Organic Chemistry IntroductionTopic 10.1.9 – 10.1.13

Functional Group

Formula Structural Formula

Alcohol -OH - O – H

Aldehyde -COH (on the end of a chain)

O- C – H

Ketone -CO- (can’t be on end of chain)

O- C –

Carboxylic Acid

-COOH (on the end of a chain)

O- C – O – H

Halide -Br, -Cl, -F, -I - X

Compounds up to 6 carbon atoms with functional groups (10.1.9)

Compounds up to 6 carbon atoms with functional groups (10.1.9-10)

Functional Group

Formula Suffix (or Prefix)

Alcohol -OH -ol

Aldehyde -COH -al

Ketone -CO- -one

Carboxylic Acid

-COOH -oic acid

Halide -Br, -Cl, -F, -I bromo-,chloro-, fluoro-,iodo-

Know these 7, only have to recognize the

3 in the

Alcohols: suffix = “anol”

propan-1-ol

propan-2-ol

2-methyl propan-2-ol

propanal

Note: an aldeyhde group is always on an end carbon so don’t need a number

butandianal

Aldehydes: suffix = “anal”

propanone(don’t need C#, must be in between two carbons)

butanone(don’t need C#, must be in between two carbons)

2-pentanone orpenta-2-one

Ketones: suffix = “anone”

butandione

pentan-3-one

butanoic acid

Note: a carboxyl is always on an end carbon

propandioic acid

Carboxylic Acids: suffix = “anoic acid”

1-bromopropane

2-chlorobutane

1,2-diiodoethane

1,2-difluoroethene

1,2-difluoroethene

1,1,2-trifluorothene

Halides: prefixes = “fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo”

Functional Group

Formula

Amine - NH2

Ester OR – C – O – R

Benzene

Only identify the following functional groups in structures: (10.1.11)

amino, benzene ring, ester

• with reference to the carbon that is directly bonded to an alcohol group or a halogen:– Primary = carbon atom is only bonded

to one other carbon– Secondary = carbon atom is bonded to

two other carbons– Tertiary = carbon atom is bonded to

three other carbons

10.1.12 Identify primary, secondary and tertiary carbon atoms in alcohols (-OH) and halogenoalkanes (-F, -Cl, -Br, -I)

• Volatility: how easily a substance turns into a gas– the weaker the intermolecular force, the

more volatile it is – from strongest to weakest

– ionic › hydrogen bonding › dipole-dipole › van der Wall’s

– therefore volatility…– alkane (only Van der Wall’s) ›

halogenoalkane › aldehyde › ketone › amine › alcohol (H bonding) › carboxylic acid (H bonding)

10.1.13 Discuss the volatility and solubility in water of compounds containing the functional groups listed in10.1.9.

Boiling Points

• Solubility: a solute’s ability to dissolve in a polar solvent (water)– the more polar a substance is, the

more soluble it is–solubility decreases as chain length

increases–smaller alcohols, aldehydes,

ketones & carboxylic acids are typically soluble• they are all polar as is water