optical coherence tomography978-3-319-06419...ited to a few millimeters in standard clinical...
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Optical Coherence Tomography
Wolfgang Drexler • James G. FujimotoEditors
Optical CoherenceTomography
Technology and Applications
Second Edition
With 1380 Figures and 33 Tables
EditorsWolfgang DrexlerCenter for Medical Physics andBiomedical EngineeringMedical University ViennaGeneral Hospital ViennaVienna, Austria
James G. FujimotoDepartment of Electrical Engineeringand Computer Science and ResearchLaboratory of ElectronicsMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA, USA
ISBN 978-3-319-06418-5 ISBN 978-3-319-06419-2 (eBook)ISBN 978-3-319-06420-8 (print and electronic bundle)DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-06419-2
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015941449
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London1st edition: # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 20082nd edition: # Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part ofthe material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformation storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exemptfrom the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookare believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or theeditors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errorsor omissions that may have been made.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
New medical imaging technologies can improve the diagnosis and clinical man-
agement of many diseases. Furthermore, advanced imaging also contributes to
a better understanding of pathogenesis and therefore to the development of new
pharmaceuticals and novel therapies. Thus, imaging plays a critical role in
modern medical research and clinical practice. Noninvasive or minimally invasive
imaging techniques have revolutionized diagnostic medicine during the last
decades, e.g., X-ray computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), radioisotope imaging
(position emission tomography (PET)), single-photon emission computed tomog-
raphy (SPECT), and diffuse optical tomography (DOT). These techniques permit
three-dimensional visualization; however, their spatial resolution is typically lim-
ited to a few millimeters in standard clinical practice. Optical imaging techniques
such as conventional, confocal, fluorescence, as well as two-photon or multiphoton
microscopy enable high axial and transverse (�1 mm) resolution imaging but with
limited penetration in biological tissues. Excisional biopsy and histopathology
remains the gold standard for many clinical applications including cancer diagno-
sis. However, biopsy is hazardous or impossible in some tissues, and it can suffer
from unacceptable false-negative rates because of sampling errors.
An imaging modality that enables noninvasive or minimally invasive three-
dimensional imaging with near cellular resolution or tissue morphology as well as
function could significantly improve early diagnosis, contribute to a better under-
standing of disease pathogenesis, and enable improved monitoring of disease
progression and response to therapy. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is
a noninvasive, optical medical diagnostic imaging modality, which enables
in vivo cross-sectional and three-dimensional tomographic visualization of internal
microstructure in biological systems. Since its invention in the late 1980s and
early 1990s, the original concept of OCT was to enable noninvasive optical biopsy,
i.e., the in situ imaging of tissue microstructure with a resolution approaching that
of histology but without the need for tissue excision and postprocessing. In order to
accomplish – or to approach – this challenging goal, recent efforts in OCT research
focused on improvements in resolution, data acquisition speed, optimization of tissue
penetration, as well as contrast enhancement. The development of state-of-the-art
medical devices and patient interfaces facilitated the application ofOCT in a variety of
medical fields, enabling access to internal body organs using a variety of catheters,
v
endoscopes, needles, and other imaging probes. Furthermore, extensions of OCT have
been developed that enable noninvasive depth-resolved functional imaging, providing
spectroscopic, polarization-sensitive, blood flow, or physiological tissue information.
These functional extensions of OCT not only enhance image contrast but also promise
to enable improved differentiation of pathologies via localizedmetabolic properties or
functional (physiological) states.
As a consequence, there have been numerous recent innovations in OCT technol-
ogy and considerable interest in this topic – especially in the fields of ophthalmology,
gastroenterology, and cardiology. OCT is one of the most innovative and rapidly
emerging optical imaging modalities in the last decades since unlike histology, it is
capable of noninvasively exploiting the wealth ofmorphological and functional tissue
information in living tissues and performing repeated imaging to elucidate dynamics,
progression, and treatment response. To date,more than 50OCT companies have been
created; more than 100 international research groups are involved in OCT; over 1,000
OCT patents have been granted; and more than 10,000 research articles have been
published – mostly in ophthalmology, followed by technology-related and cardiovas-
cular publications (http://www.octnews.org/; Eric Swanson). In ophthalmic diagnosis,
OCT was the fastest adopted imaging technology in the history of ophthalmology. In
2010, there were 108 million X-ray, 30 million SPECT, PET, and CT, and 26 million
MRI examinations compared with approximately 30 million ophthalmic OCT scans.
In more than 110 years of X-ray imaging development, ionizing radiation dose was
reduced by 1,500 times; imaging speed became 257,000 times faster; contrast
increased significantly; and the images became of much finer resolution. It is inter-
esting to note that in less than 20 years of OCT development, its axial resolution has
improved by more than 10 times; imaging speed has increased by more than half
amillion times; image contrast is greatly enhanced; andmany functional extensions of
OCT have been developed.
In 2008, the first edition of this book was successfully published and has
contributed to the extremely rapid development and dissemination of OCT. Since
then, significant advances in photonics, detection and OCT technology, as well as
a broad and continuously growing spectrum of successful OCT applications in
a variety of medical fields have occurred. The second edition of this book seeks to
comprehensively summarize and critically highlight the state of the art of OCT
technology and its applications. The book includes contributions from the leading
international experts in OCT technology and its clinical applications. The number
of chapters more than doubled from 42 in the first edition to more than 80 in this
second edition. The chapters have been grouped into five themes:
• Two chapters present an overview, history, and basic theory of OCT. Modeling
of light tissue interactions in OCT systems is described in the third chapter.
• In Part II, 21 chapters summarize the state-of-the-art OCT Technology includingSpectral/Fourier, Frequency Domain OCT, Swept Source OCT, Inverse Scatter-
ing OCT, Ultrahigh-Resolution OCT, Ultrahigh-speed OCT, superluminescent
diodes, rapid swept sources, ultrashort pulse and tuneable light sources for OCT
as well as optical designs, linear OCT systems, and OCT signal and image
processing, including digital signal processing enhancements.
vi Preface
• In Part III, seven chapters focus on Optical Coherence Microscopy including
flying spot-based en face OCT, scanning OCM, time domain, spectral domain
and swept source full field OCT, OCM with engineered wavefront, interfero-
metric synthetic aperture microscopy, and holographic OCT.
• In Part IV, 23 chapters introduce extensions of OCT describing Doppler
flow, microangiography, polarization-sensitive, spectroscopic, molecular con-
trast, phase-resolved OCT, OCT combined with fluorescence, multiphoton
microscopy, ultrasound, photoacoustic imaging, fluorescence laminar tomogra-
phy, elastic scattering spectroscopy combined with OCT, optical tissue clearing
for OCT, nonlinear interferometric vibrational imaging, optical coherence
elastography, as well as multimodal OCT endoscopy.
• In Part V, the final 31 chapters summarize the broad spectrum of medical OCT
applications including tissue engineering, developmental biology, ophthalmol-
ogy (including 2 chapters on cellular resolution (adaptive optics) OCT, small
animal retinal OCT, as well as choroidal OCT), gastrointestinal and intracoronary
endoscopy, dermatology, laryngology, neuroscience, dentistry, kidney transplan-
tation, as well as applications in the oral cavity, pulmonary area, gynecology,
urology and large hollow organs, but also nondestructive material testing and
examination of artwork by OCT. A final chapter describes the OCT technology
transfer and the OCT market.
Three-dimensional ultrahigh-resolution OCT in combination with ultrafast scan-
ning/data acquisition enabled a quantum leap in OCT performance. OCT can now
be considered as an optical analogue to CT or MRI but with microscopic resolution.
OCT is in a unique position because it enables not only three-dimensional structural
imaging of tissue architecture and pathology but also depth-resolved, three-
dimensional imaging of functional tissue information. Integrated structural and
functional imaging might ultimately be performed with a single acquisition com-
bined with innovative data post processing. With the continuing development of
functional OCT, this technique has the potential to revolutionize medical diagnosis
in multiple specialties in the near future. It is unlikely, however, that OCT will
replace excisional biopsy and histology or other existing diagnostic modalities.
Rather, it would be used as an adjunct to increase coverage, reduce sampling error,
and improve sensitivity. In addition, OCT promises to have impact on the screening
and diagnosis of diseases and to enable new insight into the pathogenesis and
therapy of many diseases. The unique features of this technology enable a broad
range of research and clinical applications, which not only complement the existing
imaging technologies available today but can also reveal previously unseen mor-
phological, dynamic, and functional changes in applications spanning different
biological tissues and medical fields.
Due to recent dramatic technological advances, there may be a concern that key
OCT performance parameters, e.g., resolution, scanning/data acquisition speed,
sensitivity, and penetration may have reached a plateau. At the same time, it is
difficult to predict the future of a technology. Ten years ago, it was difficult to
predict the development of Fourier domain detection methods that enabled
multiple-order-of-magnitude increases in imaging speed. The full impact of these
Preface vii
extremely high data rates remains yet to be realized, especially in the context of
new functional imaging methods. In addition, many challenges in medical device
development for OCT remain to be solved.
However, it is clear that the future of OCT clinical applications requires major
research efforts by multidisciplinary teams of investigators spanning academics,
industry, and clinical medicine. Fundamental studies, engineering, clinical feasi-
bility studies, product development, and multicenter clinical trials must be
performed to demonstrate efficacy and outcome. Regulatory and reimbursement
hurdles must be addressed and development and educational efforts undertaken to
disseminate OCT into the international clinical community. This represents an
enormous effort because it must be performed on a specialty-by-specialty and
indication-by-indication basis. This translational process requires partnerships
between engineers and clinicians, academics and industry, as well as government
funding and regulatory agency involvement. These challenges are great, but the
potential impact on health care and society is also great.
The editors are especially grateful to the numerous coeditors and their teams for
their significant efforts and indispensable contributions that resulted in an
extremely comprehensive, state-of-the-art description of OCT. The editors and
coeditors have all agreed not to accept any royalty income for this book in order
to maintain a low sales price, making it accessible to the widest possible audience.
We wish to offer special thanks to the numerous companies and organizations who
are advertisers of this book. Their contributions enabled the book to be printed with
full color (rather than black and white) figures at an economical price. Finally, we
are also especially grateful to Springer Publishing for their efforts to make this book
possible.
On behalf of all the coeditors, we hope you find this book and the field of OCT as
interesting, enlightening, and stimulating as we do.
Wolfgang Drexler
Vienna, Austria
James G. Fujimoto
Cambridge, MA, USA
Editors
viii Preface
Contents
Volume 1
Part I Introduction to OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1 Introduction to OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
James G. Fujimoto and Wolfgang Drexler
2 Theory of Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Joseph A. Izatt, Michael A. Choma, and Al-Hafeez Dhalla
3 Modeling Light–Tissue Interaction in Optical Coherence
Tomography Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Peter E. Andersen, Thomas M. Jørgensen, Lars Thrane,Andreas Tycho, and Harold T. Yura
Part II OCT Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4 Inverse Scattering and Aperture Synthesis in OCT . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Adolf F. Fercher
5 Spectral/Fourier Domain Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . 165
Johannes F. de Boer
6 Complex and Coherence-Noise Free Fourier Domain
Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Rainer A. Leitgeb and Maciej Wojtkowski
7 Optical Frequency Domain Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Brett E. Bouma, Guillermo J. Tearney, Benjamin Vakoc, and
Seok Hyun Yun
8 Complex Conjugate Removal in SS Optical
Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Oscar Carrasco-Zevallos and Joseph A. Izatt
9 Ultrahigh Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . 277
Wolfgang Drexler, Yu Chen, Aaron D. Aguirre, Boris Povazay,
Angelika Unterhuber, and James G. Fujimoto
ix
10 Ultrahigh Speed OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Ireneusz Grulkowski, Jonathan J. Liu, Benjamin Potsaid,
Vijaysekhar Jayaraman, Alex E. Cable, and James G. Fujimoto
11 Optical Design for OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Zhilin Hu and Andrew M. Rollins
12 Linear OCT Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Gereon H€uttmann, Peter Koch, and Reginald Birngruber
13 Data Analysis and Signal Postprocessing for Optical Coherence
Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Tyler S. Ralston, Daniel L. Marks, Adeel Ahmad, and
Stephen A. Boppart
14 DSP Technology and Methods for OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Murtaza Ali, Adeel Ahmad, and Stephen A. Boppart
15 OCT Motion Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Martin F. Kraus and Joachim Hornegger
16 Image Processing in Intravascular OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Zhao Wang, David L. Wilson, Hiram G. Bezerra, and
Andrew M. Rollins
17 Superluminescent Diode Light Sources for OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Vladimir R. Shidlovski
18 SLEDs and Swept Source Laser Technology for OCT . . . . . . . . . 527
Marcus Duelk and Kevin Hsu
19 Broad Bandwidth Laser and Nonlinear Optical
Sources for OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Angelika Unterhuber, Boris Povazay, Aaron D. Aguirre, Yu Chen,
Franz X. K€artner, James G. Fujimoto, and Wolfgang Drexler
20 Wavelength Swept Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
Seok Hyun Yun and Brett E. Bouma
21 Swept Light Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Bart Johnson, Walid Atia, Mark Kuznetsov, Christopher Cook,
Brian Goldberg, Bill Wells, Noble Larson, Eric McKenzie,
Carlos Melendez, Ed Mallon, Seungbum Woo, Randal Murdza,
Peter Whitney, and Dale Flanders
22 VCSEL Swept Light Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
Vijaysekhar Jayaraman, James Jiang, Benjamin Potsaid,
Martin Robertson, Peter J. S. Heim, Christopher Burgner,
Demis John, Garrett D. Cole, Ireneusz Grulkowski,
James G. Fujimoto, Anjul M. Davis, and Alex E. Cable
x Contents
23 Akinetik Swept Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
Michael Minneman, Jason Ensher, Michael Crawford, Marco Bonesi,
Behrooz Zabihian, Paul Boschert, Erich Hoover, Dennis Derickson,
Brian E. Applegate, Thomas Milner, and Wolfgang Drexler
24 FDML (incl. Parallelization) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741
Robert Huber
Volume 2
Part III Optical Coherence Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789
25 Time Domain Full Field Optical Coherence Tomography
Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791
Fabrice Harms, Anne Latrive, and A. Claude Boccara
26 Assessment of Breast, Brain and Skin Pathological Tissue
Using Full Field OCM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813
Eugenie Dalimier, Osnath Assayag, Fabrice Harms, and
A. Claude Boccara
27 Digital Holoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839
Dierck Hillmann, Gesa Franke, Christian L€uhrs, Peter Koch,and Gereon H€uttmann
28 Optical Coherence Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865
Aaron D. Aguirre, Chao Zhou, Hsiang-Chieh Lee,
Osman O. Ahsen, and James G. Fujimoto
29 OCM with Engineered Wavefront . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913
Rainer A. Leitgeb, Theo Lasser, and Martin Villiger
30 Holographic Optical Coherence Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941
David D. Nolte, Kwan Jeong, John Turek, and Paul M. W. French
31 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Microscopy (ISAM) . . . . . . . 965
Steven G. Adie, Nathan D. Shemonski, Tyler S. Ralston,
P. Scott Carney, and Stephen A. Boppart
Part IV Contrast Enhanced, Functional and Multimodal OCT . . . . 1005
32 Optical Coherence Elastography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007
Brendan F. Kennedy, Kelsey M. Kennedy, Amy L. Oldenburg,
Steven G. Adie, Stephen A. Boppart, and David D. Sampson
33 Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . 1055
B. Hyle Park and Johannes F. de Boer
34 MUW Approach of PS OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103
Christoph K. Hitzenberger and Michael Pircher
Contents xi
35 Jones Matrix Based Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence
Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137
Yoshiaki Yasuno, Myeong-Jin Ju, Young Joo Hong, Shuichi Makita,
Yiheng Lim, and Masahiro Yamanari
36 Spectroscopic Low Coherence Interferometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163
Nienke Bosschaart, T. G. van Leeuwen, Maurice C. Aalders,
Boris Hermann, Wolfgang Drexler, and Dirk J. Faber
37 Motility Contrast Imaging and Tissue Dynamics
Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1189
David D. Nolte, Ran An, and John Turek
38 Elastic Scattering Spectroscopy and Optical Coherence
Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1207
Adam Wax, Michael Giacomelli, and Francisco Robles
39 Nonlinear Interferometric Vibrational Imaging (NIVI)
with Novel Optical Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1237
Stephen A. Boppart, Matthew D. King, Yuan Liu, Haohua Tu, and
Martin Gruebele
40 Ultrasensitive Phase-Resolved Imaging of Cellular Morphology
and Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1257
Michael A. Choma, Audrey Ellerbee, and Joseph A. Izatt
41 Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1289
Zhongping Chen and Jun Zhang
42 Doppler Fourier Domain Optical Coherence Tomography for
Label-Free Tissue Angiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1321
Rainer A. Leitgeb, Maciej Szkulmowski, Cedric Blatter, and
Maciej Wojtkowski
43 Dual Beam Doppler Optical Coherence Angiography . . . . . . . . . . 1353
Yoshiaki Yasuno, Shuichi Makita, and Franck Jaillon
44 Optical Microangiography Based on Optical Coherence
Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1373
Roberto Reif and Ruikang K. Wang
45 Optical Coherence Tomography in Cancer Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . 1399
Ahhyun Stephanie Nam, Benjamin Vakoc, David Blauvelt, and
Isabel Chico-Calero
46 Clinical Applications of Doppler OCT and OCT
Angiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1413
Ou Tan, Yali Jia, Eric Wei, and David Huang
xii Contents
47 Molecular Optical Coherence Tomography Contrast
Enhancement and Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1429
Amy L. Oldenburg, Brian E. Applegate, Jason M. Tucker-Schwartz,
Melissa C. Skala, Jongsik Kim, and Stephen A. Boppart
48 Optical Tissue Clearing to Enhance Imaging
Performance for OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1455
Ruikang K. Wang and Valery V. Tuchin
49 Second Harmonic OCT and Combined MPM/OCT . . . . . . . . . . . 1489
Zhongping Chen and Shuo Tang
50 Combined Endoscopic Optical Coherence Tomography and
Laser Induced Fluorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1515
Jennifer K. Barton, Alexandre R. Tumlinson, and Urs Utzinger
51 Integrated Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) with
Fluorescence Laminar Optical Tomography (FLOT) . . . . . . . . . . 1557
Chao-Wei Chen and Yu Chen
52 Photoacoustic / Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1579
Michelle Gabriele Sandrian, Edward Zhang, Boris Povazay,
Jan Laufer, Aneesh Alex, Paul Beard, and Wolfgang Drexler
53 Multi-modal Endoscopy: OCT and Fluorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1599
Jessica Mavadia-Shukla, Jiefeng F. Xi, and Xingde D. Li
Volume 3
Part V OCT Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1615
54 Application of Fourier Domain OCT Imaging Technologyto the Anterior Segment of the Human Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1617
Maciej Wojtkowski, Susana Marcos, Sergio Ortiz, and
Ireneusz Grulkowski
55 Anterior Eye Imaging with Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . 1649
David Huang, Yan Li, and Maolong Tang
56 Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1685
Wolfgang Drexler and James G. Fujimoto
57 OCT Imaging in Glaucoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1737
Jessica E. Nevins, Gadi Wollstein, and Joel S. Schuman
58 Intraoperative Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . 1771
Justin Migacz, Oscar Carrasco-Zevallos, Paul Hahn, Anthony Kuo,
Cynthia Toth, and Joseph A. Izatt
Contents xiii
59 En-face Flying Spot OCT/Ophthalmoscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1797
Richard B. Rosen, Patricia Garcia, Adrian Gh. Podoleanu,
Radu Cucu, George Dobre, Irina Trifanov, Mirjam E. J. van
Velthoven, Marc D. de Smet, John A. Rogers, Mark Hathaway,
Justin Pedro, and Rishard Weitz
60 Choroidal OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1833
Marieh Esmaeelpour and Wolfgang Drexler
61 Retinal AO OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1849
Robert J. Zawadzki and Donald T. Miller
62 Acousto Optic Modulation Based En face AO SLO OCT . . . . . . . 1921
Michael Pircher and Christoph K. Hitzenberger
63 Small Animal Retinal Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1941
WooJhon Choi, Wolfgang Drexler, and James G. Fujimoto
64 Optical Coherence Tomography in Tissue Engineering . . . . . . . . 1965
Youbo Zhao, Ying Yang, Ruikang K. Wang, and Stephen A. Boppart
65 4-D OCT in Developmental Cardiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003
Michael W. Jenkins and Andrew M. Rollins
66 OCT and Coherence Imaging for the Neurosciences . . . . . . . . . . . 2025
Jonghwan Lee and David A. Boas
67 Optical Coherence Tomography for Gastrointestinal
Endoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2051
Wei Kang, Xin Qi, Hui Wang, and Andrew M. Rollins
68 Endoscopic Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2077
Chao Zhou, James G. Fujimoto, Tsung-Han Tsai,
and Hiroshi Mashimo
69 Imaging Coronary Atherosclerosis and Vulnerable Plaques
with Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2109
Guillermo J. Tearney, Ik-Kyung Jang, Manubu Kashiwagi, and
Brett E. Bouma
70 Cardiovascular Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2131
Taishi Yonetsu, Martin Villiger, Brett E. Bouma, and Ik-Kyung Jang
71 Intravascular OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2153
Joseph M. Schmitt, Desmond Adler, and Chenyang Xu
72 Development of Integrated Multimodality Intravascular Imaging
System for Assessing and Characterizing Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . 2173
Zhongping Chen
73 OCT in Dermatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2189
John Holmes and Julia Welzel
xiv Contents
74 Dental OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2209
Petra Wilder-Smith, Linda Otis, Jun Zhang, and Zhongping Chen
75 Anatomic Optical Coherence Tomography of Upper Airways . . . 2245
Anthony Chin Loy, Joseph Jing, Jun Zhang, Yong Wang,
Said Elghobashi, Zhongping Chen, and Brian J. F. Wong
76 Optical Coherence Tomography in Pulmonary Medicine . . . . . . . 2263
Septimiu Dan Murgu, Matthew Brenner, Zhongping Chen, and
Melissa J. Suter
77 OCT in Gynecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2305
Irina A. Kuznetsova, Natalia D. Gladkova, Valentin M. Gelikonov,
Jerome L. Belinson, Natalia M. Shakhova, and Felix I. Feldchtein
78 Endoscopic Optical Coherence Tomography in Urology . . . . . . . . 2335
Yingtian Pan, Wayne Waltzer, and Zhangqun Ye
79 Optical Coherence Tomography in Kidney Transplantation . . . . 2363
Peter M. Andrews, Jeremiah Wierwille, and Yu Chen
80 Intraoperative OCT in Surgical Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2393
Fredrick A. South, Marina Marjanovic, and Stephen A. Boppart
81 Optical Coherence Tomography in a Needle Format . . . . . . . . . . 2413
Dirk Lorenser, Robert A. McLaughlin, and David D. Sampson
82 OCT for Examination of Artwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2473
Piotr Targowski, Magdalena Iwanicka, Bogumiła J. Rouba, and
Cecilia Frosinini
83 Nondestructive Material Testing Using OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2497
D. Stifter
84 OCT Technology Transfer and the OCT Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2529
Eric A. Swanson
Contents xv
Contributors
Maurice C. Aalders Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics,
Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Steven G. Adie Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University,
Ithaca, NY, USA
Desmond Adler St. Jude Medical, Westford, MA, USA
Aaron D. Aguirre Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
MA, USA
Adeel Ahmad Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for
Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Urbana, IL, USA
Osman O. Ahsen Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, MA, USA
Aneesh Alex Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh
University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
Murtaza Ali Embedded Processing Systems Lab, Texas Instruments Inc, Dallas,
TX, USA
Ran An Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN, USA
Peter E. Andersen Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University
of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
Peter M. Andrews Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology,
Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
Brian E. Applegate Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College Station, TX, USA
xvii
Osnath Assayag Institut Langevin, ESPCI-ParisTech, Paris, France
Walid Atia Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA
Jennifer K. Barton Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson,
AZ, USA
Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
Paul Beard Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, Malet Place
Engineering Building, London, UK
Jerome L. Belinson Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
HiramG. Bezerra Cardiovascular Imaging Core Laboratory, University Hospitals
Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
Reginald Birngruber Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of L€ubeck,L€ubeck, Germany
Medical Laser Center L€ubeck GmbH, L€ubeck, Germany
Cedric Blatter Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical
University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
David Blauvelt Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General
Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
David A. Boas Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
A. Claude Boccara LLTech SAS Pepiniere Paris Sante Cochin, Paris, France
LLTech, Princeton, NJ, USA
Institut Langevin, ESPCI–ParisTech, Paris, France
Marco Bonesi Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Stephen A. Boppart Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for
Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Urbana, IL, USA
Departments of Bioengineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, and
Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
Paul Boschert Insight Photonic Solutions, Lafayette, CO, USA
Nienke Bosschaart Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics,
Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Brett E. Bouma Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Matthew Brenner Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, UC Irvine Medical
Center, Orange, CA, USA
xviii Contributors
Christopher Burgner Praevium Research, Inc., Santa Barbara, CA, USA
Alex E. Cable Advanced Imaging Group, Thorlabs Inc., Newton, NJ, USA
P. Scott Carney Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
Oscar Carrasco-Zevallos Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics and Department of
Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
Chao-Wei Chen Fischell Department of Bioengineering and Department of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park,
MD, USA
Yu Chen Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and
Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, MA, USA
Biomedical Optics and Imaging Laboratory, Fischell Department of Bioengineer-
ing, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
Zhongping Chen The Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascu-
lar Technology, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, CA, USA
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beckman Laser Institute, University of
California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
Isabel Chico-Calero Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General
Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Anthony Chin Loy Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,
The Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
WooJhon Choi Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and
Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, MA, USA
Michael A. Choma Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Pediatrics, Biomedical
Engineering, and Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
Garrett D. Cole Advanced Optical Microsystems, Mountain View, CA, USA
Christopher Cook Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA
Michael Crawford Insight Photonic Solutions, Lafayette, CO, USA
Radu Cucu Applied Optics Group, School of Physical Sciences, University of
Kent, Canterbury, UK
Eugenie Dalimier LLTech SAS Pepiniere Paris Sante Cochin, Paris, France
LLTech, Princeton, NJ, USA
Anjul M. Davis Thorlabs, Newton, NJ, USA
Contributors xix
Johannes F. de Boer Department of Physics and Astronomy, LaserLaB
Amsterdam, Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Marc D. de Smet Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Dennis Derickson California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo,
CA, USA
Al-Hafeez Dhalla Bioptigen, Inc, Durham, NC, USA
George Dobre Applied Optics Group, School of Physical Sciences, University of
Kent, Canterbury, UK
Wolfgang Drexler Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering,
Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Marcus Duelk EXALOS, Schlieren, Switzerland
Said Elghobashi Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Univer-
sity of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
Audrey Ellerbee Ginzton Laboratory and Department of Electrical Engineering,
Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
Jason Ensher Insight Photonic Solutions, Lafayette, CO, USA
Marieh Esmaeelpour Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering,
Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Dirk J. Faber Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic
Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Felix I. Feldchtein Imalux Corporation, Cleveland, OH, USA
Institute of Applied Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod,
Russia
Adolf F. Fercher Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Dale Flanders Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA
Gesa Franke Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of L€ubeck, L€ubeck,Germany
Medical Laser Center GmbH, L€ubeck, Germany
Paul M. W. French Imperial College, London, UK
Cecilia Frosinini Opificio delle Pietre Dure e Laboratori di Restauro, Firenze,
Italy
James G. Fujimoto Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, MA, USA
xx Contributors
Patricia Garcia New York Eye and Ear Infirmary Advanced Retinal Imaging
Center, New York, NY, USA
Valentin M. Gelikonov Institute of Applied Physics Russian Academy of
Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
Michael Giacomelli Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, MA, USA
Natalia D. Gladkova Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
Brian Goldberg Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA
Martin Gruebele Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, USA
Ireneusz Grulkowski Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Paul Hahn Duke Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University
Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
Fabrice Harms LLTech SAS Pepiniere Paris Sante Cochin, Paris, France
LLTech, Princeton, NJ, USA
Mark Hathaway Ophthalmic Technology Inc., Toronto, Canada
Peter J. S. Heim Thorlabs Quantum Electronics (TQE), Jessup, MD, USA
Boris Hermann Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering,
Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Dierck Hillmann Thorlabs GmbH, L€ubeck, Germany
Christoph K. Hitzenberger Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical
Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
John Holmes Michelson Diagnostics Ltd, Orpington, UK
Young Joo Hong Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,
Ibaraki, Japan
Erich Hoover Insight Photonic Solutions, Lafayette, CO, USA
Joachim Hornegger Pattern Recognition Lab, University Erlangen–N€urnberg,Erlangen, Germany
School of Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), University Erlangen–
N€urnberg, Erlangen, Germany
Kevin Hsu EXALOS, Schlieren, Switzerland
Contributors xxi
Zhilin Hu Case Western Reserve Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Cleveland, OH, USA
David Huang Center for Ophthalmic Optics and Lasers, Casey Eye Institute and
Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland,
OR, USA
Robert Huber Institut f€ur Biomedizinische Optik, Universit€at zu L€ubeck, L€ubeck
Gereon H€uttmann Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of L€ubeck, L€ubeck,Germany
Medical Laser Center GmbH, L€ubeck, Germany
Magdalena Iwanicka Institute for the Study, Restoration and Conservation of
Cultural Heritage, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
Joseph A. Izatt Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics and Departments of Biomedical
Engineering and Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham,
NC, USA
Franck Jaillon Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,
Ibaraki, Japan
Ik-Kyung Jang Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and
Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
Vijaysekhar Jayaraman Praevium Research, Inc., Santa Barbara, CA, USA
Michael W. Jenkins Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University,
Cleveland, OH, USA
Kwan Jeong Physics Department, Korean Military Academy, Soeul, South Korea
Yali Jia Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland,
OR, USA
James Jiang Thorlabs, Newton, NJ, USA
Joseph Jing Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Beckman Laser
Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
Demis John Praevium Research, Inc., Santa Barbara, CA, USA
Bart Johnson Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA
Thomas M. Jørgensen Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical Univer-
sity of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
Myeong-Jin Ju Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,
Ibaraki, Japan
Wei Kang St. Jude Medical, Westford, MA, USA
xxii Contributors
Franz X. K€artner Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY (Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron), Hamburg, Germany
Manubu Kashiwagi Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Brendan F. Kennedy Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western
Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
Kelsey M. Kennedy Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School
of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western
Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
Jongsik Kim Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Bioengineer-
ing, Medicine, and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
Matthew D. King Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, USA
Peter Koch Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of L€ubeck, L€ubeck,Germany
Medical Laser Center L€ubeck GmbH, L€ubeck, Germany
Martin F. Kraus Pattern Recognition Lab, University Erlangen–N€urnberg,Erlangen, Germany
School of Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), University Erlangen–
N€urnberg, Erlangen, Germany
Anthony Kuo Duke Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Duke
University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
Mark Kuznetsov Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA
Irina A. Kuznetsova Nizhny Novgorod Regional Hospital, Nizhny Novgorod,
Russia
Noble Larson Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA
Theo Lasser Laboratoire d’Optique Biomedicale, Ecole Polytechnique Federal de
Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Anne Latrive Institut Langevin, ESPCI ParisTech, Paris, France
LLTech SAS Pepiniere Paris Sante Cochin, Paris, France
Jan Laufer Institut f€ur Optik und Atomare Physik, Sekretariat ER 1–1,
Technische Universit€at Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Institut f€ur Radiologie, Charite – Universit€atsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Contributors xxiii
Hsiang-Chieh Lee Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, MA, USA
Jonghwan Lee Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
Rainer A. Leitgeb Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering,
Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Xingde D. Li Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, MD, USA
Yan Li Center for Ophthalmic Optics and Lasers, Casey Eye Institute and Depart-
ment of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR,
USA
Yiheng Lim Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,
Ibaraki, Japan
Jonathan J. Liu Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, MA, USA
Yuan Liu Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, USA
Dirk Lorenser Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical,
Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia,
Crawley, WA, Australia
Christian L€uhrs Thorlabs GmbH, L€ubeck, Germany
Shuichi Makita Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,
Ibaraki, Japan
Ed Mallon Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA
Susana Marcos Instituto de Optica “Daza de Valdes”, Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Cientıficas, Madrid, Spain
Marina Marjanovic Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
Daniel L. Marks Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for
Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Urbana, IL, USA
Hiroshi Mashimo Veteran Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, MA, USA
xxiv Contributors
Jessica Mavadia-Shukla Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins
University, Baltimore, MD, USA
Eric McKenzie Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA
Robert A. McLaughlin Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western
Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
Carlos Melendez Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA
Justin Migacz Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of
California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
Donald T. Miller School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
Thomas Milner University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
Michael Minneman Insight Photonic Solutions, Lafayette, CO, USA
Randal Murdza Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA
Septimiu Dan Murgu The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Ahhyun Stephanie Nam Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts
General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Jessica E. Nevins UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and
Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of
Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
David D. Nolte Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette,
IN, USA
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette,
IN, USA
Amy L. Oldenburg Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Biomedical
Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill,
NC, USA
Sergio Ortiz Instituto de Optica “Daza de Valdes”, Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Cientıficas, Madrid, Spain
Linda Otis Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of
Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
Yingtian Pan Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
B. Hyle Park Department of Bioengineering, UC Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
Justin Pedro Ophthalmic Technology Inc., Toronto, Canada
Contributors xxv
Michael Pircher Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering,
Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Adrian Gh. Podoleanu Applied Optics Group, School of Physical Sciences,
University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
Benjamin Potsaid Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, MA, USA
Advanced Imaging Group, Thorlabs Inc., Newton, NJ, USA
Boris Povazay Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical
University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
OptoLab, HuCe - Bern University of Applied Sciences (BUAS), Postfach,
Biel/Bienne, Switzerland
Xin Qi Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
Tyler S. Ralston Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for
Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Urbana, IL, USA
Roberto Reif Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle,
WA, USA
Martin Robertson Praevium Research, Inc., Santa Barbara, CA, USA
Francisco Robles Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
John A. Rogers Ophthalmic Technology Inc., Toronto, Canada
Andrew M. Rollins Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western
Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
Richard B. Rosen New York Eye and Ear Infirmary Advanced Retinal Imaging
Center, New York, NY, USA
Bogumiła J. Rouba Institute for the Study, Restoration and Conservation of
Cultural Heritage, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
David D. Sampson Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Elec-
trical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia,
Crawley, WA, Australia
Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western
Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
Michelle Gabriele Sandrian Department of Ophthalmology, Department
of Bioengineering Eye and Ear Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,
PA, USA
Joseph M. Schmitt St. Jude Medical, Westford, MA, USA
xxvi Contributors
Joel S. Schuman UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and
Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of
Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Natalia M. Shakhova Institute of Applied Physics Russian Academy of Sciences,
Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
Nathan D. Shemonski Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
Vladimir R. Shidlovski Superlum Diodes Ltd., Moscow, Russia
Melissa C. Skala Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, TN, USA
Fredrick A. South Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology,
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at
Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
D. Stifter Center for Surface and Nanoanalytics (ZONA), Johannes Kepler
University (JKU) Linz, Linz, Austria
Melissa J. Suter Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Harvard Medical School and
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Eric A. Swanson Gloucester, MA, USA
Maciej Szkulmowski Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Institute of
Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
Ou Tan Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland,
OR, USA
Maolong Tang Center for Ophthalmic Optics and Lasers, Casey Eye Institute and
Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland,
OR, USA
Shuo Tang Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Piotr Targowski Institute of Physics, Department of Physics, Astronomy and
Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
Guillermo J. Tearney Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Lars Thrane Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of
Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
Contributors xxvii
Cynthia Toth Duke Eye Center and Departments of Ophthalmology and Biomed-
ical Engineering, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
Irina Trifanov Applied Optics Group, School of Physical Sciences, University of
Kent, Canterbury, UK
Tsung-Han Tsai Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, MA, USA
Haohua Tu Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, USA
Valery V. Tuchin Research–Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics,
Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
Laboratory of Laser Diagnostics of Technical and Living Systems, Institute of
Precise Mechanics and Control RAS, Saratov, Russia
Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, University of Oulu,
Oulu, Finland
Jason M. Tucker-Schwartz Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, TN, USA
Alexandre R. Tumlinson Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA, USA
John Turek Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN, USA
Andreas Tycho Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of
Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
Angelika Unterhuber Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering,
Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Urs Utzinger Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson,
AZ, USA
Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
Benjamin Vakoc Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General
Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
T. G. van Leeuwen Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Aca-
demic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Mirjam E. J. van Velthoven Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
Martin Villiger Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Wayne Waltzer Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
xxviii Contributors
Hui Wang American Medical Systems, San Jose, CA, USA
Ruikang K. Wang Department of Automation Engineering, Northeastern
University at Qinhuangdao, Hebei, Peoples’ Republic of China
Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
YongWang Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of
California Irvine, CA, USA
Zhao Wang Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, OH, USA
Adam Wax Department of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics, Duke
University, Durham, NC, USA
Eric Wei Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland,
OR, USA
Rishard Weitz Ophthalmic Technology Inc., Toronto, Canada
Bill Wells Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA
Julia Welzel Klinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
Peter Whitney Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA
Jeremiah Wierwille Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of
Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
Petra Wilder-Smith Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine,
Irvine, CA, USA
David L. Wilson Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, OH, USA
Maciej Wojtkowski Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Institute of
Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
Gadi Wollstein UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and
Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of
Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Brian J. F. Wong Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Surgery, The Beckman
Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
Seungbum Woo Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA
Jiefeng F. Xi Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, MD, USA
Chenyang Xu St. Jude Medical, Westford, MA, USA
Contributors xxix
Masahiro Yamanari Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
Ying Yang Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine,
Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
Yoshiaki Yasuno Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,
Ibaraki, Japan
Zhangqun Ye Tonji Medical College and Affiliated Hospital, Wuhan, Peoples’
Republic of China
Taishi Yonetsu Department of Cardiology, Tsuchiura Kyodo Hospital, Tsuchiura,
Ibaraki, Japan
Seok Hyun Yun Partners Research Building, Wellman Center for Photomedicine,
Cambridge, MA, USA
Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard
Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Harold T. Yura The Aerospace Corporation, Electronics and Photonics Labora-
tory, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Behrooz Zabihian Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Robert J. Zawadzki Vision Science and Advanced Retinal Imaging Laboratory
(VSRI) Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California
Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
UC Davis RISE Eye–Pod Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology and Human
Anatomy, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
Edward Zhang Department Medical Physics and Bioengineering, Malet Place
Engineering Building, University College London, London, UK
Jun Zhang Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Beckman Laser Institute,
University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
Youbo Zhao Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana,
IL, USA
Chao Zhou Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and
Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, MA, USA
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University,
Bethlehem, PA, USA
xxx Contributors