Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry

By: Charlie Carrick 9CBy: Charlie Carrick 9C

Table of ContentsTable of Contents Pg 1 – Cover PagePg 1 – Cover Page Pg 2 – Table of ContentsPg 2 – Table of Contents Pg 3 – Carbon General InformationPg 3 – Carbon General Information Pg 4 – Carbon DiagramPg 4 – Carbon Diagram Pg 5 – Substances Containing CarbonPg 5 – Substances Containing Carbon Pg 6 – Impact of Carbon on the EnvironmentPg 6 – Impact of Carbon on the Environment Pg 7 – Alkenes General InformationPg 7 – Alkenes General Information Pg 8 – Alkenes DiagramPg 8 – Alkenes Diagram Pg 9 – Alkanes General InformationPg 9 – Alkanes General Information Pg 10 – Alkanes DiagramPg 10 – Alkanes Diagram Pg 11 – How to name a complicated branched alkanePg 11 – How to name a complicated branched alkane Pg 12 – General Information – Alkenes Pg 12 – General Information – Alkenes Pg 13 – Alkene DiagramPg 13 – Alkene Diagram Pg 14 – Substitution Pg 14 – Substitution Pg 15 – BrominationPg 15 – Bromination Pg 16 – HydrogenationPg 16 – Hydrogenation Pg 17 – HydrationPg 17 – Hydration Pg 18 – HaloalkenesPg 18 – Haloalkenes Pg 19 – Isomers Pg 19 – Isomers Pg 20 – AlcoholsPg 20 – Alcohols Pg 21 – Organic AcidsPg 21 – Organic Acids Pg - BibliographyPg - Bibliography

Carbon-General InformationCarbon-General Information Carbon is an element that forms many things when joined with other Carbon is an element that forms many things when joined with other

elements. elements. It can form over ten million compounds that we know of.It can form over ten million compounds that we know of. It’s chemical symbol is C, it’s atomic number is 6.It’s chemical symbol is C, it’s atomic number is 6. We breathe in 0.003% of carbon and breathe out 4%, which is absorbed in We breathe in 0.003% of carbon and breathe out 4%, which is absorbed in

by the plants, who depend on it to live.by the plants, who depend on it to live. Carbon is , however, a major contributor of air pollution and it can be very Carbon is , however, a major contributor of air pollution and it can be very

harmful to us.harmful to us. Carbon is a non-metal and forms covalent bonding, making it different Carbon is a non-metal and forms covalent bonding, making it different

from other elements because it is the only element that is able to do this.from other elements because it is the only element that is able to do this. There are 810 gigatonnes of carbon in the earth’s atmosphereThere are 810 gigatonnes of carbon in the earth’s atmosphere It has a valency of 4It has a valency of 4

Carbon DiagramCarbon Diagram

http://www.chemicalelements.com/bohr/b0006.gifhttp://www.chemicalelements.com/bohr/b0006.gif

Different Substances that Contain Different Substances that Contain CarbonCarbon

Coal-over 50%Coal-over 50%

Diamonds-pure carbonDiamonds-pure carbon

SootSoot

CokeCoke

GraphiteGraphite

Carbon is the basis of all organic chemistryCarbon is the basis of all organic chemistry

AntibioticsAntibiotics

AlcoholAlcohol

FatFat

Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels

PencilsPencils

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

Long chains or ring structureLong chains or ring structure

Burnt in excess air – Co2+H2OBurnt in excess air – Co2+H2O

Simplest organic carbonSimplest organic carbon

Impacts that Carbon has on the Impacts that Carbon has on the EnvironmentEnvironment

It reacts with other elements and contributes to acid It reacts with other elements and contributes to acid rain which is dangerous for our skin.rain which is dangerous for our skin.

It is actually what plants breathe, so it is good for us It is actually what plants breathe, so it is good for us when it is plants breathing it.when it is plants breathing it.

As I already said, carbon is the basis for all organic As I already said, carbon is the basis for all organic chemistry (life).chemistry (life).

Carbon by itself is not usually the problem, it is when Carbon by itself is not usually the problem, it is when we burn it and when it is mixed with other elements to we burn it and when it is mixed with other elements to form some very deadly and toxic gases that pollute form some very deadly and toxic gases that pollute and kill the environmentand kill the environment

Compounds Containing CarbonCompounds Containing CarbonCarbon dioxide, a very common gasCarbon dioxide, a very common gasCarbon monoxide, a gas that comes out of carsCarbon monoxide, a gas that comes out of carsCarbon DisulfideCarbon DisulfideCarbon monofluorideCarbon monofluorideCarbon subnitrideCarbon subnitrideCarbon suboxidCarbon suboxidCarbon tetrachlorideCarbon tetrachlorideCarbon tetra iodideCarbon tetra iodideCarbon trioxideCarbon trioxideCarbonic acidCarbonic acidCarbonyl sulfideCarbonyl sulfide

You can find out how much carbon You can find out how much carbon you are using by going to this you are using by going to this

website and answering the website and answering the questions:questions:

http://www.carbonfootprint.com/http://www.carbonfootprint.com/

Alkanes-General InformationAlkanes-General Information

An alkane is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon, similar to An alkane is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon, similar to an alkene, but still differentan alkene, but still different

Alkanes are known to bond to certain metalsAlkanes are known to bond to certain metals They are not as reactive as alkenesThey are not as reactive as alkenes The simplest alkane there is, is methaneThe simplest alkane there is, is methane Alkanes can form different isomers if they have more Alkanes can form different isomers if they have more

than two carbon atomsthan two carbon atoms Another name for an alkane is “paraffin,” but this is more Another name for an alkane is “paraffin,” but this is more

of a general termof a general term

Alkanes DiagramAlkanes Diagram

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http://http://www.webelements.com/www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/webelements/elements/media/kossel-pics/C.jpg media/kossel-pics/C.jpg

These are the steps to name more complicated These are the steps to name more complicated branched alkanes taken straight from a website:branched alkanes taken straight from a website:

Identify the longest linear chain of carbon atoms. Identify the longest linear chain of carbon atoms. This portion is named as if it were a linear alkane (i.e. 4 linear This portion is named as if it were a linear alkane (i.e. 4 linear

carbon atoms would be a butane). carbon atoms would be a butane). One of the terminal ends of this chain is numbered 1. The termOne of the terminal ends of this chain is numbered 1. The term

inus which has the fewest carbon atoms from the branch is nuinus which has the fewest carbon atoms from the branch is numbered 1. mbered 1.

the nomenclature is determined for the branching group in a sithe nomenclature is determined for the branching group in a similar fashion as above. milar fashion as above.

the compound is then named (branching number e.g. 2)-(name the compound is then named (branching number e.g. 2)-(name of branching group, e.g. methyl)-(name of longest linear chain, of branching group, e.g. methyl)-(name of longest linear chain, e.g. butane) so as to give you the alkane's name, e.g. 2-methyl-e.g. butane) so as to give you the alkane's name, e.g. 2-methyl-butane which is shown right. butane which is shown right.

Alkenes-General InformationAlkenes-General Information

An alkene can also be called an olefin, vinyl compound or An alkene can also be called an olefin, vinyl compound or olefinolefin

It contains at least one carbon-to-carbon bondIt contains at least one carbon-to-carbon bond The simplest ones form a hydrocarbons seriesThe simplest ones form a hydrocarbons series The simplest forms are also usually gasesThe simplest forms are also usually gases Alkenes are relatively stableAlkenes are relatively stable Cracking of petroleum is a common synthesis pathCracking of petroleum is a common synthesis path

Diagram of AlkenesDiagram of Alkenes

http://www.chem.unsw.edu.au/http://www.chem.unsw.edu.au/research/groups/images/research/groups/images/cyclopentane_complex.gif cyclopentane_complex.gif

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AlkynesAlkynes An alkyne is a type of hydrocarbon that has a triple bond, always between An alkyne is a type of hydrocarbon that has a triple bond, always between

carbon atomscarbon atoms Formula - CFormula - CnnHH2n-22n-2. . Alkynes are very reactive and they are also unstableAlkynes are very reactive and they are also unstable ““RC≡CH + B → RC≡CRC≡CH + B → RC≡C−− + HB+, where B denotes a strong base. + HB+, where B denotes a strong base.”” There are terminal and internal kinds of alkynesThere are terminal and internal kinds of alkynes Terminal alkynes have joined to the triple bond (through the carbon) a Terminal alkynes have joined to the triple bond (through the carbon) a

hydrogen atomhydrogen atom Internal alkynes have a different atom linked to the carbon atom in the Internal alkynes have a different atom linked to the carbon atom in the

triple bond, sometimes they can be carbon as welltriple bond, sometimes they can be carbon as well Alkynes are used a lot in organic chemistryAlkynes are used a lot in organic chemistry Dehydrohalegenation is a way to prepare alkynes for what you want to do Dehydrohalegenation is a way to prepare alkynes for what you want to do

with themwith them

SubstitutionSubstitution

To substitute in organic chemistry is to replace To substitute in organic chemistry is to replace an atom, functional group, or a substituent in a an atom, functional group, or a substituent in a moleculemolecule

They could be replaced by things like alkyls, They could be replaced by things like alkyls, hydroxyls or halogenshydroxyls or halogens

Common substitution reactions are Common substitution reactions are nucleophilic substitutions and halogenationsnucleophilic substitutions and halogenations

BrominationBromination

Bromination is where you combine a Bromination is where you combine a substance with a brominesubstance with a bromine

It is a word used to specify the type of halogenIt is a word used to specify the type of halogen Alkene + Bromine water =Bromo-ethaneAlkene + Bromine water =Bromo-ethane

HydrogenationHydrogenation

Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction where Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction where the result is an addition of hydrogenthe result is an addition of hydrogen

Usual targets are unsaturated organic Usual targets are unsaturated organic compoundscompounds

Unsaturated hydrogenation is known as an Unsaturated hydrogenation is known as an alkenealkene

HydrationHydration

The addition of waterThe addition of water Double alkene-C-CDouble alkene-C-C Alcohol or ethanol, good for disinfecting Alcohol or ethanol, good for disinfecting

thingsthings Methanol however is very toxic for people and Methanol however is very toxic for people and

animalsanimals

HaloalkanesHaloalkanes Also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halidesAlso known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides A compound where halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms in A compound where halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms in

an alkanean alkane They have different classes to determine the type of They have different classes to determine the type of

haloalkane depending on where the halogen atom ishaloalkane depending on where the halogen atom is The three types are primary, secondary and tertiaryThe three types are primary, secondary and tertiary The primary types are where the carbon atom is only linked to The primary types are where the carbon atom is only linked to

one other alkyl groupone other alkyl group The secondary type carbon atoms are linked to 2 other alkyl The secondary type carbon atoms are linked to 2 other alkyl

groups, they can be the same or different, it doesn’t mattergroups, they can be the same or different, it doesn’t matter The tertiary type is where the carbon atoms are linked to 3 The tertiary type is where the carbon atoms are linked to 3

different/similar alkyl groupsdifferent/similar alkyl groups

IsomersIsomers

The same atoms and chemical formula but The same atoms and chemical formula but they are arranged differently (structural forms)they are arranged differently (structural forms)

There are two main forms; structural There are two main forms; structural isomerism and stereoisomerism isomerism and stereoisomerism

There are many different kinds of isomers and There are many different kinds of isomers and they are used for a wide range of things, they are used for a wide range of things, although it can be quite pricy although it can be quite pricy

AlcoholsAlcohols Is gained by the method of fermentationIs gained by the method of fermentation A simple equation for an alcohol is CA simple equation for an alcohol is CnnHH2n+12n+1OHOH Generally refers to the word ethanolGenerally refers to the word ethanol There are primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols based on There are primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols based on

how many carbons are connected togetherhow many carbons are connected together The simplest primary alcohol is methaneThe simplest primary alcohol is methane Ethanol is the only one that is not poisonous, is colourless and Ethanol is the only one that is not poisonous, is colourless and

strong smelling, it is a liquid, the boiling point is 78.5strong smelling, it is a liquid, the boiling point is 78.5 ْْ It is a compound that has hydroxyl –OH groupIt is a compound that has hydroxyl –OH group Flammable, burning produces carbon dioxide and waterFlammable, burning produces carbon dioxide and water Methanol is a good disinfectionMethanol is a good disinfection

Organic AcidsOrganic Acids

The most common are the carboxylic acidsThe most common are the carboxylic acids They are usually quite weak acidsThey are usually quite weak acids They are usually soluble in solventsThey are usually soluble in solvents They are used as oil and gas simulation treatmentsThey are used as oil and gas simulation treatments These are less reactiveThese are less reactive Some are used in buffer solutionsSome are used in buffer solutions Acid + base =salt + waterAcid + base =salt + water Ethanoic acid + ethanol = ethyl ethanoate(ester) = Ethanoic acid + ethanol = ethyl ethanoate(ester) =

waterwater

carboxylic acidscarboxylic acids Characterized by presence of the carboxyl groupCharacterized by presence of the carboxyl group The The formulaformula is is - -CC(=(=OO))OH, usually written OH, usually written --COOH COOH They are Bronsted acids (even though the are weak acids, they react with They are Bronsted acids (even though the are weak acids, they react with

metals to form salts)metals to form salts) React with carbonates to form carbon dioxideReact with carbonates to form carbon dioxide React with alcohols to form esters and waterReact with alcohols to form esters and water React with alcohol and a strong acid to form esters and waterReact with alcohol and a strong acid to form esters and water CarboxylatesCarboxylates are salts and anions of these acidsare salts and anions of these acids Do not associate with ions easilyDo not associate with ions easily Alkaloid acid R-COOHAlkaloid acid R-COOH Simplest is meathanoic acid and also ethanoicSimplest is meathanoic acid and also ethanoic The three related acids are esters, acid chloride, and acid anhydride (R-The three related acids are esters, acid chloride, and acid anhydride (R-

C=O-O)C=O-O)

EquationsEquations

Acid + base =salt + waterAcid + base =salt + water Ethanoic acid + ethanol = ethyl ethanoate Ethanoic acid + ethanol = ethyl ethanoate

(ester) = water(ester) = water 3 Fatty acid + glycerol = ethyl ethanoate3 Fatty acid + glycerol = ethyl ethanoate ----Fats (triglyceraldehyde) ----Fats (triglyceraldehyde) Fats +alkali (NaOH) --- SoapFats +alkali (NaOH) --- Soap (fats/oils) = glycerids (salt of carboxylic acid)(fats/oils) = glycerids (salt of carboxylic acid)

EstersEsters In which a hydrogen atom is replaced by an organic groupIn which a hydrogen atom is replaced by an organic group The carboxylate esters are most commonThe carboxylate esters are most common Unstable acids can be manipulated to form stable estersUnstable acids can be manipulated to form stable esters Their name is quite similar to saltsTheir name is quite similar to salts A condensation reaction of an acid and an alcohol is what forms an esterA condensation reaction of an acid and an alcohol is what forms an ester This is when a small molecule is taken out of the equation after two larger This is when a small molecule is taken out of the equation after two larger

molecules joinmolecules join Ester + water and acid = carboxylic acid + alcoholEster + water and acid = carboxylic acid + alcohol Ester + water and alkali = salt + alcoholEster + water and alkali = salt + alcohol Ester + alkali = soap + waterEster + alkali = soap + water Most things we smell we smell because of estersMost things we smell we smell because of esters Esters are used in perfumes and polmersEsters are used in perfumes and polmers They form long chains called polyester and add them to plastic to give They form long chains called polyester and add them to plastic to give

them flexibilitythem flexibility

Aldehydes and KetonesAldehydes and Ketones An aldehyde is a kind of organic acid and it contains a An aldehyde is a kind of organic acid and it contains a

“terminal carbonyl acid”“terminal carbonyl acid” The aldehyde group has a few other names, such as formyl and The aldehyde group has a few other names, such as formyl and

methanoyl methanoyl In an aldehyde group, there is a carbon atom bonded to In an aldehyde group, there is a carbon atom bonded to

another kind of atom called a hydrogen atom, it is then double-another kind of atom called a hydrogen atom, it is then double-bonded to an oxygen atombonded to an oxygen atom

Aldehydes are more acidic than alkanesAldehydes are more acidic than alkanes It also creates an electron deficiency because of the oxygenIt also creates an electron deficiency because of the oxygen Adding oxygen to aldehydes is easier than adding it to ketonesAdding oxygen to aldehydes is easier than adding it to ketones Aldehyde – EthynolAldehyde – Ethynol Ketones – Propane Ketones – Propane

Aromatic compoundsAromatic compounds

They have a defined ring structure of chains They have a defined ring structure of chains loopinglooping

Most common one is benzene, which is Most common one is benzene, which is colourless and it is a volatile liquidcolourless and it is a volatile liquid

It is used a lot in the industrial worldIt is used a lot in the industrial world CarcinogenCarcinogen

PolymersPolymers

A polymer is made up of molecules with a A polymer is made up of molecules with a large MW large MW

Monomers are the sub unit of polymersMonomers are the sub unit of polymers They are repeated using covalent bondsThey are repeated using covalent bonds There is a glucose called monosaccharideThere is a glucose called monosaccharide Monosaccharide + monosaccharide= Monosaccharide + monosaccharide=

disaccharide ++++=polysaccharide (polymer)disaccharide ++++=polysaccharide (polymer) Amino acids form a chain called polypeptideAmino acids form a chain called polypeptide

PlasticPlastic Synthetic polymersSynthetic polymers Bakelite – polymersBakelite – polymers They are a hard substanceThey are a hard substance PolymerisationPolymerisation Condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)Condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis) Glucose + glucose =Glucose + glucose = Add on monomer (alkenes – double bonds)Add on monomer (alkenes – double bonds) Addition polymerisationAddition polymerisation Amides/amines – nitrogenAmides/amines – nitrogen Thermo setting/softeningThermo setting/softening Amino acids join in peptide linksAmino acids join in peptide links Amines + carboxylic acid = polyamide (nylon – very versatile)Amines + carboxylic acid = polyamide (nylon – very versatile) Kevlar used to make bulletproof vests, very strongKevlar used to make bulletproof vests, very strong Polyester used in fabrics using carboxylic acidsPolyester used in fabrics using carboxylic acids Polyurethane used for foam and lycra for swimsuitsPolyurethane used for foam and lycra for swimsuits

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