ADDP 3.6

OPERATIONS SERIES

ADDP 3.6

JOINT PERSONNEL RECOVERYAustralian Defence Doctrine Publication (ADDP) 3.6—Joint Personnel Recovery, is issued for use by the Australian Defence Force and is effective forthwith. This publication supersedes ADDP 3.6 edition 1.

D.J. HURLEY, AC, DSCGeneralChief of the Defence Force

Department of DefenceCanberra ACT 2600

25 August 2011

Edition 2

© Commonwealth of Australia 2011

This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Australian Government Department of Defence.

Announcement statement—may be announced to the public.

Secondary release—may be released to the public.

All Defence information, whether classified or not, is protected from unauthorised disclosure under the Crimes Act 1914. Defence information may only be released in accordance with the Defence Security Manual and/or Defence Instruction (General) OPS 13–4—Release of Classified Defence Information to Other Countries, as appropriate.

ADDP 3.6First edition 2006Second edition 2011

Sponsor Chief of Joint OperationsHeadquarters Joint Operations Command

Developer Commanding OfficerJoint Warfare Doctrine and Training CentreWILLIAMTOWN NSW 2314

Publisher Defence Publishing ServiceDepartment of DefenceCANBERRA ACT 2600

Defence Publishing ServiceDPS: August/2011

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FOREWORD1. Australian Defence Doctrine Publications (ADDP) and Australian Defence Force Publications (ADFP) are authorised joint doctrine for the guidance of Australian Defence Force (ADF) operations. ADDP are pitched at the philosophical and high-application level and ADFP at the application and procedural level. Policy is prescriptive as represented by Defence Instructions, and has legal standing. Doctrine is not policy and does not have legal standing; however, it provides authoritative and proven guidance, which can be adapted to suit each unique situation.

2. ADDP 3.6—Joint Personnel Recovery supersedes the first edition. Edition 2 has been restructured and updated since edition 1 was published in 2006. The publication has been updated to include major stakeholders in the joint personnel recovery (JPR) process. Edition 2 provides broad guidance on the nature and scope of JPR within the ADF and is designed to inform key personnel employed in operational planning, command, coordination and conduct of JPR. It also informs ADF education and training.

3. This publication is to be used by commanders, staff and key personnel employed in the planning or conduct of JPR. This publication describes the concepts, process, capability, command, control, communications and planning for the effective conduct of JPR.

4. JPR needs to be viewed within the total context of warfighting. To this end, additional recommended reading is:

• ADDP 00.1—Command and Control;

• ADDP 00.2—Preparedness and Mobilisation;

• ADDP 00.4—Operational Evaluation;

• ADDP 3.0—Operations;

• ADDP 3.0.3—Mounting Operations;

• ADDP 3.12—Special Operations;

• ADDP 4.0—Defence Logistics;

• ADDP 5.0—Joint Planning;

• ADDP 6.0—Communication and Information Systems;

• Australian National Search and Rescue Manual, 2010;

• Australian National Land Search Operations Manual, 2010;

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• NATO Joint Operational Guideline 11/01—Joint Personnel Recovery, 2011;

• NATO Allied Tactical Publication (ATP) 10(D)— Search and Rescue, AL1, 1998;

• NATO ATP–57(B)—The Submarine Search and Rescue Manual, 2009;

• NATO ATP–62—Combat Search and Rescue; and

• US Joint Publication (JP) 3–50—Personnel Recovery, 2007.

ADDP 3.6

AMENDMENT CERTIFICATEProposals for amendment of ADDP 3.6 may be sent by minute or email to:

SO1 DoctrineJoint Warfare, Doctrine and Training CentreRAAF BaseWILLIAMTOWN NSW 2314SO1Doctrine.jwdtc@defence.gov.au

DOCTRINE PUBLICATION HIERARCHY 4

The hierarchy of ADDP and ADFP and the latest electronic version of all ADDP and ADFP are available on:

DRN located at: http://intranet.defence.gov.au/vcdf/sites/jwdtc/; andDSN located at: http://web.wlm.nnw.dsn.defence.mil.au/jwdtc/.

Amendment Effected

Number Date Signature Date

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ADDP 3.6

CONTENTSPage

Foreword iiiAmendment Certificate vContents viiList of Figures xi

Paragraph

CHAPTER 1 PHILOSOPHY

INTRODUCTIONSEARCH AND RESCUE OPERATIONSCivilian search and rescue 1.9SPECTRUM OF JOINT PERSONNEL

RECOVERY Military search and rescue 1.13Approaches 1.15Environment 1.19RECOVERY OPERATIONSCOMBAT RECOVERYCOMBAT SEARCH AND RESCUESPECIAL RECOVERY OPERATIONSNON–COMBATANT EVACUATION

OPERATIONS

CHAPTER 2 RECOVERY PROCESS

INTRODUCTIONPREPARATIONPLANNINGEXECUTIONReport 2.14Locate 2.16Support 2.19Recover 2.23Reintegration 2.31ADAPTATIONOperational evaluation 2.40Reports and records 2.42

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CHAPTER 3 CAPABILITY

INTRODUCTIONDEFENCE CAPABILITYRoyal Australian Navy 3.2Australian Army 3.10Royal Australian Air Force 3.16Recovery force 3.22Other Defence organisations 3.24NON–DEFENCE CAPABILITYOther government agencies 3.26International government organisations 3.32Non–government organisations 3.35Other forces 3.38MAJOR SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENTDOCTRINE AND TRAININGDoctrine and procedures 3.47Training 3.49Major exercises 3.55Pre–deployment and in–theatre training 3.57

CHAPTER 4 COMMAND AND CONTROL

INTRODUCTIONSEARCH AND RESCUEMilitary search and rescue 4.4Civil search and rescue 4.10RECOVERY OPERATIONSJoint operations 4.14Multinational operations 4.24LIAISONCOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION

SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 5 PLANNING

INTRODUCTIONRESPONSIBILITIESJOINT PLANNING PROCESSDELIBERATE PLANNINGOrders 5.14IMMEDIATE PLANNINGPLANNING CONSIDERATIONS

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RISK MANAGEMENT

Annexes:A. Special InstructionsB. Recovery OrdersC. Joint Planning considerations

Glossary

Abbreviations

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LIST OF FIGURESFigure Title Page

1–1 Spectrum of joint personnel recovery 1–4

2–1 Recovery operations process 2–2

3–1 LR–5 Submarine rescue vehicle 3–10

5–1 Preparatory joint personnel recovery planning 5–4

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CHAPTER 1

PHILOSOPHY 1

INTRODUCTION 1.1

1.1 The Chief of the Defence Force (CDF) is committed to protecting the lives and welfare of Defence personnel deployed on operations. A key component of this commitment is the provision of JPR. JPR comprises the military, diplomatic and civil efforts to recover and reintegrate isolated personnel.

1.2 Isolated personnel are those who are separated from either their unit or organisation and/or in a situation requiring them to be recovered. This includes personnel who are held against their will or not in control of their situation. Isolated personnel are, or may be, in a situation where they must survive, evade, resist or escape. The term includes military personnel, civilians, contractors and other people as required by the mission.

1.3 The isolation, capture and/or exploitation of Defence personnel during operations could have a significant negative impact on operations security (OPSEC), force morale and public support. JPR counters such threats by providing for the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel.

1.4 The scope of Australian Defence Doctrine Publication (ADDP) 3.6—Joint Personnel Recovery is as follows:

• Chapter 1 introduces the philosophy of search and rescue operations and describes the difference between civilian and military search and rescue. While the Australian Defence Force (ADF) has a responsibility to civilian search and rescue, the primary focus of ADDP 3.6 is the search, rescue and recovery of personnel in a military context.

Executive summary

• Joint personnel recovery (JPR) comprises the military, diplomatic and civil efforts to recover and reintegrate isolated personnel.

• JPR employs search and rescue operations (SAROP) and recovery operations (RecOP). SAROP is the conduct of military or civil search and rescue (SAR) in permissive environments. RecOP is conducted in all threat environments and comprises combat recovery (CR), combat search and rescue (CSAR), and special recovery operations (SRO).

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• Chapter 2—‘Recovery process’ discusses the recovery process from a military perspective.

• Chapter 3—‘Capability’ outlines search and rescue capabilities available to the ADF.

• Chapter 4—‘Command and control’ discusses the command and control arrangements for joint personnel recovery, recognising that there is limited dedicated joint personnel recovery capability.

• Chapter 5—‘Planning’ discusses the planning aspects of joint personnel recovery.

SEARCH AND RESCUE OPERATIONS 1.5

1.5 Search and rescue is the location and recovery of persons in distress in any environment where hostile interference is not expected. Australia has an obligation, as a signatory to international conventions1 to provide an aeronautical, land and maritime SAR coordination service for its territories, territorial seas and the high seas within Australia’s search and rescue region (SRR).

1.6 Australia’s SRR encompasses a significant proportion of the Earth’s surface, ranging well out from the coast and into the Pacific, Indian and Southern oceans. The coordinates of the SRR are contained within the National Search and Rescue Manual.

1.7 The ADF uses the National Search and Rescue Manual as the procedural guide for SAR in peacetime. The National Search and Rescue Manual is sponsored by the Australian National Search and Rescue Council, comprising Commonwealth, state and Department of Defence representatives. The manual is published by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA).

1.8 The National Search and Rescue Manual is accepted by the ADF as the Australian standard procedural guide for coordinating peacetime search and rescue activities within the Australian SRR. The ADF has a unique responsibility to coordinate SAR for all military assets and personnel in the Australian SRR including visiting foreign military forces. Neither AMSA nor the civil Rescue Coordination Centre (RCC) will intervene or assume responsibility for any part of a military SAR response, unless formally

1 These are the Convention of the Law of the Sea, 1982; the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974; the International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue, 1979; and the Convention on International Civil Aviation, 2006.

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requested to do so by Headquarters Joint Operations Command (HQJOC). The National Search and Rescue Manual is not to be used as the authority for recovery operations.

Civilian search and rescue 1.9

1.9 AMSA, along with the relevant state and territory authorities is responsible for all civilian SAR activities within the Australian SRR. The ADF provides support to civilian SAR under the authority of Defence Assistance to the Civil Community (DACC), when requested by civil SAR authorities.

1.10 Emergency assistance to save life. In localised emergency situations, when immediate action is necessary to save human life, a local civilian SAR authority may request assistance directly from the commander of an ADF unit either on-scene or in the area. In these circumstances ADF commanders are authorised to provide assistance from within their unit’s resources under DACC Category 1.

1.11 All other requests. Other than localised emergency assistance to save lives, civilian SAR authorities are to process requests for ADF support through RCC Australia to HQJOC. The procedure for DACC support to civilian SAR is contained within the National Search and Rescue Manual and Defence Instructions.

SPECTRUM OF JOINT PERSONNEL RECOVERY 1.12

1.12 The ADF recognises JPR as the mechanism for recovering all isolated personnel from all environments at all levels of hostility. As a part of JPR, SAROP are those operations executed in a permissive environment, while RecOP are those executed in an uncertain or hostile environment.

Military search and rescue 1.13

1.13 Military SAR is the recovery of isolated personnel where no threat is posed by hostile interference. Military SAR covers incidents involving ADF personnel and assets within the Australian SRR, and deployed ADF personnel and assets outside the Australian SRR subject to the agreement of the host nation.

1.14 Military SAR includes the ADF responsibility to foreign militaries operating within the Australian SRR in accordance with arrangements between Australia and the government responsible for that foreign military.

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Approaches 1.15

1.15 Military, diplomatic and civil efforts can be used to recover isolated personnel from permissive, uncertain or hostile environments. The environment and the risks to isolated personnel determine the approach, or combination of approaches, to be used. Figure 1–1 depicts the interrelationship of these approaches.

1.16 Military methods. The ADF uses the full range of military operations to recover and reintegrate isolated personnel. JPR incorporates both SAROP and RecOP. SAROP is the conduct of military SAR operations in permissive environments. RecOP is conducted in all threat environments and comprises CR, CSAR, and SRO.

1.17 Diplomatic approach. The diplomatic approach includes negotiation, armistice and/or treaty to recover personnel. This approach is most often used when isolated personnel are captured or detained.

Figure 1–1: Spectrum of joint personnel recovery

1.18 Civil efforts. Civil efforts may include sanctioned or unsanctioned interventions by other government agencies, international government organisations, non-government organisations, United Nations, International Committee of the Red Cross, influential persons and/or private citizens.

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Environment 1.19

1.19 The ADF may be required to rescue or recover military and/or civilian personnel in any threat environment. JPR is both a peacetime and wartime task that may be conducted in permissive, uncertain or hostile environments.

1.20 Isolating incidents that generate JPR activities may occur either day or night—in any terrain, weather or climatic conditions. JPR personnel must be capable of responding to diverse incidents both on land and at sea. As such, SAROP and RecOP should be conducted to suit the specific circumstances of the environment.

RECOVERY OPERATIONS 1.21

1.21 RecOP is a tactical activity that is more complex than peacetime SAR. Because of the varied environments and threat scenarios, the scope and scale of RecOP vary widely. RecOP are conducted using a four stage process: preparation, planning, execution and adaptation.

1.22 The primary task of RecOP is to recover isolated personnel during and after combat activity. It is used when the environment is uncertain and possibly hostile. RecOP comprises three methods: CR, CSAR and SRO.

COMBAT RECOVERY 1.23

1.23 CR is the recovery of isolated personnel during operations. This method is used in all threat environments from the relatively permissive to a high risk environment where an adversary may actively attempt to prevent the recovery. The focus of CR is to recover personnel before capture by adversary forces.

1.24 The recovery scenario and threat environment determines the recovery force composition and recovery techniques. CR tasks range from simple activities requiring limited assets to complex missions requiring significant planning and the assignment of diverse capabilities to support the CR task.

COMBAT SEARCH AND RESCUE 1.25

1.25 CSAR is the detection, location, identification and rescue of isolated ADF personnel during conflict in a hostile environment. A highly visible example of CSAR is the recovery of aircrew that have been forced to abandon their aircraft inside hostile territory.

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1.26 CSAR stems from either adversary action or any unanticipated event during conflict that leads to personnel becoming isolated without the means to safely reach friendly forces. CSAR capabilities increase the probability of mission success by minimising time and mitigating risk in a high threat environment.

1.27 CSAR aims to recover personnel before capture. The scope and scale of CSAR tasks may require forces ranging from a single asset to complex task forces involving assets from several components.

SPECIAL RECOVERY OPERATIONS 1.28

1.28 Special Forces (SF) may conduct SRO to rescue personnel from permissive, uncertain or hostile environments and return them to safe areas. SF may also be tasked with SRO in support of CSAR and non-combatant evacuation operations (NEO) when the recovery task is beyond the capability of conventional forces.

1.29 Further information on SRO is contained in ADDP 3.12—Special Operations.

NON–COMBATANT EVACUATION OPERATIONS 1.30

1.30 NEO are operations in support of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade whereby non-combatants (Australians and approved foreign nationals) are evacuated from foreign countries when their lives are endangered by war, civil unrest, or natural disaster to safe havens in Australia or overseas.

1.31 NEO is not part of JPR. NEO is described in ADDP 3.10— Noncombatant Evacuation Operations.

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CHAPTER 2

RECOVERY PROCESS 2

INTRODUCTION 2.1

2.1 Recovery forces employ a variety of procedures to recover isolated personnel. Isolated personnel in permissive environments are generally recovered by search and rescue operations (SAROP) as described in chapter 1—‘Philosophy’. Used in all threat environments, RecOP includes: self or buddy recovery, recovery by on-scene or nearby resources, a recovery task force, unconventional assisted recovery through an evasion and recovery net, and special recovery operations (SRO) in denied areas. Regardless of the situation, isolated personnel must be knowledgeable of recovery procedures and prepared to assist in their recovery to the greatest extent possible.

2.2 This chapter describes the RecOP process that comprises preparation, planning, execution and adaptation. This process is depicted in figure 2–1. The process is flexible with the stages occurring either sequentially or simultaneously.

Executive summary

• The process for recovery operations (RecOP) comprises preparation, planning, execution and adaptation. The execution stage has five tasks: report, locate, support, recover and reintegrate.

• Recovery techniques include self or buddy recovery, immediate recovery by on-scene forces and deliberate recovery.

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Figure 2–1: Recovery operations process

PREPARATION 2.3

2.3 The Australian Defence Force (ADF) does not have a dedicated joint personnel recovery unit as such but forces preparing to deploy will plan and train for the recovery of isolated personnel.

2.4 All personnel deploying on operations should be prepared for possible isolation. This includes ensuring that non-ADF personnel are suitably prepared for potential isolation.

2.5 Pre-deployment training. Pre-deployment training includes briefings on the joint force area of operations (JFAO), environmental hazards, local groups and survive, evade, resist, escape (SERE) processes. Mission planners should consider the equipment needed to assist in survival, evasion and extraction of any isolated personnel. In addition to equipment, this may include money and devices that assist in basic communication with indigenous populations.

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2.6 Survive, evade, resist, escape.1 The ADF provides SERE training for those personnel who are identified as having a higher risk of isolation, such as aircrew and Special Forces (SF). In the ADF, SERE training would include combat survival, conduct after capture and Service specific survival training. Survival training provides skills and knowledge that prepare individuals for isolating incidents and recovery using combat search and rescue (CSAR) techniques.

2.7 Isolated personnel report. The isolated personnel report (ISOPREP) contains information that enables a recovery force to positively identify and authenticate isolated personnel. ISOPREP management is part of force preparation.

2.8 Evasion plan of action. An evasion plan of action (EPA) is a mission specific description of unit and/or personal intentions on becoming isolated. The plan aids in linking isolated personnel with recovery forces by listing general directions for egress, escape or evasion; equipment held; communications radios and frequencies; and ground to air signals. The information is derived from different sources, including orders and special instructions (SPINS).

2.9 Rules of engagement. During force preparation, deploying personnel are briefed on rules of engagement (ROE), including ROE for isolated personnel and recovery forces. Some personnel have a different legal status when isolated, such as aircrew descending by parachute from a disabled aircraft. Some recovery elements also have protected status, such as medical personnel attempting to rescue injured aircrew. Information on ROE and the legal status of isolated personnel is in Australian Defence Doctrine Publication (ADDP) 06.4—Law of Armed Conflict and ADDP 06.1—Rules of Engagement.

PLANNING 2.10

2.10 Commanders should consider all available approaches and methods when planning for joint personnel recovery (JPR) within their JFAO. This includes diplomatic and civil approaches as well as the availability of component, joint and multinational (MN) capabilities. They should also consider the capabilities of the isolated personnel deemed to be at risk of isolation.

1 UK JWP 3–66 states that the SERE abbreviation is for Survive Evade Resist and Extract. US JP 3–50 states that SERE abbreviation is for Survive Evade Resist and Escape. The latter definition is used in this publication.

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2.11 Critical information regarding isolated personnel must be denied to the adversary and any neutral party. Operations security (OPSEC) measures minimise the risk to the recovery force and isolated personnel to be recovered.

2.12 JPR preparation comprises deliberate and immediate planning. Preparatory planning is conducted before an incident occurs and facilitates the recovery of the isolated personnel. Immediate planning is conducted once an isolation event occurs. This planning determines the recovery force composition and conduct of the mission. This also involves search planning to locate the isolated personnel. Information on planning for JPR is in chapter 5—‘Planning’.

EXECUTION 2.13

2.13 RecOP involve five tasks: report, locate, support, recover and reintegrate. These tasks start with the report of either an actual or suspected isolation and continue through to reintegration. They can be completed sequentially, in parallel or simultaneously.

Report 2.14

2.14 The report task begins with the recognition of both a known or suspected isolation event and ends when appropriate command and control (C2) authorities are informed. Any of the following triggers could initiate RecOP:

• mayday transmission;

• self-report;

• non return from mission;

• overdue contact;

• emergency beacon transmission;

• sighting of aircraft, vehicle, vessel or personnel in distress;

• report of personnel being isolated by adversary action;

• receipt of ground air emergency code; or

• report from external agency.

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2.15 All reports about known or suspected isolated personnel must be forwarded through operational C2 chains to the joint personnel recovery coordination centre (JPRCC) in accordance with orders. When immediate recovery by on-scene units is not possible the JPRCC initiates validation, location and recovery execution procedures.

Locate 2.16

2.16 A successful recovery requires an accurate location and positive authentication of isolated personnel. The locate task comprises the actions taken to find and confirm the identity of isolated personnel. Locating may occur through self-reporting, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) assets, aircrews, land or maritime forces, MN forces or other government agencies. The locate task is constantly refined as information is gathered and continues until the isolated personnel are in the control of ADF elements.

2.17 Search. Isolated personnel should aid the location and authentication process without compromising either themselves or the recovery force. If self-reporting or an initial electronic search fails to determine the position of the isolated personnel, a more extensive search may be required with the tasking of ISR assets. Location may employ stand-off search techniques in a hostile area. A risk assessment needs to be conducted before any search of hostile areas. An accurate location of the isolated personnel may be a prerequisite to launch a recovery mission. This should be assessed during the risk assessment.

2.18 Authentication. Authentication of isolated personnel may be accomplished by several means, depending on the situation. The principal method of authentication is by radio using unit authentication numbers, data from the ISOPREP, or locally developed authentication codes—normally laid down in SPINS. Authentication can also be accomplished using visual signals or time-on-target requirements. For isolated personnel controlled in an evasion and recovery net, authentication may also include fingerprints or physical characteristics.

Support 2.19

2.19 Support is provided throughout the JPR process from preparation for deployment through to reintegration. Support is provided to both the isolated personnel and their families/next of kin (NOK). Support includes the media relations component of JPR. There is a need to balance family support, media relations and OPSEC during JPR.

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2.20 Isolated personnel. When managing support, commanders should be aware that isolated personnel may not be equipped with radios and compasses. Support to the isolated personnel can comprise:

• establishing two-way communications;

• increasing the isolated person’s situational awareness;

• suppressing adversary threats; and

• delivering subsistence and supplies, or providing directions to a cache.

2.21 Families. The NOK and families of recovered personnel have a vital role in the reintegration process. The following factors should be considered:

• Maintaining communication. NOK and families of isolated personnel need to be kept as fully informed as possible; although, the need for OPSEC will drive the release of information and timing of notification to NOK. The appointment of a family liaison officer may assist in keeping families informed, as well as providing them advice and guidance.

• Access to recovered personnel. When NOK and families are given access to recovered personnel, the timing and location require careful judgement based on:

– the medical condition of the recovered person;

– the location of the family, given that they could be widely dispersed;

– the facilities, if any, at the reception centre; and

– government priorities.

• Notification procedures. Extant ADF casualty/fatality notification procedures are to be followed.

2.22 Media. The considerable publicity often surrounding JPR incidents requires the release of information to the public. Any public comment must be made in accordance with the promulgated public affairs plan. The following factors should be considered:

• OPSEC is imperative, as the public release of information could jeopardise operations or the security of isolated personnel in higher threat environments.

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• The adversary may use the media to exploit the situation. Planners should expect the incident to be publicised with high levels of media interest.

• Families are to be kept as fully informed as possible; however, they should be advised to avoid discussing details with the media to maintain OPSEC.

• The release of any ADF personnel details involved in JPR events is to be in accordance with Defence Instructions. For civil SAROP, civil search and rescue (SAR) authorities are responsible for releasing the names of civilian casualties. For military SAR or RecOP involving foreign military, the appropriate national authority for visiting military units releases casualty information.

Recover 2.23

2.23 The recover task aims to bring the isolated personnel under the physical control of friendly forces. The task includes the actions of commanders, staff, forces, diplomatic and civil agencies, and isolated personnel. It includes mission planning, launch or redirection of recovery forces, and/or the engagement of diplomatic or civil efforts.

2.24 At the time of an isolating incident, isolated personnel will employ SERE techniques to evade adversary forces and aid in their own recovery. In a non-permissive environment, isolated personnel should move with extreme caution. The main effort should be to assist extraction while avoiding contact with the local population. If capture is imminent, isolated personnel should destroy all compromising information such as personal, security or operational information.

2.25 Recovery methods employed in uncertain and hostile environments will use a range of military tactics, techniques and procedures. These are based on extant doctrine and standard operating procedures. Broadly, recovery may be achieved through the following:

• Self or buddy recovery. Where possible, isolated personnel should self-recover or be assisted by a buddy. Where this is not possible, an immediate or deliberate RecOP is conducted.

• Immediate recovery. The on-scene commander (OSC) may conduct an immediate recovery. The OSC is responsible for the initial tactical-level response to the JPR incident. The OSC must consider the risks and whether a deliberate recovery would be a better option. The JPRCC is generally not involved in the execution of an immediate recovery. The OSC reports the JPR incident in accordance with orders.

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• Planned recovery. Where an immediate recovery is not viable, the situation is assessed by the JPRCC. The commander joint task force (CJTF) initiates JPR planning for a recovery. A planned recovery requires knowledge of the location of isolated personnel. Launch authority for a recovery should only be granted when planning is complete and a detailed risk analysis completed.

• Captives and hostages. If isolated personnel are captured and/or taken hostage, RecOP should not be used. Responsibility should be transferred to the special operations component commander.

2.26 The recover task normally has two steps. The first step is ‘launch’, which is prepositioning recovery forces and their supporting assets. The second step is ‘execute’, which is the actual approval to prosecute the JPR mission. Authority to launch and execute deliberate JPR missions resides with the CJTF.2 This authority may be delegated to an individual, such as a component commander or the JPRCC director.

2.27 The decision to launch a JPR mission can only be made after careful risk analysis. This analysis is implicit in the joint military appreciation process and the results determine both the force composition and the conduct of the mission.

2 The National Security Committee is the launch and execute authority for SRO.

HISTORICAL EXAMPLE—BUDDY RECOVERYIn 2008, a combined Afghan, United States and Australian vehicle convoy was tasked with a fighting patrol in Oruzgan Province, Afghanistan. The convoy was engaged by a rolling adversary ambush and suffered numerous casualties.

The patrol was forced to conduct vehicle manoeuvres, under intense adversary fire, over four kilometres to extract the convoy from the engagement area. As casualties consumed the space within vehicles, those who had not been wounded had to run beside the vehicles.

During the extraction, a severely wounded force interpreter was inadvertently left behind. An SF trooper moved 80 metres under intense fire to recover the wounded interpreter and carry him back to the vehicles. The trooper provided immediate first aid before returning to the fight. The trooper was awarded the Victoria Cross for for his acts during this action.

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2.28 Mission abort criteria and authority, including caveats and procedures, must be clearly defined in orders and SPINS. While authority to abort may rest with specific appointments, all levels of command, including the isolated person, can recommend mission abort. The isolated person may have the best situational awareness of the tactical situation in the recovery area. The isolated person should be aware that he/she is part of the decision process for aborting the mission. This means that they should always consider the threat to the recovery force and provide information whenever possible.

2.29 Termination or cancellation of a specific JPR task may be the result of:

• successful mission accomplishment,

• isolated person not found,

• adversary force levels or own force attrition,

• failure of a supporting action,

• change in the adversary situation,

• change in environmental conditions preventing air operations, or

• cancellation by a superior commander.

2.30 If a recovery is to be suspended, cancelled or terminated the JPRCC is to be informed. NOK should be briefed, as far as OPSEC allows, as relatives are more able to accept the decision to conclude JPR efforts if they are privy to the processes.

HISTORICAL EXAMPLE—TERMINATED MISSIONIn 1970 two Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) airmen were declared missing in action in Vietnam. Flying Officer Michael Herbert and Pilot Officer Robert Carver, both of 2 Squadron RAAF, disappeared while flying a night bombing mission in the northern 1 Corps region of South Vietnam.

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Reintegration 2.31

2.31 Every JPR operation will be different and the circumstances and subsequent needs of recovered personnel will be unique to each situation. Reintegration procedures must be sufficiently flexible to take this into account. Reintegration processes should be tailored to meet individual needs.

2.32 During the reintegrate task, recovered personnel are processed from the time of recovery until they are fully integrated with their unit, family and society. The task has a dual focus: to protect the health and wellbeing of the recovered personnel, and to gather information and intelligence. Ultimately, the success of any JPR can be measured by the retention in service and return to duty of recovered personnel.

2.33 Levels of reintegration. Reintegration uses a series of health treatments and debriefs to return the recovered personnel to duty. It occurs at three levels; however, the extent to which an individual participates in these levels is dependent on their needs and the decision of the appropriate commander. An escorting officer(s) should be assigned to recovered personnel to assist in the reintegration process and control access to the recovered personnel. The levels of reintegration are as follows:

• Level 1 reintegration occurs during the 48 hours following recovery.

HISTORICAL EXAMPLE—(cont)On 3 November 1970 Herbert (the pilot and aircraft captain) and Carver (the navigator and bomb aimer) had taken off from Phan Rang at 1900 hours, heading for their target in Quang Nam province 65 kilometres south-west of Da Nang. The weather was relatively clear and the flight to the target was without incident. The Australians carried out their bombing run and released their bombs over the target area at 2022 hours. After acknowledging a radio message, they switched frequency for the return flight to Phan Rang. Shortly afterwards, the aircraft disappeared from the tracking radar screen.

American and Australian air units mounted an aerial search the next morning. The extensive search involved 67 sorties over an area of more than 16 000 square kilometres but it was hampered by poor weather conditions. The search failed to find any trace of the aircraft or crew and was terminated after three days.

In 2009, the remains of Flying Officer Herbert and Pilot Officer Carver were discovered, positively identified and repatriated.

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This includes reception, triage, time sensitive debriefing and return to duty or transport to a health facility. Personnel who were isolated as a group should remain together during this process, if this is seen to be beneficial to the individuals.

• Level 2 reintegration occurs in a dedicated health facility in the JFAO and can last for up to two weeks. The recovered individual receives health care and family contact through phone or electronic means. They also receive screening, decompression, formal debriefing and support. Reintegration may either end here or progress to Level 3.

• Level 3 reintegration has no time limit and generally occurs in Australia. This level involves continued long term health care, rehabilitation, physical family reunion, medical status determination, screening, debriefing, counselling and support.

2.34 Health support. The aims of health care during recovery and reintegration are to preserve life, assess the physiological and psychological condition of the individuals, treat ailments, prevent future illness and assist a return to normal living. Health elements will make recommendations and develop treatment plans on the physical and mental wellbeing of recovered persons. Health support should also consider critical incident mental health support (CIMHS) for recovered personnel, families and for the recovery force.

2.35 Debriefing. Recovered personnel and recovery forces should be debriefed at the earliest opportunity for OPSEC and operational evaluation. Recovered personnel may have access to critical information such as the adversary’s order of battle, disposition, intentions and information about prisoners or detainees. As part of reintegration, recovered personnel should be briefed on what information may be released to families and the media. There are two stages of debrief:

• Immediate. This is high priority debriefing conducted (subject to medical approval) by J2 staff in-theatre and trained CIMHS facilitators. It provides time sensitive intelligence.

• Long term. Follow up debriefing carried out by ADF psychologists, CIMHS facilitators and Combat Survival Training School in order to update and improve JPR preparation and conduct.

2.36 Equipment checks. Where appropriate, data in the memory of communications and navigational equipment used in the recovery should be downloaded for subsequent analysis. The isolated personnel’s radio and other equipment should be segregated for testing to provide information for detailed investigation.

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2.37 Investigations. Depending on the circumstances, an ADF or civil investigation may be required.

2.38 Information management. Part of the reintegration process is ensuring that all reports and records are retained and archived. This includes the initial recovery report, personnel file, debriefing reports, situation reports and SERE summary. Consideration must be given to the security classification and confidentiality of these documents.

ADAPTATION 2.39

2.39 Adaptation, which consists of operational evaluation, reports and records, is conducted to improve the JPR process.

Operational evaluation 2.40

2.40 Operational evaluation involves the conduct of assessments to identify lessons, gather and use knowledge, and take actions to enhance capability and preparedness. Operational evaluation and the identification of lessons are described in ADDP 00.4—Operational Evaluation. Lessons learned should be collated and disseminated by the JPRCC.

2.41 In the course of an operation there is always the potential to improve tactics, techniques, procedures, equipment, doctrine or training. All ranks have a responsibility to ensure that observations are recorded and possible improvements suggested for the benefit of future activities.

Reports and records 2.42

2.42 Commanders are required to maintain records and submit reports and returns that meet the information requirements of national authorities, the national chain of command and any requirements under MN or interagency agreements.

2.43 Incident report. The JPR incident report is used to report a situation that may require a CSAR, combat recovery (CR) or SRO. It is transmitted by voice and is followed by a confirmatory message. The following minimum information should be contained in a JPR incident report:

• type, number, call sign and frequencies of unit/personnel in distress;

• location, course and speed of unit/personnel in distress;

• ISOPREP and EPA as appropriate;

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• type and amount of survival equipment—including communications equipment, money, maps, food, water and any other equipment, if known;

• adversary activity affecting RecOP;

• details of last sighting/contact and any rescue attempts made; and

• any other information which may help recovery forces.

2.44 Situation summary report. A JPR situation summary report coordinates, summarises, or terminates joint CSAR, CR or SRO missions. The report should be transmitted at least once daily from the JPRCC.

2.45 Commander’s diary. While on operations, formations and force elements are required to keep diaries recording their daily activities. The commander’s diary, sometimes referred to as a war diary, is a legal record of current operations. For JPR incidents, commanders should record a comprehensive narrative, daily search activity and recovery activities.

2.46 After-action review. The after-action review is a professional discussion of an event, focused on performance standards, which enables soldiers, sailors and aircrew to discover what happened, why it happened and how to sustain strengths and fix weaknesses. It is a tool that commanders may use to get maximum benefit from every JPR mission, exercise and task.

2.47 Post-activity report. A post-activity/post-operations report records the outputs of the after action review. It includes observations and lessons on what was gained from the activity.

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CHAPTER 3

CAPABILITY 3

INTRODUCTION 3.1

3.1 The ADF has limited JPR capability. It relies on the inherent capabilities of individuals, components and joint forces. JPR may require a coordinated national response to manage the military, diplomatic and civil efforts to recover personnel. This chapter describes the JPR capabilities that may be combined to provide and sustain a recovery force. It also describes the equipment, doctrine and training that supports JPR.

DEFENCE CAPABILITY 3.2

Royal Australian Navy 3.2

3.2 Royal Australian Navy (RAN) units are tasked and trained to conduct JPR, including overwater recovery, underwater recovery and amphibious recovery. Navy capability includes surface and subsurface craft and

Executive summary

• The Australian Defence Force (ADF) has limited dedicated joint personnel recovery (JPR) capability. It relies on the inherent capabilities of individuals, components, joint forces and non-ADF resources.

• Interoperability is critical to joint personnel recovery. Search and rescue operations are interoperable with the civil search and rescue organisation in Australia. Recovery operations are interoperable with allies.

• A recovery force may be any size, ranging from a small force element (FE) to a large task force. It generally comprises the recovery platform, extraction force, escort, combat air patrol and support assets.

We would do anything for a mate, anything except leave him on the battlefield.

Private Gary McMahon6th Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment,

Vietnam 1966–67

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helicopters and Submarine Escape and Rescue. Navy ships at sea also maintain distress watch as part of Australia's wider civil search and rescue (SAR) responsibilities.

3.3 RAN vessels are capable of supporting JPR using navy air assets or by transporting and resupplying ground or aviation elements. They also have health capabilities that can assist in the treatment of recovered personnel.

3.4 RAN provides joint personnel recovery preparation by delivering helicopter underwater escape training to single-Service aircrew.

3.5 Report task. Navy platforms use operational battle watch, communications schedules and surveillance procedures to identify maritime assets that are in distress or missing.

3.6 Locate task. Where the location of missing units or personnel is uncertain, surface, sub-surface and air platforms may provide sustained surveillance using visual, electromagnetic and/or spectral means.

3.7 Support task. Navy platforms offer sustained and substantial support to units involved in the JPR effort. They also provide support to ships, units or personnel in distress.

3.8 Recover task. Navy platforms are capable of providing:

• forward command, control and coordination;

• dedicated communications support;

• intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) support;

• force protection and enhanced logistics support.

3.9 Navy specific instructions for JPR are described in Australian Fleet Tactical Publication 1(C)—Australian Fleet General Orders.

Australian Army 3.10

3.10 Combat elements. Army combat elements are capable of conducting JPR tasks in the same method as combat tasks. They do not have specialised JPR training and may require extensive rehearsals to achieve effective results.

3.11 Urban search and rescue. The Army’s Incident Response Regiment has a deployable urban SAR capability that can locate, provide initial health care and remove entrapped people from damaged structures and other hazardous environments. It is capable of combat search and rescue (CSAR) and can operate in either a conventional or hazardous material environment.

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3.12 Air movement. Army aviation elements are capable of rapidly recovering isolated personnel over long distances in permissive, uncertain and hostile environments. Aviation elements can provide transport, escort, supply and aero medical evacuation (AME) support for recovery forces. They are of particular value in protracted JPR.

3.13 Special recovery operations. Special Forces (SF) have a wide range of skills and techniques that are directly applicable and adaptable to JPR. SF elements are capable of recovery of own forces, direct recovery action or security at a recovery site. Further information on SF capability is in Australian Defence Doctrine Publication 3.12—Special Operations.

3.14 Combat health support. Army health elements are capable of providing forward combat health support to a recovery force and isolated personnel. Combat health care can be deployed with manoeuvre FE to assist with the treatment and evacuation of isolated personnel. This enables care of battle casualties, forward evacuation and sustaining care until injured personnel can be hospitalised. Forward and tactical casualty evacuation can be achieved by ground evacuation teams or by AME.

3.15 Procedures. Land specific search and rescue operation (SAROP) instructions are contained in the National Land Search Operations Manual. Recovery operations (RecOP) are conducted in accordance with Land tactics, techniques and procedures (TTP).

Royal Australian Air Force 3.16

3.16 Report task. Surveillance and operating environment management procedures may be used to identify airborne assets that are unaccounted for, overdue or in distress. They may also assist other forces in locating and/or searching for missing aircraft.

3.17 Locate task. Where the location of an isolated person is unknown, most Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) aerial platforms are able to conduct search and identification activities using visual, electromagnetic or spectral means. The range, speed and endurance of RAAF aircraft allow the conduct of swift and wide-ranging searches.

3.18 Support task. Where fixed-wing aircraft are successful in locating isolated personnel, they can be critical to the survival of personnel in distress. They are capable of providing navigation assistance, intelligence and information to isolated personnel. They can also provide physical assistance through the airdrop of personnel and survival equipment.

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3.19 Recover task. While fixed-wing aircraft are generally unable to effect the direct recovery of isolated personnel, they are able to provide:

• onsite command, control and management of the operating environment to coordinate other rescue assets;

• communications relay between the isolated person, JPR authorities, other aircraft and ground parties;

• airborne reconnaissance to locate and identify adversary activity in the recovery area;

• offensive and defensive counter air activities to establish local air superiority for the duration of the recovery;

• close air support to prevent ground based interference with the recovery; and

• air-to-air refuelling to extend the range and endurance of participating air assets.

3.20 Reintegrate task. The RAAF is capable of providing support to reintegration of recovered personnel. This includes strategic AME, health support at airbases and debriefing support.

3.21 Procedures. Air specific instructions are contained in Defence Instructions (Air Force).

HISTORICAL EXAMPLE—SUPPORT TO CIVIL SEARCH AND RESCUE

In 2005, just after midnight, an AP–3C Orion was launched following a request by rescue coordination centre (RCC) Australia. The Orion was tasked to assist a 12–metre yacht battling winds in excess of 90 kilometres per hour and heavy seas in the Great Australian Bight.

The yacht had broadcast a mayday call requesting immediate rescue as its sea anchor had been caught by a wave and smashed through the wheelhouse windows. The yacht took water, rolled over several times, and the bilge pumps were unable to keep up with the water rushing in through the broken windows.

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Recovery force 3.22

3.22 The operation order will specify the JPR capable resources within the joint force area of operations (JFAO). Allocation of these resources to a specific SAROP or RecOP task is an output of mission planning. ADF assets are usually allocated to the JPR force only for the duration of a specific task. The threat environment, tactical situation and isolated personnel determine the composition of the JPR force.

3.23 The recovery force may be any size, ranging from a small FE to a large task force. Maritime, ground or air elements may be required to locate, authenticate, support, recover and reintegrate isolated personnel. Depending on threat, the primary recovery element could be ground-based, sea-based, airborne or amphibious. The recovery platform will normally be a helicopter; although, other Navy, land or air assets may execute or assist in a recovery. Elements of the recovery force could include the following:

• Extraction force. The extraction force must be trained and equipped to suit the mission, threat and environment of the JFAO. It requires self-protection and communication with the recovery vehicle and rescue escort. In addition to component TTP, an extraction team may require skills in diverse insertion and extraction methods;

HISTORICAL EXAMPLE—(cont)RCC Australia diverted a United States of America (USA) Air Force C–17 tanker that was en route from RAAF Base Richmond to RAAF Base Pearce to locate the yacht and provide a communications relay link. While the Orion was being readied, the C–17 arrived on task and established communications with the yacht. Meanwhile, a fishing vessel about 80 kilometres from the yacht also received the mayday and was proceeding to the area.

Eventually, the C–17 was forced to leave the area due to low fuel and a civilian aircraft was diverted to re-establish communications. The Orion located the yacht just after 0115 hours and the landing lights were turned on to provide reassurance to the yachtsmen. The Orion then dropped an illumination flare to assist the fishing vessel to locate the yacht.

The Orion remained overhead until the rescue vessel arrived at about 0200 hours. The fishing vessel secured alongside the yacht and rescued the crew. Their condition was reported as good. The yacht could not be saved.

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survive, evade, resist and escape (SERE); rescue swimming and underwater diving; authentication procedures; coordination of joint fire support; combat engineering; mine clearing support; and health support.

• Rescue escort. A rescue escort is an armed fixed or rotary-wing aircraft, armoured vehicle or Navy vessel, depending on the scenario. The escort platform should, where possible, be capable of locating and authenticating isolated personnel in addition to offensive and defensive action.

• Rescue combat air patrol. A rescue combat air patrol is an aircraft patrol provided over a JPR mission for the purpose of protecting the isolated personnel and recovery elements from adversary threats.

• Support assets. JPR may be supported by ISR, joint fire support, electronic warfare, logistics, health support and information operations.

Other Defence organisations 3.24

3.24 The capabilities of the broader Defence organisation should be considered when planning JPR.

• Defence Signals Directorate. The Defence Signals Directorate may provide intelligence support to JPR. This includes support to ADF military operations and to the SAROP efforts of government authorities.

• Defence Intelligence Organisation. The Defence Intelligence Organisation contributes to JPR through the provision of intelligence assessments.

• Defence Imagery and Geospatial Organisation. The Defence Imagery and Geospatial Organisation (DIGO) provides geospatial products to the ADF. DIGO products are routinely required to support JPR efforts.

NON–DEFENCE CAPABILITY 3.25

3.25 There are significant non-Defence capabilities that may assist JPR. Commanders and staff must consider how to leverage the civil, diplomatic and military capabilities of non-Defence capabilities. Appropriate agreements with non-ADF capabilities should be made during the deliberate planning phase of an operation.

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Other government agencies 3.26

3.26 Other government agencies (OGA) provide civil and diplomatic support to JPR. This support ranges from diplomatic influence through to the establishment of an interdepartmental emergency task force (IDETF). An IDETF is responsible for handling all aspects of the emergency response.

3.27 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) maintains diplomatic missions abroad. These missions may be able to support JPR, especially when diplomatic efforts are required or host nation laws, sovereignty issues and/or international agreements need to be considered. DFAT can provide access to in-country evacuation contingency plans and provide deployable emergency response teams to remote locations. These teams could comprise consular and political personnel based on the level of threat and identified requirements.

3.28 Australian Federal Police. The Australian Federal Police (AFP) is capable of deploying tactical and specialist policing support to domestic and international AFP operations. Members of the AFP stability response team have advanced training in SAR.

3.29 Customs. Border Protection Command (BPC) is a joint ADF and Australian Customs agency that coordinates and manages the Australian Civil Surveillance Program and may provide assets to assist during JPR incidents. BPC is also the Australian Security Forces Authority with the responsibility for providing the response to acts of violence against ships.

3.30 Australian Maritime Safety Authority. The Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) is responsible for the overall coordination of sea and air searches for registered civil aircraft, manned space vehicles and merchant ships in Australia’s search and rescue region (SRR). RCC Australia coordinates SAR on behalf of AMSA and is able to request ADF assistance or provide assistance to the ADF, where requested. Information on the responsibilities of AMSA and RCC Australia is in the National Search and Rescue Manual.

3.31 Civil police. The civil police forces in each Australian state or territory is the SAR authority for all pleasure craft and fishing vessels at sea, unregistered aircraft, persons missing in a land or coastal environment, land vehicles, persons and vessels on inland waterways, and all civilian vessels in port.

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International government organisations 3.32

3.32 Global organisations. The International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Maritime Organization coordinate, on a global basis, SAR services. They aim to provide an effective worldwide system so that wherever people sail or fly, SAR services will be available if needed.

3.33 International authorities. Where an ADF military SAR event occurs outside of the Australian SRR, or requires the involvement of foreign SAR authorities and assets, the ADF and RCC Australia will liaise with the appropriate foreign SAR authorities in accordance with international agreements and arrangements. Detailed procedures for cooperation with foreign military/civilian SAR authorities are described in the National Search and Rescue Manual.

3.34 Host nation. The ADF works with host nation (HN) governments to recover ADF personnel and assets from within the host nation. In a peacetime environment, the HN’s RCC is the lead authority for SAR within their SRR. In a warlike environment, deployed forces will enhance HN efforts with RecOP, diplomatic support and unconventional assisted recovery methods.

Non–government organisations 3.35

3.35 Civil organisations and private citizens can have an important role in securing the release of captured and detained personnel.

3.36 Non-government organisations. Commercial and non-government organisations can provide a range of services that may support JPR. Civil search and rescue units have crews that are trained in SAR techniques. Other organisations that could assist non-government organisations include the Red Cross, commercial airlines, general aviation operators, oil companies, fishing companies, aero clubs, commercial towing and salvage companies, and other community groups. Commercial and non-government organisations should only be used in permissive environments.

3.37 Domestic volunteer organisations. Volunteer rescue organisations are located throughout Australia. They focus on promoting safety and carrying out local rescues. Civil police coordinate and control the activities of volunteer groups during SAROP.

Other forces 3.38

3.38 The ADF can conduct JPR on behalf of or with assistance of multinational (MN) partners or allies. Nations have differing JPR philosophies, policies, priorities and capabilities. In an MN force, differences should be

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reconciled and a combined JPR policy should be established to facilitate unity of effort and enhance JPR measures. The ADF must be able to contribute to or receive FE, advisors, liaison officers and planning staff for JPR.

3.39 Commanders should consider the interoperability issues that could arise during an MN approach to JPR. Australia’s RecOP doctrine and procedures are complementary to USA personnel recovery methods, as are the personnel recovery processes of most allies. While RecOP processes are aligned, there could still be issues related to operational security, command and control (C2), rules of engagement (ROE), national caveats, equipment capabilities, procedures and language.

MAJOR SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT 3.40

3.40 Special instructions will direct the minimum level of equipment to be carried in the JFAO. Commanders are responsible for their units arriving in the JFAO fully equipped and trained to conduct their operations.

3.41 Recovery platform. The recovery platform can be any air, land or maritime surface or sub-surface vehicle. Selection of the recovery platform is based on suitability for purpose and risk assessment. Often, the most appropriate platform for recovery is a rotary-wing aircraft. Recovery platforms must be capable of the following:

• deploying the recovery force and equipment;

• operating in a hostile threat environment;

• carriage of rescued personnel and related equipment;

• secure communications;

• night and adverse weather operation;

• precise navigation capability;

• self-protection should the threat environment dictate; and/or

• operations at extended range.

3.42 Locator beacon. The ADF personal locator beacon uses civil and military SAR infrastructure to provide an effective and reliable location capability.

3.43 Air sea rescue kit. Certain RAAF aircraft can airdrop air sea rescue kits to survivors. The kits include dinghies, rations, first aid kits, survival manuals, fire lighting equipment, signal equipment, sea dye markers and water.

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3.44 Submarine rescue vehicle. The LR–5 submarine rescue vehicle is used to evacuate submarine survivors to a surface ship or other submarine. The vehicle can be air lifted and then transferred to port for installation on a LR–5 capable vessel.

Figure 3–1: LR–5 submarine rescue vehicle

HISTORICAL EXAMPLE—SUBMARINE ESCAPE AND RESCUEThe RAN conducts an annual submarine escape and rescue exercise. In 2010, Exercise BLACK CARILLON involved a personnel transfer from a bottomed submarine, HMAS WALLER, into an LR–5 submarine rescue vehicle for transportation to the surface.

Upon surfacing, personnel received medical treatment onboard the Australian rescue ship, SEAHORSE STANDARD, from specialised RAN medical teams and equipment.

The exercise of submarine escape and rescue is a requirement of the RAN’s submarine safety system and demonstrates that the procedures and equipment are in place to rescue personnel in the event of a submarine incident.

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3.45 Technology. Technologies that improve the capacity and capability of JPR forces to achieve mission success include:

• secure communications;

• ISR assets;

• image enhancement devices;

• navigation aids;

• identification friend or foe;

• self protection systems;

• aerial delivery and specialist recovery equipment;

• adverse weather systems;

• personal location devices and systems.

DOCTRINE AND TRAINING 3.46

3.46 All units, staff and personnel involved in JPR must be trained and prepared to perform their required role. This requires individual and collective preparation. Preparation includes the establishment of appropriate C2 arrangements, promulgation of JPR doctrine and procedures, and the training of personnel at the Service, joint and combined levels.

Doctrine and procedures 3.47

3.47 Doctrine provides the intellectual basis for the conduct of ADF operations. It provides the ADF with a common perspective to plan, operate, shape and evaluate the conduct of operations. It also informs training.

3.48 Doctrine interoperability for JPR is as follows:

• Search and rescue. SAROP are conducted in accordance with the National Search and Rescue Manual and Defence Instructions.

• Recovery. RecOP are conducted in accordance with personnel recovery doctrine from the ADF, North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the USA. It is supported by Service doctrinal publications, Defence Instructions and standard operating procedures. ADF joint doctrine has primacy over single Service doctrine.

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Training 3.49

3.49 JPR requires specialist skills and training. Service Chiefs are responsible for ensuring that SAROP and RecOP capable units under their command have the appropriate training and equipment to conduct JPR.

3.50 SERE. All personnel identified as at risk for potential isolation require SERE training. SERE training provides personnel with the skills to contribute to their own recovery, particularly in hostile environments. SERE qualifications are the discriminator between combat recovery and CSAR.

3.51 Specialist staff. Personnel assigned to JPR staff roles are to be competent and current in planning, coordinating and controlling JPR missions. This is critical as JPR occurs in a time sensitive and rapidly evolving environment.

3.52 Individual skills. Personnel involved in JPR need to be fully qualified, current and competent in their individual skills to effectively contribute to JPR capability. Regular specialised continuation training, including the assets to support training, is required to maintain a viable capability. The skills necessary to perform JPR across a wide range of permissive, uncertain and hostile situations are diverse and perishable. Where the ADF is deploying with civilians and contractors, consideration should be given to their risk of isolation and training requirements.

3.53 Collective. The melding of individual proficiencies into joint and single Service collective skills underpins effective joint capabilities. Commanders should ensure that JPR capable units conduct collective training. The objective is to develop skills and knowledge of all aspects of JPR. This includes training for personnel who may be assigned key roles in JPR planning and/or execution.

3.54 Joint. Navy, ground and air FE should train and exercise together, with supporting assets. As JPR forces are not dedicated, the time and resources required for training must be considered when planning JPR tasks. Joint training should emphasise:

• capabilities, limitations and requirements of JPR forces;

• command, control and communications (C3);

• tactical procedures for each stage of JPR;

• joint fire support coordination;

• sustainment support; and

• interoperability.

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Major exercises 3.55

3.55 Major exercises provide an opportunity for the ADF to practise the planning and conduct of JPR in a joint, interagency and/or MN environment. Exercising JPR techniques enhances the understanding of interoperability with MN forces, OGA and other stakeholders.

3.56 Exercise aims should be achievable—interoperability, intelligence, command and control, communications and logistics aspects of the exercise should be fully tested where possible.

Pre–deployment and in–theatre training 3.57

3.57 Deploying individuals should be provided with appropriate environmental survival training, which is specific to region. This should include area-specific captivity training. Pre-deployment training should cover the following theatre-specific topics:

• recovery procedures;

• threat from captivity;

• ROE and legal aspects of JPR;

• theatre specific intelligence; and

• health issues.

3.58 To achieve operational readiness, training exercises must be conducted on arrival in the JFAO. Personnel should then receive refresher or continuation training while in the JFAO.

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CHAPTER 4

COMMAND AND CONTROL 4

INTRODUCTION 4.1

4.1 The foremost principle of JPR command and control (C2) is that there can only be one recognised command authority at any time. The C2 authority may change as tasks change, but unity of command, with one designated commander clearly responsible for each task, must be maintained.

4.2 This chapter provides an overview of the peacetime arrangements for SAR and C2 of recovery operations (RecOP). This chapter should be read in conjunction with Australian Defence Doctrine Publication (ADDP) 00.1—Command and Control.

SEARCH AND RESCUE 4.3

4.3 The nature and location of a SAR event determines whether civilian SAR authorities or the ADF is responsible for overall SAR coordination. The ADF may be in a supported or supporting relationship with civil SAR authorities.

Military search and rescue 4.4

4.4 Joint Control Centre (JCC). JCC in Headquarters Joint Operations Command (HQJOC) is the initial point of contact for SAR events. The JCC conducts preliminary activities until a SAR commander is appointed. The

Executive summary

• Unity of command must be maintained for joint personnel recovery (JPR) missions.

• The nature and location of a peacetime search and rescue operation (SAROP) determines whether the Australian Defence Force (ADF) or a civil search and rescue (SAR) authority is responsible for overall coordination.

Never, never, never give up.

Winston ChurchillOctober 29, 1941

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preliminary activities may include notifications, developing situational awareness, identifying available military assets and initiating the force assignment process.

4.5 Joint personnel recovery coordination centre (JPRCC). When an enduring or complex joint ADF response is required, Chief of Joint Operations (CJOPS) may establish a JPRCC to coordinate and task ADF assets. The responsibilities of a JPRCC are described in the next section.

4.6 Chief of Joint Operations. CJOPS is responsible for SAR for the ADF and visiting military ships, personnel and aircraft within the Australian search and rescue region, and is responsible for ADF force elements deployed overseas. SAR is executed using elements that are force assigned to CJOPS from each Service. CJOPS appoints the SAR commander and, if required by the scale of the SAR event, establishes a JPRCC.

4.7 SAR commander. The SAR commander is responsible for coordination and control of the ADF response to a SAR event. Where a JPRCC is established, the SAR commander is normally its director.

4.8 Search and rescue mission coordinator (SMC). The ADF SMC coordinates military assets and assigns tasks on behalf of the SAR commander. The SMC is qualified in JPR and is responsible for:

• coordinating the civil, military and diplomatic capabilities into the JPR response;

• providing expert JPR advice to CJOPS and other stakeholders;

• tasking ADF assets; and

• providing the conduit for information flows to government, allied forces, civil SAR authorities and other stakeholders.

4.9 On-scene commander (OSC). The commander initiating the immediate on-scene SAROP response is the OSC. The OSC is directly responsible to the SAR commander for the immediate SAR response and is to keep CJOPS informed of all SAR events and actions through the JCC or JPRCC.

Civil search and rescue 4.10

4.10 CJOPS, through the ADF SAR commander, coordinates all force assigned ADF assets in support of any Rescue Coordination Centre (RCC) Australia requests. The assigned forces provide direct support to the RCC Australia SMC. The ADF SAR commander maintains operational control of all ADF assets.

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4.11 If the civil SAR event requires a large-scale ADF response then a JPRCC may be established within HQJOC in a supporting role to the civilian SMC within RCC Australia.

4.12 During the provision of ADF assistance to civil SAR, both the ADF and RCC Australia regularly update each other to ensure operational oversight and to allow any modification of tactical plans as the situation evolves.

RECOVERY OPERATIONS 4.13

4.13 CJOPS. CJOPS is responsible for the operational command of Australian forces participating in military campaigns and operations, including JPR.

Joint operations 4.14

4.14 Commander Joint Task Force (CJTF). CJTF is responsible for the recovery of isolated personnel within their joint force area of operations (JFAO). This includes ADF personnel and other personnel for which the ADF is responsible. CJTF may exercise command authority for JPR either directly or through a designated component commander, normally from the Air Operations Centre (AOC). A JPRCC may be established within either AOC or Headquarters Joint Task Force (HQJTF) to monitor and control JPR. CJTF has launch and execute authority for recovery tasks and is responsible for:

• establishing a JPR organisation and C2 procedures within the JFAO;

• including JPR as an integral part of planning and training;

• identifying JPR requirements, capabilities and shortfalls;

• establishing C2 and liaison arrangements with other government agencies (OGA), non-government organisations (NGO) and allied forces;

• conducting safe RecOP and managing reintegration;

• defining mission abort criteria;

• producing special instructions (SPINS);

• coordinating risk management, including identifying personnel at risk of isolation; and

• record management and operational evaluation.

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4.15 Component commanders. Component commanders are generally responsible for RecOP within their component sphere of operations. Should a situation arise that demands capabilities beyond those assigned to the component commander then the responsibility will transfer to CJTF and the JPR operations will be coordinated by the JPRCC. Components are responsible for maintaining isolated personnel reports, evasion plans of action and links to the JPRCC. If a component commander is conducting a JPR mission within own capabilities, the JPRCC should still be notified for deconfliction and oversight.

4.16 Joint personnel recovery coordination centre. The JPRCC is responsible for coordination of ADF assets during JPR. The JPRCC is generally embedded in HQJTF or the AOC and is staffed by specialists from component commands. The scale of operations determines the size and operating hours of the JPRCC. Responsibilities of the JPRCC include the following:

• JPR planning, including the risk assessment for each response;

• coordinating training and exercises for force elements and staff;

• coordinating staff effort for JPR;

• coordinating force assignment to JPR tasks and recommending supported and supporting relationships;

• developing and disseminating SPINS;

• establishing reporting requirements;

• alerting component commanders to the location of isolated personnel;

• developing a JPR threat decision matrix and a launch and execute authority matrix; and

• tracking the status of each isolated person until recovery is complete.

4.17 Mission coordinator. The JPR mission coordinator (JPRMC) is normally located within the JPRCC and coordinates the JPR effort for a specific event. The responsibilities of the JPRMC could include:

• coordinating recovery force efforts, including intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, joint fire support, airspace, sustainment and support requirements;

• managing requests, communications, logistic support and movements to and from the objective area;

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• designating the OSC;

• supporting the OSC and recovery force;

• providing progress reports and updating situation reports; and

• conduit for threat warnings, information, communications and data exchange between the JPRCC and recovery force in accordance with the communications plan.

4.18 On-scene commander. An OSC may respond to an immediate JPR incident in the interest of providing a timely and effective response. The OSC is responsible for the initial tactical response to the JPR incident. The OSC reports the JPR incident in accordance with orders. The OSC directs activities in the vicinity of the isolated personnel until arrival of the recovery force and hands over responsibility to the rescue mission commander (RMC) at the earliest opportunity.

4.19 Rescue Mission Commander. When a RecOP is planned, CJTF or the JPRCC designates an RMC to execute the recovery task. The RMC, under authority of the CJTF, exercises clear and unambiguous authority over assigned, attached and supporting forces for a RecOP. During a RecOP, the RMC may be located in a rear area or in the immediate vicinity, either airborne in a C2 aircraft, on the ground or afloat. Limits to authority and employment of assigned forces must be clearly stated and the RMC should be consulted before the withdrawal of any assigned assets. The RMC may also be the OSC.

4.20 Airborne Mission Coordinator (AMC). The AMC is to serve as an extension of the supported commander responsible for the JPR mission, through the CJTF. The desired AMC aircraft is an airborne platform with the best combination of on-station time and communications capability.

4.21 The AMC coordinates mission activities between the OSC, RMC, other recovery force elements, and the CJTF (including the JPRCC); monitors the status of all elements; requests additional assets as required; and ensures that recovery and supporting forces arrive at designated locations to accomplish the recovery mission.

4.22 The AMC also ensures safety of flight of airborne recovery assets by providing altitude separation, airspace and ground deconfliction, environmental information, and monitoring fuel states. The crew supports the recovery effort by providing navigation assistance and relaying isolated personnel intelligence and authentication data to the relevant areas.

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4.23 Unit commanders. Unit commanders are responsible for recovering their own personnel with their own assets, whenever possible. Units are also to plan, prepare and train for an isolated personnel incident involving their personnel. Units are to coordinate with the JPRCC on all JPR related issues.

Multinational operations 4.24

4.24 ADF elements conducting or supporting RecOP could be part of a multinational (MN) force. In this situation, an MN JPRCC could be established in a designated operations centre. Specialists from contributing nations should staff the MN JPRCC.

4.25 When conducting JPR in an MN environment, the following factors should be considered:

• differing methods of JPR, including force assignment arrangements and C2;

• national caveats, rules of engagement, procedures and mission abort criteria must be clearly defined; and

• exchange of liaison officers (LO) between the MN JPRCC and contributing nations.

4.26 Further information on MN operations is in ADDP 00.3—Multinational Operations.

LIAISON 4.27

4.27 Liaison may be required to coordinate JPR missions involving multiple stakeholders. LO or civil-military cooperation (CIMIC) teams enhance understanding by providing a conduit for information and communication for joint, multinational and interagency JPR efforts. They ensure that recovery forces have appropriate levels of protection and are fully integrated with networked communications, joint airspace and joint fire support systems.

4.28 Liaison may be required with civil SAR authorities, allied forces, host nations, civil factions and community groups, next of kin, relatives and the media.

4.29 LO are assigned on matters of their specialisation. Specialist ADF LO include Special Forces, specialist air staff, maritime staff, joint fire support, communications and meteorological officers.

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4.30 CIMIC teams are the interface between the civilian and military elements in coordinating civil effort. They present civil perspectives, approaches, capabilities and limitations. CIMIC teams leverage off existing CIMIC relationships or arrange interfaces with civil organisations.

4.31 Further information on liaison is in ADDP 3.11—Civil Military Operations.

COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS 4.32

4.32 Communication and information systems (CIS) are critical in short-notice and rapidly evolving JPR situations. CIS may be required in support of civil SAR, for specific ADF JPR or in MN JPR tasks. CIS should be global, robust and interoperable. CIS can range from a mobile telephone to highly secure encrypted communication means. The equipment used depends on the requirements, ease of use and operational security (OPSEC).

4.33 JPR communications are primarily verbal—by radio, satellite communications and/or landline in both secure and insecure modes. The JPR CIS requirements will be included in the communications plan and may include:

• global, secure communications between JPRCC, recovery forces, C2 platforms and isolated personnel;

• connectivity with the JTF and component C2 systems;

• connectivity with involved OGA, NGO and allied forces;

• access to satellite communication nets, such as COSPAS/SARSAT for real time monitoring of recovery missions;

• personal locator beacons with embedded radios;

• JPR frequencies, code words and authentications; and

• non-electronic means of communications.

4.34 Emission control. OPSEC is paramount in RecOP and easily compromised by communications. Communications should be secure where possible and use emitters with a low probability of interception. The communication plan should include the emission control policy, which should effectively manage all electromagnetic emissions of the recovery force to prevent premature disclosure of the presence, location and composition of the force. Further information on emission control is contained in ADDP 3.5—Electronic Warfare.

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4.35 Electronic warfare (EW). EW represents a force multiplier through its ability to provide threat warning, fire support and protection. As both a weapon system in its own right and also through its contribution to the decision making cycle of the commander, EW should be fully integrated into all ADF operations. Where EW assets are provided to the RMC in support of the RecOP, an EW LO may be provided by the supporting agency. Detailed information on EW is in ADDP 3.5.

4.36 Interoperability. CIS should have interoperable, preferably common, systems with specific provision for varying levels of information security. CIS should also have interoperable, preferably common, voice reporting procedures.

4.37 Further information on CIS is in ADDP 6.0—Communication and Information Systems.

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CHAPTER 5

PLANNING 5

INTRODUCTION 5.1

5.1 JPR missions may be Service, joint, combined and/or interagency activities conducted in diverse locations, tactical situations and threat levels. As a result of the complexity and diversity of potential tasks, JPR planning must be an integral part of operational and tactical level planning.

5.2 Planners must consider all available JPR approaches and methods to successfully plan for JPR within a joint force area of operations (JFAO). This includes consideration of diplomatic, other government agencies (OGA) and civilian efforts. Commanders should also consider the component, joint and multinational (MN) capabilities that are available for JPR in a JFAO.

RESPONSIBILITIES 5.3

5.3 Planning is an integrated process involving the commanders and staff of strategic, operational and tactical headquarters working in close coordination with the aim of producing the most effective military response. The successful execution of a JPR mission relies on the inclusion of experts during planning. This section describes the responsibilities for planning JPR at the operational and tactical levels.

Executive summary

• Planning for joint personnel recovery (JPR) is conducted as part of the broader planning process.

• JPR planning comprises deliberate and immediate planning.

• JPR missions are inherently risky. A risk assessment is completed as part of the joint military appreciation process (JMAP) to determine the viability of a recovery mission as opposed to other methods of achieving the aim.

Do not repeat the tactics which have gained you one victory, but let your methods be regulated by the infinite variety of circumstances.

Sun Tzu c 500 BC

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5.4 Operational Level. The Chief of Joint Operations is responsible for planning at the operational level, with support from Headquarters Joint Operations Command. The JPR cell, located within the Air Operations Centre, provides input into operational level plans and develops the operational level JPR plan and special instructions (SPINS) for inclusion in the operation order (OPORD).

5.5 Tactical Level. Commander Joint Task Force is responsible for the overall planning and execution of JPR within the JFAO. Other responsibilities include:

• Unit/sub-unit Commander. The commander of the isolated personnel is responsible for planning and executing immediate recovery. However, in some cases, such as downed aircrew, this may not be the best or most logical approach.

• Rescue Mission Commander. Where immediate recovery is not possible, the appointed rescue mission commander (RMC) is responsible for planning and executing a deliberate recovery task.

JOINT PLANNING PROCESS 5.6

5.6 The JMAP is the joint planning process used to develop all operations plans, including JPR. The JMAP consists of four consecutive steps with an integral and continuous joint intelligence preparation of the operating environment.

5.7 The time and staff resources available determine whether either the full or abridged JMAP is used. The JMAP is described in detail in Australian Defence Force Publication (ADFP) 5.0.1—Joint Military Appreciation Process.

DELIBERATE PLANNING 5.8

5.8 Deliberate planning is conducted before an incident occurs. It facilitates the recovery of isolated personnel. It generally occurs at the operational level and results in the production of the JPR annex to the OPORD and SPINS. This section describes key steps in developing the JPR annex to the OPORD. The steps are also depicted in figure 5–1.

5.9 Analyse the operational environment. Issues to be considered during analysis of the operating environment include the:

• local and geopolitical situation;

• potential impact of physical environment on both isolated personnel and recovery forces;

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• likely locations for isolation incidents and threats at those locations;

• distance and spatial relationships to probable recovery areas, including overflight constraints in neighbouring countries; international waters; forward operating bases and potential forward arming and refuelling points (FARP);

• periods of high risk; and

• rules of engagement (ROE) and international responsibilities.

5.10 Likely number of isolation incidents. For aircrew, determining the likely number of isolation incidents is estimated by multiplying the number of aircraft of a particular type in the JFAO by the number of personnel on board, by the number of sorties per day, by the expected attrition rate. Summing the results for each aircraft type in the JFAO will give the likely number of JPR incidents. To make an estimate of combat recovery events, the JPR cell must fully engage with component planners during the operational level planning and understand the scheme of manoeuvre in order to estimate the likely and worst case number of simultaneous events by phase.

5.11 Capabilities. Planners must develop a list of the availability, capability, interoperability and limitations of all assets that are capable of assisting JPR. This includes a list of health facilities—with capabilities and specialisation—and casualty evacuation assets within the JFAO. In assessing the friendly capabilities, consideration should be given to diplomatic agreements, national caveats and limitations for MN and OGA assets.

5.12 Analysis. Analysis of likely incidents and capabilities allows an estimation of the number, types and locations of recovery assets. It should also highlight capability shortfall. Analysis will identify whether assets should be designated solely for JPR or double-hatted for JPR tasks. Risk and delays will usually be associated with double-hatting. A dedicated allocation of recovery assets for JPR is preferable.

5.13 Risk management. The JPR planner should conduct a risk assessment, identify particular periods and locations of high risk and, if possible, dedicate assets appropriately. Efforts should be made to prevent isolating events by mitigating the risk associated with all operations and activities. Risk management for JPR is described later in this chapter.

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Figure 5–1: Preparatory joint personnel recovery planning

Orders 5.14

5.14 Joint personnel recovery annex. The OPORD should state the requirement for and include guidance on JPR operations. The JPR annex to the OPORD provides JFAO specific direction and guidance on JPR. It contains the majority of standing JPR information. The JPR annex to the OPORD should describe the following:

• concept of JPR operations;

• JPR aspects of operational and physical environment;

• JPR capabilities and limitations, including political or geographic constraints and operational areas not covered by JPR;

• ROE and international responsibilities;

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• JPR organisation, including authority of the joint personnel recovery coordination centre (JPRCC), dedicated and designated JPR forces, diplomatic, OGA, intergovernmental organisations (IGO), non-government organisations (NGO), International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), host nation (HN) and civil entities;

• command, control and communications (C3), including a matrix of launch and execute authorities, location of key C3 nodes, and supported and supporting relationships;

• communications, including voice and data systems, JPR frequencies and nodes, emissions control, and communication with the media;

• preparation of personnel at higher risk of isolation;

• JPR training requirements before entry into the JFAO and continuation training;

• civil-military coordination framework for integration of diplomatic, OGA, HN, IGO, NGO, ICRC, contractors and civil actors;

• reintegration plans, with details of health, welfare, administration, debriefing requirements and movement of recovered personnel between reintegration levels;

• coordinating instructions, including isolated personnel reports and evasion plan of action (EPA) management; and

• JPR SPINS, reports and returns.

5.15 Special instructions. JPR SPINS provide for forces that are prone to capture or isolation. SPINS describe the evasion actions to be taken and mandatory recovery procedures. Although SPINS are normally associated with aviation operations, they are equally applicable to any personnel at a high risk of becoming isolated. They are primarily for personnel who are survive, evade, resist and escape (SERE) trained and equipped for combat search and rescue (CSAR) recovery. The SPINS format is in annex A.

IMMEDIATE PLANNING 5.16

5.16 Wherever possible, isolated personnel should be recovered by self-recovery, buddy recovery or immediate recovery by on-scene forces. Where this is not possible, the JPRCC is notified and planning for a deliberate recovery mission commences. This section describes immediate planning, which commences on initial notification of a JPR requirement and continues through the JPR task.

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5.17 The appointed RMC is responsible for the following:

• planning and executing the search to detect and locate isolated personnel before launching a rescue or recovery mission; and

• planning the deliberate recovery using the JMAP. Planning may comprise adjustment of previously prepared recovery plans and converting to orders or the development of new plans where no useful JPR plans exist.

5.18 The RMC convenes an operations planning group (OPG), generally comprising the RMC, staff, JPRCC and specialist advisors. The role of the OPG is to plan the search and recovery from the notification of an isolation event through to execution of the recovery mission OPORD.

5.19 Preliminary scoping. The OPG uses preliminary scoping to focus staff effort, provide a situational update, establish a planning timeline and allocate tasks to staff.

5.20 Intelligence. Information and intelligence is critical to the early location and support of isolated personnel as well as to recovery mission planning. Recovery forces and isolated personnel are particularly vulnerable to threats. A wide range of sensors and intelligence gathering assets can assist in providing crucial information on threats.

5.21 Mission analysis. Mission analysis ensures that planning staff understands the superior commander’s intent, up to two levels above. At the end of mission analysis, the RMC confirms the recovery mission, intent and broad themes. A warning order is generally issued at this point.

5.22 Course of action development. The OPG develops the course of action (COA) for the recovery mission. COA must consider force assignment, C3, coordination centres, recovery methods, reintegration, launch and execution approval process, and risk assessment. The COA and outline plans are briefed to the RMC.

5.23 Course of action analysis. COA analysis tests the advantages and disadvantages of each COA. The aim of COA analysis is to improve the set of friendly COA. In analysing recovery missions, the situation and welfare of the isolated personnel must be considered. A detailed risk analysis is implicit in the JMAP and the results will determine both the composition of the recovery force and the conduct of the mission.

5.24 Decision and execution. Once the COA analysis has been completed, the findings are presented to the RMC for a decision. Once the RMC has confirmed the preferred option, the concept of operations (CONOPS) is developed. The final stage of planning is the issue

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of the RMC’s recovery orders based on the approved CONOPS. The requirement to know the location of isolated personnel to an acceptable degree of certainty is a prerequisite to launch a recovery mission.

5.25 Orders. Recovery orders based on the selected plan are the primary output of the RMC’s JMAP. The recovery orders should clearly state the launch and execute authority as well as circumstances in which termination orders could be issued. It could also initiate preliminary or advance force operations. The generic content of recovery orders is described in annex B.

5.26 Component planning. Concurrent with the JMAP and upon receipt of the RMC’s recovery orders, the assigned component commanders conduct planning. During this stage, collaboration, collocation and use of liaison officers are critical to the development of integrated plans.

PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS 5.27

5.27 The factors that should be considered when planning a JPR mission are in annex C.

RISK MANAGEMENT 5.28

5.28 A risk assessment is completed as part of the JMAP to determine the viability of a recovery operation. The level of acceptable risk must be determined and the means of mitigating the risk should be developed throughout the planning process.

SUCCESSFUL RECOVERYAfter the Malayan Emergency, Australia agreed to provide troops to help defend the borders of the Malayan peninsular. On 8 September 1964 a small party of Australian soldiers from 3 Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment was reported missing close to the Thai border. Crew from 5 Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force helped in the recovery operation. The missing soldiers and a ground rescue team were located on 10 September and they were winched out of the jungle three days later.

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5.29 Commanders must balance the value of retrieving isolated personnel against potential costs, including risk to recovery resources and the effect of diverting resources from ongoing operations. In making these assessments, the psychological impact of the incident on remaining personnel and national imperatives should be considered. A recovery mission should not:

• place additional risks on personnel,

• expose scarce or high value assets to unacceptable risk,

• preclude execution of higher priority missions,

• divert critically needed forces from ongoing operations, or

• allow the overall military situation to deteriorate.

5.30 The time to conduct planning and preliminary movement, concentration, preparation and rehearsal must be balanced against the requirement to reach the isolated personnel to avoid deterioration of their condition or situation.

5.31 Further information on risk is in ADFP 5.0.1.

REPATRIATIONIn September 1969 Private Fisher was second-in-command of a five-man, long-range Special Air Service patrol searching for signs of enemy activity near the Nui May Tao massif in south-eastern Long Khanh province.

After patrolling for seven days in persistent rain the Australians had a series of contacts with Viet Cong. Outnumbered and pursued through the jungle, they called for a helicopter extraction. The helicopters arrived within half an hour, just as the enemy were closing in on the patrol.

During the extraction, while under fire and surrounded by the enemy, the members of the patrol attached themselves to ropes dangling from the helicopter and were lifted clear of the jungle. As the helicopter gathered speed and helicopter gunships moved in to fire on the enemy on the ground, the patrol members noticed that Private Fisher was missing. He had fallen from his rope from a height of about 30 metres above the tree canopy.

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REPATRIATION—(cont)An air search began within 10 minutes of the incident and a ground search began within five hours. A ten-man Special Air Service patrol searched the jungle around the site, joined the following day by rifle companies who searched for the next six days. Fisher was declared missing in action, presumed dead.

Private Fisher’s remains were found in 2008 and he was repatriated to Australia.

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SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS A

1. Special instructions (SPINS) articulate the procedures to be followed for survive, evade, resist and escape (SERE). They contain classified perishable and time-sensitive information. They can be durable, with monthly or quarterly issues, or weekly SPINS with perishable information. The joint personnel recovery (JPR) section of SPINS should include the following information:

a. pre-mission procedures and general JPR procedures;

b. initial actions for the on-scene commander (OSC);

c. isolated personnel radio communication procedures;

d. personal emergency equipment;

e. search and rescue bullseye point (SARDOT);1

f. authentication procedures (word/letter/number of the week, duress word, running password, challenge and response);

g. instructions to survivors for initial actions;

h. what/how/when to use signalling devices;

i. lost communication procedures;

j. identification of survival and contact areas and potential methods of recovery; and

k. designated areas of recovery.

2. SPINS information entered on the evasion plan of action remains active for the duration of that mission.

1 One or more classified map reference points will be given in SPINS. Isolated personnel can subsequently give their position (if known) in relation to the SARDOT.

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RECOVERY ORDERS B

1. While the content of recovery orders varies substantially with the operating environment and the level of planning, the relevant parts of this annex should be included in the recovery orders.

Preliminaries 2

2. The preliminaries contain the security classification, file number, distribution list, name of the person who compiled the plan, time prepared, time zone and relevant references.

Situation 3

3. Personnel. List the personnel and equipment to be recovered, including location if known.

4. Ground. Refer to the operation order (OPORD) and add any additional information that could affect joint personnel recovery (JPR), such as over-flight rights.

5. Weather.

6. Enemy forces. Refer to the primary OPORD and intelligence annex. Include any information that could affect hostile action against recovery forces or isolated personnel.

7. Own forces. Describe friendly and neutral capabilities. List any dedicated or designated JPR capabilities. Describe component, joint, multinational, other government agency, intergovernmental organisation, International Committee of the Red Cross, host nation, non-government organisation and civil capabilities. List JPR sites and support products.

8. Assumptions and constraints. List any assumptions and constraints applicable to JPR. Include likely reaction of indigenous population to isolated personnel, constraints governing JPR and conditions likely to exist during execution. Include the legal status of isolated personnel and rules of engagement (ROE).

Mission 9

9. Provide a clear, concise statement of the mission and essential tasks to support the JPR activity. Focus on leveraging the collective sum of capabilities to successfully recover the isolated personnel.

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Execution 10

10. General outline. Provide the intent, expressed as purpose, method and endstate. Outline how recovery and reintegration capabilities will meet the commander’s intent. Include the general nature and scope of the scheme of manoeuvre and support.

11. Concept. Outline the concept of operations including organisation, phases, main effort, command, control and communications and support roles. Include command authorities and relationship to non-military capabilities.

12. Grouping and tasks. Describe grouping and tasks of all capabilities, by phases. Describe how commanders, staffs, joint personnel recovery coordination centre (JPRCC), forces, agencies and isolated personnel will be employed to accomplish JPR tasks. Also describe support to be provided to isolated personnel.

13. Support. Describe, by phase:

a. joint fire support;

b. intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance;

c. airspace control;

d. health support and casualty evacuation; and

e. reintegration, including health, debriefing, teams, levels, transition through levels, locations, facilities, family support, escort and security procedures.

14. Coordination. Describe coordinating instructions:

a. search;

b. reporting procedures;

c. timings;

d. key locations and boundaries;

e. actions on;

f. ROE and orders for opening fire;

g. techniques for identifying, assisting or evacuating escapees and evaders; and

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h. operational security (OPSEC) directions.

Administration and logistics 15

15. Describe:

a. logistic support, including forward arming and refuelling points (FARP) locations and timings;

b. health support;

c. mortuary affairs;

d. equipment, including specialised recovery equipment; and

e. transport.

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16. Describe:

a. appointments;

b. locations of JPRCC, JPR mission coordinator, rescue mission commander, on-scene commander and key personnel;

c. command, control and authorities for launch, execute and termination;

d. supported and supporting commanders;

e. succession of command;

f. communications, including voice and data nets, call signs and frequencies, codewords and reporting, recognition signals, emission control, and use of lights and visual signals;

g. authorities, including over-flight and permission to enter sovereign areas;

h. authentication;

i. briefings and meetings;

j. coordination procedures, legal requirements;

k. liaison with diplomatic and civil agencies;

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l. public affairs; and

m. technical control.

Signature Block

Annexes: (to be included as appropriate)

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JOINT PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS C

1. The planning considerations for joint personnel recovery (JPR) include the following:

a. current situation, likely developments, environment and enemy threat;

b. commander’s JPR intent, policy and priorities;

c. nature of isolation incident, including whether isolated personnel are survive, evade, resist and escape trained and equipped for combat search and rescue;

d. the distance/range over which the mission must be accomplished;

e. timings, including target dates or window for execution of the operation and alternative dates;

f. constraints, including government guidance, employment limitations, rules of engagement, Law of Armed Conflict, weapons use, time and space limitations, airfields available, route limitations, logistic constraints and diplomatic considerations;

g. force assignment considerations, including:

(1) operational capabilities: speed, range, platform capabilities, communications capabilities, navigation, armament, self protection, electronic warfare;

(2) recovery capabilities: training, number of ambulatory passengers, number and type of litters, special rescue equipment;

(3) operational limitations: night flying, weather, altitudes, alert status, standard combat load;

(4) risk to assigned elements;

h. support from external agencies, including liaison arrangements and degree of interoperability;

i. command, control and communications arrangements, including degrees of operational authority, relationships with allied commanders, provisions for succession of command, emission control and electronic warfare;

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j. instructions for termination of the operation, including clear direction on succession of command and force disposition on termination;

k. coordination, including coordination with operations of other forces and agencies, security and deception plans, intelligence and sources of intelligence, areas/boundaries, reports and returns, directions for production and distribution of operational plans, instructions and orders, and mounting arrangements;

l. balance between family support, media relations and operations security (OPSEC);

m. reintegration requirements, including appropriate level, escorting officers, physical and mental health, debriefing and investigations;

n. administration and logistics, including movement details, logistic support arrangements, personnel matters, health support, method of amending the directive, public relations, financial matters, and special equipment, including sea/land/air rescue equipment;

o. subsequent operations, including requirements for link-up; and

p. OPSEC.

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GLOSSARYThe source for approved Defence terms, definitions and abbreviations is the Australian Defence Glossary (ADG), available on the Defence Restricted Network at http://adg.eas.defence.mil.au/adgms/. Note: The ADG is updated regularly and should be checked for amendments to the entries in this glossary.

DEFINITIONS 0.1

combat recovery (CR)The detection, location, identification and rescue of isolated personnel who are not trained and equipped to receive combat search and rescue support.

combat search and rescue (CSAR)The detection, location, identification and rescue of downed aircrew in hostile territory in time of crisis or war and, when appropriate, isolated military personnel in distress, who are trained and equipped to receive combat search and rescue.

isolated personnelMilitary or civilian personnel separated from their unit or organisation in an environment requiring them to survive, evade, or escape while awaiting rescue or recovery.

joint personnel recovery (JPR)The aggregation of military, civil and political efforts to rescue, release or recover personnel from permissive, uncertain or hostile environments whether they are captured, missing or isolated.

joint personnel recovery coordination centre (JPRCC)Centre established to coordinate joint assets when the search and rescue operations event requires complex or large scale joint coordination. Usually formed with Headquarters Joint Operations Command or the search and rescue headquarters joint task force as applicable.

reintegrationThe process of returning former combatants and other selected non-combatants to a civilian identity within the social, economic, political, and psychological life within the community.

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Rescue Coordination Centre Australia (RCC)Civilian centre established with Australian Maritime Safety Authority to coordinate all civilian search and rescue events and monitor beacon activations within the Australian search and rescue region.

search and rescue (SAR)The use of aircraft, surface craft, submarines, specialised rescue teams and equipment to search for and rescue personnel in distress on land or at sea.

survive, evade, resist and escape (SERE)Defines the set of tactics, techniques, and procedures that will give isolated personnel the tools to survive in any environment and to evade capture where such a threat exists. Failing that, to resist exploitation by captors and, if the situation permits, escape captivity to finally support their own or assisted recovery and return.

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ABBREVIATIONSADDP Australia Defence Doctrine PublicationADF Australian Defence ForceADFP Australian Defence Force PublicationAFP Australian Federal PoliceAME aeromedical evacuationAMSA Australian Maritime Safety AuthorityAOC air operations centre

BPC Border Protection Command

C2 command and controlC3 command, control and communicationsCIMHS critical incident mental health support CIMIC civil-military cooperationCIS communication and information systemsCJOPS Chief of Joint OperationsCJTF Commander Joint Task ForceCOA course of actionCONOPS concept of operationsCOSPAS Cosmicheskaya Sistyema Poiska Avariynch

SudovCR combat recoveryCSAR combat search and rescue

DACC Defence Assistance to the Civil CommunityDFAT Department of Foreign Affairs and TradeDIGO Defence Imagery and Geospatial Organisation

EPA evasion plan of actionEW electronic warfare

FARP forward arming and refuelling pointFE force element

HN host nationHQJOC Headquarters Joint Operations CommandHQJTF Headquarters Joint Task Force

IDETF inter-departmental emergency task forceIGO intergovernmental organisation ISOPREP isolated personnel reportISR intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance

JCC joint control centre JFAO joint force area of operationsJMAP joint military appreciation process JPR joint personnel recovery JPRCC joint personnel recovery coordination centre

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JPRMC joint personnel recovery mission coordinator

LO liaison officer

MN multinational

NEO non-combatant evacuation operationsNGO non-government organisationNOK next of kin

OGA other government agencyOPG operations planning groupOPORD operation orderOPSEC operations securityOSC on-scene commander

RAAF Royal Australian Air ForceRAN Royal Australian NavyRCC rescue coordination centreRecOP recovery operationRMC rescue mission commanderROE rules of engagement

SAR search and rescueSAROP search and rescue operation SARSAT search and rescue satelliteSERE survive, evade, resist and escape SF special forces SMC search and rescue mission commander SPINS special instructionsSRO special recovery operations SRR search and rescue region

TTP tactics, techniques and procedures

USA United States of America

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