optimization of solid waste collections and transportation in bori using arcgis rev01

OPTIMIZATION OF SOLID WASTE

COLLECTIONS AND TRANSPORTATION

IN BORI USING ArcGIS

BY

GEORGE, SOTONYE - HE12/P/2706ARIBIDO, SHOLA OLUSEGUN - HE12/P/2720

UHUNOMA, EFE KELLY – HE12/P/2704

A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL

DIPLOMA (HND) IN CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGSCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

RIVERS STATE POLYTECHNIC, BORI

JANUARY, 2015

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this research project on “Optimization of Solid Waste

collection and Transportation Using ArcGIS – A case study of Bori town” was

carried out by GEORGE, SOTONYE, ARIBIDO O. SHOLA & UHUOMA E.

KELLY and is hereby accepted as been adequate in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the Award of the Higher National Diploma (HND) in Civil

Engineering Technology, Rivers State Polytechnic, Bori.

NAME SIGNATURE DATE

ENGR. GWARAH L. S. ..................................... ..........................

(PROJECT SUPERVISOR)

ENGR. AKATAH B.M. ..................................... ..........................

(PROJECT SUPERVISOR 2)

REV. CHARLES ERETORU ..................................... .........................

(PROGRAM CO-ORDINATOR)

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DEDICATION

This project study is dedicated to the great GOD of wonders for His immense

love and kindness toward us.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our profound gratitude goes to the Ancient of Everlasting days, the great I am

that I am, the God of Heaven, for His matchless favour toward us. We appreciate

the lecturers in the Department of Civil Engineering of Rivers State Polytechnic,

Bori for their relentless efforts in mentoring us to be the best in our field of

endeavours and for making this project work a reality.

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ABSTRACT

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATIONDEDICATIONACKNOWLEDGEMENTABSTRACTTABLE OF CONTENTLIST OF FIGURESLIST OF TABLES

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Study Background

Wastes are unwanted materials be it liquids, gases, solids or combination of

both. They are materials in which the producers (generators) have tagged them

as unwanted or hazardous. Waste according Ajie & Dienye, (2014) and Scidrar,

(1996) are avoidable materials resulting from domestic, industrial or economic

activities for which there is no economic demand, and as such must be disposed,

or any substances, solid, semi-solids, liquids or gases that remain as residue or

incidental by-products of processing a substance of which no further use can be

found by the organism or system that produces them (Sincero & Sincero, 1996;

Omuta, 1988).

The World Health Organization (WHO) refers to waste as something which the

owner or producer no longer wants at a given time and space and which has no

current of perceived market value (Ajie & Dienye, 2014).

Solid wastes are man’s non-liquids and non-gaseous unwanted materials (Leton,

2007). Also, solid waste (sometimes called refuse or garbage) can be described

as waste not transported by water, that has been rejected for further use (Henry

& Heinke, 1996) or waste type consisting of everyday items that are discarded

by the public (Mbido, 2013). Solid waste consists of refuse from household,

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non-hazardous solid waste from industrial, commercial and institutional

establishment, market waste, yard waste and street sweeping, etc (Ogwueleka,

2009). The composition of solid waste varies greatly from country to country

and changes significantly with time. In developing countries like Nigeria, solid

waste consist of materials such as putrescible, papers, metals, textiles, glass,

plastics, dust and grit, etc. (Leton, 2007; Akatah et al, 2011).

Solid waste management is the application of techniques to ensure an orderly

execution of various functions of collection, transportation; procession treatment

and disposal of solid materials (Robinson, 1986; Ajie & Dienye, 2014). Vigil,

(1993) considered solid waste management as a discipline associated with the

control of generation, storage, action transfer and transportation, processing and

disposal of solid waste in a manner that is in accordance with the best principle

of public health, engineering, conversation and aesthetics. Akatah et al, (2011)

viewed solid waste management as a process that entails the collection,

transport, processing, disposal, managing and monitoring solid waste materials.

Hence, solid waste management can be considered as a management strategy

aimed at ensuring proper management of solid wastes generated through proper

storage, collection, transportation, responsible treatment and responsible

disposal of such wastes in accordance with the best principles of public health,

engineering and sustainable development. Solid Waste Management (SWM) is

one of the critical environmental challenges facing many countries in the world

more especially developing nations such as Nigeria. This is as a result of quick

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urban development, technological advancement, globalization, migration of

people from rural area to urban centres, population explosion within the urban

centres and commercial activities within these centres.

Solid waste collection refers to the gathering of solid wastes from places such as

residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial areas, as well as public

parks (Sincero & Sincero, 1996). Waste collection and transportation is the

contact point between the waste generators (residential, commercial and

industrial establishments) and waste management system, and this relationship

needs to be carefully managed to ensure an effective system (Siddam et al, 2012;

Akatah et al, 2011). The collection and transportation of solid waste in urban

areas like Bori is a hard and complicated problem. The collection and

transportation of solid waste accounts for a high percentage of the total solid

waste management budget. Collection and transportation of solid waste account

for about 60 – 80% of the total solid waste management budget (Ghose et al,

2006; Shamshiry et al, 2011; Siddam et al, 2012; Mbido, 2013; O’connor,

2013). Hence, solid waste collection and transportation is the most important

aspect of the solid waste management process of system. Failure in this aspect

can result in the failure of the whole system and vice versa.

In this research work, the application of ArcGIS in the collection and

transportation of solid waste generated in Bori with the aim of optimizing the

collection and transportation processes will be considered.

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1.2 Statement of Problems

The Federal and Rivers State Government introduced environmental sanitation

to tackle the problem of poor management of solid waste (refuse) in our home or

environment. The governments mandated all residents to carry out or participate

actively in the exercise once a month. This initiative was good but its

implementation posed more problems to environment since refuse (waste) from

the exercise was dumped along roadsides instead of the approved locations or

dumpsites by the local authorities. In response to this challenge of poor

management of solid waste in Bori, the Khana Local Government authority

provided three designation centres and task force to monitor indecent dumping

of refuse in drainages and roadsides with local contractors to evacuate the waste

generated but this did not even solve the problem. Also, the rapid increase in

population of Bori, increase volume of unwanted solid wastes with the

associated health risk, the steady increase in the cost and logistical difficulties of

managing solid waste and the poor planning and design of collection points with

no travel routes in Bori to enhance effective and efficient management of solid

waste are sources of concern. There is no engineered solid waste management

system in Bori. The local government authority only locate points deem good for

collection of waste without any form of design or planning (Akatah et al, 3013).

This study aims at developing a GIS based model for solid waste collection and

transportation for Bori with the view of locating and planning of collection

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points, reduce vehicle travel time and minimize cost of collection and

transportation.

1.3 Study Objectives

The objectives of this study include;

1. Design a solid waste collection and transport routes within Bori.

2. Locate collection points and transfer stations(s) on the map using ArcGIS

software.

3. Use ArcGIS software to optimize the collection and transport vehicles

routes.

4. Provide template to use for optimizing waste collection and transport on

streets and transport on streets and zones.

5. Lessen the overall vehicle drive time and amount of miles driven to

collect and transport waste within Bori metropolis.

1.4 Study Scope

The Scope of this study will include;

1. Obtaining the map of Bori.

2. Locate collection points and transfer stations on the map.

3. Obtain the coordinates of the collection points (bins) and transfer stations.

4. Obtain the elevations of position of the collection bins (collection points)

and barriers.

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5. Use ArcGIS to locate the points and digitize the map.

6. Use ArcGIS to find the best route(s) for collection and transportation of

the solid waste generated in Bori.

1.5 Significance of Study

The following are the significance of the study:

1. The study will be useful for companies that are in solid waste collection

and transportation business for planning, budgeting, decision-making,

resource allocation and time scheduling.

2. The findings of this study will add more knowledge on the existing

literature and provide basis for further studies on the application of GIS

based model for solid waste collection.

3. The study will help the government to make policies and plan programs

for solid waste management in Bori.

4. The model will help planners to quantify the cost of solid waste

collections so as to optimize cost.

1.6 Study Area

The study area of this research work is Bori. Bori is the traditional headquarters

of Ogoni and administrative headquarters of Khana Local Government Area,

Rives State, Nigeria. Bori is located on the geographic coordinates of latitude

4o4’ north of equator and longitude 7o2’ east of the Greenwich meridians.

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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Solid waste

Solid waste is any waste generated by every day human activities. Solid waste

may be in the form of household garbage, leftovers of food and other wastage

that include old house hold items such as papers, plastic waste in the form of

kitchen equipment or any other products that are consumed during every day

activities. The emergence of solid waste can be dated back to the beginning of

human civilization, when early man began to consume animal products and

generated garbage in the form of bones and other parts of animal they used to

slaughter. With the advancements in the human cycle of growth more and more

products came into existence that included wood, metals and other items and the

waste generated became a more complex in nature (Mondal, 2013; Akatah, et al,

2011).

However, at that time, the generation of solid waste did not pose any serious

health hazards to the environment as this solid waste was of degradable nature

and it got easily mixed up with the soil.

The industrial revolution in the beginning of 19th century led to an enormous

increase in the production of different types of goods that led to the generation

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of solid waste that was non-biodegradable. This majorly led to air and water

pollution.

2.2 Types of Solid Waste

The types of solid waste may be divided into different types of waste and that

depends upon their source. Broadly the types of solid waste include:

1. House hold waste or Municipal Solid Waste: This type of waste mostly

consists of household waste, sanitation waste, waste from streets,

demolition debris that arises during the construction and demolition of

buildings and other construction activities. With the increase in the

urbanization, municipal solid waste is forming the bulk part of solid

waste. The growth of metropolitan cities is even leading to an enormous

amount of municipal solid waste.

2. Industrial waste: This type or kind of waste is a waste that is quite

dangerous as they consist of toxic substances that are of chemical nature.

This type of waste is highly dangerous to human, plants, animals and the

overall environment. As improper disposal of the industrial solid waste

may lead to death, disease and sometimes an environmental damage that

may continue for generations. For example: any oil spill in the seas,

oceans or release of poison gases, chemicals in the air and improper

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disposal of industrial effluents into the soil will lead to destruction of all

living species in addition to environmental damage.

3. Hospital waste or Biomedical waste: The other form of solid waste is

the Hospital waste that is being generated day in day out by various

hospitals, clinics, research centers, pharmaceutical companies and health

care centers. This type of solid waste is most infectious and can spread

diseases and other types of viral and bacterial infections among humans

and animals if not managed properly in a scientific way. The hospital

waste includes solid waste in the form of disposable syringes, bandages,

cotton swabs, body fluids, human excreta, anatomical waste, bandages,

expired medicines, and other types of chemical and biological waste.

Hospital waste is equally hazardous and dangerous as in case of industrial

waste if not disposed off or managed properly.

2.3 Ways of Collecting Solid Waste

Waste collection is the collection of solid waste from point of production

(residential, industrial commercial, institutional) to the point of treatment

or disposal. Municipal solid waste is collected in several ways:

1. House-to-House: Waste collectors visit each individual house to collect

garbage. The user generally pays a fee for this service.

2. Community Bins: Users bring their garbage to community bins that are

placed at fixed points in a neighbourhood or locality. MSW is picked up

by the municipality, or it’s designate, according to a set schedule.

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3. Curb side Pick-Up: Users leave their garbage directly outside their

homes according to a garbage pick-up schedule set with the local

authorities (secondary house-to-house collectors not typical).

4. Self Delivered: Generators deliver the waste directly to disposal sites or

transfer stations, or hire third-party operators (or the municipality).

5. Contracted or Delegated Service: Businesses hire firms (or municipality

with municipal facilities) who arrange collection schedules and charges

with customers. Municipalities often license private operators and may

designate collection areas to encourage collection efficiencies. Collected

MSW can be separated or mixed, depending on local regulations.

2.4 Methods of Solid Wastes Disposal

The methods of solid waste disposal include:

i. Sanitary Landfill

ii. Incineration

iii. Composting

iv. Pyrolysis

Sanitary Land Filling:

In a sanitary landfill, garbage is spread out in thin layers, compacted and

covered with clay or plastic foam. In the modern landfills the bottom is

covered with an impermeable liner, usually several layers of clay, thick

plastic and sand. The liner protects the ground water from being

contaminated due to percolation of leachate. Leachate from bottom is

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pumped and sent for treatment. When landfill is full it is covered with

clay, sand, gravel and top soil to prevent seepage of water. Several wells

are drilled near the landfill site to monitor if any leakage is contaminating

ground water. Methane produced by anaerobic decomposition is collected

and burnt to produce electricity or heat. Sanitary Landfills Site Selection:

i. Should be above the water table, to minimize interaction with

groundwater.

ii. Preferably located in clay or silt.

iii. Do not want to place in a rock quarry, as water can leech through the

cracks inherent in rocks into a water fracture system.

iv. Do not want to locate in sand or gravel pits, as these have high

leeching. Unfortunately, most of Long Island is sand or gravel, and many

landfills are located in gravel pits, after they were no longer being used.

v. Do not want to locate in a flood plain. Most garbage tends to be less

dense than water, so if the area of the landfill floods, the garbage will float

to the top and wash away downstream.A large number of adverse impacts

may occur from landfill operations. These impacts can vary:

i. Fatal accidents (e.g., scavengers buried under waste piles).

ii. Infrastructure damage (e.g., damage to access roads by heavy vehicles).

iii. Pollution of the local environment (such as contamination of

groundwater and/or aquifers by leakage and residual soil contamination

during landfill usage, as well as after landfill closure).

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iv. Off gassing of methane generated by decaying organic wastes

(methane is a greenhouse gas many times more potent than carbon

dioxide, and can itself be a danger to inhabitants of an area).

v. Harbouring of disease vectors such as rats and flies, particularly from

improperly operated landfills.

Incineration:

The term incinerates means to burn something until nothing is left but

ashes. An incinerator is a unit or facility used to burn trash and other types

of waste until it is reduced to ash. An incinerator is constructed of heavy,

well-insulated materials, so that it does not give off extreme amounts of

external heat. The high levels of heat are kept inside the furnace or unit so

that the waste is burned quickly and efficiently. If the heat were allowed

to escape, the waste would not burn as completely or as rapidly.

Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are

subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous

products. This method is useful for disposal of residue of both solid waste

management and solid residue from waste water management. This

process reduces the volumes of solid waste to 20 to 30 per cent of the

original volume. Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment

systems are sometimes described as “thermal treatment”. Incinerators

convert waste materials into heat, gas, steam and ash. Incineration is

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carried out both on a small scale by individuals and on a large scale by

industry. It is used to dispose of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. It is

recognized as a practical method of disposing of certain hazardous waste

materials. Incineration is a controversial method of waste disposal, due to

issues such as emission of gaseous pollutants.

Composting:

Due to shortage of space for landfill in bigger cities, the biodegradable

yard waste (kept separate from the municipal waste) is allowed to degrade

or decompose in a medium. A good quality nutrient rich and

environmental friendly manure is formed which improves the soil

conditions and fertility.

Organic matter constitutes 35%-40% of the municipal solid waste

generated in India. This waste can be recycled by the method of

composting, one of the oldest forms of disposal. It is the natural process of

decomposition of organic waste that yields manure or compost, which is

very rich in nutrients. Composting is a biological process in which micro-

organisms, mainly fungi and bacteria, convert degradable organic waste

into humus like substance. This finished product, which looks like soil, is

high in carbon and nitrogen and is an excellent medium for growing

plants. The process of composting ensures the waste that is produced in

the kitchens is not carelessly thrown and left to rot. It recycles the

nutrients and returns them to the soil as nutrients. Apart from being clean,

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cheap, and safe, composting can significantly reduce the amount of

disposable garbage. The organic fertilizer can be used instead of chemical

fertilizers and is better specially when used for vegetables. It increases the

soil’s ability to hold water and makes the soil easier to cultivate. It helped

the soil retain more of the plant nutrients.

Vermi-composting has become very popular in the last few years. In this

method, worms are added to the compost. These help to break the waste

and the added excreta of the worms makes the compost very rich in

nutrients. In the activity section of this web site you can learn how to

make a compost pit or a vermi-compost pit in your school or in the garden

at home.

To make a compost pit, you have to select a cool, shaded corner of the

garden or the school compound and dig a pit, which ideally should be 3

feet deep. This depth is convenient for aerobic composting as the compost

has to be turned at regular intervals in this process.

Preferably the pit should be lined with granite or brick to prevent nitrite

pollution of the subsoil water, which is known to be highly toxic. Each

time organic matter is added to the pit it should be covered with a layer of

dried leaves or a thin layer of soil which allows air to enter the pit thereby

preventing bad odour. At the end of 45 days, the rich pure organic matter

is ready to be used. Composting: some benefits

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i. Compost allows the soil to retain more plant nutrients over a longer

period.

ii. It supplies part of the 16 essential elements needed by the plants.

iii. It helps reduce the adverse effects of excessive alkalinity, acidity, or

the excessive use of chemical fertilizer.

iv. It makes soil easier to cultivate.

v. It helps keep the soil cool in summer and warm in winter.

vi. It aids in preventing soil erosion by keeping the soil covered.

vii. It helps in controlling the growth of weeds in the garden.

Pyrolysis:

Pyrolysis is a form of incineration that chemically decomposes organic

materials by heat in the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis typically occurs

under pressure and at operating temperatures above 430 °C (800 °F).

In practice, it is not possible to achieve a completely oxygen-free

atmosphere. Because some oxygen is present in any pyrolysis system, a

small amount of oxidation occurs. If volatile or semi-volatile materials are

present in the waste, thermal desorption will also occur.

Organic materials are transformed into gases, small quantities of liquid,

and a solid residue containing carbon and ash. The off-gases may also be

treated in a secondary thermal oxidation unit. Particulate removal

equipment is also required. Several types of pyrolysis units are available,

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including the rotary kiln, rotary hearth furnace, and fluidized bed furnace.

These units are similar to incinerators except that they operate at lower

temperatures and with less air supply.

2.5 Solid Waste Management Hierarchy.

Because no single waste management approach is suitable for managing all

waste streams in all circumstances, a hierarchy ranking the most

environmentally sound strategies for municipal solid waste is developed. The

hierarchy places emphasis on reducing, reusing, and recycling the majority of

wastes and demonstrates the key components of Sustainable Materials

Management Program (SMM). SMM is an effort to protect the environment and

conserve resources for future generations through a systems approach that seeks

to reduce materials use and their associated environmental impacts over their

entire life cycles, starting with extraction of natural resources and product design

and ending with decisions on recycling or final disposal (USEPA, 2012).

Source Reduction and Reuse

Source reduction, also known as waste prevention, means reducing waste at the

source. It can take many different forms, including reusing or donating items,

buying in bulk, reducing packaging, redesigning products, and reducing toxicity.

Source reduction also is important in manufacturing. Lightweighting of

packaging, reuse, and remanufacturing are all becoming more popular business

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trends. Purchasing products that incorporate these features supports source

reduction.

Source reduction can: Save natural resources;

1. Conserve energy;

2. Reduce pollution;

3. Reduce the toxicity of our waste; and

4. Save money for consumers and businesses alike.

Recycling/Composting

Recycling is a series of activities that includes the collection of used, reused, or

unused items that would otherwise be considered waste; sorting and processing

the recyclable products into raw materials; and remanufacturing the recycled raw

materials into new products. Consumers provide the last link in recycling by

purchasing products made from recycled content. Recycling also can

include composting of food scraps, yard trimmings, and other organic materials.

Recycling prevents the emission of many greenhouse gases and water pollutants,

saves energy, supplies valuable raw materials to industry, creates jobs,

stimulates the development of greener technologies, conserves resources for our

children's future, and reduces the need for new landfills and combustors.

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Energy Recovery

Energy recovery from waste is the conversion of non-recyclable waste materials

into useable heat, electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes, including

combustion, gasification, pyrolization, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas

(LFG) recovery. This process is often called waste-to-energy (WTE).

Treatment and Disposal

Landfills are the most common form of waste disposal and are an important

component of an integrated waste management system. Landfills that accept

municipal solid waste are primarily regulated by state, tribal, and local

governments. EPA, however, has established national standards these landfills

must meet in order to stay open. The federal landfill regulations have eliminated

the open dumps of the past. Today’s landfills must meet stringent design,

operation, and closure requirements. Methane gas, a byproduct of decomposing

waste, can be collected and used as fuel to generate electricity. After a landfill is

capped, the land may be used for recreation sites such as parks, golf courses, and

ski slopes.

2.6 ARCGIS

ArcGIS is a geographic information system (GIS) for working with maps and

geographic information. It is used for: creating and using maps; compiling

geographic data; analyzing mapped information; sharing and discovering

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geographic information; using maps and geographic information in a range of

applications; and managing geographic information in a database. The system

provides an infrastructure for making maps and geographic information

available throughout an organization, across a community, and openly on the

Web.

According to ESRI (2011), ArcGIS includes the following Windows desktop

software:

1. ArcReader, which allows one to view and query maps created with the

other ArcGIS products.

2. ArcGIS for Desktop, which is licensed under three functionality levels:

a. ArcGIS for Desktop Basic (formerly known as ArcView), which

allows

one to view spatial data, create layeredmaps, and perform basic

spatial analysis;

b. ArcGIS for Desktop Standard (formerly known as ArcEditor), which in

addition to the functionality of ArcView, includes more advanced tools

for manipulation of shapefiles and geodatabases; or

c. ArcGIS for Desktop Advanced (formerly known as ArcInfo), which

includes capabilities for data manipulation, editing, and analysis.

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There are also server-based ArcGIS products, as well as ArcGIS products

for PDAs. Extensions can be purchased separately to increase the functionality

of ArcGIS.

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CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Study area

BORI is a city in Khana Local Government Area, Rivers State, southern Nigeria,

and is the traditional headquarters of the Ogoni people and the population of

Bori Nigeria is 11693 according to the GeoNames geographical database with an

estimated growth rate of 3.5%. Located at Coordinates 4.6728° N, 7.3703° E .

The map of study area (Bori) with its boundaries and road network is shown in

figure 3.1a and 3.1b respectively.

Fig 3.1a: Map of Bori

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Fig 3.1b: Map of Bori

3.2 Data resources and software use:

The following data resources are used in this project work;

Table 3.2: Description of data resources used

S/No Description

1 Google Map & Imagery Data used

2 Google Earth, UTM Coordinate Converter, Arc-GIS

10.1 GPS

Software

3.3 Methodology

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Methodology used in this project work is described in the following sequence;

Data such as population density waste generated, Municipality boundary

map, Existing road network map, storage bins and collection vehicle

details were collected from online sources and GIS software locating the

collection bin position according to its easting and northing.

Satellite imagery of municipality map and road network map according its

latitude and longitude was collected from Google Earth Pro.

Geo-referencing of imagery map was done using ArcGIS 10.1.

Rectification of Municipality map and road network map using UTM

WGS-84 co-ordinate system using satellite imagery from Google Earth

Pro.

Road network map was exported in GIS.

Position (Easting and Northing) of solid waste bin location was collected

using position tools on Google Earth Pro.

From road network, network dataset was prepared using ARC-catalogue of

ARC-GIS 10.1.

The Optimized route for solid waste collection and disposal using network

analyst tool of ARC-GIS 10.1. was analyzed.

Cost analysis and comparison with existing expenditure of municipality was

then analyzed.

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CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Results

Below are the results of the solid waste collection bins points, routes and

optimized routes as presented in the tables and figures.

Table 4.1: Collection bins Coordinate and Converted Coordinate (using UTM converter)

GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES

CARTETIAN RECTANG

COORDINATESS/N

NOMENCLATURE Latitude Longitude

ELEVATION(m)

Northing (X)

Easting (Y)

1COLLECTION BIN -1

4.67678056

7.36434722 20.422 517147.3 318570.2

2COLLECTION BIN -2

4.67645278

7.36496389 19.202 517110.9 318638.5

3COLLECTION BIN -3

4.67646389

7.36496389 19.202 517112.2 318638.6

4COLLECTION BIN -4

4.67713611

7.36520556 17.374 517186.4 318665.5

5COLLECTION BIN -5

4.67612778

7.36656944 17.069 517074.6 318816.6

6COLLECTION BIN -6

4.67517778

7.36659444 17.374 516969.5 318819.1

7COLLECTION BIN -7

4.67441111

7.36653889 18.288 516884.8 318812.8

8COLLECTION BIN -8

4.67979167

7.36656944 15.24 517479.7 318817.5

9COLLECTION BIN -9

4.67979167

7.36769444 12.802 517479.5 318942.4

10COLLECTION BIN -10

4.67782500

7.36783889 16.154 517261.9 318957.9


4.67794167

7.36831111 15.24 517274.7 319010.3


4.67800556

7.36843889 15.24 517281.8 319024.5


4.67746111

7.36831667 16.154 517221.6 319010.8


4.67746667

7.36842778 15.849 517222.2 319023.1


4.67749444

7.36858056 15.545 517225.2 319040.1


4.67821111

7.37005556 12.497 517304.1 319203.9


4.67610278

7.37036111 16.764 517070.8 319237.3

18 COLLECTION 4.6763277 7.3726750 16.154 517095.1 319494.1

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BIN -18 8 0


4.67561667

7.37248889 17.678 517016.5 319473.2


4.67561111

7.37269722 17.374 517015.9 319496.4


4.67595000

7.37511667 16.459 517052.7 319764.9


4.67605278

7.37522222 16.154 517064.1 319776.6


4.67564722

7.37708333 20.422 517018.7 319983.0


4.67415278

7.37668056 20.422 516853.6 319937.9


4.67453333

7.37421667 18.898 516896.3 319664.7


4.67483889

7.37256389 18.898 516930.5 319481.4


4.67407500

7.37229444 18.593 516846.1 319451.3


4.67345556

7.37219722 17.983 516777.6 319440.3


4.67266111

7.37224722 18.593 516689.8 319445.7


4.67442778

7.36987500 16.459 516885.7 319182.9


4.67367500

7.36986111 17.069 516802.5 319181.2


4.67297778

7.36995833 17.983 516725.4 319191.8


4.67035278

7.36956111 20.117 516435.2 319147.1


4.67010000

7.37085556 19.507 516406.9 319290.6


4.66999167

7.37091389 19.507 516394.9 319297.1


4.66951667

7.37102500 19.202 516277.8 319339.0


4.66893333

7.37129444 18.288 516277.8 319339.0


4.66869722

7.37140278 18.593 516251.7 319351.0


4.66854722

7.37149167 18.898 516235.0 319360.8


4.66836389

7.37159444 18.898 516214.7 319372.1


4.66795000

7.37180000 19.812 516168.9 319394.9


4.66686389

7.37241389 18.288 516048.7 319462.7


4.66695000

7.36733611 19.507 516059.5 318899.3


4.66726667

7.36771667 19.507 516094.4 318941.6


4.66871111

7.36904167 20.117 516253.8 319089.0


4.66899167

7.36591667 20.422 516285.6 318742.3

31


4.67023889

7.36605278 21.641 516423.5 318757.8


4.67122222

7.36618333 22.555 516532.2 318772.5


4.67173889

7.36469722 21.031 516589.7 318607.7


4.67255000

7.36632778 22.25 516679.0 318788.9


4.67281111

7.36474444 21.641 516708.3 318613.3


4.67358056

7.36480278 21.946 516793.4 318619.9


4.67308333

7.36254444 22.25 516739.0 318369.2


4.67438889

7.36651389 18.593 516882.3 318810.0


4.67696111

7.36220278 21.031 517167.9 318332.3


4.67223889

7.37544444 19.812 516642.3 319800.3


4.67229167

7.37456944 18.593 516648.3 319703.2


4.67683889

7.37435556 12.497 517151.2 319680.7


4.67686111

7.37442222 12.497 517153.7 319688.1


4.67751667

7.37759167 11.887 517225.3 320039.9


4.66814722

7.36905556 20.117 516191.4 319090.4


4.66835556

7.37024722 18.288 516214.2 319222.7


4.66620278

7.37063889 17.983 515976.0 319265.6


4.66931944

7.37063889 18.593 516320.7 319266.4


4.66578889

7.38277500 18.898 515927.1 320612.0


4.66707222

7.36549722 19.812 516073.5 318695.3


4.67528333

7.37937500 23.774 516977.9 320237.2


4.67613889

7.37961944 22.25 517072.5 320264.5


4.67768611

7.38052778 13.106 517243.3 320365.7


4.67498333

7.38106944 22.86 516944.3 320425.1

32

Table 4.2: Solid waste data of Bori City

S/NO PARTICULARS OF SOLID WASTE VALUE1 Solid waste generation rate 0.430kg/cap/day

2 Quantity of domestic solid waste 11MT/day

3 Total number of community bins 70

4 Total annual expenditure for SWM N15,650,000.00

5 Total number of supervisory staff 3

TABLE 4.3: Description of route optimised and vehicles required

S/NO Route optimized for container

Distance to be travelled from source to dumping site in KM

Average speed of vehicle in KM/hr

Total time to be taken for one trip in hr

Cumulative time

Total trip required for one day

1 Route A 252 Route B 25

Table 4.4: Description of Vehicles and Amount Required After Route OptimizationS/NO Catchment

AreaNo. of Vehicles required per year

Amount to spent for solid waste disposal in N

Total Amount in N

1 Route A 16,380,000.002 Route B 15,200,000.00

Table 4.5: Proposed Comparative Statement of Amount that will be spent and Required After Route Optimization

33

Year Amount spent in N

Amount to be spent after optimization in N

Saving

2015 - 2016 16,380,000.00

15%

2016 - 2017 15%

Fig.4.1 Road network of study area

34

Fig.4.2: Map of optimised route for catchment area

4.2 Discussion

Fig 4.1 above shows the map of study area with all the roads digitized using

ARC GIS 10.1 and all the attributes were created in shape file as shown in fig

4.2 shows the optimized route using shape file of digitized road, road network of

the area was generated in ARC Catalogue.35

Table 4.1 shows the co-ordinates of the collection bins used in the optimization

of the collection and transportation of the solid waste generated in Bori. Solid

waste collection bins locations were collected for the entire town using GPS

survey on Google earth and was converted into rectangular shape file in UTM

coordinate converter before importing to Arc-GIS. From the network dataset

generated, the routes were optimized from solid waste storage bin to disposal

site (Transfer station) for all the catchment lying in the study area using network

analyst tool of ARC GIS. All the attributes corresponding to optimised routes

were generated. For optimisation stops, barriers, nature of the roads was taken

into consideration.

Similarly routes were optimised for all catchment area for the types of collection

bins and all the required attributes were obtained which is summarized in table

4.2 and 4.3 and the total expenditure required was calculated and the

comparison of this expenditure after route optimization was made with the

existing expenditure spend by the municipal corporation was carried out as

shown in table 4.4. Total vehicles trips required = 6 No./week, Vehicles

required per year = 315. Total expenditure required= N 16,380,000 (Sixteen

Million, Three Hundred and Eighty thousand Naira only).

36

CHAPTER FIVE

Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1 Conclusion

From the analysis of data and the results obtained the following conclusions are

drawn. Geo-informatics proves to be powerful tool for route optimization for

solid waste disposal. Using Geo-informatics solid waste disposal management

can be carried out efficiently. This technique saves approximately 35%

expenditure to be incurred on SWM but requires skilled persons initially to

perform this optimization task and assigned the routes to the concerned

vehicles. The technique can also be used as a decision support tool by municipal

authorities for efficient management of the daily operations for transporting

solid wastes, load balancing within vehicles, managing fuel consumption and

generating work schedules for the workers and vehicles for overall cost

minimisation.

5.2 Recommendations

The following are recommended:

1. It is recommended that DGPS survey should be carried out to locate the

exact position of bins as hand held GPS works for 5-10 m accuracy.

2. Slope should be considered while assigning path to the vehicles as it affects

on speed of vehicles as well as its moving directions.

3. Further work should be carried out on the use of other Geo-informatics

software for the optimization of collection routes in Bori.

37

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