opto425 microbiology i - ksu...
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OPTO425 MICROBIOLOGY I
GAMAL EL-HITI
OPTO425
Lecture Notes
OPTO425
Handbooks
Microbiology: An Introduction 10th Edition
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Burton's Microbiology for the Health Sciences, 9th Edition
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Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
By W. John Spicer
OPTO425
Course Calendar
Week 02
27/09/2016
L01
Week 03
04/10/2016
L02
Week 04
11/10/2016
L03
Week 05
18/10/2016
L04
Week 06
25/10/2016
L05
Week 07
01/11/2016
1st Mid-term exam
Week 08
08/11/2016
L06
Midterm Vacation
13–19/11/2016
Week 09
22/11/2016
L07
Week 10
29/11/2016
L08
Week 11
06/12/2016
L09
Week 12
13/12/2016
2nd Mid-term exam
Week 13
20/12/2016
L10
Week 14
27/12/2016
L11
Week 15
03/01/2017
Revision
Course Calendar
OPTO425 Learning Outcomes and
Weekly Plan
Lecture One
OPTO425
Course Description
History of microbiology
Morphology of microorganisms
Microbial growth and death
Culture media
Detection of microbial growth
Control and destruction of microorganisms
OPTO425
Objectives
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Ou
tco
mes
To provide a basic knowledge about
the history of microbiology
To understand the structures and behaviour of bacteria, fungi and viruses
To provide a basic concepts of microbial growth and death
To develop an understanding of sterilization, disinfection and antiseptics
Learning Outcomes
What is Microbiology
and Microorganisms?
Lecture Two
• It is the science of microorganisms.
• Some organisms are pathogenic “germ” refers to a rapidly growing cell.
• Microbes used to digest oil from oil spills.
• Produce industrial chemicals.
• Produce antibiotics such as insulin.
• Knowledge of microbes allows us to prevent disease occurrence.
• Led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in hospitals.
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What is Microbiology?
History of Microbiology Robert Hooke (English; 1635 – 1703)
He wrote a book (Micrographia, 1665).
He suggested that all living things are made of cells.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch; 1632 – 1723)
In 1674, he was the first to see bacteria and circulation of blood in capillaries.
They gave high magnifications (270X) the finest at that time.
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History of Microbiology Spontaneous Generation Theory
Hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter.
Francesco Redi (Italian; 1626 – 1697)
In 1964, he showed that maggots do not spontaneously arise from decaying meat.
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History of Microbiology
John Needham (British; 1713 – 1781)
He announced that life had been created from non-life.
Lazzaro Spallanzani (Italian; 1729 – 1799)
He concluded that Needham's heating of the bottle did not kill everything inside.
Louis Pasteur (French; 1822 – 1895)
Louis Pasteur refuted the notion of the Spontaneous Generation Theory.
He S- shapes flasks. 27/09/2016 OPT425 L01 – W02 5
History of Microbiology Lecture Seven
History of Microbiology
Lecture Three
History of Microbiology Ignaz Semmelweis (Hungarian; 1818 – 1865)
Known for hand disinfection for puerperal fever in mothers.
Joseph Lister (British; 1827 – 1912)
He discovered the use of phenol as antiseptic material in surgery, based on Pasteur and Semmelweis findings.
Robert Koch (German; 1843 – 1910)
Discovered Bacillus anthracis.
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Edward Jenner (British; 1749 – 1823)
The birth of vaccination (1796) before the golden age period (smallpox vaccination).
Paul Ehrlich (German; 1854 – 1915)
The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy.
In 1910, he developed a drug, salvarsan or arsphenamine, to treat syphilis.
Alexander Fleming ( Scottish; 1881 – 1955)
The discovery of the first antibiotic (Penicillin, fungus) by accident in 1928.
History of Microbiology
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History of Microbiology Lecture Seven
Types of Microorganisms and Nomenclature
Lecture Four
Types of Microorganisms
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Nomenclature of Organisms
Binomial Nomenclature
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Binomial nomenclature, also called binary nomenclature. It is consists of two Latinized names, the genus and the species. All living things, and even some viruses, have a scientific name. Genus species Latin or Greek Italicized in print Capitalize “Genus”, but NOT “species” Underline when writing
Types of Microorganisms
Lecture Five
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Consume the available nutrients.
Produce compounds toxic to other microorganisms.
Normal Microbiota (Flora)
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Fungi Fungi are single-celled or multicellular organisms whose cells contain nucleus. The cell walls of fungi contain chitin. Fungi include: Yeasts Molds Mushrooms Fungi can causes: Ringworm Athlete’s foot Yeast infections
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OPTO425 Microbiology I
1st Midterm Exam L02—L05
Types of Microorganisms
Lecture Six
Protozoa is one-celled tiny animals found worldwide in most habitats and contaminated water supplies.
They have a thin cell membrane.
Most have a tough outer membrane called a pellicle, which maintains their form.
Cause diseases such as:
Malaria
Trichomoniasis
Amebic dysentery
Protozoa
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Rickettsiae are parasites that must live inside cells of other living organisms.
One type of bacteria.
Humans bitten by infected insect may contract diseases.
Rickettsiae cause diseases such as:
Rocky mountain spotted fever
Lyme disease
Typhus
Rickettsia
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They are commonly known as parasitic worms, are large multicellular organisms.
When mature can generally be seen with the naked eye.
They are often referred to as intestinal worms even though not all helminths reside in the intestines.
e.g. Schistosomes are not intestinal worms, but rather reside in blood vessels.
Helminths
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Viruses are the smallest microorganisms.
Viruses are difficult to destroy.
Viruses have either DNA or RNA in core.
Core is surrounded by a protein coat.
Only replicate within a living host cell.
Diseases associated with viruses include:
Common cold
Chickenpox
Herpes
HIV/AIDS
Viruses
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Types of Microorganisms
Lecture Seven
Diseases associated with viruses are:
Common cold
Viruses
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Viruses
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• Culture
• Microbes that grow and multiply in or on a culture medium.
• Culture Medium
• Nutrient material prepared for microbial growth in the laboratory.
• Requirements
• Must be sterile
• Contain appropriate nutrients
• Incubated at appropriate temperature
Culture Media
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Selective Media Used to suppress the growth of unwanted bacteria and encourage the growth of desired microbes. Differential Media Used to distinguish colonies of a desired organism. Both Selective and Differential Media Used both to distinguish colonies of a desired organism, and inhibit the growth of other microbes.
Special Culture Techniques
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Culture Media
Culture Media
Lecture Eight
Obtaining Pure Cultures
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Obtaining Pure Cultures
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Microbial Growth
Standard Growth Curve
Four phases of Bacterial Growth
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Measuring Microbial Growth
Lecture Nine
Direct Methods of Measurement
1) Plate count
Most frequently used method.
2) Filtration
Measures small quantities of bacteria.
3) Most Probable Number (MPN)
For bacteria not grow on solid medium.
4) Direct Microscopic Count
A bacterial suspension is placed on a microscope slide and were counted.
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Microbial Growth
Indirect Methods of Measurement
1) Turbidity
Media turns turbid as bacteria multiply.
2) Metabolic Activity
As bacteria multiply in media, they produce certain products (e.g. CO2).
3) Dry Weight
Bacteria or fungi in liquid media are centrifuged.
Resulting cell pellet is weighed.
Microbial Growth
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OPTO425 Microbiology I
2nd Midterm Exam L06—L09
Microbial Growth Control
Lecture Ten
How to control the spread of microbes and the methods of destruction?
Antiseptics
Disinfection
Sterilization
Control Methods
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Most bacteria grow between pH 6.5 and 7.5.
Molds and yeasts grow between pH 5 and 6.
pH
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Control Methods
Osmotic Pressure
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Control Methods
Microbial Growth Control through
Chemical Requirements
Lecture Eleven
Chemical Requirements of Microbes Growth
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Chemical Requirements of Microbes Growth
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Chemical Requirements of Microbes Growth
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Chemical Requirements of Microbes Growth
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Toxic Forms of Oxygen
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Revision Week