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Organic Substrate Selection Considerations for ContaminantSpecific Treatment Using Bioinfiltration Systems Paul A. Hagerty, P.E., Hagerty Environmental, LLC Linda A. Figueroa, Ph.D., P.E., Colorado School of Mines Jim Fricke, Resource Management Consultants

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Page 1: Organic Substrate Selection Considerations for Specific … · 2020-04-25 · The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1993 • Pennsylvania

Organic Substrate Selection Considerations for Contaminant‐Specific Treatment Using 

Bioinfiltration Systems

Paul A. Hagerty, P.E., Hagerty Environmental, LLCLinda A. Figueroa, Ph.D., P.E., Colorado School of Mines

Jim Fricke, Resource Management Consultants

Page 2: Organic Substrate Selection Considerations for Specific … · 2020-04-25 · The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1993 • Pennsylvania

PRESENTATION OVERVIEWPURPOSEShare research and experience on passive organic treatment systemsCommonality with bioinfiltration systems

Bioinfiltration (aka bioretention or rain gardens)• Biological treatment of stormwater using organic substrate

Passive Organic Treatment (aka biochem reactor)• Biological treatment of industrial and mining effluent and/or groundwater using organic substrates

Page 3: Organic Substrate Selection Considerations for Specific … · 2020-04-25 · The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1993 • Pennsylvania

PASSIVE ORGANIC vs BIORETENTION

Passive Organic Treatment System 

Bioretention Cell / Rain Garden (courtesy PADEP)

Page 4: Organic Substrate Selection Considerations for Specific … · 2020-04-25 · The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1993 • Pennsylvania

ORGANIC SOURCES• Numerous substrate ingredients• Bioretention references specify “planting soil” “mulch” “compost” Infers that any organics will do

• Research and experience indicate that all organics are not created equal

Page 5: Organic Substrate Selection Considerations for Specific … · 2020-04-25 · The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1993 • Pennsylvania

WHAT DOES THE ORGANIC DO?

Biological treatment mediated by microorganisms (e.g., bacteria)

Microorganisms only need three things:1. Favorable Environment (aerobic/anaerobic)2. Energy Source (electron donor) ‐ carbon3. Nutrients (macro and micro) 

Organic substrate provides e‐ donor and carbon (heterotrophic microorganisms)

Page 6: Organic Substrate Selection Considerations for Specific … · 2020-04-25 · The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1993 • Pennsylvania

CONTAMINANT‐SPECIFIC TREATMENT

Appropriate substrate selection requires an understanding of treatment processes

CONTAMINANT BIOLOGICAL PROCESS CONDITIONS

Petroleum Hydrocarbons

Aerobic  Biodegradation Aerobic – Hydrocarbon is carbon source

Nitrate Denitrification (Facultative) Facultative ‐ Carbon

Heavy Metals (Pb, Cu, Zn)

Sulfate Reduction (Obligate Anaerobes)

Anaerobic – Carbon ‐Reducing Conditions

Chlorinated Solvents (TCE)

Reductive Dehalogenation Anaerobic – Carbon ‐Reducing Conditions

Page 7: Organic Substrate Selection Considerations for Specific … · 2020-04-25 · The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1993 • Pennsylvania

LONG‐TERM BIOAVAILABILITY HOW LONG WILL CARBON LAST?• Passive Organic Systems

– Originally thought 30+ years– Many systems are lasting 3‐10 years

• Are bioretention systems infinite??• Bioavailability Tests

– Select Substrate Ingredients– Predict Longevity of Substrate Mix– Identify If Substrate Is Spent

Page 8: Organic Substrate Selection Considerations for Specific … · 2020-04-25 · The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1993 • Pennsylvania

BIOAVAILABILITY – PLANT STRUCTUREPlant Mass Constituents 

Biodegradability– Cellulose– Hemicellulose– Lignin

Lignin is the cementing agent and is the key to bioavailability

Page 9: Organic Substrate Selection Considerations for Specific … · 2020-04-25 · The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1993 • Pennsylvania

BIOAVAILABIILTY TESTINGLIGNIN CONTENT METHOD• 1967 (Van Soest) and 1980 (Chandler)• Predictive model between lignin content and biodegradability

ESF/WSF METHOD• Good Indicators ‐Water‐soluble fraction (WSF) and ethanol soluble fraction (ESF).• Poor Indicators ‐ Organic carbon and total organic content

(Figueroa, Seyler and Wildeman)

Page 10: Organic Substrate Selection Considerations for Specific … · 2020-04-25 · The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1993 • Pennsylvania

REGENERATION METHODS • Excavate and Replace• Liquid Carbon

– Slow Release: Edible Oil Substrate

– Soluble: Ethanol (Leviathan Mine)

• Zero Valent Iron (ZVI) –Anaerobic e‐ donor

• Alfalfa Pellets (Labile Carbon)• Stockpile and Wait (fungi)

Page 11: Organic Substrate Selection Considerations for Specific … · 2020-04-25 · The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1993 • Pennsylvania

GRAIN SIZE IMPACTSMETHOD – Plot grain size fractions vs SRR and % metals 

removal, where: SRR – Sulfate Reduction Rate (mol SO4/m3‐day) % Removal of total and dissolved Zn and Pb

R² = 0.245

R² = 0.7325

R² = 0.2836

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

45.00

50.00

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Percen

tage of P

article Size

Percent (%) Total Zinc Removal

Grain Size vs. %T Zn Removal

%T Zn vs C Sand

%T Zn vs M Sand

%T Zn vs F Sand

Linear (%T Zn vs C Sand)

Linear (%T Zn vs M Sand)

Linear (%T Zn vs F Sand)

Page 12: Organic Substrate Selection Considerations for Specific … · 2020-04-25 · The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1993 • Pennsylvania

GRAIN SIZE ‐ CONCLUSIONSHypothesis Plausible – Grain size can effect treatment efficiency

Optimized Substrate Mix• Large, stable grain size component (e.g., coarse gravel) for stability• Significant medium sand size component for total metals removal• Minimal quantity of fine sand size and “fines” (i.e., passing #200)

COARSE MATRIX

MEDIUM SAND SIZE MINIMAL “FINES”

Page 13: Organic Substrate Selection Considerations for Specific … · 2020-04-25 · The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1993 • Pennsylvania

GRAIN SIZE / PERMEABILITY

COARSE MATRIX

MEDIUM SAND SIZE MINIMAL “FINES”

1.00E‐04

1.00E‐03

1.00E‐02

1.00E‐01

1.00E+000 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000

Hydraulic Con

ductivity

 (cm/sec)

Biocell Surface Area (SF)

Biocell Sizing as a Fxn(K) (500 gpm: 6 ft depth)

Size by K

Zone of Inefficient MeS Capture

Zone of Permeability Control

Optimum Permeability Range

Page 14: Organic Substrate Selection Considerations for Specific … · 2020-04-25 · The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1993 • Pennsylvania

PASSIVE NITRATE TREATMENT Sources ‐ Fertilization, CAFO, septic systemsDenitrification ‐ Facultative ‐ organic carbon

POINTTM System for Septic System Nitrate Treatment

SUBSTRATE SELECTION ‐ HYPOTHESIS/RESEARCH1. Less carbon consumed – longer bed life2. Biomass accumulation – hydraulics3. Grain size not critical – larger is better

Page 15: Organic Substrate Selection Considerations for Specific … · 2020-04-25 · The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1993 • Pennsylvania

NITRATE TREATMENT TESTING 

Page 16: Organic Substrate Selection Considerations for Specific … · 2020-04-25 · The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1993 • Pennsylvania

OTHER ORGANIC ISSUES• Color at Start‐up• Natural Acids

– Analytical Interference– Metal ComplexationInterference

• N2 and H2S– Hydraulic Restrictions– Nuisance Odors

• Metals Mobilization– As, Fe, Mn

Page 17: Organic Substrate Selection Considerations for Specific … · 2020-04-25 · The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1993 • Pennsylvania

WHAT’S THE RIGHT ORGANIC MIX?• Project‐ and Contaminant‐specific • Primary Selection Criteria

– Source Availability– Economics

• Secondary Selection Criteria and Misc Factors  – Some labile carbon for start‐up (alfalfa/cotton)– Some long‐term carbon for longevity (wood chips)– Inoculum only if quick start‐up is desired– Manures can be good and bad– Hardwood vs soft wood (density hypothesis)– If softwood  Careful of saps, phenolics, etc.– Composted or uncomposted– Consider grain size– Substrate should be free of contaminants

Page 18: Organic Substrate Selection Considerations for Specific … · 2020-04-25 · The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1993 • Pennsylvania

CONCLUSIONS / REFERENCES

REFERENCES• Cornell University.  Cornell Composting Science and Engineering, (http://compost.css.cornell.edu/science.html), 

1996• Figueroa, L., Seylor, J. and Wildman, T.  Characterization of organic substrates used for anaerobic bioremediation 

of mining impacted Waters, International Mine Water Association, 2004• Hagerty, P., Figueroa, L. and Fricke, J.  The Effect of Substrate Particle Size on Sulfate Reduction Treatment 

Efficiency of Mining Influenced Waters, Society of Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (SME) Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, March 2011 

• Hagerty, P. and Taylor, J.  Nitrate Removal for On‐Lot Sewage Treatment Systems: The POINTTM System.  White paper prepared in support of an innovative on‐lot sewage treatment system for nitrate‐sensitive groundwater conditions.  December 2004

• Haug, R.  The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1993• Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP).  Pennsylvania Stormwater Best Management 

Practices Manual, December 2006 • U.S. Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment.  Technical Protocol for Enhanced Anaerobic 

Bioremediation Using Permeable Mulch Biowalls and Bioreactors, May 2008

CONCLUSIONS Information is available regarding organic substrates From a passive biological treatment standpoint, all organics are not created equal Substrate selection should be an integral component of passive biological treatment design