Organic Chemistry & Carbohydrates

Subject:786 life sciences

PRESENTATOR: Syed Zahid Ali

FACULTY:Sir Ramash Kumar

NEW LIFE COLLEGE OF NURSING.

ObjectivesBy the end of the session, learners will be able to:

Review the definition of organic chemistry.List and discuss the families of organic compounds.Differentiate between alkanes,alkenes and alkynes.Review carbohydratesList and overview different classes of carbohydratesDifferentiate between mono-saccharides , disaccharides and polysaccharides.Discuss the functions of carbohydrates in human body.

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Organic Chemistry

• Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds.

• Carbon has the ability to form long chains.

• Without this property, large biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids could not form.

Typical organic compounds:

• Contain carbon• Have covalent bonds• Have low melting points• Have low boiling points• Are flammable (all burn)• Are soluble in nonpolar solvents• May be gases, liquids or solids

C3H8

Propane

Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbons

• There are three basic types of hydrocarbons:– Alkanes– Alkenes– Alkynes

Alkanes

• Alkanes contain only single bonds between C-C.• Their general formula is CnH2n+2.

• They are also known as saturated hydrocarbons.– They are “saturated” with hydrogens.

Naming of Alkanes

CnH2n+2Prefix + ane

Alkenes

• Alkenes contain at least one double bonds between C-C.

• Their general formula is CnH2n

• They are unsaturated.– That is, they have fewer than the maximum number

of hydrogens.

Examples of Alkenes

Alkynes

• Alkynes contain at least one carbon–carbon triple bond

• Their general formula is CnH2n-2 • They are also unsaturated.

Examples of Alkynes

CARBOHYDRATES(CHO)

CHO are hydrates of carbon Or polyhydroxy aldehyde Or polyhydroxy ketones.

Most abundant biomolecules on earth . Central energy yielding molecules.

Composed of carbon,hydrogen and oxygen only . General formula is Cn(H2O)n Most names commonly ends....ose

Classification of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are classified into two main classes..(a)Simple Carbohydrates(b)Complex Carbohydrates Simple Carbohydrates are also known as simple

sugars WHY?-Because they are the simple common unit from which

CHO are built.

Simple Carbohydrates

They are of two types.

MONOSACCHARIDES

DISACCHARIDES

Monosaccharides

Are single sugar units which contain 3 or more C-atoms.

There are three types that are important to human body.

Glucose: main source of energy to the cells all other CHO converted to glucose for digestion.

Fructose:also called fruit sugar founds in fruits and honey.

Galactose:found in mammal milk as part of lactose.

Disaccharides Are double sugar consisting of two similar or

dissimilar monosccharides bonded together. On hydrolysis give two simple sugars Examples are,-Lactose-Sucrose-Maltose

Types of Disaccharides Lactose/Milk sugar Glucose+Galactose Source: milk , curd , cheese Sucrose/Invert Sugar Glucose+Fructose Sugar cane & Table sugar Maltose Glucose+Glucose Sources:beers ,infant formula milk and syrups

COMPLEX CABOHYDRATES These are tasteless CHO made up of chains of

simple sugars and are known as Polysaccharides. Generally more than 10 monosaccharides most are

made up of 100 of monosaccharides bonded together.

There are two types of polysaccharides i.e. Starch & Glycogen

Types of Polysaccharides

STARCH (plant,s storage) Composed of glucose chain that may or may not be

branched. Main source of CHO in human diet. Two important classes are, Amylose: a straight chain of glucose units. Amylopectins: A branched chain of glucose units.

Types of polysaccharides

GLYCOGEN(animal,s storage) Composed of highly branched glucose units. Mostly founds in liver & skeletal muscles.Mostly founds in liver & skeletal muscles. Many branched points allows for rapid Many branched points allows for rapid

breakdown to release glucose.breakdown to release glucose. Involved in keeping blood glucose level constant. Involved in keeping blood glucose level constant.

Function of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are most abundant dietary source of

energy for all organisms. They supply energy & serve as energy storage form. They provide flavor. Participates in cellular functions such as cell growth ,

adhesion and fertilization.

Functions of Carbohydrates CHO spares proteins Prevents ketosis. Glucose provide a source of energy (ATP) to cells. Glucose can be converted to some form of amino

acid & fats for long term energy storage. Glucose is a constant fuel source for vital organ

functions for example brain.

Thank you