 X 105 an increase of only 30%. The colour changed from transparent below 5 X 104 Gy to yellow at 5.5 X 105 Gy. Operational test: No difference in RF properties have shown up during the service period of 1.5 years. The doses received were rather low.
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
no tjest —» 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 10'
Dose (Gy)->
155
I INSULATING OIL
BASE MATERIAL: Silicone oil
TYPE: DC 200-50
SUPPLIER: Dow Chemical
IDENTIFICATION: 52.3-1973
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Silicone oil polydimethyl-siloxane used as an insulating liquid, proposed for pulsed magnet insulation. Flash-point temperature above 280°C.
APPLICATION AT CERN: Insulation at the pulse-forming networks of the fast pulsed magnets of the Super Proton Synchrotron (operating voltage 60 k V)
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Doses:
Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 28 Gy/s 3 X 105, 1 X 106 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: High-voltage breakdown test in a 'Baur'-type set-up with spherical electrodes of 12.5 mm diameter at a distance of 2 mm. Variable voltage supply of 0-150 kV at 40 MQ resistance. Steps of 2 kV every minute after initial rest of 5 min. Ten tests were performed. Dynamic viscosity using "Viscotemp Eprecht', t = 20°C.
RESULTS: Both the breakdown voltage and the viscosity increased by about 13%; the dielectric constant remained unchanged at 2.5. The insulation resistance was reduced to 33%, but the absolute value was still very high. These values were measured at 5 X 105 Gy. At 1 X 106 Gy, the liquid had gelatinized and no test was possible. No change noticed in infrared spectra after irradiation. No chlorine or free acids detected.
Remarks: Gas evolution was 3.3 and 4.9 times the volume of the liquid at the two doses, respectively. At 1 X 106 Gy, the fluid has gelatinized to a gum-type solid. According to supplier, methyl-phenyl siloxane fluids have much better radiation resistance.
REFERENCES: 22
APPRECIATION: See Appendix 7
*** USE IN RADIA TION AREAS NOTRECOMMENDED ***
101 102 103 104 10s
Dose (Gy)->
10" 107 108
157
I INSULATING SLEEVE BASE MATERIAL: Silicone rubber/glass fibres
TYPE: Gl
SUPPLIER: CERCEM
IDENTIFICATION: 182.8-1974
SYMBOL PROPERTY
coiling test number of bends
INITIAL VALUES
100% 100
158
I INSULATING SLEEVE
BASE MATERIAL: Silicone rubber/glass fibres
TYPE: Gl
SUPPLIER: CERCEM
IDENTIFICATION: 182.8-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Tubing made from glass-fibre braid coated with silicone rubber, for the insulation of leads in a 1 kW electric motor
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 106, 5 X 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Coiling test, made by winding the tube 10 times around a core 10 times its own diameter and noting the defects by inspection with a magnifying glass (Swiss Std. VSM 23 708). Bending test, made by counting the number of 360°backward and forward bends until visible damage occurs (Swiss Std. VSM 23780).
RESULTS: Coiling test: Before irradiation and after 1 X 106 Gy no defects were seen. After 5 X 106 Gy,
the sample broke immediately. Bending test 360°: Before irradiation, still no defects after 100 bends. After 1 X 106 Gy, only five
bends were necessary before breaking; after 5 X 106 Gy, breaks occurred immediately.
Colour: No differences after irradiation.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 19
APPRECIATION: See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
106 107 10 s
159
101 102 10' 104 105
Dose (Gy)->
I INSULATING SLEEVE BASE MATERIAL: Silicone rubber/glass fibres
TYPE: G2
SUPPLIER: CERCEM
IDENTIFICATION: 182.9-1974
f/f(0) [%1
0 2.0 4.0 X 106
DoselGyl
'MBOL PROPERTY INITIAL VALUES
• •
coiling test number of bends
100% 100
6.0
160
I INSULATING SLEEVE
BASE MATERIAL: Silicone rubber/glass fibres
TYPE: G2
SUPPLIER: CERCEM
IDENTIFICATION: 182.9-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Tubing made from glass-fibre braid coated with silicone rubber, for the insulation of leads in a 1 kW electric motor
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 106, 5 X 105Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Coiling test, made by winding the tube 10 times around a core 10 times its own diameter and noting the defects by inspection with a magnifying glass (Swiss Std. VSM 23708). Bending test, made by counting the number of 360° backward and forward bends until visible damage occurs (Swiss Std. VSM 23780).
RESULTS: Coiling test:
Bending test 360°:
Colour:
Before irradiation and after 1 X 106 Gy no defects were seen. After 5 X 106 Gy, breaks occurred after one sixth of a turn. Before irradiation, still no defects after 100 bends. After 1 X 106 Gy, only nine bends were necessary before breaking; after 5 X 106 Gy, breaks occurred immediately. Changed from white to grey.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 19
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-H
106 107 108
161
I INSULATING TAPE
BASE MATERIAL: Paper
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 13.1-1978
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Insulating paper used as layer insulation for high-voltage transformers, to be impregnated after winding
APPLICATION AT CERN: Transformer inter-winding insulation, used with araldite impregnation
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS:
Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 105, 1 X 106, 5 X 10 6 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Qualitative mechanical test
RESULTS: The paper became very brittle after 5 X 106 Gy
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION: See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
10' I0 2 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-n
106 107 108
163
I INSULATING TAPE
BASE MATERIAL: Polyamide paper
TYPE: E3;Nomex
SUPPLIER: CERCEM
IDENTIFICATION: 182.3-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Coil slot insulation made from aromatic polyamide paper composite, for a 1 kW electric motor
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 10 7Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Bending test, counting the number of 360° backward and forward bends (Swiss Std. VSM 23780) on samples of dimensions 100 X 10 mm2
RESULTS: Before irradiation, the material still showed no damage after 100 bends. After a dose of 107 Gy, there was also almost no damage after 100 bends. A slight change in colour was noticed.
Remarks: See also Adhesive tape
REFERENCES: 19
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
no test 10* 10 2 103 10 4 105 106 10 7 10'
Dose (Gy)->
165
I INSULATING TAPE
BASE MATERIAL: Polyamide paper
TYPE: Nomex
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 13.2-1978
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Aromatic polyamide paper composite (Nomex), used as layer insulation for high-voltage transformers
APPLICATION AT CERN: Transformer inter-winding insulation
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 105, 1 X 106, 5 X 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Qualitative mechanical test
RESULTS: No damage detected
Remarks: See also previous entry and Adhesive tape for higher doses
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
<- no tes^-» 10' 102 10' 104 105
Dose (Gy)-)
107 HY
!<-•'
I INSULATING TAPE
BASE MATERIAL: Polyethylene terephthalate (PETP)
TYPE: E l ; Mylar
SUPPLIER: CERCEM
IDENTIFICATION: 182.1-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Coil slot insulation made from polyethylene terephthalate (Mylar), for a 1 kW electric motor.
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 107Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Bending test, counting the number of 360° backward and forward bends (Swiss Std. VSM 23780) on samples of dimensions 100 X 10 mm2
RESULTS: Before irradiation, the material still showed no damage after 100 bends. After a dose of 107 Gy, the foil became very brittle and broke before the first complete bend. The colour changed from white to yellow.
Remarks: See also Adhesive tape for lower doses
REFERENCES: 19
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-)
106 107 108
169
I INSULATING TAPE
BASE MATERIAL: Polyethylene terephthalate (PETPVAsbestos
TYPE: E8
SUPPLIER: CERCEM
IDENTIFICATION: 252-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Coil slot insulation made from asbestos bonded by PETP film, for a 1 kW electric motor
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS:
Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: I X 10 7 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Bending test, counting the number of 360° backward and forward bends (Swiss Std. VSM 23780) on samples of dimensions 90 X 20 mm 2
RESULTS: Before irradiation, the material still showed no damage after 100 bends. After a dose of 10 7 Gy, no major damage was observed.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 19
APPRECIATION: See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
III 1 no test
101 102 10' 104 105 10" 10 7 108
Dose (Gy)-»
171
I INSULATING TAPE
BASE MATERIAL: PETP/Epoxy/PETP fibres
TYPE: E6
SUPPLIER: CERCEM
IDENTIFICATION: 182.6-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Coil slot insulation made from a composite of polyethylene terephthalate (PETP) film and epoxy resin filled with PETP fibres, for a 1 kW electric motor
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position El in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 107Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Bending test, counting the number of 360° backward and forward bends (Swiss Std. VSM 23780) on samples of dimensions 100 X 10 mm2
RESULTS: Before irradiation, the material still showed no damage after 100 bends. This material was of comparatively high strength. After a dose of 101 Gy, it broke before the first complete bend.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 19
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
10' 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
no test 106 107 108
173
I INSULATING TAPE
BASE MATERIAL: PETP/PETP fibres
TYPE: E7
SUPPLIER: CERCEM
IDENTIFICATION: 182.7-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Coil slot insulation made from a composite of polyethylene terephthalate (PETP) film and PETP fibres, for a 1 kW electric motor
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: I X 10 7 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Bending test, counting the number of 360° backward and forward bends (Swiss Std. VSM 23780) on samples of dimensions 100 X 10 mm 2
RESULTS: Before irradiation, the material showed no damage after 100 bends. After a dose of 107 Gy, it broke before the first complete bend.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 19
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
10l 102 I0 3 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
no test 106 107 10"
175
I INSULATING TAPE
BASE MATERIAL: PETP/Polyamide
TYPE: E4
SUPPLIER: CERCEM
IDENTIFICATION: 182.4-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Coil slot insulation made from aromatic polyamide and polyethylene terephthalate composite, for a 1 kW electric motor
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS:
Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: I X 10 7 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Bending test, counting the number of 360° backward and forward bends (Swiss Std. VSM 23780) on samples of dimensions 100 X 10 mm 2
RESULTS: Before irradiation, the material still showed no damage after 100 bends. After a dose of 10 1 Gy, there was also no damage after 100 bends. The colour changed.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 19
APPRECIATION: See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
1 1 no test
101 102 103 104 105 106 10 7 10'
Dose (Gy)->
177
I INSULATING TAPE
BASE MATERIAL: PETP/Polyamide
TYPE: E5
SUPPLIER: CERCEM
IDENTIFICATION: 182.5-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Coil slot insulation made from aromatic polyamide and polyethylene terephthalate (PETP) composite with coating, for a 1 kW electric motor
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS:
Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 10 7 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Bending test, counting the number of 360° backward and forward bends (Swiss Std. VSM 23780) on samples of dimensions 100 X 10 mm 2
RESULTS: Before irradiation, the material still showed no damage after 100 bends. After a dose of 10 7 Gy, the tape broke after 50 bends.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 19
APPRECIATION: See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
1 no test
10' 102 10' 104 10-" 10" 107 10'
Dose (Gy)->
179
I INSULATING TAPE
BASE MATERIAL: Polyethylene terephthalate (PETP). thermoadhesive
TYPE: E2; Mylar
SUPPLIER: CERCEM
IDENTIFICATION: 182.2-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Coil slot insulation, made from polyethylene terephthalate (Mylar) treated to obtain thermoadhesive properties of the tape, for a 1 kW electric motor
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 107Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Bending test, counting the number of 360° backward and forward bends (Swiss Std. VSM 23780) on samples of dimensions 100 X 10 mm2
RESULTS: Before irradiation, the material still showed no damage after 100 bends. After a dose of 107 Gy, the foil became very brittle and broke before the first complete bend. The colour changed from white to yellow.
Remarks: See also Adhesive tape for lower doses
REFERENCES: 19
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 108
181
I INSULATING TAPE
BASE MATERIAL: Polypropylene (PP)
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 105-1979
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Tape made of polypropylene (PP) for fixing conductors inside cables of dimensions about 10 mm wide and less than 0.1 mm thickness
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 105, 1 X 106, 5 X 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Bending test
RESULTS: Already at 5 X 105 Gy the material did not withstand one bend. At 1 X 106 Gy, it easily broke into pieces, and at 5 X 106 Gy, it deteriorated into small flakes.
Remarks: Inside an air-tight cable, the performance of such thin material may be satisfactory.
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION: *** USE IN RADIATION AREAS NOT RECOMMENDED*** See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
10' 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107
183
Entries and cross-references
JOINT Phenolic paper see also Seal
185
JOINT, BASE MATERIAL: Phenolic paper
TYPE: Pertinax
SUPPLIER: Leybold Heraeus
IDENTIFICATION: 43.1-1979
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Ballbearing cage made from phenolic paper (Pertinax), for a turbopump
APPLICATION AT CERN: To be used in rough vacuum pumping stations in the Super Proton Synchrotron vacuum system
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS:
Type: Reactor ASTRA, s witched-off reactor position 35 in air, dose rate approx. 10Gy/s Doses: 1 X 10 4, 1 X 105 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: After irradiation the ball bearing was reassembled and inserted into a pump for operational testing
RESULTS: No damage was detected
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION: See Appendix 7
<— no test - •
10' 102 103 104 105 10 6 10 7 10'
Dose (Gy)-»
187
J MECHANICAL
Entries and cross-references
Kapton, trade name of Du Pont Polyimide, see Adhesive tape
Kevlar, trade name of Du Pont Aromatic polyamide, see Hose
Kynar, trade name of Pennwalt Chemical Corp. Polyvinylidene fluoride, see Thermoshrinking sheath
Materials listed in General Tables in Appendix 5
Kapton, trade name of Du Pont Polyimide, see Cable insulation, p. 21
Kel-F, trade name of Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co. Polychlorotrifluoroethylene, see Thermoplastic resin, p. 29
L Entries and cross-references
LIGHTING Polycarbonate Silicone rubber
Lithium polysilicate see Paint
LUBRICATING OIL Diester oil
Luminous paint see Paint
Lupolen, trade name of BASF Polyethylene, see Cable insulation
191
L LIGHTING
BASE MATERIAL: Polycarbonate; Silicone rubber
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 179-1979
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Items from a standard neon lamp, as follows: 1) rapid-exchange-type tube sockets made from polycarbonate (Makrolon); 2) lamp starter St 111; 3) electrical connecting wires, insulated with glass-fibre-reinforced silicone rubber.
APPLICATION AT CERN: Lighting along the passageway in the Super Proton Synchrotron tunnel neutrino cave (SPS-TNC), installed in 1979
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type : Reactor ASTRA, switched-off reactor position 3 5 in air, dose rate approx. 10 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 10 6 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Qualitative mechanical test on items 1 and 3
RESULTS: Item 1: The plastic material Makrolon was more rigid than before irradiation and broke easily when pressure was applied to the plastic attachment spring. Item 2: No tests were made. Glass capsule of lamp starter became dark brown. Item 3: The silicone rubber was very brittle and broke at the smallest mechanical load, leaving the conductors naked. The glass-fibre reinforcement remained unchanged.
Remarks: After one year of operation in the SPS-TNC, failure of cables due to shrinkage of the insulation (silicone rubber); estimated absorbed dose 1 X 105 Gy. The cables had to be changed. See also Cable insulations.
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
10' 10 2 10 3 104 105
Dose (Gy)-»
106 10 7 10 8
193
L LIGHTING
BASE MATERIAL: Various
TYPE: 65 W
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 176-1977
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Transistorized power supply unit including a nickel-cadmium accumulator to provide emergency operation in case of mains failure. Complete with standard neon lamp. Specified capacity: 1 hour operation with mains off.
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Accelerator irradiation, CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR-I3-ID2) Doses: 3.5 X 102, 5 X 103Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Irradiation under tension (charging conditions). After irradiation, the most sensitive elements — the transistors 2N 3704 and BD 179 the Electronics Workshop.
were checked in
RESULTS: After a dose of 3.5 X 102 Gy, the light from the lamp was very feeble and flickering, i.e. there was no ignition. The batteries did not hold their charge. After a dose of 5 X 103 Gy, the lamp did not work at all; no light and no battery charge owing to failure of the electronic circuit. The amplification factor of the transistors was already reduced by a factor of 10 after 3.5 X 102 Gy.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 25
APPRECIATION: *** USE IN RADIA TION AREAS NOT RECOMMENDED*** See Appendix 7
102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 108
195
LIGHTING BASE MATERIAL: Various
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 178-1973
f/f(0)
0 2.5 DoselkGyl
2.5+ 24h charging
SYMBOL PROPERTY INITIAL VALUES
• • •
battery voltage no load battery voltage charging battery voltage safety operation
2.81V 2.83 V 2.61V
f(0) = 2.81V
196
L LIGHTING
BASE MATERIAL: Various
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 178-1973
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Safety lamp with buffered power supply to provide about 30 W for two electric bulbs in case of mains failure, with pilot lamp monitoring, charging during mains supply
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Accelerator irradiation, CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR-I3-ID1), dose rate approx.
2Gy/h Doses: 2.5 X 103Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Measurement of battery voltage for three cases: a) idle; b) charging + pilot lamp; c) safety operation. Tests were carried out before irradiation, after irradiation and two weeks' rest (no load, no charging), and after 24 h charging after irradiation and rest periods.
RESULTS: No significant damage after a dose of 2.5 X 103 Gy. After the rest period of two weeks, the battery voltage was down 15% but easily recovered, after 24 h charging, to a value only 5% lower than before irradiation.
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
no te»t 101 102 103 10" 105
Dose (Gy)-)
106 107 108
197
L LUBRICATING OIL
BASE MATERIAL: Diesteroil
TYPE: Aeroshell fluid 12
SUPPLIER: Shell
IDENTIFICATION: 45.2-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Lubricating oil used for ball bearings in vacuum turbopumps.
APPLICATION AT CERN: Used in 150 rough pumping stations in the Super Proton Synchrotron vacuum system since 1976
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 3 X 105Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Operational testing in the pump
RESULTS: No damage was detected
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION: See Appendix 7
<— no tesjt —•
10' 102 10 3 104 105 106 107 108
Dose (Gy)-+
199
L LUBRICATING OIL
BASE MATERIAL: Unknown
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 45.1-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Lubricating oil used in vacuum pumping units
APPLICATION AT CERN: The oil was replaced by a more radiation-resistant one
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 3 X 105 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING:
RESULTS: Viscosity and colour changes (black). Could no longer be used.
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION: *** USE IN RADIA TION AREAS NOT RECOMMENDED *** See Appendix 7
101 102 103 104 105 106
Dose (Gy)->
107 108
201
Entries and cross-references
Magnet coil insulation see Thermosetting resin
MAGNETIC MATERIAL Hypermalloy Iron, magnetically soft Iron 3% Si Iron 50% Co Iron 50% Ni
Makrolon, trade name of Bayer Polycarbonate, see Lighting
Micatherm, trade name of Allen Bradley Glass/mica composite, see Switch
Microswitch see Switch
Mineral oil see Insulating oil
MOTOR, ELECTRIC
Mylar, trade name of Du Pont Polyethylene terephthalate, see Adhesive tape see Insulating tape
Materials listed in General Tables in Appendix 5
Melamine-formaldehyde See Paint, p. 27 see Thermosetting resin, p. 30
Mineral oils see Oil, p. 26
Mylar, trade name of Du Pont Polyethylene terephthalate, see G-value, p. 24 see Thermosetting resin, p. 30
M MAGNETIC MATERIAL BASE MATERIAL: Hypermalloy
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: Unknown
IDENTIFICATION: 244.8-1974
-200
B (T) ^
non-irradiated; no changes after irradiation to 9 X 10 2 3 n/m
204
M MAGNETIC MATERIAL
BASE MATERIAL: Hypermalloy
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: Unknown
IDENTIFICATION: 244.8-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Laminated ring cores of Hypermalloy. Thickness of laminations 0.5 mm. Mylar insulation between layers.
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position RG in air; flux 4.3 X 10 1 7 n/m2 s (> 0.1 MeV) Doses: 9 X 10" n/m 2 (E > 0.1 MeV) Temperature : 150 ° C
METHODS OF TESTING: Using a 50 Hz ring core transformer method, hysteresis loops were evaluated on an oscilloscope before and after irradiation, to obtain the following functions:
B = fi(H): induction as a function of magnetic field, /u = fi(B): permeability as a function of induction, H c = I1(BR): coercitive force as a function of remanent induction.
RESULTS: No change in properties after irradiation up to 9 X 101 9 n/m 2
Remarks: A fluence of 10 2 4 n/m 2 (E > 0.1 MeV) corresponds to a dose of 2.2 X 107 Gy in iron or 4 X 109 Gy in organic (CH 2) n materials
REFERENCES: 26
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
10' 102 103 10" 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 108
205
M MAGNETIC MATERIAL
BASE MATERIAL: Iron, magnetically soft
TYPE: Fe 99.99%
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION : 244.11 -19 74
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Laminated ring cores of iron (Fe 99.99%). Thickness of laminations 0.5 mm. Mylar insulation between layers.
APPLICATION AT CERN: Core and septa of splitter magnets in the Super Proton Synchrotron
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position RG in air; flux 5.3 X 101 7 n/m2 s (> 0.1 MeV) Doses: 1 X 10 2 4 n/m 2 (E > 0.1 MeV) Temperature : 150 ° C
METHODS OF TESTING: Using a 50 Hz ring core transformer method, hysteresis loops were evaluated on an oscilloscope before and after irradiation, to obtain the following functions:
B = f(H): induction as a function of magnetic field, H = f(B): permeability as a function of induction, H c = f(BR): coercitive force as a function of remanent induction.
RESULTS: The test did reveal no major change in properties. The permeability was increased by less than 10%. The test was not appropriate to measure the static properties which govern the service conditions.
Remarks: A fluence of 10 2 4 n/m 2 (E > 0.1 MeV) corresponds to a dose of 2.2 X 107 Gy in iron or 4X 10 9Gy in organic (CH 2) n materials
REFERENCES: 26
APPRECIATION: See Appendix 7
101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 108
207
M MAGNETIC MATERIAL
BASE MATERIAL: Iron, magnetically soft
TYPE: Low-carbon steel
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 244.20-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Laminated ring cores of iron. Thickness of laminations 1.5 mm, insulated with Mylar foil of 0.2 mm thickness.
APPLICATION AT CERN: Laminated magnets (quadrupoles and dipoles) in the Super Proton Synchrotron
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS:
Type: Reactor ASTRA, position RG in air; flux 5.0 X 10 1 7 n /m 2 s ( > 0.1 MeV) Doses: I X 10 2 4 n /m 2 (E > 0.1 MeV) Temperature : 15 0 ° C
METHODS OF TESTING: Using a 50 Hz ring core transformer method, hysteresis loops were evaluated on an oscilloscope before and after irradiation, to obtain the following functions:
B = f(H): induction as a function of magnetic field, H = f(B): permeability as a function of induction, H c = f(BR): coercitive force as a function of remanent induction.
RESULTS: The test did reveal no major change in properties. Below 1.8 T, the permeability increased by less than 10%, and also near 2 T an increase was noted. However, the test was not appropriate to measure the static properties which govern the service conditions.
Remarks: A fluence of 10 2 4 n/m 2 (E > 0.1 MeV) corresponds to a dose of 2.2 X 10 7 Gy in iron or 4 X 10 9 Gy in organic ( C H a ) n materials
REFERENCES: 26
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
10' 102 103 104 10 s
Dose (Gy)->
10" 10 7 108
209
M MAGNETIC MATERIAL
BASE MATERIAL: Iron, magnetically soft
TYPE: Low-carbon steel
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 244.19-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Laminated ring cores, cut from 1.5 mm thickness punched and specially annealed C-cores from low-carbon ( < 0.1%), low-silicon steel. The heat treatment was at 700-750 °C in reducing atmosphere. The ring cores were not annealed and not insulated.
APPLICATION AT CERN: Used for main magnet cores of the 28 GeV Proton Synchrotron in the year 1957.
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position RG in air; flux 5.4 X 10 1 7 n/m 2 s (> 0.1 MeV) Doses: 1.3 X 1 0 2 4 n / m 2 ( E > 0.1 MeV) Temperature : 15 0 ° C
METHODS OF TESTING: Using a 50 Hz ring core transformer method, hysteresis loops were evaluated on an oscilloscope before and after irradiation, to obtain the following functions:
B = f(H): induction as a function of magnetic field, (i = f(B): permeability as a function of induction, H c = f(BR): coercitive force as a function of remanent induction.
RESULTS: The test did reveal no major change in properties. Only above 1.9 T, the permeability ft is gradually reduced by 15% at maximum. However, the method of test chosen was not appropriate to measure the static properties governing the service conditions, nor could it detect small changes in the working range B < 1.7T.
Remarks: A fluence of 10 2 4 n/m 2 (E > 0.1 MeV) corresponds to a dose of 2.2 X 107 Gy in iron or 4 X 109 Gy in organic (CH 2) n materials
REFERENCES: 26
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
10' 102 10 3 104 105 106 107 10 8
Dose (Gy)-»
211
M MAGNETIC MATERIAL BASE MATERIAL: Iron, silicon (3%)
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: Unknown
IDENTIFICATION: 244.3-1974
(7
t E <
i r
H c =F(B r ) I L
0
i r
,'#B= f (H)
y,-- f (B )
J L
B ( T ) — -
800
600
400
200
0
non-irradiated irradiated to 1.0 X 10 2 4n/m 2
212
M MAGNETIC MATERIAL
BASE MATERIAL: Iron, silicon (3%)
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: Unknown
IDENTIFICATION: 244.3-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Laminated ring cores of iron-silicon alloy. Thickness of laminations 0.4 mm. Mylar insulation between layers.
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position RG in air; flux 4.8 X 10 1 7 n/m2 s (> 0.1 MeV) Doses: 1 X 10 2 4 n/m 2 (E > 0.1 MeV) Temperature: 150 °C
METHODS OF TESTING: Using a 50 Hz ring core transformer method, hysteresis loops were evaluated on an oscilloscope before and after irradiation, to obtain the following functions:
B = f(H): induction as a function of magnetic field, fi = f(B): permeability as a function of induction, H c = f(BR): coercitive force as a function of remanent induction.
RESULTS: No major change in properties. See graph on opposite page
Remarks: A fluence of 10 2 4 n/m2 (E > 0.1 MeV) corresponds to a dose of 2.2 X 107 Gy in iron or 4 X 109 Gy in organic (CH 2) n materials
REFERENCES: 26
APPRECIATION: See Appendix 7
10' 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-H
106 107 108
213
M MAGNETIC MATERIAL BASE MATERIAL: Iron, cobalt (50%)
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: Unknown
IDENTIFICATION: 244.14-1974
i e <
B (T)
non-irradiated irradiated to 1.1 X 10 2 4n/m 2
214
M MAGNETIC MATERIAL
BASE MATERIAL: Iron, cobalt (50%)
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: Unknown
IDENTIFICATION: 244.14-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Laminated ring cores of iron-cobalt. Thickness of laminations 0.3 mm. Mylar insulation between layers.
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position RG in air; flux 5.3 X 10 1 7 n/m2 s (> 0.1 MeV) Doses: 1.1 X 10 2 4n/m 2(E > 0.1 MeV) Temperature : 15 0 ° C
METHODS OF TESTING: Using a 50 Hz ring core transformer method, hysteresis loops were evaluated on an oscilloscope before and after irradiation, to obtain the following functions:
B = f(H): induction as a function of magnetic field, H = f(B): permeability as a function of induction, H c = f(BR): coercitive force as a function of remanent induction.
RESULTS: No major change in properties, see graph on opposite page
Remarks: A fluence of 10 2 4 n/m 2 (E > 0.1 MeV) corresponds to a dose of 2.2 X 107 Gy in iron or 4 X 109 Gy in organic (CH 2) n materials
REFERENCES: 26
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
10' 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-)
10" 107 108
215
M MAGNETIC MATERIAL BASE MATERIAL: Iron, nickel (50%)
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: Unknown
IDENTIFICATION: 244.7-1974
1 E
<
B (T) — ^
non-irradiated irradiated to 1.2 X 10 2 4n/m 2
216
M MAGNETIC MATERIAL
BASE MATERIAL: Iron, nickel (50%)
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: Unknown
IDENTIFICATION: 244.7-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Laminated ring cores of iron-nickel. Thickness of laminations 0.3 mm. Mylar insulation between layers.
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position RG in air; flux 5.5 X 10 1 7 n/m2 s (> 0.1 MeV) Doses: 1.2 X 10 2 4 n/m2 (E > 0.1 MeV) Temperature : 150 ° C
METHODS OF TESTING: Using a 50 Hz ring core transformer method, hysteresis loops were evaluated on an oscilloscope before and after irradiation, to obtain the following functions:
B = f(H): induction as a function of magnetic field, fi = f(B): permeability as a function of induction, H c = f(BR): coercitive force as a function of remanent induction.
RESULTS: No major change in properties, see graph on opposite page
Remarks: A fluence of 10 2 4 n/m2 (E > 0.1 MeV) corresponds to a dose of 2.2 X 107 Gy in iron or 4 X 109 Gy in organic (CH 2) n materials
REFERENCES: 26
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 108
217
M MAGNETIC MATERIAL BASE MATERIAL: Iron, nickel (50%)
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: Unknown
IDENTIFICATION: 244.4-1974
i E
<
B ( T )
non-irradiated irradiated to 8 X 10"n/m 2
218
M MAGNETIC MATERIAL
BASE MATERIAL: Iron, nickel (50%)
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: Unknown
IDENTIFICATION: 244.4-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Laminated ring cores of iron-nickel. Thickness of laminations 0.3 mm. Mylar insulation between layers.
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position RG in air; flux 3.8 X 10 1 7 n/m2 s (> 0.1 MeV) Doses: 8 X 10 2 3n/m 2(E > 0.1 MeV) Temperature: 150 °C
METHODS OF TESTING: Using a 50 Hz ring core transformer method, hysteresis loops were evaluated on an oscilloscope before and after irradiation, to obtain the following functions:
B = f(H): induction as a function of magnetic field, jx = f(B): permeability as a function of induction, H c = f(BR): coercitive force as a function of remanent induction.
RESULTS: No major change in properties, see graph on opposite page
Remarks: A fluence of 10 2 4 n/m2 (E > 0.1 MeV) corresponds to a dose of 2.2 X 107 Gy in iron or 4 X 109 Gy in organic (CH 2) n materials
REFERENCES: 26
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
10' 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-H
106 107 108
219
M MOTOR, ELECTRIC
BASE MATERIAL: Various
TYPE: GR32.0
SUPPLIER: ITT
IDENTIFICATION: 285-1980
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Motor with built-in speed reducer. Radiation-sensitive items: Phenolic resin (rotor support), polyamide, epoxy resins.
APPLICATION AT CERN: Used in electrostatic septa in the Super Proton Synchrotron LSS5
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, switched-off reractor position 35 in air, dose rate 10 Gy/s Doses: I X 106Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Operational test
RESULTS: Slight degradation of support of commutator brushes. No change in electrical properties, working well.
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
«- no ^est —• 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 10'
Dose (Gy)-»
221
M MOTOR BASE MATERIAL: Various
TYPE: AXEMF9M4 with gears E90
SUPPLIER: CEM
IDENTIFICATION: 270-1975
Results of manufacturer's check after irradiation
Tested property Result of test
Measured electromotive force at 16.7s '
Measured torque atO, 16.7 s~\ 33.3 s~'. and 50 s~' Insulation test
Mechanical test on bond of magnets
Mechanical test on bond of rotor
Mechanical test on ball bearing
Lubrification grease of stepping down gears
Colour of insulation of rotor and magnets
Reduction of 3% within error
Within +6/—8% of initial value (within error)
Good at 350 V
Good
Good
Good
Seems good
Slightly brownish
222
M MOTOR
BASE MATERIAL: Various
TYPE: AXEM F9M4 with gears E90
SUPPLIER: CEM
IDENTIFICATION: 270-1975
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Servomotor with disk-type rotor, 55 W/24 d.c., with reduction 1/75 delivering 12.7 Nm at 0.67 s - ' .
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: 6 0 Co source, dose rate 3 Gy/s Doses: I X 106 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Mechanical and electrical tests before and after irradiation performed by the supplier
RESULTS: No change of mechanical or electrical properties within measurement error. Slight change in colour of adhesive and insulation resins noticed.
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
<— no ^est —•
10' 102 103 104 105 106 107 10'
Dose (Gy)-+
223
M MOTOR, ELECTRIC BASE MATERIAL: Various, see table
TYPE: MEUA 90S4, COMPAX
SUPPLIER: CEM
IDENTIFICATION: 181-1975
Results of insulation tests on windings 5 kV dry insulation resistance: greater than 20 GQ. Tampon moistened with salty water, 5 kV: only one feeble point found. Breakdown voltage at 50 Hz: minimum 3.9 kV, more than twice the specified value.
Check on radiation effects in the especially selected radiation-resistant components (after disassembly of motor)
Functional item
Selected material, brand name
Results
Coil impregnation
Norsodyne292T: tetrahydrophthalic polyester
No visible cracks; no change of colour; no other change
Wire insulation PortàBinson type IV: resin ester-imide
Resists coiling and uncoiling test on core 4 X dia.
Coil slot insulation
Nomex: aromatic polyamide/paper
Good resistance to tearing and 'bending en bloc'
Interphase insulation
ThernomidE40NC: aromatic polyamide/PETP
Good resistance to 'bending en bloc'
Cable insulation
Neoprene Breaks in coiling test on core 10 X dia. Sufficient for service conditions
Insulating sleeve
Couzin 453: glass fibre/silicone
Still soft
Filler Tergal fibres, impregnated Good resin impregnation, compact
Terminal board Charged polyester Perfect
Fan Polyamide A4K Colour deep yellow. Still soft enough.
Lubricating grease
APL700 Some leakage, but the lubricant did not become detached. Still homogeneous.
224
M MOTOR, ELECTRIC
BASE MATERIAL: Various, see table on opposite page
TYPE: MEUA90S4,COMPAX
SUPPLIER: CEM
IDENTIFICATION: 181-1975
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Motor COMPAX 1.1 kW, 220/380 V triple phase. Prototype with selected constituents according to irradiation tests (Réf. 19) (see table) to obtain operation up to 10 6Gy.
APPLICATION AT CERN: Installed in the Super Proton Synchrotron for adjustment of beam transport elements and for moving beam dumps.
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: 6 0 Co source, dose rate approx. 1 Gy/s Doses: 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: After homogeneous irradiation under tension (no load, free running), the motor was tested and then disassembled by the research laboratories of the supplier, to judge the damage to the different constituents.
RESULTS: Apart from a slight deterioration of the insulation of the fixed leads and a slight coloration of the plastic parts, no changes were detected after disassembly. Results of insulation tests were well superior to those given in the specification. For detailed results, see table on opposite page.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 19
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
no est 101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 108
225
M MOTOR, ELECTRIC BASE MATERIAL: Various, see table
TYPE: MEFA90L8
SUPPLIER: CEM
IDENTIFICATION: 262-1975
Description of material
Wire insulation:
Slot and phase insulation:
Cable insulation:
Insulating sleeves:
Impregnation:
Terminal board:
Lubricant:
Fan:
Ester-imide resin. Port à Binson, type IV
Nomex (aromatic polyamide paper)
Kapton + silicone-impregnated glass-fibre braid
Kapton tape
Norsodyne 292T (polyester resin)
none
Chevron NRRG 235
Suppressed
226
M MOTOR, ELECTRIC
BASE MATERIAL: Various, see table on opposite page
TYPE: MEFA90L8
SUPPLIER: CEM
IDENTIFICATION: 262-1975
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Asynchronous motor, triple phase, 220/380 V, 1.1 kW at 750 r/min. Designed operation time 5 min/h. For a further description of materials, see table on opposite page.
APPLICATION AT CERN: Used for adjustment and remote handling of beam transport elements in the Super Proton Synchrotron neutrino beam facility
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type : 6 0 C o source, dose rate 2 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 107,3 X 107Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Insulation resistance and high-voltage tests (1, 2, 3, and 4 kV) between phase windings and winding to cage. Thereafter operation under intermittent load for 24 hours.
RESULTS: No defects found, still operating according to specifications
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
III no test 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 10'
Dose (Gy)-+
227
M MOTOR, ELECTRIC BASE MATERIAL: Various, see table
TYPE: MT 100, LB 28, F 215-8
SUPPLIER: ASEA
IDENTIFICATION: 263-1975
Description of material
Wire insulation:
Slot and phase insulation:
Cable insulation:
Insulating sleeves:
Coil impregnation:
Terminal board:
Fan:
Lubricant:
Corrosion protection:
Polyimide
Kapton
Kapton 4- silicone-impregnated glass-fibre braid
Epoxy resin with glass-fibre braid
AralditeF(CY205 + HY905)
Steatit
Aluminium
Chevron NRRG
Zinc chromate
228
M MOTOR, ELECTRIC
BASE MATERIAL: Various, see table on opposite page
TYPE: MT100,LB28,F215-8
SUPPLIER: ASEA
IDENTIFICATION: 263-1975
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Asynchronous motor, triple phase, 380 V, 1.1 kW at 700 r/min. Designed operation time 2 min/h. For a further description of materials, see table on opposite page. Proposed for moving beam transport elements in the Super Proton Synchrotron.
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: 6 0 Co source, dose rate 2 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 107,2 X 107, 3 X 107 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Operation under intermittent load for 24 hours. Insulation resistance and high-voltage tests (1, 2, 3, and 4 kV) between phase windings and winding to cage.
RESULTS: Still operating according to specifications. Breakdown during the last 4 kV test.
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
1 no test 101 102 103 104 10s 106 107 10'
Dose (Gy)-»
229
Entries and cross-references
Neoprene Chloroprene rubber, see Cable insulations
Nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) see Seal
Nomex, trade name of Du Pont Polyamide paper, see Adhesive tape see Insulating tape
Noryl, trade name of General Electric Polyphenylene oxide, see Connector
Novolac see Thermosetting resin
Nylon Polyamide, see Cable tie see Adhesive tape see Insulating tape see Vacuum valve
Materials listed in General Tables in Appendix 5
Neoprene Polychloroprene rubber see Cable insulation, p. 21 see Elastomer, p. 22 see G-value, p. 24 see Hose, p. 25 see Paint, p. 27
Nomex, trade name of Du Pont Aromatic polyamide, see Textile, p. 28
Nylon Polyamide, see G-value, p. 24 see Hoses, p. 25 see Textile, p. 28 see Thermoplastic resin, p. 29
o Entries and cross-references
Oil Table of general relative radiation effects in Appendix 5 see Insulating oil see Lubricating oil
OPTICAL FIBRE Glass Glass/B,Ge,Sb,Pb Glass/Ge Silica/F
O-ring see Seal
Materials listed in General Tables in Appendix 5
Orion, trade name of Du Pont Polyacryl, see Textile, p. 28
233
o OPTICAL FIBRE
BASE MATERIAL: Glass
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 142-1979
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Two fibre-optic faceplate disks of thickness 5 mm and 7.5 mm
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Accelerator CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR-I3-ID2) Doses: 2X 10 2Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Transmission measurement by manufacturer using a densicron and collimated white light
RESULTS: The light transmission was 65% and 60% for the 5 mm and 7.5 mm plates, respectively, before irradiation. After a dose of 2 X 102 Gy, the transmission decreased about 8%, yielding 60% and 55%.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 17
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
r no te >t —•
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 10'
Dose (Gy)->
235
o OPTICAL FIBRE BASE MATERIAL: Glass B. Ge. Sb. Pb
TYPE: SCT345.SCT350.SCT368.SCT426
SUPPLIER: Schott&Gen.
IDENTIFICATION: 1.3-1978
150
f-f(0) [dB/km]
DoselGy
SYMBOL PROPERTY INITIAL VALUES REMARK
• 1 6.7 dB/km SCT345 • attenuation 3.9 dB/km SCT350 • at850nm 8.1 dB/km SCT368 • J 4.2 dB/km SCT426
o "l 3.6 dB/km SCT345 • attenuation 2.2 dB/km SCT350 A at 1080 nm 6.0 dB/km SCT368 O . 2.2 dB/km SCT426
236
o OPTICAL FIBRE
BASE MATERIAL: Glass B, Ge, Sb, Pb
TYPE: SCT345,SCT350,SCT368,SCT426
SUPPLIER: Schott & Gen.
IDENTIFICATION: 1.3-1978
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Gradient fibres made from glass (Si0 2, B 20,), as follows: SCT345 (Doped with GeO) Corediam. 49//m Ext. diam. 130/im SCT350 GeO,Sb) 40 pm 137^/m SCT368 Sb) 42/um 135jum SCT426 Pb 2 0 5 ) 56/im 135/im
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Accelerator CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR-I3-ID2) Doses: 1.5 X 102Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Attenuation and pulse dispersion at 850 and 1080 nm measured by manufacturer
RESULTS: After 1.5 X 102 Gy, the attenuation had increased by 25 to 46 dB/km, or 300 to 40,000 times on a linear scale for the operational wavelength of 850 nm. At 1080 nm, for which wavelength the fibres were not designed, the attenuation after irradiation of types 368 and 426 increased by only 8 and 7 dB/km, respectively.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 27
APPRECIATION : *** USE IN RADIA TIONAREAS NOT RECOMMENDED*** See Appendix 7
10' 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Dose (Gy)->
237
o OPTICAL FIBRE BASE MATERIAL: Glass/Ge
TYPE: ATF172
SUPPLIER: AEG-Telefunken
IDENTIFICATION: 1.1-1978
300
f/f(0) [%l
DoselGy]
SYMBOL PROPERTY
attenuation at 850 nm attenuation at 1080 nm
INITIAL VALUES
5.2dB/km 4.3dB/km
238
o OPTICAL FIBRE
BASE MATERIAL: Glass/Ge
TYPE: ATF172
SUPPLIER: AEG-Telefunken
IDENTIFICATION: 1.1-1978
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Gradient fibre, mainly Ge doped. Attenuation 5.2 dB/km at 860 nm, core diameter 44/um, external diameter 128/im.
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Accelerator CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR-I3-ID1) Doses: 5 X 102,1 X 10 3Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Measurement of attenuation at 850 and 1080 nm by the manufacturer
RESULTS: After 5 X 102 Gy, the attenuation had already increased by 145 dB/km making the fibre totally useless at the operation wavelength of 850 nm. Extrapolated value at 1.5 X 102 Gy: increase of 43 dB/km. However, at 1080 nm the attenuation was only 10 dB/km after 5 X 102 Gy or 5 dB/km at 1.5 X 102 Gy, leaving the fibre still useful at this wavelength.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 27
APPRECIATION : *** USE IN RADIA TION AREAS NOT RECOMMENDED * See Appendix 7
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Dose (Gy)-*
239
o OPTICAL FIBRE BASE MATERIAL: Silica/F
TYPE: HQS067, HQSIOO
SUPPLIER: HeraeusQuarzschmelze
IDENTIFICATION: 1.2-1978
f-f(O) [dB/kml
DoselGy
SYMBOL
: }
PROPERTY
attenuation at850nm
attenuation at 1080 nm
INITIAL VALUES
3.8dB/km 3.6dB/km 1.5dB/km 1.8dB/km
REMARKS
HQS067 HQS 100 HQS067 HQS 100
240
BASE MATERIAL: Silica/F
TYPE: HQS067,HQS100
SUPPLIER: Heraeus Quarzschmelze
IDENTIFICATION: 1.2-1978
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Type i.d. o.d. Base material
Cum) (jum)
o OPTICAL FIBRE
Doping Attenuation
HQS 067, step profile HQS 100, gradient fibre
100 45
125 125
Si0 2 pure Si0 2pure
3% F max. 3% F
3.8dB/km(860nm) 3.6dB/km(860nm)
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Accelerator CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR-I3-ID2) Doses: 1.5 X 102Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Attenuation at 860 and 1060 nm measured by manufacturer
RESULTS: After 1.5 X 102Gy, the attenuation had increased by 39 and 106dB/km,or8 X 10 3 and4X 10'° times on a linear scale for the operational wavelength of 860 nm. At 1060 nm, the increase in attenuation was 19 and 29 dB/km, respectively.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 27
APPRECIATION: *** USE IN RADIATION AREAS NOT RECOMMENDED*** See Appendix 7
101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)^
106 107 108
241
Entries and cross-references
PAINT Table of general relative radiation effects in Appendix 5 Acrylic resin, luminescent pigment Epoxy resin Lithium polysilicate Polyacrylate Polyurethane
Paper see Insulating tape
Particle detector see Silicon detector
Pertinax, trade name of Felten & Guillaume Phenolic paper, see Joint
Plexiglas, trade name of Roehm & Haas Polyacryl, see Scintillator
Polyacrylate see Paint see Scintillator
Polyamide see Adhesive tape see Cable tie see Insulated wire see Insulating tape see Vacuum valve
Polybutylene terephthalate (PBTP) see Cable tie
Polycarbonate see Lighting
Polychloroprene (Neoprene) see Cable insulation see Seal
Polyester resin see Insulated wire see Terminal board see also Polyethylene terephthalate
Polyethylene (PE) and (XLPE) see Cable insulation see Cable tie
Polyethylene terephthalate (PETP) see Adhesive tape see Hose see Insulated wire see Insulating tape
p Polyhydantoin
see Adhseive tape
Polyimide see Adhesive tape
Polyolefin see Cable insulation see Thermoshrinking sheath
Polyphenylene oxide (PPO) see Connector
Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) see Connector
Polypropylene (PP) see Insulating tape
Polysiloxane see Silicone rubber
Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon PTFE) see Heating element
Polyurethane resin (PUR) see Paint see Foam
Polyurethane rubber (PUR) see Seal
Polyvinylidene fluoride see Thermoshrinking sheath
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) see Cable insulation
Polyvinyl toluene see Scintillator
244
p Materials listed in General Tables in Appendix 5
Perbunan, trade name of Bayer Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, see Hose, p. 25
Perfluoro(ethylene/propylene)(FEP) see Cable insulation, p. 21 see Thermoplastic resin, p. 29
Phenolic resin see Thermosetting resin, p. 27 see Paint, p. 30
Phosphate oil see Oil, p. 26
Polyacryl see Textile, p. 28
Polyacrylonitrile see G-value, p. 24
Polyamide (Nylon) see G-value, p. 24 see Hose, p. 25 see Textile, p. 28 see Thermoplastic resin, p. 29
Polybutadiene see G-value, p. 24
Polycarbonate see Thermoplastic resin, p. 29
Polychloroprene (Neoprene) see Cable insulation, p. 21 see Elastomer, p. 22 see G-value, p. 24 see Hose, p. 25 see Paint, p. 27
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene(PCTFE) see Thermoplastic resin, p. 29
Polyester see Paint, p. 27 see Textile, p. 28 see Thermosetting resin, p. 30
Polyethylene (PE) and (XLPE) see Cable insulation, p. 21 see G-value, p. 24 see Hose, p. 25 see Thermoplastic resin, p. 29
245
p Polyethylene terephthalate (PETP)
see Cable insulation, p. 21 see G-value, p. 24 see Thermosetting resin, p. 30
Polyglycol oil see Oil, p. 26
Polyimide see Cable insulation, p. 21
Polyisobutylene see G-value, p. 24
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMM A) see G-value, p. 24 see Paint, p. 27 see Thermoplastic resin, p. 29
Polyolefin see Cable insulation, p. 21 see Hose, p. 25
Polyphenylene oxide (PPO) see Hose, p. 25
Polypropylene (PP) see Cable insulation, p. 21 see Thermoplastic resin, p. 29
Polysiloxane (Silicone rubber, SIR) see Cable insulation, p. 21 see Elastomer, p. 22 see G-value, p. 24 see Hose, p. 25
Polystyrene see G-value, p. 24 see Thermoplastic resin, p. 29
Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon PTFE) see Cable insulation, p. 21 see G-value, p. 24 see Hose, p. 25 see Thermoplastic resin, p. 29
Polyurethane resin (PUR) see Paint, p. 27 see Thermosetting resin, p. 30
Polyurethane rubber (PUR) see Cable insulation, p. 21 see Elastomer, p. 22 see G-value, p. 24
246
Polyvinyl alcohol see G-value, p. 24
Polyvinyl butyral see Thermoplastic resin, p. 29
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) see Cable insulation, p. 21 see G-value, p. 24 see Hose, p. 25 see Thermoplastic resin, p. 29
Polyvinyl formal see Thermoplastic resin, p. 29
Poly vinylidene chloride see Textile, p. 28 see Thermoplastic resin, p. 29
Pyrofïl, trade name of Daetwyler Ethylene-propylene rubber, see Cable insulation, p. 21
PAINT BASE MATERIAL: Acrylic resin, luminescent pigment
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 267-1978
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Luminous paint glowing green in the dark, used for warning signs. Special luminescent pigment bonded with pure acrylic resin, no radioactive doping element. According to manufacturer, 8% of initial luminosity retained after 30 min.
APPLICATION AT CERN: Used in Super Proton Synchrotron underground tunnels as indication signs in case of power cut.
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Accelerator, in the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron tunnel neutrino cave Doses: 1.5 X 10 5Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Paint applied on cardboard strips of 5 X 20 X 200 mm3. Visual check of glow effect.
RESULTS: No damage was detected
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
no est 10' 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)n
107
249
PAINT BASE MATERIAL: Epoxy resins
TYPE: Epikote
SUPPLIER: Dr. W. Màder AG
IDENTIFICATION: 247.1-1973
Material Dose
(Gy)
Impact hardness
SNV137112
Grid scarifi-cation31
SNVI37111
IHV h Visual judgement
Epoxy two-component coating. 0 135 Epikote type 1001 hardened 5 X 105 127 in situ with a solvent containing 1 X 106 151 aliphatic amine adduct. 5 X 106 124
White, silky, glossy 900 Slight colour change 900 Important colour change
1200 Brown, film disintegrated
Epoxy two-component coating. 0 140 Epikote type 1009 hardened 5 X 105 145 with a solvent containing I X 106 154 aromatic diisocyanate. 5 X 106 135
White, glossy tin ( Slight colour change 480 J 300 Colour changed to yellow
Epoxy two-component laminate. Epikote type 828, hardened with a solvent-free aromatic amine.
0 5 X 105
1 X 106
5X 106
154 156 149 153
Reddish brown 430 Unchanged 700 Slight colour change 600 Important colour change
a) Appreciation: 0 = very good, 1 = good, 2 = moderate to good, 3 = moderate, 4 = bad b) IHV = Infinitesimal hardness before film swelling in steam.
250
p PAINT
BASE MATERIAL: Epoxy resins
TYPE: Epikote
SUPPLIER: Dr. W. Màder AG
IDENTIFICATION: 247.1-1973
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Epoxy two-component coating, Epikote type, hardened with aromatic and aliphatic amines
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 105,1 X 106,5 X 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Impact hardness, grid scarification, infinitesimal hardness, and visual judgement
RESULTS: See table on opposite page
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 28
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
«— no jest —•
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 101
Dose (Gy)->
251
p PAINT BASE MATERIAL: Epoxy and lithium polysilicate resins
TYPE: See table
SUPPLIER: Dr. W. Màder AG
IDENTIFICATION: 246-1972
Material Dose
(Gy)
Impact hardness
SNV 137112
Grid sacrifi-cation"'
SNV 137111
Visual judgement
Epoxy two-component coating, Novolac type, hardened with a solvent containing aromatic amine.
0 5X 10' 8X 10' 2X 10'
190-196 203-206 177-170 183-192
2 3 4 4
} White, glossy
Spotted, slight colour change
Partial detachment of layers
Epoxy two-component coating, Epikote type 1001, hardened in situ with a solvent containing aliphatic amine adduct.
0 5X 10' 8X 10' 2X 10'
139-135 131-135
1 0
} Grey, glossy Unchanged Spotted, slight colour change. partial detachment of layers
Epoxy two-component laminate, Epikote type 828, hardened with a solvent-free aromatic amine.
0 5X 10' 8X 10' 2X 10'
202-214 207-211
3-4 3-4
} Reddish brown, glossy Slight colour change Important colour change, most parts detached
Lithium polysilicate/zinc-dust paint, diluted with water.
0 5X 10' 8X 10'
123-140 116-124 111-117
0-1 Grey Unchanged Unchanged
a) Appreciation:*) = very good, 1 = good, 2 = moderate to good, 3 = moderate, 4 = bad
252
PAINT BASE MATERIAL: Epoxy and lithium polysilicate resins
TYPE: See table on opposite page
SUPPLIER : Dr. W. Màder AG
IDENTIFICATION: 246-1972
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Epoxy-type two-component coatings hardened with aromatic or aliphatic amines. Lithium polysilicate/ zinc-dust paint
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 105,8 X 106, 2 X 107 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Impact hardness, grid scarification test, and visual judgement
RESULTS: See table on opposite page
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 28
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
10' 102 103 I0 4 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 108
PAINT BASE MATERIAL: Epoxy. polyacrylate. and polyurethane resins
TYPE: See table
SUPPLIER: Dr. W. Màder AG
IDENTIFICATION: 245-1973
Material Dose
(Gy)
Grid scarifi-cation a )
SVN137111
IHVb Visualjudgement
2 X epoxy primer hardened with aromatic diisocyanate. 2 X PUR topcoat hardened with aliphatic diisocyanate.
0 3 X 10' 5X 10' 1 X 10'
490 430 280 313
White, glossy Very little colour change
Little colour change
1 X ethyl silicate/zinc dust primer. 0 1 X epoxy primer hardened with 3 X 10' aromatic diisocyanate. 5 X 10' 2 X polyacrylate topcoat con- 1 X 10' taining a hydroxyl group, hardened with aliphatic diisocyanate.
1 3 0
2-3
200 333 475 425
White, glossy Very little colour change
Little colour change
2 X epoxy primer hardened with polyamino amide. 2 X epoxy topcoat hardened with aromatic diisocyanate.
0 3X 10' 5X 10' 1 X 10'
320 345 185 280
White, glossy Colour changed to yellow
Colour changed to dark yellow
2 X epoxy primer hardened with polyamine adduct. 2 X epoxy topcoat hardened with aromatic amine, low solvent content.
0 3X 10' 5X 10' 1 X 10'
0 0 0
0-1
275 245 270 250
White, glossy Slight colour change to yellow
Colour changed to yellow
3 X epoxy laminate hardened with aromatic amine, low solvent content.
0 3X 10' 5 X 10' 1 X 10'
0 0 0 0
275 250 210 190
Grey Colour changed to brown
Colour changed to dark brown
a) Appreciation: 0 = very good. I = good. 2 = moderate to good. 3 = moderate. 4 = bad b) IHV = Infinitesimal hardness before film swelling in steam.
254
p PAINT
BASE MATERIAL: Epoxy, polyacrylate, and polyurethane resins
TYPE: See table on opposite page
SUPPLIER: Dr. W. Màder AG
IDENTIFICATION: 245-1973
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Complete coating systems essentially based on expoxy resins with corrosion protection primer and topcoat
APPLICATION AT CERN: Super Proton Synchrotron beam dump coatings
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Accelerator, CERN Proton Synchrotron, targets 1 and 8 Doses: 3 X 10 6 ,5 X 106, 1 X 10 7 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Grid scarification, infinitesimal hardness, and visual judgement
RESULTS: Apart from colour changes, no important alterations were seen; see table on opposite page
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 28
APPRECIATION: See Appendix 7
no test 101 102 10' 104 105 10" 107 101
Dose (Gy)-*
255
PAINT BASE MATERIAL: Polyurethane resins
TYPE: See table
SUPPLIER: Dr. W. Màder AG
IDENTIFICATION: 247.2-1973
Material Dose
(Gy)
Impact hardness
SNV137112
Grid scarifi-cation3'
SNV137111
IHV b Visual judgement
Polyurethane two-component coating hardened with a solvent containing aromatic diisocyanate.
0 5 X 106
8X 10" 2X 107
141-145 172-175
0 2-3
White, glossy Colour change Important colour change Formation of bubbles
Polyurethane two-component coating hardened with a solvent containing aliphatic diisocyanate.
0 5 X 105
1 X 106
5X I0 6
163 165 174 162
White, glossy Unchanged Slight colour change
Polyurethane two-component coating with polyvinyl butyrate wash primer hardened with a solvent containing aliphatic diisocyanate.
0 5X 10' 1 X 106
5X 10"
165 168 172 166
450 425 300
White, glossy
a) Appreciation: 0 = very good, I = good, 2 = moderate to good, 3 = moderate, 4 = bad b) IHV = Infinitesimal hardness before film swelling in steam.
256
PAINT BASE MATERIAL: Polyurethane resins
TYPE: See table on opposite page
SUPPLIER: Dr. W. Màder AG
IDENTIFICATION: 247.2-1973
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Polyurethane two-component coating, hardened with aromatic and aliphatic diisocyanates
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 105,1 X 106, 5 X 106,8 X 106,2 X 107Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Impact hardness, grid scarification test, and visualjudgement
RESULTS: See table on opposite page
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 28
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
101 102 103 104 105
Dose (GyH
10" 107 108
257
Q Entries and cross-references
Quartz see Ceramic
259
Entries and cross-references
RELAY
Resin see Thermoplastic resin see Thermosetting resin
Resistofol, trade name of Bayer see Adhesive tape
Rubber see Cable insulation see Ethylene-propylene rubber see Polychloroprene see Polyurethane rubber see Seal see Silicone rubber see Vacuum gasket
Ryton, trade name of Phillips Petroleum, USA Polyphenylene sulfide, see Connector
Materials listed in General Tables in Appendix 5
Radox, trade name of Huber & Suhner Polyolefin, see Cable insulation, p. 21
Rayon Cellulose fibre, see Textile p. 28
Rubber see Cable insulation, p. 21 see Elastomer, p. 22 see G-value, p. 24 see Hose, p. 25 see Paint, p. 27
R RELAY BASE MATERIAL: Various
TYPE: See table below
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 7-1973
Id. No.
Supplier Coil rating
Test Current
[A|
M* sasured values" Change after irradiation Dose Contact Standard Hysteresis Contact Hysteresis
resistance deviation resistance r 5(r) H Ar/P*" AH/H 0
[Gyl Imfil I%1 [%] [%] l%l
0 12.8 32 35.5 44 4- I0 3 15.2 15 32.4 27 ± 2 2 - 9 1 • 10-" 97 53 35.6 690 ± 420 +0.3
220 V.
10 - 6V a c 0.25 0 28.4 4 48.6 (4) _ 10 4- 103 29.2 0.5 28.6 2.8 ± 4 - 4 1 10 1 -10* 30 - 50.0 5.6 ± 4 + 3
110 V..
MOV., 0.25
0 4- 103
I • I0 5
0 4-10 3
1 • 10 !
14.5 18.8 52
14.1 12.9 16.7
7.9 6.6 37 29 5
9.4
28.6 27.5 30.3 22.5 22.2 21.2
8.2 52 ± 31
260 ± 170 69
- 1 ± 1.7 50 ± 4 3
- 3 . 7 + 6.0
- 1 . 2 - 5 . 9
20 1
14 20
2 2
220 V.
24 V,
0 4-10 3
1-105
1-10* 0
4-10 3
16.4 17.4 16.1 21.2 14.3 17.2
2.5 3.4 7.2 11
5.7 4.3
5.2 7.0 10.8 3.7
43.8 42.5
7.0 1 4 ± 8 7 ± 7
47 ± 2 2 16.0
24 ± 4
- 1 7 +0.6 - 2 9
- 3
22 II 16 22
24 V, 1 0.1 0.3
1
0 4-10 3
1 • 10 !
1-10'
58.5 74.6 59.2 53.9
4.5 7.7
8.5
34.2 34.2 45.7 53.8
(4.5) 17± 13
- 0 . 8 ± 0.6 - 8 ± 12
+ 1.4 + 10 + 57
19 4
19
220 V., 0 4- 103
1 • 105
47.4 27.2 59
21 17 35
37.5 29.7 33.3
51 160 ± 70 30 ± 29
- 6 - I I
23 17 23
18
60 V, 0 1 - 10* 1- 10"
16.9 17.4 16.8
4.8 1.8 2.0
48 V,
48 V,
220 V. 0.25
0 4- in' i • io'
o 4- 10' I • 10' 1 • 10"
0 4- 10'
13.7 31.8 17.1
12.2 12.4 16.1 I 1.1 12." 14.6
S.9 29 12
3.4 9.9
93.3 90.8 92.1
60.7 57
60.9
27.3 69.8 79.4 79.7 21.7 15.9
1 1 4 ± 4 . 4
3.8 ± 2.8
4 5 ± 130 3" ± 4 1
lO 52 ± 19 32 ± 20
-7.5 ± 3.5 6.1
I 8 ± 12
+ 2 - 1.3
+ 3.6 + 0.3
+ 6.7 - 3 . 6 + 190
— 17
*' The bar sign indicates .n erasing over the results ot'individual con tacs. **' For zero dose, the ranee of measured •. rtlues is gnen in percent. For non /cm dose, a weighted mean of the radiation el feet s ol the single con
tacts is given, i.e. .t is the most significant radiation e'Tect measured »hat is snow n. **' Tested under 24 Y J t .
262
R RELAY
BASE MATERIAL: Various
TYPE: See table on opposite page
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 7-1973
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Various types of relays for a rated load current of 10 A at 220/380 V a.c. Proposed for the Super Proton Synchrotron rough pumping station (VPTM) control units placed in intermagnet gaps, and at quadrup les in short straight sections.
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, switched-off reactor position 35 in air, dose rate approx. 10 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 105, 1 X 1 0 6 G y ; + 4 X 103 Gy accelerator irradiation, CERN Intersecting Storage Rings
(ISR-I3-ID1)
METHODS OF TESTING: Insulation test up to 1.5 kV. Coil resistance test. Contact resistance test at 1 A, with some exceptions. Voltage necessary for switch-on. Voltage insufficient to hold contact.
RESULTS: See table on opposite page. One relay contained an internal diode, which broke down already at 4 X 103 Gy. Generally, at 105 Gy no obvious defects were found. At 1 X 106 Gy, however, some contacts were unreliable, and obvious deterioration of plastic construction materials and insulations were observed. However, all types but one were still functional. Changes in coil resistance were generally insignificant, and contact resistance increased to some extent. Insulation test passed by all units.
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
1 1 1 1 1 IIIHIll W ^ 10' 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Dose (Gy)->
263
R RELAY
BASE MATERIAL: Various
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 38-1978
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL:
Relay using liquid-mercury switches
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS:
Type: Accelerator, CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR-I3-ID2) Doses: 2X 103Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: The relay was irradiated under load. Before and after irradiation, the contact resistance was measured.
RESULTS: The contact resistance was 50 mfi before irradiation and increased only slightly up to about 70 mfi at 2 X 103 Gy. No radiation-induced defect was found at this dose.
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION: See Appendix 7
<— no test — •
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 101
Dose (Gy)-»
265
s Entries and cross-references
SCINTILLATOR Polyacryl Polyvinyl toluene
Scotchcal, trade name of 3M, see Adhesive tape
SEAL(O-ring) Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) Fluorinaterd copolymer Nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) Polyurethane rubber (PUR) Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) see also Vacuum gasket see also Vacuum seal
Silica see Ceramic see Optical fibre
SILICON DETECTOR
Silicone oil see Insulating oil
Silicone rubber see Cable insulation see Insulating sleeves see Lighting
Sleeve see Insulating sleeve
Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) see Seal
SWITCH Glass/mica Thermoplastic resin Thermosetting resin
267
s Materials listed in General Tables in Appendix 5
Saran, trade name of the Dow Chemical Co. Polyvinylidene chloride, see Textile, p. 28
Silicate oil see Oil, p. 26
Silicone oil see Oil, p. 26
Silicone resin see Paint, p. 27 see Thermosetting resin, p. 30
Silicone rubber (SIR) see Cable insulation, p. 21 see Elastomer, p. 22 see G-value, p. 24 see Hose, p. 25
Silk see Textile, p. 28
Styrene see G-value, p. 23
Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) see Elastomer, p. 22 see G-value, p. 24
269
s SCINTILLATOR BASE MATERIAL: Polyacryl
TYPE: Plexiglas GS 1921
SUPPLIER: Roehm GmbH
IDENTIFICATION: 50.3-1978
f/f(0) [%]
DoselGy
SYMBOL PROPERTY
transmission at 400 nm transmission at 500 nm
INITIAL VALUES
85% 93%
270
s SCINTILLATOR
BASE MATERIAL: Polyacryl
TYPE: Plexiglas GS 1921
SUPPLIER: Roehm GmbH
IDENTIFICATION: 50.3-1978
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Acrylic scintillator, standard type of dimensions 36 X 1 2 X 4 mm 3 ; low-cost scintillator
APPLICATION AT CERN :
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS:
Type: a) 6 0 C o source b) Reactor ASTRA, standard neutron irradiation facility (SNIF) Doses: a) 1 0 2 , 1 0 \ 10\ 10 5 Gy b) Flux: 10 1 6 , 10 1 7 , 1 0 1 8 , 1 0 1 9 n /m 2 (E > 1 MeV)
Dose « 40,400,4 X 10 3 ,4 X 104 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Spectral transmission between 400 and 800 nm through a sample 4 mm thick, using a Beckmann grating spectrophotometer
RESULTS: For 500 nm wavelength, the transmission decreased slowly (16% at 105 Gy). For 400 nm wavelength, however, this decrease was reached at 5 X 103 Gy, leaving only a 24% transmission at 10 5 Gy.
Remarks: Reference 29 contains the complete transmission spectra and further data. A fluence of 10 1 9 n /m 2 corresponds to a dose of 2.3 X 10 4 Gy in polyacryl or 4 X 10 4 Gy in organic (CHj)n materials
REFERENCES: 29
APPRECIATION: *** USE IN RADIA TION AREAS ACCORDING TO APPLICA TION*** See Appendix 7
1 11 111 V- no test — •
101 102 103 104 105 106 10 7 10'
Dose (Gy)-»
271
s SCINTILLATOR BASE MATERIAL: Polyacryl
TYPE: Plexiglas GS 233
SUPPLIER: Roehm GmbH
IDENTIFICATION: 50.1-1978
f/f(0) [%l
DoselGyl
SYMBOL PROPERTY
• transmission at 400 nm • transmission at 500 nm
INITIAL VALUES
90% 91%
272
s SCINTILLATOR
BASE MATERIAL: Polyacryl
TYPE: Plexiglas GS 233
SUPPLIER: Roehm GmbH
IDENTIFICATION: 50.1-1978
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Acrylic glass, UV-absorbing, of dimensions 30 X 12 X 10mm3
APPLICATION AT CERN: Generally used for light-guides.
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: a) 6 0 Co source b) Reactor ASTRA, standard neutron irradiation facility (SNIF) Doses: a) 102, 103, 104, 105 Gy b) Flux: 10 1 6,10 1 7, 101 8, 10 1 9 n/m 2 (E > 1 MeV)
Dose « 40,400,4 X 103,4 X 104 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Spectral transmission between 400 and 800 nm through a sample 10 mm thick, using a Beckmann grating spectrophotometer
RESULTS: For 500 nm wavelength, the transmission decreased slowly (20% at 105 Gy). For 400 nm wavelength, however, this decrease was reached at 3 X 103 Gy, leaving only a 42% transmission at 105 Gy.
Remarks: Reference 29 contains the complete transmission spectra and further data. A fluence of 101 9 n/m 2 corresponds to a dose of 2.3 X 104 Gy in polyacryl or 4 X 104 Gy in organic (CH 2) n materials
REFERENCES: 29
APPRECIATION: *** USE IN RADIA TIONAREASA CCORDING TOAPPLICA TION *** See Appendix 7
I | ~ 1 lilllllll^ Inotestl q 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Dose (Gy)-*
273
SCINTILLATOR BASE MATERIAL: Polyacryl
TYPE: Plexiglas GS 218
SUPPLIER: RoehmGmbH
IDENTIFICATION: 50.2-1978
f/f(0) l%]
DoselGyl
SYMBOL PROPERTY
transmission at 500 nm
INITIAL VALUES
92%
274
s SCINTILLATOR
BASE MATERIAL: Polyacryl
TYPE: Plexiglas GS 218
SUPPLIER: Roehm GmbH
IDENTIFICATION: 50.2-1978
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Acrylic scintillator, standard type of dimensions 36 X 12 X 10 mm3, doped with 80 mg/i?BBQ
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: a) 6 0 Co source b) Reactor ASTRA, standard neutron irradiation facility (SNIF) Doses: a) 10 2,10 3,10 4, 105 Gy b) Flux: 10 1 6 ,10 1 7 , 101 8, 10" n/m2 (E > 1 MeV)
Dose » 40,400,4 X 10\ 4 X 104 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Spectral transmission between 400 and 800 nm through a sample 10 mm thick, using a Beckmann grating spectrophotometer
RESULTS: For 500 nm wavelength, the decrease in transmission was 24% at 3 X 104 Gy and 33% at 105 Gy
Remarks: Reference 29 contains the complete transmission spectra and further data. A fluence of 101 9 n/m 2 corresponds to a dose of 2.3 X 104 Gy in polyacryl or 4 X 104 Gy in organic (CH 2) n materials.
REFERENCES: 29
APPRECIATION: *** USE IN RADIA TIONAREAS ACCORDING TO APPLICATION*** See Appendix 7
1 1 I II III ||<— 1 no test —»|
10' 102 103 104 105 105 107 10'
Dose (Gy)->
275
s SCINTILLATOR BASE MATERIAL: Polyacryl
TYPE: Plexiglas GS 2002
SUPPLIER: RoehmGmbH
IDENTIFICATION: 50.4-1978
DoseiGy]
SYMBOL PROPERTY
# transmission at 400 nm • transmission at 500 nm
INITIAL VALUES
89.5% 92.5%
276
s SCINTILLATOR
BASE MATERIAL: Polyacryl
TYPE: Plexiglas GS 2002
SUPPLIER: Roehm GmbH
IDENTIFICATION: 50.4-1978
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Acrylic scintillator, emitting in the near-ultraviolet spectral range. Two types: 50.41, of dimensions 3 6 X 1 2 X 1 0 mm3; 50.42, of dimensions 1000 X 200 X 3 mm3.
APPLICATION AT CERN: Low-cost scintillator to be used in conjunction with wavelength-shifter readout techniques.
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: a) 6 0 Co source b) Accelerator, CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR-I3-ID1) Doses: a) 10 2,10 3,10 4, 105Gy b) 2 X 1 0 3 G y
METHODS OF TESTING: Spectral transmission between 360 and 600 nm using a Beckmann grating spectrophotometer (samples type 50.41). Self-absorption measurement with source placed at different distances I from the detector, counting the number of photoelectrons per minimum ionizing particle (samples type 50.42).
RESULTS: Whereas the transmission begins to decrease only at about 104 Gy (—18% at 400 mm), the self-absorption, i.e. the quantity best characterizing the operational efficiency, has already decreased by 27 and 36% for^= 10 and 80 cm, respectively, at 1-2 X 103Gy
Remarks: Reference 29 contains the complete transmission spectra and further data
REFERENCES: 29
APPRECIATION: *** USE IN RADIATION AREAS ACCORDING TO APPLICATION*** See Appendix 7
1 1 l!!| 'I.,'., 11,1 11'i',!.!.^ j n o t e s t | ^ 10' 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Dose (Gy)-»-
277
s SCINTILLATOR BASE MATERIAL: Polyvinyl toluene
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 220.2-1979
150
f/f(0) 1%I
DoselGy
SYMBOL PROPERTY
• transmission at 410 nm • transmission at 500 nm
INITIAL VALUES
96% 96.3%
278
s SCINTILLATOR
BASE MATERIAL: Polyvinyl toluene
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 220.2-1979
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Plastic scintillator of 10 mm thickness
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Accelerator a) CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR-I3-ID1)
b) CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS-LSS5) Doses: a) 10 3Gy,b) 6X 10 2 ,9X 104 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Measurement of light transmission through scintillator material using a Beckmann grating spectrophotometer
RESULTS: The decrease in transmission was less than 4% up to a dose of 103 Gy. At 105 Gy, about 23% loss in transmission has been measured at 410 nm, which was the maximum in absorption in the visible to near ultraviolet spectral range.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 17,30
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
I I I .'illl1 M I l V I notestl ^ 10' 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Dose (Gy)-»
279
s SEAL (O-ring) BASE MATERIAL: Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR)
TYPE: KW75
SUPPLIER: Angst & Pfister
IDENTIFICATION: 159.7-1973
0 1.0 2.0X106 3.0 Dose[Gy]
SYMBOL PROPERTY INITIAL VALUES
• elongation at break 202% • tensile strength 10.9 MPa • hardness 32 Shore D • compression set (20) For • , y is not normalized to fl^O). The initial value given was measured under different conditions by manufacturer
280
SEAL (O-ring) BASE MATERIAL: Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR)
TYPE: KW 75
SUPPLIER: Angst & Pfister
IDENTIFICATION: 159.7-1973
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: A ring of circular cross-section 3.53 mm and of i.d. 23.40 mm (O-ring), made from ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR)
APPLICATION AT CERN: Seals for vacuum systems in the range P > 100 Pa
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, switched-off reactor position 35 in air, dose rate approx. 10 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 105, 1 X 106,3 X 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Elongation and tensile stress at break were measured with samples mounted on a silicone-lubrified fitting disk whose two halves were separated at a speed of 100 mm/min. Hardness Shore test. The compression set (modified French standard NF-T 46.011) is given as the permanent deformation in percent of the deformation under compression during irradiation (25%) as measured after a settling time of 30min.
RESULTS: The elongation at break reached the 100% end-point value at 6 X 105 Gy, and the ring started to shrink at a dose of I X 106Gy
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 31
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
101 102 103 104 105
Dose (GyH
106 107 108
281
SEAL (O-ring) BASE MATERIAL: Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR)
TYPE: EPR/F234
SUPPLIER: GummiMaag
IDENTIFICATION: 159.5-1973
150
f/f(0) [%]
Dose[Gy]
SYMBOL PROPERTY
• elongation at break • tensile strength • hardness • compression set For • , y is not normalized to f\0)
INITIAL VALUES
342% U M P a
34 Shore D
REMARKS
a t5X 10 5Gy a t5X 10 5Gy
282
s SEAL (O-ring)
BASE MATERIAL: Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR)
TYPE: EPR/F234
SUPPLIER: Gummi Maag
IDENTIFICATION: 159.5-1973
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: A ring of circular cross-section 2.62 mm, and of i.d. 18.72 mm (O-ring), made from ethylene-propylene rubber
APPLICATION AT CERN: Seals for vacuum systems in the range P > 100 Pa
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, switched-off reactor position 35 in air, dose rate approx. 10 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 105,1 X 106, 3 X 106 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Elongation and tensile stress at break were measured with samples mounted on a silicone-lubrified fitting disk whose two halves were separated at a speed of 100 mm/min. Hardness Shore test. The compression set (modified French standard NF-T 46.011) is given as the permanent deformation in percent of the deformation under compression during irradiation (25%) as measured after a settling time of 30min.
RESULTS: The elongation at break reached the limiting value of 100% at a dose of 3 X 106 Gy. However, the compression set measurement indicated a loosening of the compressed ring already at 10* Gy.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 31
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-»
106 107 108
283
s SEAL (O-ring) BASE MATERIAL: Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR)
TYPE: EP851ENA
SUPPLIER: Walther Prâzision
IDENTIFICATION: 160-1975
300
0 0.5 DoselGyl
1.0X1
SYMBOL PROPERTY INITIAL VALl
•} elongation at break 587% 342% 404%
O •
<
tensile strength 4.5 MPa 8.3 MPa 8.5 MPa
<>•
hardness 25 Shore D 14 Shore D
DIMENSIONS TYPE a TYPEb
Inner diameter (mm) Outer diameter (mm) Thickness (mm) Section
25 37.5
4 Y-shaped
44 50 3
circle
TYPE
a b c a b c a c
TYPEc
15 25 2
square
284
s SEAL (O-ring)
BASE MATERIAL: Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR)
TYPE: EP851ENA
SUPPLIER: Walther Prâzision
IDENTIFICATION: 160-1975
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: O-rings of different cross-sections (see types a, b. c, in the table on opposite page), all made from ethylene-propylene rubber
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position 11 in water, dose rate approx. 400 Gy/s Doses: 5X 106,1 X 107Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Elongation and tensile stress at break were measured with samples mounted on a silicone-lubrified fitting disk whose two halves were separated at a speed of 100 mm/min. Hardness Shore test.
RESULTS: Whereas the value of 100% for the elongation at break was situated between 0.7 and 0.9 X 107 Gy for all three types of cross-sections, at 1 X 107 Gy the circular type remained the best with 83%, with the other two at half this value. The tensile stress at break remained nearly unchanged for the circular cross-section but decreased by a factor of 2.3 for type (a) and 3.5 for type (c). The hardness test also yielded different results, but was not applicable for type (b).
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 32
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
106 107 101
285
101 102 103 10" 105
Dose (Gy)->
s SEAL (O-ring) BASE MATERIAL: Fluorinated copolymer
TYPE: Viton E60C
SUPPLIER: Gummi Maag
IDENTIFICATION: 159.4-1973
0 1.0 2.0X106 3.0 DoselGyl
SYMBOL PROPERTY INITIAL VALUES
• elongation at break 201% • tensile strength 7.8 MPa • hardness 44.5 Shore D • compression set -[%] For • , y is not normalized to f(0)
286
SEAL (O-ring) BASE MATERIAL: Fluorinated copolymer
TYPE: Viton E60C
SUPPLIER: Gummi Maag
IDENTIFICATION: 159.4-1973
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: A ring of circular cross-section 2.7 mm and of i.d. 18.4 mm (O-ring), made from a copolymer of viny-lidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene (Viton)
APPLICATION AT CERN: Seals for vacuum systems not exposed to radiation.
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, switched-off reactor position 35 in air, dose rate approx. 10 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 10 5,1 X 106, 3 X 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Elongation and tensile stress at break were measured with samples mounted on a silicone-lubrified fitting disk whose two halves were separated at a speed of 100 mm/min. Hardness Shore test. The compression set (modified French standard NF-T 46.011) is given as the permanent deformation in percent of the deformation under compression during irradiation (25%) as measured after a settling time of 30min.
RESULTS: The elongation at break decreased very rapidly, and already reached 100% at 2.5 X 105 Gy (extrapolated). At all doses tested (above 5 X 105 Gy), the ring loosened because of shrinking during irradiation when compressed to 75%.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 31
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 108
287
SEAL (O-ring) BASE MATERIAL: Nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR)
TYPE: PRP 138-70
SUPPLIER: Precision Rubber
IDENTIFICATION: 159.2-1973
f/f(0) [%l
Dose|Gy
SYMBOL PROPERTY
# elongation at break • tensile strength • hardness • compression set For • , y is not normalized to f(0)
INITIAL VALUES
474% 17.1 MPa
38.5 Shore D 28%
288
s SEAL (O-ring)
BASE MATERIAL: Nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR)
TYPE: PRP 138-70
SUPPLIER: Precision Rubber
IDENTIFICATION: 159.2-1973
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: A ring of circular cross-section 2.6 mm and of i.d. 18.7 mm (O-ring), made from a blend of nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) with polyurethane and polychloroprene rubber, especially for use in a radiation environment.
APPLICATION AT CERN: Various vacuum seals
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, switched-off reactor position 35 in air, dose rate approx. 10 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 105, 1 X 106, 3 X 106 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Elongation and tensile stress at break were measured with samples mounted on a silicone-lubrified fitting disk whose two halves were separated at a speed of 100 mm/min. Hardness Shore test. The compression set (modified French standard NF-T 46.011) is given as the permanent deformation in percent of the deformation under compression during irradiation (25%) as measured after a settling time of 30min.
RESULTS: The elongation at break reached 100% at about 2 X 106 Gy. The compression set measurements indicated no loosening of the seal at 3 X 106 Gy.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 31
APPRECIATION: See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
101 10' 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 108
289
s SEAL (O-ring) BASE MATERIAL: Polyurethane rubber (PUR)
TYPE: UR76
SUPPLIER: Angst & Pfister
IDENTIFICATION: 159.6-1973
f/f(0) [%]
Dose(Gyl
SYMBOL PROPERTY INITIAL VAU
• elongation at break 193% • tensile strength 12.7 MPa • hardness 43 Shore D • compression set -
For4 , y is not normalized to f(0)
290
SEAL (O-ring) BASE MATERIAL: Polyurethane rubber (PUR)
TYPE: UR 76
SUPPLIER: Angst & Pfister
IDENTIFICATION: 159.6-1973
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: A ring of circular cross-section 2.62 mm and of i.d. 12.37 mm (O-ring), made from polyurethane rubber (PUR)
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, switched-off reactor position 35 in air, dose rate approx. 10Gy/s Doses: 5 X 105,1 X 106, 3 X 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Elongation and tensile stress at break were measured with samples mounted on a silicone-lubrified fitting disk whose two halves were separated at a speed of 100 mm/min. Hardness Shore test. The compression set (modified French standard NF-T 46.011) is given as the permanent deformation in percent of the deformation under compression during irradiation (25%) as measured after a settling time of 30min.
RESULTS: The elongation at break already reached 100% value at 7 X 105 Gy. At all doses, the compression set was > 100%, i.e. the seal had loosened.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 31
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 108
291
SEAL (O-ring) BASE MATERIAL: Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)
TYPE: JoinfraniteS6510
SUPPLIER: Le Joint Français
IDENTIFICATION: 159.1-1973
f/f(0) [%]
DoselGy
SYMBOL PROPERTY
• elongation at break • tensile strength • hardness • compression set For • , y is not normalized to f(0)
INITIAL VALUES
548% 17.8 MPa
36 Shore D 23%
292
SEAL (O-ring) BASE MATERIAL: Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)
TYPE: JoinfraniteS6510
SUPPLIER: Le Joint Français
IDENTIFICATION: 159.1-1973
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: A ring of circular cross-section 2.70 mm and of i.d. 18.40 mm (O-ring), made from styrene-butadiene rubber especially for nuclear application
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, switched-off reactor position 35 in air, dose rate approx. 10 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 105,1 X 106,3 X 106Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Elongation and tensile stress at break were measured with samples mounted on a silicone-lubrified fitting disk whose two halves were separated at a speed of 100 mm/min. Hardness Shore test. The compression set (modified French standard NF-T 46.011) is given as the permanent deformation in percent of the deformation under compression during irradiation (25%) as measured after a settling time of30min.
RESULTS: The elongation at break reached 100% at a dose of 2 X 106 Gy. The compression set measurements indicated no loosening at 3 X 105 Gy.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 31
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
1 1 ll 101 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-H
106 107 108
293
SILICON DETECTOR BASE MATERIAL: Silicon crystal
TYPE: Various, see table below
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 21-1976
List of particle detectors irradiated in the ASTRA reactor
Supplier Model Type Dimensions (mrrr X //m)
Fluence (n/m !)
- ITC 29-100-456 BTC 100-300-453
Implanted Surface barrier
30.2 X 105 110.4X305
1 X 10" 4 X 10"
- FD. 100.20.300 C/S/02 FD.200.20.500 C/S/02
Keyhole s.b. Keyhole s.b.
100.0 X 312 200.0X515
4 X 10" 4 X 10"
- TI-020-025-100/15-829A TD-010-030-100/15-828F
Implanted Keyhole s.b.
25.0 X 101.4 30.0 X 90
1 X 10 1 8
1 X 10"
- BPY-83-300/DI464 Surface barrier 105.0X288 2X 10"
- 030-PIN-100-TM-C-100-PIN-300-TM-C-
•01 -02
Diffused Diffused
30.0 X 107 100.0 X 310
1 X 10" 4 X 10"
Result of defect evaluation by thermally stimulated current methods. Comparison of muon, gamma, and neutron irradiation
Material Energy level of Muons Gamma rays Neutrons
Material defect
E T(eV)
E = 2 GeV
up to
6 0 Co
up to
E > 0 . 1 MeV
Resistivity Type
defect
E T(eV)
E = 2 GeV
up to
6 0 Co
up to up to (fi-m) 2.5 X 1 0 n m - ! 5.6 X 106 Gy 10" m" 2
4 N 0.29 ± 0.02 Yes (10) No No 10 N 0.34 ± 0.02 No Yes No 46 N 0.40 ± 0.02 Yes (20) No Yes/No 46 N 0.44 ± 0.02 No Yes (10" 2) Yes 50 P 0.26 ± 0.02 Yes (3) Yes (10-"') No
Yes and No indicate whether a certain defect was found. The values in brackets give the introduction rate of this defect; that is. the number of defects introduced per unit volume and unit irradiation fluence, in units of m _ l .
294
s SILICON DETECTOR
BASE MATERIAL: Silicon crystal
TYPE: Various, see table on opposite page
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 21-1976
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Silicon particle detectors (see table on opposite page) as received, and high-resistivity slices of silicon crystals, P-type and N-type, ranging from 7-90 fi • m for the evaluation of defects
APPLICATION AT CERN: Particle detectors in the neutrino beam monitoring system Silicon target telescope High-resolution vertex detector (silicon microstrip detector)
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, standard neutron irradiation facility (SNIF) flux: 4.8 X 10 1 3 n/m 2 s
(E>0.1MeV) Fluences: 4 X 10 1 6,2 X 101 7, 1 X 10 1 8 n/m2
METHODS OF TESTING: Reverse-current measurement of the detectors; quality of 2 4 1 Am «-spectra obtained with these detectors; mechanical tests. For the raw samples, characterization of introduced defects using thermally stimulated current (TSC) techniques (Ref. 33).
RESULTS: All detectors were useless for measuring an a -particle spectrum after irradiation. Up to a fluence of ~ 10 n n /m 2 , they were still useful for the detection of strong particle flux. Reverse currents increased up to about 100 mA/m2 (zero dose values: 2-20), but after one year they have recovered to 10-20 mA/ra2. The TSC measurement revealed the absence of two shallow defect levels usually found in charged particle and gamma irradiation, whereas the two deeper ones were present.
Remarks: For the fluence-to-dose conversion, the factor of 4 X 10 1 5 Gy • m 2 for ( C H ^ material was applied (see Section 2) for comparison purposes. The true dose in silicon is obtained by applying a factor of 1.2 X 1 0 - | 6 G y m 2 (Ref. 15).
REFERENCES: 33
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Dose (Gy)-»
295
SWITCH BASE MATERIAL: Glass/mica
TYPE: GV3FN;Micatherm
SUPPLIER: Burgess
IDENTIFICATION: 23-1977
Dose[Gyl
SYMBOL PROPERTY
# breakdown voltage case • breakdown voltage lever • dielectrical resistance core
dielectrical resistance lever • For-
INITIAL VALUES
13 kV 7.5 kV
3 X 101 3Q 4 X 10 1 2fi
and • , y = - 1 0 log f/f(0) has been plotted (decibels)
296
s SWITCH
BASE MATERIAL: Glass/mica
TYPE: GV3FN;Micatherm
SUPPLIER: Burgess
IDENTIFICATION: 23-1977
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Microswitch: casing made from Micatherm (glass and mica); lever made from AljO, with Teflon coating. Metallic parts were not irradiated. This switch is especially designed for nuclear applications, and of compatible dimensions with the standard type GV3 (see Switch, made of thermosetting resin).
APPLICATION AT CERN: Used for interlock switches in the Super Proton Synchrotron splitter magnets
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position 11 in water, dose rate 400 Gy/s Doses: 5X 107,1 X 10 8Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Resistance and dielectric breakdown measurements, through the Micatherm casing ( 1 mm thick)
RESULTS: The breakdown voltage decreased a little at 108 Gy but was still sufficiently high (9.5 and 8 kV, for the casing and the lever, respectively). Also, the resistance of the casing decreased by about three decades, but still remained sufficient with 10 1 0 fi. Only the Teflon coating of the lever disappeared, indicating that there might be some increase in the force needed to operate the switch.
Remarks: See page 303 for standard version of the same type
REFERENCES: 34
APPRECIATION: See Appendix 7
101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-n
106 107 10"
297
s SWITCH
BASE MATERIAL: Thermoplastic resin
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 2-1976
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Turning switch used in vacuum equipment, rated 220 V, 10 A to 500 V, 5 A. The lever axis consists of a plastic tube, 15 0 X 60 (in mm), to cover the rather long distances from panel to equipment.
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type : Reactor ASTRA, switched-off reactor position 3 5 in air, dose rate approx. 10 Gy/s Doses: 2.4 X 106Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Operational test
RESULTS: No longer worked. Lever-handle axis damaged; plastic nut damaged.
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
no test 101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)n
106 107 10"
299
s SWITCH
BASE MATERIAL: Thermoplastic resin
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 32-1979
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Limit switch, 10 A. 500 V a.c.. metallic casing. Only organic materials, such as cam-rolls for pulley drive, were irradiated. The switch itself is ceramic and metal.
APPLICATION AT CERN: Limit switch for the hadron absorber in the Super Proton Synchrotron muon beam. Radiation-sensitive elements have been replaced by Vetronit (insulator) and metal parts.
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 106, 5 X 10" Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Qualitative mechanical test
RESULTS: Irradiated items did not break but showed increased brittleness
Remarks: As a precautionary measure, the sensitive items were replaced by more radiation-resistant ones for application at CERN
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
1 11 |«-po test-* 10' 102 103 104 105 10 6 10 7 101
Dose (Gy)->
301
s SWITCH
BASE MATERIAL: Thermosetting resin
TYPE: GV3
SUPPLIER: Burgess
IDENTIFICATION: 24-1977
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Microswitch for standard applications. Case made of a thermosetting resin.
APPLICATION AT CERN: Various; CERN stores No. SCEM 06.92.32.560.7
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, switched-off reactor position 35 in air, dose rate approx. 10 Gy/s Doses: 3 X 106 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: No tests possible, broken
RESULTS: Organic parts were brittle and broken
Remarks: See page 297 for radiation-resistant version of the same type
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
10' 102 103 104 105 106
Dose (Gy)-»
107 108
303
Entries and cross-references
Tape see Adhesive tape see Insulating tape
Teflon (PTFE), trade name of Du Pont see Heating element
Tefzel, trade name of Du Pont ETFE copolymer, see Cable tie
TERMINAL BOARD Polyester, filled
Textile Table of general relative radiation effects in Appendix 5
Thermoplastic resin Table of general relative radiation effects in Appendix 5
THERMOSETTING RESIN Table of general relative radiation effects in Appendix 5 Epoxy-phenol-novolac resin Epoxy resin
THERMOSHRINKING SHEATH
T Materials listed in General Tables in Appendix 5
Teflon, trade name of Du Pont Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) see Cable insulation, p. 21 see G-value, p. 24 see Hose, p. 25 see Thermoplastic resin, p. 29
Tefzel, trade name of Du Pont Ethylene-tetrafluoroethyiene copolymer see Cable insulation, p. 21
Tetrachloromethane see G-value, p. 23
Tribromomethane see G-value, p. 23
Trichloromethane see G-value, p. 23
307
T TERMINAL BOARD
BASE MATERIAL: Polyester, filled
TYPE: PI
SUPPLIER: CERCEM
IDENTIFICATION: 171.3-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Contact board for 1.1 kW electric motor made from mineral and glass-charged polyester
APPLICATION AT CERN:
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, switched-off reactor position 35 in air, dose rate approx. 10Gy/s Doses: 1 X 106Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Visual only
RESULTS: Colour changed from grey before irradiation to black after 1 X 106 Gy. There were no other apparent defects.
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 19
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
<— no jest —•
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 10'
Dose (Gy)->
309
THERMOSETTING RESIN BASE MATERIAL: Epoxy-phenol-novolac resin
TYPE: EPN1138/MY745/CY221/HY905
SUPPLIER: Ciba-Geigy
IDENTIFICATION: R297-1976
N* 2 9 7
S .M
1 0
1 O
§5
1 0
1 0
) F = = 4 = - = = = i = = = — *! - i ^ 3 ; — 3 1
^
_.. 1; * '
MM 2 ' -=—_,_
\
I I 4 U . . . . .
1
MM! PÊÊÊ!! 4 .....
—\r o /_J—LL
1 0
MATERIAL: EPN 1138+MY 74 5 + CY 221+HY 905-»XB2687
! SUPPLIER: C I B A - GEIGY
REMARKS : I S R - R E S I N
1 0 '
CURVE PROPERTY INITIAL VALUE
1 0 - 1 s ULTIMATE FLEXURAL STRENGTH 126.0 M p *
D DEFLEXION HT BRERK
M MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
12.0 n u n
3BII0.0 M P a
1 0
10° 10'
ABSORBED DOSE tGy)
10'
310
T THERMOSETTING RESIN
BASE MATERIAL: Epoxy-phenol-novolac resin
TYPE: EPN1138/MY745/CY221/HY905
SUPPLIER: Ciba-Geigy
IDENTIFICATION: R297-1976
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Resins: EPN1138, Araldite MY745, Araldite CY22I (epoxy-phenol-novolac, Bisphenol A. modified); anhydride hardener HY905; accelerator XB2687 (ammonium phenolate), in the concentration of 50:50:20:120:0.3 parts per weight. Curing: 24 h at 120 °C.
APPLICATION AT CERN: Vacuum impregnation of Intersecting Storage Rings magnet coils
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position 11 in water, dose rate 400 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 106, 1 X 107,2.5 X 107, 5 X 10 7Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Standard flexion test (ISO 178) according to IEC 544
RESULTS: See opposite page
Remarks: More information on thermosetting resins can be found in Part II (Ref. 2)
REFERENCES: 16
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
10 7 108
311
101 102 103 104 105 106
Dose (Gy)->
THERMOSETTING RESIN BASE MATERIAL: Epoxy resin
TYPE: Araldite MY 745/HY 906
SUPPLIER: Ciba-Geigy
IDENTIFICATION: R298-1976
N* 2 9 8 S , M
1 O
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 • " • -
•4 1
1 ^ j
Ira „..i^X * - . B - - -ir V I . H'
V
3 \ c
2 i h1 l - ~ - ! f e ::::=§ sz :::::
-5 V \
1
- ^ -Y s
MATERIAL:
i SUPPLIER: t o 1
REMARKS s
1 0 °
MY 7 4 5 H- HY 9 0 6 X B 2 6 8 7
C I B A - G E I G Y
S P S - R E S I N
CURVE PROPERTY INITIAL V9LUE
1 0 " S M.TIIWTE FLEXUBflL STRENGTH 100.0 t ^ P a
D DEFLEXION RT BREAK
M M00ULUS OF ELBSTICITT
S. 4 m m
3780.0 M P <
1 0 - 2
1 0 ' 1 0 1 0 '
ABSORBED DOSE t G y )
312
T THERMOSETTING RESIN
BASE MATERIAL: Epoxy resin
TYPE: Araldite MY 745/HY 906
SUPPLIER: Ciba-Geigy
IDENTIFICATION: R298-1976
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Epoxy resin: Araldite MY 745, (Bisphenol A, modified); hardener: HY 906 (methyl nadic anhydride MNA); accelerator: XB 2687 (anmmonium phenolate) in the concentration 100:90:1.5. Curing: 5 h at 110°Cand l6ha t l25°C.
APPLICATION AT CERN: Vacuum impregnation of Super Proton Synchrotron magnet coils
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position 11 in water, dose rate 400 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 106, 1 X 107,2.5 X 107, 5 X 107 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Standard flexion test (ISO 178) according to IEC 544
RESULTS: See opposite page
Remarks: More information on thermosetting resins can be found in Part II (Ref. 2)
REFERENCES: 16
APPRECIATION: See Appendix 7
Degradation of mechanical properties:
I I I 1 I 1 I I B M 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Dose (Gy)-»
313
T THERMOSHRINKING SHEATH BASE MATERIAL: Polyolefins. poly vinylidene fluoride
TYPE: See table below
SUPPLIER: Raychem
IDENTIFICATION: 151-1974
Type Property I dose in Gy I
RNF 100/2 DR 25 Kynar
Elastomer Polyolefin Polyvinylidene fluoride
0.3 0.5 0.2 3,4 3,4 3,4
6.8 Unchanged
6.5 Unchanged
5.8 Unchanged
White transp. Yellow transp.
Black Black
White transp. Yellow transp.
Base material Polyolefin
Wall thickness (mm) 0.3 Core diameter (mm) 4
External diameter (mm) , „ 6 . . , ' , 110 I Unchanged
r . (105l White C o , 0 u r [10*1 Wh,te
314
THERMOSHRINKING SHEATH BASE MATERIAL: Polyolefins, polyvinylidene fluoride
TYPE: See table on opposite page
SUPPLIER: Raychem
IDENTIFICATION: 151-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Tubes of thermoshrinking material (for dimensions, see table on opposite page), used as electrical insulation sleeves, made from radiation cross-linked polyolefins. and from polyvinylidene fluoride (Kynar)
APPLICATION AT CERN :
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS:
Type: Reactor ASTRA, switched-off reactor position 35 in air, dose rate approx. 10 Gy/s Doses: I X 10\ 1 X 10 6 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Samples of length ~ 70 to 100 mm, with the inner part shrunk on a cylindrical aluminium core of 3 or 4 mm diameter, were irradiated and afterwards tested qualitatively for elasticity and tightness of grip in the shrunken zone
RESULTS: At both doses there was no change in the external diameter of the unshrunken part nor in the tightness of the adherence of the shrunken part to the core. Disassembly is not possible by hand without tearing the sheath into pieces. The unshrunken part apparently did not lose its flexibility.
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
no est 101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107
315
u Materials listed in General Tables in Appendix 5
Urea-formaldehyde see Thermosetting resin, p. 30
Entries and cross-references
VACUUM CHAMBER TUBE Epoxy/stratified glass fibres
VACUUM GASKET Synthetic rubber
VACUUM PUMP ACCESSORY Epoxy-resin/carbon
VACUUM SEAL Fluoroalkyl-polyether
VACUUM VALVE Polyamide
Valvata, trade name of Shell Mineral oil, see Insulating oil
VALVE
Vestolene, trade name of Chemische Werke Hiils AG Polyethylene, see Cable tie
Viton, trade name of Du Pont Fluorinated copolymer, see Seal
Materials listed in General Tables in Appendix 5
Vinylchloride polymers see Cable insulation, p. 21 see G-value, p. 24 see Hose, p. 25 see Paint, p. 27 see Thermoplastic resin, p. 29
Vinyl fibres see Textile, p. 28
V VACUUM CHAMBER TUBE
BASE MATERIAL: Epoxy/stratified glass fibres
TYPE: S.V.E., roving type E
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 204-1979
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Tube of dimensions 100 mm 0 X 3.5 mm wall thickness, made from epoxy resin reinforced with 75% stratified glass fibres (circumferential direction); use intended for beam vacuum chamber sections
APPLICATION AT CERN: Vacuum pipe in fast pulsed dipole magnet (type MDFP) installed in Super Proton Synchrotron TT20
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position 11 in water, dose rate 400 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 106,1 X 107, 5 X 10 7Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Controlling of surface with a mechanical micrometer
RESULTS: According to the supplier, the internal surface roughness is 1 to 1.5 fim before irradiation. At 5 X 106 Gy, only a change in colour was noticed. At 1 X 107 Gy, bubbles about 10/im high were found at the surface, and at 5 X 107 Gy these bubbles attained a height of 200//m and a diameter of 5 mm.
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Dose (Gy)->
321
V VACUUM GASKET
BASE MATERIAL: Synthetic rubber
TYPE: Buna
SUPPLIER: Unknown
IDENTIFICATION: 46.2-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Gaskets made from synthetic rubber (Buna) and employed in vacuum valves
APPLICATION AT CERN: Super Proton Synchrotron sector valves
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type : Reactor ASTRA, switched-off reactor position 3 5 in air, dose rate approx. 10 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 106Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Operational test
RESULTS: Satisfactory operation after this dose
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
<— no jest —•
10' 102 103 104 105 106 107 10'
Dose (Gy)->
323
V VACUUM PUMP ACCESSORY
BASE MATERIAL: Epoxy resin/carbon
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: Leybold Heraeus
IDENTIFICATION: 48-1977
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Epoxy resin coated with activated charcoal for pumping element in cryopumps
APPLICATION AT CERN: Used in cryopump for polarized hydrogen targets to be installed in the Super Proton Synchrotron vacuum system
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, switched-off reactor position 35 in air, dose rate approx. 10 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 10 6 ,5X 106Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Remounted into equipment for operational testing
RESULTS: Operated satisfactory after these doses
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
1 1 1 <—\\o test-» 10' 102 103 104 105 106 107 10'
Dose (Gy)->
325
V VACUUM SEAL
BASE MATERIAL: Fluoroalkyl-polyether
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 186-1976
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Vacuum feedthrough for mechanical motion transfer, consisting of an iron cylinder in an annular permanent magnet, the gap between them being filled by magnetic fluid
APPLICATION AT CERN: Rotary feedthrough for collimator XCHV in the Super Proton Synchrotron
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, switched-off reactor position 35 in air, dose rate approx. 10 Gy/s Doses: 1 X 10 6 ,5X 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Mechanical operational check
RESULTS: The total assembly was irradiated to 1 X 106 Gy, and a slight increase in viscosity of the magnetic fluid was observed. Samples of magnetic fluid were irradiated up to 5 X 10* Gy, but they were no longer usable at this dose (partially solidified).
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
10' 102 103 10" 105
Dose (Gy)-H
106 107 108
327
V VACUUM VALVE
BASE MATERIAL: Polyamide
TYPE: MAC (heavy type); Nylon
SUPPLIER: VAT
IDENTIFICATION: 47-1979
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Valve with Nylon joints
APPLICATION AT CERN: Used for fast-acting valves for the Super Proton Synchrotron vacuum system
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, switched-off reactor position 35 in air, dose rate approx. 10Gy/s Doses: I X 106 Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Operational test
RESULTS: Nylon joints broken after this dose of 106 Gy
Remarks: Nylon replaced by Perbunan C (chloroprene rubber) for application at CERN.
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
101 102 103 104 105
Dose (GyH
106 107 108
329
V VACUUM VALVE
BASE MATERIAL: Various
TYPE: Lucifer
SUPPLIER: Sperry Vickers Lucifer S.A.
IDENTIFICATION: 46.1-1974
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Electromagnetically operated valve (vacuum equipment)
APPLICATION AT CERN: Used in sector valves in the Super Proton Synchrotron
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, switched-off reactor position 35 in air, dose rate approx. 10 Gy/s Doses: 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Operational test
RESULTS: Operated satisfactory after these doses
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
p— no est —» 101 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 108
331
V VALVE
BASE MATERIAL: Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR)
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 235-1973
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Regulating piston of a Constaflo JRK automatic water regulator, type 4 ^/min, made from ethylene-propylene rubber type T/5029-1 (EPDM) of Huber & Suhner
APPLICATION AT CERN: Employed in the cooling systems for the Super Proton Synchrotron RF cavities, situated 50 cm from the beam axis
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5X 105,1 X 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Hardness Shore D test
RESULTS: Before irradiation, the hardness was 29 Shore D. After a dose of 5 X 105 Gy, the hardness increased by 37% (39.5 Shore D), and after 1 X 106 Gy by 47% (42.5 Shore D).
Remarks:
REFERENCES:
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
10' 102 103 104 105
Dose (Gy)-i
106 107 108
333
w Entries and cross-references
Wire see Insulated wire
WOOD Oak wood Chipboard/mica/resin
Materials listed in General Tables in Appendix 5
Wool see Textile, p. 28
335
w WOOD
BASE MATERIAL: Oak wood, natural
TYPE:
SUPPLIER:
IDENTIFICATION: 242.2-1978
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Small samples of oak wood
APPLICATION AT CERN: Used in the construction of the lock-chambers for the Super Proton Synchrotron neutrino satefy access pit
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5X 105,1 X 10 6Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Qualitative. Flexural tests not possible because of the different orientation of the lamination.
RESULTS: No apparent damage
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 35
APPRECIATION: See Appendix 7
<— no jest —» 10' 102 103 104 105 106 107 101
Dose (Gy)-+
337
w WOOD BASE MATERIAL: Wood/mica/resin
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 242.1-1978
f/f(0) [%]
DoselGy]
SYMBOL PROPERTY
deflection at break flexurai strength
INITIAL VALUES
1.0 mm 4.9 MPa
338
w WOOD
BASE MATERIAL: Wood/mica/resin
TYPE: -
SUPPLIER: -
IDENTIFICATION: 242.1-1978
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL: Chipboard panels made from wood and expanded mica, cut into flexural test specimens of dimensions 80 X 20 X 4 mm2. Fireproof material.
APPLICATION AT CERN: Used in the construction of the lock-chambers in the Super Proton Synchrotron neutrino satefy access pit (emergency exit)
IRRADIATION CONDITIONS: Type: Reactor ASTRA, position E1 in air, dose rate 30 Gy/s Doses: 5 X 105, 1 X 106Gy
METHODS OF TESTING: Standard flexural test employing the procedure in ISO 178 for rigid plastics
RESULTS: At 5 X 10s and 1 X 106 Gy, the deflection at break decreased by 35% and 42%, respectively
Remarks:
REFERENCES: 35
APPRECIATION : See Appendix 7
| | 1 1 | B « - no {est -» 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Dose (Gy)->
339