optimization of water use in vineyards in the okanagan using …€¦ · scott smith from the...
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Optimization of Water Use in Vineyards in the Okanagan Using Precision Irr igation
FINAL REPORT
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Acknowledgments
FundingforthisprojectwasprovidedinpartbytheGovernmentsofCanadaandBritishColumbiathroughtheInvestmentAgricultureFoundationofBCunderGrowingForward2,afederal-provincial-territorialinitiative.TheprogramisdeliveredbytheBCAgriculture&FoodClimateActionInitiative.AspecialthankyougoestoScottSmithattheSummerlandResearchandDevelopmentCentreforhishelpandguidance.
DisclaimerOpinions expressed in this document are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Governments of Canada and British Columbia. The Governments of Canada and British Columbia, and their directors, agents, employees, or contractors will not be liable for any claims, damages, or losses of any kind whatsoever arising out of the use of, or reliance upon, this information.
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INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4
Threemainobjectives:........................................................................................................................................................................................................................5
METHODOLOGY......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5
RESULTS...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8
Soiltextureandmoistureretentioncurves........................................................................................................................................................................................8
Modificationofall5irrigationssystemandfirstresults...................................................................................................................................................................15
CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................20
APPENDICES..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................21
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ABSTRACT WiththeincreasingdemandonwaterresourcesintheOkanaganValley,LeVieuxPinandLastellaWineriesbeganaprojecttostudyandimprovetheirirrigationtechniques.
Thewineriesareinterestedinreducingtheirwaterconsumptionbyimprovingwaterapplicationanddeliverytomatchthephysiologicalrequirementsofthevinesandsoilcompositiononafinescale.
UsingNDVI(NormalizedDifferenceVegetationIndex)andelectroconductivity,inconjunctionwithGISmapping,29pitswereexcavatedthroughoutthevineyardsand76distinctsoilsampleswereanalysed.Usingthisdata,theirrigationsystemwasadaptedonavinebyvinebasis.Thefinalgoalistoimprovevinehealth,controlplantvigorandtherebyimprovegrapequality.Areductionoflabourcoststhroughautomationofthesystemandtheresultingreductionintimerequiredtomanagethecanopyofthevineyardswasasecondarybenefitthatwillallowthevineyardstooffsetthecostofchangingtheirrigationsystemsovertime.Itisexpectedthattheprecisionirrigationsystemwithalsoreducewaterusagewithinafewyearstime,oncethevineshaveadaptedtothenewsystem.
ThisreportoutlinesprojectactivitiesandpreliminaryfindingsfromtheprojectinceptiontoFebruary2018.
INTRODUCTION ThechangingclimateintheSouthOkanagan,combinedwiththepotentialforissuesaroundlongtermwatersupplyhasmotivatedEnoteccaWineriesandResorttoobtainmorepreciseinformationabouttheirsoils(structure,waterretentioncapacity,macroandmicroelementcomposition)inordertobettermanagetheirrigationsystemandfertilization.
Theprojectwillbeaccomplishedthrough4components:
1. Detailedanalysisofbothphysicalandnutrientpropertiesofthesoilandmappingthesedifferencesacrossthevineyards.2. Installationofirrigationequipmentforpreciseandtimeddeliveryofwaterandnutrientsspecifictothemappedsoilconditions.3. Monitoringoftotalvolumeofwaterusedforirrigationinthevineyard,alongwithevaluatingthequalityandquantityofproduction.4. Disseminationoftheprojectresultsthroughproducervisitstothevineyardandthroughthewineandgrapeindustryviaworkshopsandpresentations.
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Three main objectives: TheOkanaganvalleyistheonlydesertinCanadaandisthereforecharacterizedbyhightemperaturesinthesummer,lowprecipitation,and,duetothegeologicalhistory,thesoilscontainalotofsandrequiringirrigationofvineyardstoproducequalitygrapes.EnoteccaWineriesandResortsownsandoperatesLeVieuxPinandLaStellawineriesand50acresofprimevineyards,alllocatedinthesouthernOkanagan.Thethreemainobjectivesofthisprojectwereto:
1) Reducetheamountofwateruseinthevineyardsbyenhancingtheapplicationandthedeliveryofirrigationwaterandbycontrollingtheamountdeliveredaccordingtothesoil/plantrequirementsinordertoadaptbettertotheclimatechange.Also,toprepareforthepossibilityofwatershortagesandlackofavailablewaterforirrigationduringdroughtsbyhavinganirrigationsystemdesignedwithprecision,whichcanmaintaingrapequalitywithfarlesswater.
2) Increasetheknowledgewithintheprojectleads’companyandalsowithinthegrapegrowingindustryintheOkanagan.Themorethatisknownaboutthesoils,theplants’needsandhowtoimprovetheoverallbalanceoftheplant,themorebusinessproductivitycanbeimproved.Attheindustrylevel,itisexpectedthatthisprojectwillincreasegrowers’awarenessaroundtheneedtomanagetheavailablewaterwithprecisionandadapttoclimatechangeasanindustry.
3) Improvewatermanagementbyunderstandinghowthesoilworksandbymodifyingpractices.Thisimpliesboth:
• Bettertimemanagementoflabourcrewonayearlybasis
• Increasedhealthofeachplantinthevineyardbymanagingthevigorandthereforeenhancingthequalityofthegrapes:Improvingthemicroclimatesurroundingthegrapes(lessuseofantifungicideandinsecticide)willalsohaveafinancialimpactbysavingonlabourcosts,sprayingproductcosts;andwillimprovethequalityofthegrapesresultinginbetterwines.
• Theultimategoalistobeabletosustainanoutstandinggrapequality.Agoodwineisnotmadeinthecellar;itismadeinthevineyard.AstwoboutiqueswineriesthatstrivetoputBContheworldmapaswineproducingregion,havinguniformedvineyardsandbalancedgrapesintermsofflavorandalsochemistry,isthenumberonepriority.
METHODOLOGY 1) ElectroconductivityandNDVImeasurements
InJuly2015,soilelectroconductivityandcanopyNDVImeasurementsweretakenbytheChileancompanyAGROPRECISION.UsingGIStechnology,mapsweregeneratedandcomparedtoidentify29distinctareasthroughout5vineyards.
SeetwoexamplesoftheElectroconductivitymapsbelow:
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Map#1-ElectroconductivityatSelonaVineyardandlocationofthe5soilpits. LocationoftwoofthepitsforSelona
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Map#2-ElectroconductivityatLastellaVineyardandlocationofthe5soilpits.
2) Soilsampling
Thesesiteswerethenexcavated,measurementsofthedifferentstratawererecordedandatotalof76soilsampleswerecollected.ThesesampleswereanalyzedinVictoriaattheBCMinistryofEnvironmentwithhelpfromtheSummerlandResearchandDevelopmentCentreinSummerland,BC.SeeAppendix#1andAppendix#2fordetailedresults.
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RESULTS
Soil texture and moisture retention curves ScottSmithfromtheSummerlandResearchandDevelopmentCentre,Summerland,BChelpedtodrawsomeconclusionsregardingthevineyard’ssoilsaccordingtothesoilanalysis.
Irrigationmanagementrequiresanunderstandingofthewater-holdingcapacityofasoil(particularlyintherootzoneofthegrapevines);ofthewater-intakerateofthesoil;oftherootsystemofthetypesofvinestobegrown;andoftheamountofwaterthatthevinesrequire.Therearefourimportantlevelsofsoilmoisturecontentthatreflecttheavailabilityofwaterinthesoil.Theyarecommonlyreferredtoas:saturation,fieldcapacity,permanentwiltingpoint,andplantavailablewater.
• Saturation:Saturationisthepointthesoilporesarefilledwithwater.Saturationusuallyoccursforshortperiodsoftime,eitherduringheavyrainfalleventsorwhensoilisbeingirrigated.
• FiledCapacity:Fieldcapacitydefinestheamountofwaterremaininginthesoilafterdownwardgravitationaldrainagehasstopped.Thisvaluerepresentsthemaximumamountofwaterthatthesoilcanholdagainstgravityfollowingsaturationbyrainorirrigation.
• PermanentWiltingPoint:Theamountofwaterasoilcontainsaftervinesarewiltedbeyondrecoveryiscalledthepermanentwiltingpoint.• PlantAvailableWater:Theamountofwaterheldbythesoilbetweenfieldcapacityandthepermanentwiltingpointisreferredtoasplantavailable
water.Plantavailablewateristypicallyexpressedintermsofinchesofwaterperinchofsoildepth.
Otherimportantconceptsforthisresearchare:
• ManagementAllowableDepletion(MAD):Onlyaportionofthewatercontentcanbepotentiallyremovedfromavolumeofsoilbythevinesand,thisquantityiscalledmanagementallowabledepletion(MAD).
• SoilType:Sandysoilshavemanylargeporesandverylittleclayresultinginlittleavailablewater.Waterappliedbydripirrigationtendstomoveverticallyratherthanhorizontallyinthesesoiltypesduetogravitypullingthewaterthroughthelargepores.
Thefollowingchartssummarizethesurfacesoiltextures(theproportionofsand,siltandclaysizedparticlesineachsample)andplacestheseintodiscretesoiltextureclasses.Individualsamplesarerepresentedaspointsonthetexturetrianglecharts.
Thesoilwaterretentioncurvesforthesurfacesamplescollectedfromeachvineyardarealsoshownbelow.Thecurvesaregeneratedbysaturatingeachsoilsampleinthelabthenapplyingsuctiontothesamplestoremoveexcesswater.Suctionisappliedincrementallyatsetvalues,referredtoasoiltensionandmeasuredinkiloPascals(KPa),toextractwater.Becausemostofthesoilsinthesevineyardsarecoarse-textured,plantavailablewaterisconsideredtobethevolumeofwaterheldbetween10and100kPa.Theselimitscanbederivedfromthegraphsshownforeachvineyard.
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Figures1and2:AllthesoilssampledintheStaggvineyardhavesimilartexturesandhavesimilarmoistureretentionpatterns.Hence,soilconditionsarerelativelyuniformwithinthisvineyard.Soilsdonotcontainmuchgravel.Theloamysandtexturegenerateslowwaterholdingcapacity,onlyabout4cmofwaterinthetop30cm.
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Figures3and4:AllofthesoilssampledintheLaStellavineyardhavesimilartextureandhavesimilarmoistureretentionpatterns.Hence,soilconditionsarerelativelyuniformwithinthisvineyard.Allsoilscontainmoderatevolumesofgravel,whichreducetheirwaterholdingcapacitysomewhat.
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Figures5and6:SoilconditionsintheSelonavineyardarehighlyvariable,bothintermsofthesoiltextureandthegravelcontent.Gravellysoilsareshownwithdashedlines.Ingeneral,thenon-gravellysoilshavemoderatewaterholdingcapacity,whilethegravellysoilshavemuchlesswaterholdingcapacity.
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Figures7and8:WithintheLFOvineyard,coarsefragmentcontentcontrolsthemoistureholdingcapacity.ThebestwaterholdingcapacityisfoundinsoilD11,whichisasandyloambutwithoutsignificantcoarsefragments.Thedashedlinesshowgravellysoils,whichhavelesswaterholdingcapacitythannon-gravellysoileventhoughsomeofthesesoilscontainsignificantamountsofsiltandclay.
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Figures9and10:ThesoilsfromtheLVPvineyardareallloamysandsandgenerallywithoutcoarsefragments(exceptsoilE11)yetthereappearstobesignificantvariabilityinthewaterholdingcapacityofthesesoils.Therangeofwaterholdingcapacityismostlikelyaresultofthesizeofthesandswithinthesandfractionofthesesoils.ItislikelythatsoilsE41andE61containmainlycoarsesandparticles,whichdecreasemoistureholdingcapacity.
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Table 1. A summary of soil properties as they influence irrigation management. The interpretations are based on the soil physical data presented in the appendices of this report
Vineyard
Soil Properties Interpretations for Irrigation management Soil texture class gravel content AWHC
Stagg Loamy sand very few low The moisture holding capacity of these soils is low, meaning that irrigation is best applied often but at low volumes. Excess water will leach from below the root zone. Soils are relatively uniform and can all be irrigated in the same way.
La Stella Gravelly sandy loam common low These soils contain gravel, which generally occupies 20 to 25% of the soil volume. While the soil texture provides favourable water holding capacity, this capacity is reduced by the volume of soil made up of gravel. Soils are relatively uniform and can all be irrigated in a similar manner.
Selona Sandy loam to loamy sand, sometimes gravelly
variable variable The soils in this vineyard are highly variable. This variability comes from the range of soil textures and gravel content that exist, as well as topography. This variability will require localized irrigation management to suit specific soil conditions that exist in this vineyard.
Le Feuille D'or (LFO) Gravelly sandy loam variable cobbles
and boulders variable
The soils in this vineyard are variable. This is a result primarily of coarse fragment content and size. The soil volume made up of coarse fragments varies from from 5% to 40%, often cobble and even boulder size. These reduce the water holding capacity proportionately. This variability will require localized irrigation management to suit specific soil conditions that exist in this vineyard.
Le Vieux Pin (LVP) Loamy sand isolated, generally absent low While all the soils sampled in the vineyard were of loamy sand texture, there is
considerable variation in the moisture holding capacity of these soils. The variation is likely a result of the size of the sand particles in the soil. Irrigation management will have to be block-specific in order to respond to this variability.
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Modification of irr igations systems
Theirrigationsystemsatall5propertieswereconvertedfrommicro-sprinkler(ormaxi-jet)irrigationtodripirrigationandadaptedtothesoilvariationineachblock.Thiswasdoneovertwoyears:spring2016(SelonavineyardandStaggVineyard)andspring2017(Lastellavineyard,LevieuxpinVineyardandLaFeuilled’OrVineyard)
BelowarethedefinitionsofdripandMicrosprinklerirrigationaccordingtoTedGoldammerinhisbook:GrapeGrower’shandbook
Dripirrigation:Dripirrigationissometimescalledtrickleirrigationandinvolvesdrippingwaterontothesoilatverylowratesfromasystemofsmalldiameterplasticpipesfittedwithoutletscalledemittersordrippers
Micro-sprinkler(maxi-jet)Irrigation:Micro-sprinklerirrigationsystemsareverysimilartodripirrigationsystemsexceptthat,ratherthandischargingwateratdiscreetpoints,thewaterissprayedoutthroughasmallsprinklerdevice
a) StaggVineyard:
Theirrigationwaschangedtodripirrigationinthespringof2016andwasautomated.Theirrigationstaffonlyhastogotothatvineyardtoturnthefiltersonandmakesurethateverythingisrunningproperly.Insteadofgoingtothesiteevery6hourswhenavalvehastobeclosedandanotheroneopened,theirrigationoccursatnightovertwodaysanditrequiresonly0.5hoflabor.SeeAppendix#3
Forthisvineyard,alotoflabortimeandcostwassaved.Eachblockisnowseparatelyirrigatedand,withtheautomation,irrigationisdoneinshorterandmorefrequentsets.Asperthesoiltexturedescribedabove,thisvineyardrespondsbetterifirrigatedwithshortersetsandmoreoften.
Irrigationsetshavebeenrecordedforthe2016and2017seasonandwillberecordedinthefuture.SeeAppendix#3.Conclusionsregardinggrapequalitylinkedtotheamountofwaterdeliveredisnotavailableyet,astheplantshavetoadapttothenewirrigationsystem.
b) LastellaVineyard:
Theirrigationwaschangedtodripirrigationinthespringof2017andwillbeautomatedinthespringof2018.Alotoflaborwentintocompletingthechangeoverforthisvineyardastherewerepreviouslysomemaxijetandsmalloverheadirrigationsystemsandnoteveryblockhadtheirownvalve.
Beforemodificationstovineyardirrigation,staffhadtogotothevineyard7timestoturnonthe14valvesat1hourto1.5hoursperchange.Nowtherearestill14valvesbutonly4changesandittakes0.5hperchange.Thewholevineyardcannowbeirrigatedin1day.SeeAppendix#3
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BycombiningtheresultsfromtheelectroconductivitymapandNDVImap,fromthesoilsamples,andfromthesoilproperties,theirrigationsystemwasadapted.Forexample,intheSauvignonBlancblock,thetopsectionwherethewaterretentioncapacityislowisirrigated,thebottomwheretheelectroconductivityishigh(redonthemap)wasnotirrigatedatallin2017.Thetotalamountofwaterforthe2017seasonforthisblockwas140L/plantversus150L/plantpreviously.SeeAppendix#3.Inthisblockthereisalreadyareductioninwaterusecombinedwithanincreaseinquality.Atharvesttime,thephenolicmaturity(appreciatedbytestingtheberries)fromthetopandbottomoftheblockwereveryclose.Inyearsprior,therewasahugedifferenceintastebetweenthetopandthebottom:thebottomwaslessripe,moreacidicandalotmorevigorous.Notirrigatingthisportionallowedthetwosectionsofthevineyardtoripenatauniformspeedandlevel.
c) SelonaVineyard:
Driptubeswereinstalledin2016tocounteractthesoilvariationandtotrytoevenouttheheterogeneityandevenoutthematurityprocessofthegrapesfromthebottomandthetopportionsofthevineyard.Thevineyardpreviouslyhad18valves,andafterthemodification,thevineyardnowhas9valvesandisrunautomatically.Asofthe2016season,thisvineyardcanbeirrigatedinfullovertwonights(whichalsomeansthatlesswaterislosttoevaporation),versus4fulldays(dayandnight)beforethechangestothesystem.SeeAppendix#3.
In2018,thebottomsectionwillbeisolatedfromthetopsectionwithvalves,soitwillbepossibletowaterthetopandnotthebottom.Thebottomsectionisstillreallyvigorousanddoesnotactuallyneedirrigationatall.
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d) LaFeuilled’Orvineyard:
Theirrigationswitchfrommaxijettodripirrigationwasdoneinthespringof2017.Thereusedtobe8valvechangesrequiredat2hoursperchangeandadditionallabourtomakesurealltheemitterswerenotplugged.Irrigationwasdoneinsetsof6h.Itpreviouslytook8hoflabortocompletethechange.
Now,thevineyardstillhas13valvesbutitcanbeirrigatedwithonly4changesandittakes0.5hperchange.Becauseittakeslesstime,shorterandmorefrequentsetsofirrigationwereputinplace(2h).Thewaterretentioncapacityinthisvineyardisveryvariableduetothelargeamountofrocksandboulders.Therefore,morefrequentirrigationallowstheplanttoprofitmorefromthewaterdelivered.Therefore,itismoreefficient.Inthepeakofthesummer,thiswillallowtheplanttobelessstressed.Theplantwillthenbeabletogothroughthematurationprocessmoresmoothlywithnobreakperiodduetohighstress.
Eachblocknowhasitsownvalveandthewatercanbedistributedasperthevarietaldemand.Forexample,SauvignonBlancisgrowingbesidesomeCabernetFranc.SauvignonBlancisusuallypickedattheendofAugust,whileCabernetFrancispickedinmid-October.Whentheblockispicked,itisheavilywateredtohelpthevinesaccumulatereserveforthewinter.NowtheSauvignonBlanccanbewateredwithoutwateringtheCabernetFranc.TheCabernetFrancdoesneed
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verymuchwateranymoreattheendofAugust,asthatiswhenitentersthelastphaseofphenolicmaturation.Insummary,inthisvineyardtheamountofwaterrequiredisreducedcombinedwithanincreaseinquality.
e) LevieuxPinvineyard:
Changingtodripirrigationfrommaxijetirrigationallowedforlaborsavings.Thisvineyardhad13valves,7onmaxijetand6ondrip.Previously,ittook6.5hourstochangevalvesateachirrigationset.Afterthechange,itnowtakes1.5hourstochangethevalvesand4valvescanrunatatime,versus2atatimepreviously.$135.4isnowsavedperirrigationsetonlaborcosts.Also,ahigherpercentageofwaterdistributedviadripcanbeusedbytheplant(90%versus80%)solesswaterislosttoevapotranspiration.
ThesoiltextureisnothomogenousatLevieuxpin.Torespondtothisparameterthevineyardwasswitchedentirelytodripandavalveperblockwasinstalled.Thatwayeachblockcanbewateredseparatelyandmoreorlesswatercanbedelivereddependingonthesoiltexture.In2017,thematurityinoneoftheViognierblocks,locatedatthebackoftheproperty,wasmoreevenandthiswasachievedbyprovidingtheblockwithmorewaterthantheblockadjacenttoit.
Also,withmaxijetirrigation(Microsprinklerirrigation),theareainbetweentherowswaspreviouslyirrigated.Alotmoreweedsweregrowingandweregrowingmorequicklyduetothisfactor.Byswitchingtodrip,theweedpropagationcontroliseasierandfaster,andthishasalsodecreasedtheamountofmowingtimebythetractordriver.
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TotalinstallingdriptubeLFO,LVP 1862.5cleaningmaxijet/ 978.56removingmaxijet 1863.2removingmaxijet 684.73cleaningmaxijet/ 272.08wiredallnewelectricvalvesatselolna 272.08cleanedupinlinedripatselona 156firedupwateratnewprojects 840.99selonaproject 1517.3selonaproject 1103.5 9550.9
Table2:Spring2016costoflabortoinstalldripon2vineyards.
Total
installingdriptube,diggingtrenches,installingsubmainsandpolytubing,backfillingditchesfromMarch30th2017tillApril
282017
12551
backfilingditchesandinstallingwiresforelectricvalvesat
Lastellafrommay2nd2017tillMay102017
1407
Totallaborcostforspring2017tofinishproject 13958
Table3:Spring2017costoflabortoinstalldriponthelast3vineyards.
Infutureyears,afterthevineshaveadaptedtothenewirrigationsystem,datasuchasamountofwaterdelivered,fruitquality(brix,ripeness,etc.),allcostsavingsfromlabour,andproductusagewillbecompiledandanalysed.
InitialdetailedresultsarepresentedinAppendix#3.
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Summary of amount of water del ivered per plant AttheLafeuillled’orvineyard,Lastellavineyard,LevieuxpinvineyardandSelonavineyard,theamountofwaterdeliveredhassignificantlydecreasedeveniftheirrigationtimehasincreased.Thismeansthatwithlesswaterdelivered(flowrateofonedripemitteris2l/hversus26.5L/hforamaxijetemitter),andshorterbutmorefrequentirrigationsets,thequalityobjectivesareattained.
Thetotalamountofwaterdeliveredbetween2016and2017hasincreased(+17%-1333L).Sothereisnoindicationofwatersavingoverallatthispoint,butthisisinpartattributedtotheweatherexperiencedin2017.Theamountofirrigationhourshasincreasedby69%,withnocorrelatedincreaseinamountofwaterdelivered.Thisindicatesthatthedriptubeirrigationsystemismoreefficient.
Regardingthelaborcostsavings,perirrigationset(usually1or2daysin2017and3to4daysin2016),thelaborcostsavingsperirrigationsetreached$729.05.In201614irrigationsetstookplaceandin201718tookplace.Thetotalcostsavingonlaborbetweenthe2yearswhenallvineyardswereswitchedtodripis$6103.19.
Somecostsavingswerealsorecordedinfuel.SelonaandStaggvineyardsarefullyautomatedand0.5hoursisspentatthosevineyardsonceperirrigationset.Priortothechange,thevineyardworkerhadtodriveforeverychange.Thiscostsavingishardtoquantifyasthe5vineyardsarescatteredover25kmfromOlivertoOsoyoosandthemileagerelatedtothoseirrigationchangeswasnotrecorded.
CONCLUSIONS Thisstudyallowedabetterunderstandingofsoilstructure,chemicalcomposition,andwaterholdingcapacityinrelationtograpevinevigoratthe5studysites.Usingthisnewinformation,theirrigationwasmodifiedtodripirrigationandadaptedtodeliverwaterinamorepreciseway.Sincetheirrigationupgrade,therehasbeenareductioninlaborhoursonirrigationmanagement.Countertoexpectations,therewasaincreaseinwateruse,butthisisattributedtothetransitionfromunder-canopysprinklerstodripirrigationinrelationtograpevinerootstructureandalsoduetotheweatherpatternoverthe2yearsthedatawerecollected.Visually,thereseemstobemoreconsistentvigorwithinvineyardblocks,whichwillbeverifiedwithfurtherNDVIandgrapecompositionanalysis.Laborandcostsavingsfromirrigation,canopymanagementandpesticideapplicationwillbeanalyzedasaresultoftheseupgrades.MoreresultswillbepresentedattheEnologyandViticultureconferencein2019.Constantrecordingoftheamountofwaterdeliveredandgrapequalityparameterswillbedoneoverthecourseofthenext3years.Theprojectleadwillthenbeabletoestablishconclusionsandtransferthefinalfindingstothesector.
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APPENDICES
Hand
ling
Crushing
TotalCand
N
pHCaCl2
P04-Pavailable(tbd
)
AvailableNH4
-N,N
03-N
Cond
uctiv
ity(satpst)
Meh
lichext
CaCO
3eq
uiv
OM(LOI)
WaterRen
Curve
Particlesizeanaly
Sample#MinDepth
(cm)
MaxDepth(cm) Osoyoosloamysand
A11 0 30 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1A12 30 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1A21 0 40 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1A22 40 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1A31 0 30 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1A32 30 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1A41 0 30 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1A42 30 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1A51 0 30 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1A52 30 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1A61 0 30 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1A62 30 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1A71 0 30 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1A72 30 100 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1A73 100 130 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15
Sample#MinDepth
(cm)
MaxDepth(cm) Rutlandgravelysand
B11 0 35 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1B12 35 50 1 1 1 1 1 1 1B13 50 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1B21 0 37 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1B22 37 70 1 1 1 1 1 1 1B23 70 85 1 1 1 1 1B24 85 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1B31 0 30 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1B32 30 50 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1B33 50 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1B41 0 45 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1B42 45 115 1 1 1 1 1 1 1B43 115 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1B51 0 35 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1B52 35 65 1 1 1 1 1 1 1B53 80 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 16
Sample#MinDepth
(cm)
MaxDepth(cm) Rutland-Osoyoos
C11 0 30 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1C12 30 75 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1C13 75 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
APPENDIX 1: Soil Sample Results
C21 0 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
C22 20 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1C31 0 15 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1C32 15 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1C41 0 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1C42 15 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1C51 0 25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1A51 25 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11
Sample#MinDepth
(cm)
MaxDepth(cm) Ratnipgravelyloam
D11 0 75 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1D12 75 81 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1D13 81 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1D21 0 80 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1D22 80 95 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1D23 95 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1D31 0 35 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1D32 35 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1D41 0 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1D42 10 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10
Sample#MinDepth
(cm)
MaxDepth(cm) Osoyoos(slightlygravelly)
E11 0 30 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1E12 30 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1E21 0 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1E22 20 35 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1E23 35 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1E31 0 25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1E32 25 35 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1E33 35 55 1 1 1 1 1 1 1E34 55 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1E41 0 25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1E42 25 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1E51 0 30 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1E52 30 50 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1E53 50 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1E61 0 25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1E62 25 55 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1E63 55 65 1 1 1 1 1 1E64 65 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1E71 0 35 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1E72 35 70 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1E73 70 80 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 21
73 73 45 73 33 33 33 56 73 42 38 73
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Stagg Vineyard - A
• Location: Southeast Osoyoos, 10117 42nd Avenue
• 41.015974, -119.470678
• Area: 8.84 Acres
APPENDIX 2: Soil Pit Observations
Stagg Vineyard - A
Hole 1 Hole 2 Sample 1• 0-30cm• 10cm of loam• Sand and small pebblesSample 2• +30cm• Sand and small pebbles
Sample 1• 0-40cm
• 5 cm of loam• Sand (medium grain)
• No rocksSample 2• +40cm
• Sand (medium grain)
Stagg Vineyard - A
Hole 3 Hole 4Sample 1• 0-30cm• 10cm of loam• Sand and small pebblesSample 2• +30cm• Sand and small pebbles
Sample 1• 0-30cm
• 5 cm of loam• Sand (fine to medium
grain)• Small pebbles
Sample 2• +30cm
• Sand (medium grain)• Tiny pebbles
Stagg Vineyard - A
Hole 5 Hole 6 Sample 1• 0-30cm• 5cm of loam• Sand (fine to medium
grain)Sample 2• +30cm• Sand and small pebbles
Sample 1• 0-30cm
• 5 cm of loam• Sand (medium grain)
Sample 2• +30cm
• Sand (medium to largegrain)
• Small pebbles
Stagg Vineyard - A
Hole 7Sample 1• 0-30cm• 5cm of loam• Sand (fine to medium
grain)Sample 2• 30-100cm• Some clay presentSample 3• 100-130cm• Sand (fine grain)
LaStella Vineyard - B
• Location: North Osoyoos,
10117 42nd Avenue
• Area: Acres
LaStella Vineyard - B
Hole 1 Hole 2 Sample 1• 0-35cm• River Rock (5-10cm)• LoamSample 2• 35-50cm• River rock (5-10cm)• Sand/ClaySample 3• +50cm• Large grain sand• River rock (5-10cm)
Sample 1• 0-37cm• Loam
Sample 2• 37-70cm
• River rock (5-10cm)• Large-grain sand
Sample 3• 70-85cm
• Clay w/ medium grain sand• River rock (5-10cm)
Sample 4• +85cm
• Medium grain sand w/ clay• River rock (5-10cm)
LaStella Vineyard - B
Hole 3Sample 1• 0-30cm• River Rock (5-10cm)• Clay/loamSample 2• 35-50cm• River rock (5-10cm)• Sand/ClaySample 3• +50cm• Large grain sand• River rock (5-10cm)
Sample 1• 0-45cm
• River Rock (golf ball)• Clay/loam
Sample 2• 45-115cm
• River rock (golf ball)• Clay dominant
Sample 3• +115cm
• Medium grain sand• River rock (golf ball)
LaStella Vineyard - B
Hole 5Sample 1• 0-35cm• LoamySample 2• 35-65cm• Clay dominant• Some rootsRock layer• 65-80cm• Ping-pong sizedSample 3• Medium grain sand• Small pebbles
Selona Vineyard - C
Selona Vineyard - C
Hole 1Sample 1• 0-30cm• Clay/loam • River rock (3-5cm)Sample 2• 30-75cm• Fine sand• River rock (5-10cm)Sample 3• +75cm• Fine sand to small rocks
Hole 2
Sample 1• 0-20cm• Clay/loam• River rock (variable
sizes)Sample 2• +20cm• Sand (Fine to medium
grain)• River rock (variable
sizes)
Selona Vineyard - C
Hole 3 Hole 4 Sample 1• 0-15cm• Mostly loam, few rocksSample 2• +15cm• Clay
Sample 1• 0-15cm• Loam
• Few rocksSample 2• +15cm
• Sand (medium grain)• Multicolour
Selona Vineyard - C
Hole 5 Sample 1• 0-25cm• Clay/loam• Rocky (3cm)Sample 2• +25cm• Sand (medium grain)• Multicolour• River rock (5-10cm)
LFO Vineyard - D
LFO Vineyard - D
Hole 1 Hole 2 Sample 1• 0-75cm• Rocks (variable in size)• ClaySample 2• 75-81cm• Organic layer• Rusty in colour• From mudslide (old
Chardonnay)Sample 3• +81cm• Clay/rocks
Sample 1• 0-80cm
• Clay/rocks• Wood throughout
Sample 2• 80-95cm
• Sand/loamSample 3• +95cm• Clay
• Small pebbles
LFO Vineyard - D
Hole 3 Hole 4Sample 1• 0-35cm• Clay/loam• RockySample 2• +35cm• Sand (fine to medium
grain)• Rocks of varying size
Sample 1• 0-10cm• Loam• Rocky
• Abundant earthwormsSample 2• +10cm
• Clay dominant• Many rocks of varying
sizes
LVP Vineyard - E
LVP Vineyard - E
Hole 1 Hole 2 Sample 1• 0-30cm• LoamSample 2• +30cm• Sand (medium grain)• Pea gravel• River rock (5-10cm)
Sample 1• 0-20cm
• Clay/loam/sandSample 2
• 20-35cm• Clay/sand
Sample 3• +35cm
• Sand (medium to large)• Rocks (pea-sized and up)
LVP Vineyard - E
Hole 3 Hole 4Sample 1• 0-25cm• Sand/LoamSample 2• 25-35cm• Sand (fine grain)Sample 3• 35-55cm• Sand/loam (compact)Sample 4• +55cm• Sand (fine)• Round small rock at 2m
Sample 1• 0-25cm
• Sand/loamSample 2• +25cm
• Sand (medium grain)• Multicolour
LVP Vineyard - E
Hole 5 Hole 6 Sample 1• 0-30cm• Sand/loamSample 2• 30-50cm• Sand/ClaySample 3• Sand (fine grain)• Multicolour
Sample 1• 0-25cm
• Sand/loamSample 2
• 25-55cm• Sand (fine grain)
Rock Layer• 55-65cm
• River rocks (3-5cm)Sample 3• +65cm
• Sand (medium grain)• Multicolour
LVP Vineyard - E
Hole 7Sample 1• 0-35cm• Sand/loam• Evidence of past fire
(charcoal evident)Sample 2• 35-70cm• Sand (fine to medium
grain)River-rock Layer• 70-80cm• River rock (3-5cm)Sample 3• +80cm• Sand (medium grain)• Multicolour
Vineyard Varietalyearsofplanting
Mapnumber
Acreagetypeofirrigation
amountofirrigationhours
amountofwaterperplantinliterfor2017
typeofirrigation
amountofirrigationhours
amountofwaterperplantinliterfor2016
amountofirrigationhours
amountofwaterper
plantinliterfor2015
LaFeuilled'or CabFranc 1995 3 0.73 drip 59 317 MaxiJet 39 521LaFeuilled'or CabFrancupper 1995 1 0.19 drip 59 317 MaxiJet 40 534LaFeuilled'or Merlot 1995 2 2.02 drip 59 317 MaxiJet 40 534LaFeuilled'or Muscatapetitgrain 2013 5 1.26 drip 63 252 drip 28 112LaFeuilled'or MuscatOttonel 2013 6 0.87 drip 63 252 drip 28 112LaFeuilled'or Roussane 2013 8 0.58 drip 65 260 drip 31 124LaFeuilled'or Sauvignonblanc 2011 4 0.412 drip 59 236 drip 37 148LaFeuilled'or Sauvignonblanc 2011 4 0.412 drip 59 236 drip 37 148LaFeuilled'or Syrah 2013 9 0.54 drip 65 260 drip 30 120LaFeuilled'or Viognier 2013 7 0.9 drip 65 260 drip 30 120Lastella Merlot 1999 1 0.5 drip 51 274 OverHead 34 373Lastella Merlot 1999 2 1.46 drip 51 274 OverHead 34 373Lastella Merlot 1999 3 0.56 drip 52 279 OverHead 33 362Lastella Merlot 1999 4 0.11 drip 51 274 drip 36 193Lastella MuscatOttonel 2011 7bis 0.13 drip 50 200 drip 28 112Lastella OrangeMuscat 2011 7 0.25 drip 50 200 drip 28 112Lastella Sangiovese 2011 3bis 0.12 drip 49 196 MaxiJet 31 302Lastella Sangiovese 2011 5bis 0.2 drip 26 140 drip 31 124Lastella Sangiovese 2003 5 0.85 drip 26 140 MaxiJet 31 414Lastella Sangiovese 2011 8 0.04 drip 50 269 drip 31 124Lastella Sauvignonblanc 2003 6 1.1 drip 26 140 drip 28 150LeVieuxpin Marsanne 2009 6 0.83 drip 54.05 216 Drip 30 120LeVieuxpin Roussane 2009 5 1.5 drip 50 200 Drip 30 120LeVieuxpin Syrah 2010 1 1.66 drip 52 208 MaxiJet 36 358LeVieuxpin Syrah 2010 2 1.08 drip 53 212 MaxiJet 41 407LeVieuxpin Viognier 2010 3 0.25 drip 55 220 Drip 27 108LeVieuxpin Viognier 2009 4 0.77 drip 55 220 Drip 31 124Selona CabFrancvigorous 2010 1 1.2 drip 56.5 226 Drip 29 116 MaxiJet 39 388Selona CabFrancvigorous 2011 3 0.63 drip 56.5 226 Drip 29 116 MaxiJet 39 388Selona CabSauvbottom 2010 2 1.2 drip 56.5 226 Drip 26 104 MaxiJet 39 388Selona CabSauvbottom 2011 4 0.64 drip 56.5 226 Drip 26 104 MaxiJet 36 358Selona Merlot 2010 7 3.38 drip 56.5 226 Drip 30 120 MaxiJet 42 417Selona MuscatOttonel 2011 6 0.18 drip 41 164 Drip 28 112 MaxiJet 39 388
APPENDIX 3: Preliminary Irrigation Results
Selona MuscatPetitGrain 2011 6 0.74 drip 41.5 166 Drip 28 112 MaxiJet 39 388Selona Sangiovese 2011 5 0.57 drip 55.5 222 Drip 26 104 MaxiJet 39 388Stag CabFranc 2016 4 0.76 drip 62 248 Drip 32 128Stag Merlot 1 4.31 drip 58 312 Drip 34 183Stag Syrah 1999 3 2.54 drip 59 317 Drip 34 183Stag Syrah 2016 2 1.38 drip 62 248 Drip 28 112
36.854 2078.55 9176 1230 7843 312 3101
Vineyard valvetypeofirrigationpervalve
timetorun2valve
hourlyrate cost valvetypeofirrigationpervalve
timetorun2valve hourlyrate cost valvetypeofirrigationpervalve
timetorun2valve
hourlyrate cost savings
LFO 1 MJ 2 20.83 41.66 1 drip 0.5 20.83 10.4152 MJ 20.83 0 2 drip 03 MJ 2 20.83 41.66 3 drip 04 MJ 20.83 0 4 drip 05 MJ 2 20.83 41.66 5 drip 0.5 20.83 10.4156 MJ 20.83 0 6 drip 07 MJ 2 20.83 41.66 7 drip 08 MJ 20.83 0 8 drip 09 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 9 drip 0.5 20.83 10.41510 drip 20.83 0 10 drip11 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 11 drip12 drip 0 12 drip13 drip 0 13 drip
187.47 31.245 156.225Selona 1 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.245 1 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415
2 MJ 20.83 0 2 drip3 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.245 3 drip4 MJ 20.83 0 4 drip5 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.245 5 drip6 MJ 20.83 0 6 drip7 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.245 7 drip8 MJ 20.83 0 8 drip9 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.245 9 drip10 MJ 20.83 011 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.24512 MJ 20.83 013 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.24514 MJ 20.83 015 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.24516 MJ 20.83 017 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.24518 MJ 0
281.205 10.415 270.79LVP 1 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.245 1 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415
2 MJ 20.83 0 2 drip 20.83 03 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.245 3 drip 20.83 04 MJ 20.83 0 4 drip 20.83 05 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.245 5 drip 0.5 20.83 10.4156 MJ 20.83 0 6 drip 20.83 07 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.245 7 drip 20.83 08 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 8 drip 20.83 09 drip 20.83 0 9 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415
2015 2016 2017
Vineyard valvetypeofirrigationpervalve
timetorun2valve
hourlyrate cost valvetypeofirrigationpervalve
timetorun2valve hourlyrate cost valvetypeofirrigationpervalve
timetorun2valve
hourlyrate cost savings
2015 2016 2017
10 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 10 drip 20.83 011 drip 20.83 0 11 drip 20.83 012 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 12 drip 20.83 013 drip 13 drip 20.83 0
166.64 31.245 135.395Lastella 1 Overhead 1 20.83 20.83 1 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415
2 Overhead 20.83 0 2 drip 20.83 03 Overhead 1 20.83 20.83 3 drip 20.83 04 Overhead 20.83 0 4 drip 20.83 05 Overhead 1 20.83 20.83 5 drip 0.5 20.83 10.4156 Overhead 20.83 0 6 drip 20.83 07 Overhead 1 20.83 20.83 7 drip 20.83 08 Overhead 20.83 0 8 drip 20.83 09 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.245 9 drip 0.5 20.83 10.41510 MJ 20.83 0 10 drip 20.83 011 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.245 11 drip 20.83 012 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 12 drip 20.83 013 drip 20.83 0 13 drip 0.5 20.83 10.41514 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 14 drip 20.83 0
166.64 41.66 124.98Stagg 1 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 1 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415
2 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 2 drip 20.83 03 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 3 drip 20.83 04 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 4 drip 20.83 05 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 5 drip 20.83 0
52.075 10.415 41.66729.05
583.24 114.5658165.36 2062.17 6103.192016:14irrigationset-2017:18irrigationset:totalsavingbetween2016and2017is$6103.19.
TotalsavingperirrigationsetforallvineyardscombinedTotalcostsallvineyardcombinedperirrigationset