Organic compounds = ?

= compounds that contain CARBON(and at least one hydrogen atom)

If you remove all the water from our bodies,over half of what’s left = carbon!

carbon is a very versatile element

atomic # = 6

so… how many vacancies in outer shell?at each vacancy, carbon can form a covalent bond with another atom

H H

H

H

C

CH4 = methane

covalent bonds are _________ bonds.STRONG

this means they store a lot of energy------ and release a lot of energy when broken!

What are some common high- energy organic compounds??

carbon and hydrogen for high-E chains

FOSSIL FUELS

Monomers and Polymers

monomer = single basic subunit M

polymer= a large molecule made up of many identical or similar monomers bound together

M MM M M

Important Organic Molecules

I. Carbohydrates = simple or complex sugarsC: H: O ratio of 1: 2: 1

the most common simple sugar on the planet???

GLUCOSE (main sugar made by plants)

types of carbohydrates:

A. monosaccharides = 1 sugar

B. disaccharides = 2 sugars

C. polysaccharides = many sugars

A. monosaccharides: simple sugars

glucose fructose galactose

B. disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides linked together

sucrose = glucose + fructose

lactose = glucose + galactose

maltose = glucose + glucose (from barley malt: beer)

C. polysaccharides: polymers of many monosaccharides (can be 1,000’s) linked together

POLYSACCHARIDES

STORAGE & STRUCTURAL

1a. storage polysaccharide of plants =STARCH

rice, corn, wheat

• plants make glucose in the sunny summer store some for winter by linking many glucose molecules together to form starch

• plants also fill their seeds with starch to help new plant get started:

1b. storage polysaccharide of animals =glycogen

also made of many glucose molecules linked together

eat a meal sugar in need to store some convert to glycogen where it is stored in muscleand liver cells until we need it

“ carbo loading” before race

2a. structural polysaccharide of plants =

cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on the planet

cellulose

makes up plant cell walls

made of many glucose molecules linked together

can animals digest starch??

cellulose??

cellulose = FIBER

starch andcellulose:made of the same thing, but differ in how the monomers arelinked together

so… if animals can’t digest cellulose, what are cows & termites wasting all their time for?

they have specialized, symbiotic gut bacteria that break down the cellulose

2b. structural polysaccharide of animals =chitin

forms the exoskeleton of insects, mollusks, and fungi

Fats vs. Fatty Acids

Fat- has one, two, or three fatty acids

attached to a glycerol

molecule.

LIPIDS

Fatty Acid- a hydrocarbon chain with as many as 36 carbon atoms and a carboxyl group at

one end

Fatty Acids can be…

C-H

H-C-H

H-C-H

H

C=O

OH

H-C-H

H-C-H

H-C

C=O

OH

H-C-H

H-C-H

H-C-H

H-C-H

H-C-H

H-C-H

H

animals make:

saturated fats

“saturated with hydrogens”

plants make:

unsaturated fats

DOUBLE BONDS CAUSE “KINKS”

monounsaturated fatty acids- unsaturated at one site (one double bond)

these are liquid at room temp but solid when refrigeratedex. avocado oil, olive oil, peanut oil

polyunsaturated fatty acids- unsaturated at multiple sites

these are liquid at room temp and refrigerated ex. safflower, sunflower, soybean, fish oil, walnuts

trans fatty acids (trans fats)- formed when unsaturated fats are partially hydrogenated (“partially hydrogenated soybean oil”)

Raise LDL (bad) and lower HDL (good) cholesterol- bad for your health!

Omega- 3 fatty acids

Unsaturated fatty acids with a double bond at the 3rd space from the end of the “tail”

Found in high concentrations of fish oil, flax seeds

Important in brain and eye development, cardiovascular health, and some evidence that it

prevents some cancers

What makes fats go bad?

Fatty acid molecules smell and taste bad on their own- when they break off from their triglyceride (through hydrolysis)- they cause fat to become rancid.

Fats generally get a pretty bad rap, but….

they are very important to life

1. per gram, fat yields over 2X the E as carbs

2. animals store E with fat important to animals that can’t find food in the winter

3. fats are important in cusioning our organs

4. act as insulators to keep organisms warme.g. whales, seals, penguins

5. fats are precursors to many important compounds in our bodies:

cholesterol estrogen, testosterone, vit D& make up our cell membranes

FIRST QUIZ

Lectures 1, 2, & 3