operationalizing landscape approach in indonesia: the socio-economic perspective and policy...

THINKING beyond the canopy

Operationalizing landscape approach in Indonesia: The socio-economic perspective and policy framework in facilitating an integrated and sustainable landscape-based forest management

JFCC Panel Discussion on Indonesia and its environmental record28 November 2016, Inter-Continental Hotel Midplaza, Jakarta

Ani Adiwinata Nawir, PhDSLF – Sustainable Landscape & Food System Team, CIFOR


1. Background2. Integrated landscape approach3. Opportunitis & challenges for applying integrated

landscape approach in Indonesia4. Operationalizing landscape approach:

case study5. Moving forwards for applying integrated

landscape approach in Indonesia

Scope of the presentation


1. Background

(1) Globally, the landscape-based approach:Increasingly promoted to overcome the multi-faceted direct and indirect problems of forest deforestation and land degradation.

(2) However, key challenge:Moving toward operationalising integrated landscape management approach in practice.

(3) The operationalisation encompasses:integrated aspects of policy framework, institutional arrangements and management approaches.

(4) Indonesia: a much bigger challenge for an effective implementation of the

landscape-based approach in Indonesia, a lack of integrated planning at the landscape level.


1. Aiming to harmonize / synergize the different land use(agriculture, conservation/forestry, plantations and other competing land uses)

2. As the reference approach for: a clear division of roles & responsibilities between different

stakeholders (at the district, provincial, and national level) in managing different land uses

(e.g. forestry, agriculture, estate, etc)

2. Integrated landscape approach


1. Ecosystem type: Forest Management Unit approach

Forest & land covers

Ecosystem fuction (E.g. Watersheds)

Timber

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs)

Stakeholders (including local communities)

Pemukiman

Various components in a landscape


1. Continual learning and adaptive management2. Common concern entry point: shared objectives & values3. Multiple scales: external influences & constraints4. Multi-functionality: multiple uses by different stakeholders5. Multi-stakeholders: at various levels6. Negotiated and transparent change7. Clarification of rights and principles: negotiated & accepted8. Participatory and user-friendly monitoring9. Resilience: recognizing of threats & vulnerabilities10. Strengthened stakeholder capacity

Ten principles for a landscape approach(≈ Adaptive Collaborative Management)

Sources: Sayer et al., 2012 & National GPFLR (the Global Partnership on Forest Landscape Restoration), 2009


3. Opportunitis & challenges for applying integrated landscape approach in Indonesia


Opportunities for various programs to be complementarily implemented at the landscape level

(within the MoE&F)


(1) Program on Forest Management Unit Model or KPH-Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan (i.e. KPHP, KPHL & KPHK)

(2) Ecosystem Restoration Concession (Konsesi Restorasi Ekosistem): Target 1.7 million ha; by September 2016: 573 thousand ha (15 cons. in Sumatra & Kalimantan)

(3) Social Foretry Program: 12.7 million ha (schemes: community forestry-HKm, village forest-HD, customary forest-HA, community plantations-HTR, & partnership-kemitraan)

(4) Integrated watersheds management (PP No. 37 of 2012): 2.5 million ha in 108 watersheds, DAS 2010-2014 (Pratiwi et al., 2013)

(5) Farm forestry-Hutan rakyat (on privately-owned lands)(6) Non-forestry programs: Agriculture/Estate crops: food crops self-reliance (swa-sembada

pangan), small-scale oil palm plantations (10 million ha) & rubber plantations

Mining concessions (legal & illegal)


Challenges for applying integrated landscape approach in Indonesia


Kawasan hutan hak milik

Sectoral-based landscape approach

Areal pertanian

Hutan lindungHutan

konservasi

Hutanproduksi

Tujuankhusus

Areal perkebunan

APL APLAPL

Kawasan Hutan Negara

Pemukiman


(1) Various programs implemented by different government agencies with a lack of coordination (forestry and non-forestry):a. Set of target areas: 'ambitious' – for budget allocationb. Extensification > Intensification (increased productivity)

E.g. rubber & palm oil plantationsc. Policy framework prioritising each program: overlapping and

contradictory regulations at the landscape level.(2) The management objectives of different stakeholders:

a. Priority targets of the government in various sectors: forestry, agriculture, plantation, mining, residential, and industrial

b. Commercial interests (private companies) c. Conservation: the urgency of restoring ecosystem function, &d. Improving the livelihoods of local communities.


(3) The absence of integrated planning at the landscape level based on ecosystem function:ensuring synergy of the various forestry & non-forestry programs (social capital: one-map based).

(4) The application of Law 23, 2014 (UU No. 23/2014):the transition period: some uncertainties on the continuation of supports from the district governments.

(5) The dynamics of changes in the global economy:provides opportunities and new challenges, especially for small businesses involving local communities≈ ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) - December 2015


ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) 1. The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC): the

goal of regional economic integration by 2015

2. AEC foresees the following key characteristics: (a) a single market and production base (b) a highly competitive economic region (c) a region of equitable economic development, and (d) a region fully integrated into the global economy.

Not only directly affecting smallholders in Indonesia & in the region, but also the forestry-product trading flows in the regional markets: China, Australia & Europe

Commercialization: towards more market-oriented production processes

Globalization: a close association between ‘global’ and ‘local’ or ‘glocalization’ (Robertson,1995 in Haan, 2000)

Promoted as a way to reduce poverty by creating new niche markets and potential buyers of scarce forest products: through multilateral agreements – MEA ≈ AFTA, NAFTA

There are challenges in translating opportunities under globalized and commercialized economics that can benefit

local communities

Direct and indirect land use changes driven by foreign companies’ investments in agricultural and forestry plantations: Moratorium in Indonesia: Oil palm companies look for lands in new regions

Source: Nawir et al., 2011

Due to low comparative advantages & lack of consideration for local socioeconomic and sometimes stringent ecological concerns in

multilateral agreements, impacts might be:

1. Difficulties for smallholders to meet global market requirements leading to low profits or restricting access to international markets

2. Unfair competition between local forest products with cheaper imported products (e.g. timber & NTFPs)

3. Direct and indirect land use changes driven by foreign companies’ investments in agricultural and forestry plantations, displacing smallholder and community forestry activities.

Outcomes & impacts:Operationalizing landscape approach in Indonesia:

designing grand-strategy for integrated timber & NTFPs management at the district level

‘Development of timber and non-timber forest products’ production and market strategies for improvement of smallholders’ livelihoods in Indonesia’ (ACIAR - FST/2012/039, April 2013-Dec. 2016)

CIFOR & Project collaborators

4. Operationalizing landscape approach: case study


Cases: Sumbawa (West Nusa Tenggara) &

Timor Tengah Selatan (East Nusa Tenggara)


Landscape of community teak plantationand rice fields in Pelat (Sumbawa, WNT)

NTFPs in the local outlet in the cityof Sumbawa (WNT)

Household income portfolio in West Nusa Tenggara (WNT) & East NusaTenggara (ENT): NTFPs are important & limited trading of timber

Pinang (Areca catechu) for menyirih(daily snacking) (TTS, ENT). Other products: Tarum (Indigofera sp.) as natural dye material

Timber is not traded commercially and it islimited for domestic uses (TTS, ENT)

Village level District government

National level governmentRecommendationon improved policy &

regulations Improved policy &

regulations Policy

Working Group

Provincial government

Policy Working Group


Findings from policy assessment: lack of coordination and interconnectivity between local government institution, private sector, and community groups in developing the potentials of timber and NTFPs

Identified needs: local government should have a strategic document describing the policy framework for integrated management of timber and NTFPs

Aims: the document will be the reference for local government institutions (SKPD), processing industries and communities ≈ stakeholders involve in the development of timber & NTFPs along the supply & value chains


Policy references: strategic development

National development policy on forestry & NTFPs

Province development policy on forestry

Districs development policy on forestry

Forest Management Unit (KPHP/KPHL) strategic planning


Managementaspect

Forest function & watersheds (Zonation)Upstream Midstream Downstream

Area management

Objective: Enforcing the conservation function of the area as the buffer zone and/or rehabilitating the degraded areas, while enhancing local livelihoods

Business management

Objective: Promoting the establishment of small-medium scale enterprises (UMKM-Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah)for value added processing activities both for timber and NTFPs

Institutional arrangements and management

Objective: improving the coordination, synergy, and inter-connectivity of various government agencies at the district level (& prov), as well as between these agencies and private market industries.

Grand strategy for integrated management of timber and NTFPs at the landscape level


Spatial data analysis in deciding strategic development area:Maps overlay: district forest area, watersheds, critical lands, provincial &

district level spatial planning (RTRW–Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah)

Sumbawa


Clan-based customary land ownership with strict management rules

More effective in guiding day-to-day communal forestry management practices for NTFP collection (i.e. Forest honey)

Maintaining the surrounding nature reserve.

Nature reserve

Protected forest

Clan-based (SUF): Customary rules complementing state regulations on limiting community access to protected forest:

Village Gov. & community

Synergy: national social forestry program & local gov. strategic forest management priorities

Grand Strategy Document for integrated management: NTFP

West Nusa TenggaraProvincial Gov.

Timor Tengah Selatan

District Gov.

Village Gov. & community

Sumbawa -District Gov.

Grand Strategy Document for integrated management: Timber & NTFP

Adopted in RPJMDes(training by Kanoppi)

Update: 8 villages adopted & allocated budget



Head of District Decree

Decree for adoption at all villages Adopted in FMU

(KPHP) management planning docs

East Nusa Tenggara

Provincial Gov.

Recommendation to the national level governmentAdopted for developing policy framework for NTFPs development

Adopted for developing policy framework for timber

& NTFPs development

Adopted in RPJM Bupati

5. Moving forwards for applying integrated landscape approach in Indonesia

1. Utilizing the existing social capital from the priority programs.2. The development of coherent and complementary policy framework:

a. Synergy between various national and local policy framework and regulations.

b. technical guidelines that are tailored to specific local conditions through multi-stakeholder engagement processes.

3. Facilitated through collaborative processes: developing grand design & strategy for sustainable integrated landscape-based management.

Landscape approach: inter-sectoral coordination for promoting complementary

management options

(3) Favourable conditions: creating the right incentives

Three components in designing & implementing sustainable initiatives at the landscape level

to ensure local economies are improved

Sustainable initiative & practice

(1) Addressing direct and underlying causes of ecological

system & function

Multiple socioeconomic benefits for local

stakeholders involved (tangible & intangible)

Improvements in ecological conditions

(2) Socioeconomically feasible technical interventions

Clear land status & full access for a community to manage the areas

Engaging with markets (Tangible & intangible benefits)

EnablingIncentives

(e.g. land tenure and resource security, market development, credit facilities)

Framework to develop incentives

Direct incentives (e.g. seedlings, cost-sharing arrangements)

Sectoral(e.g. harvesting restriction, trade tariffs)

Macro-economic(e.g. polices on interest rates, income taxes)

Indirect incentives

Variable incentives

Type of incentives Conditions to be considered for application1. Subsidies provided

to a communityPhysical assistance & creating employment opportunities: For areas isolated from economic activities (or remote areas)Monetary assistance: aims at creating revolving funds (contract agreements may be necessary - penalty or sanction if subsidies were used for non-rehabilitation activities.

2. Tax exemption With the aim of encouraging private companies to participate in restoration/conservation/reforestation initiatives

3. Credit schemes Needs cooperative or business management unit with good capacity

4. Defined and secured market for timber production

Market for timber production: where tree harvesting is allowedMarket for NTFPs/environmental services: on state forestland where tree harvesting is not allowed

5. Net revenue sharing agreement

Essential for all initiatives involving shared investments (tangible & intangible contributions) in any form from other parties, such as a community & village government

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Physical assistance & creating employment opportunities: For areas isolated from economic activities (or remote areas) Monetary assistance: aims at creating revolving funds (contract agreements may be necessary) - outlining the penalty or sanction if the project were to fail/subsidies were used for non-rehabilitation activities. With the aim of encouraging private companies to participate in rehabilitation projects Needs cooperative or business management unit with good capacity Market for timber production: for initiatives where tree harvesting is allowed Market for NTFPs/environmental services: for initiatives on state forestland where tree felling is not allowed Essential for all rehabilitation initiatives involving shared investments (tangible & intangible contributions) in any form from other parties, such as a community According to the communities, the most important indicator that has significantly affected the sustainability of the rehabilitation initiatives is indicator E, which focuses on the Secured market & favourable supporting conditions such as low tariff or less bureaucratic marketing requirements. However, this indicator is less important to project staff. Some indicators were assessed by the communities as being less important, where as the project staff believe these to be the least important. These include indicators F (Effective mechanism for responding to feedback), G (The new organisation is effectively introducing rehabilitation efforts), and H (Effective mechanism for conflict resolution among stakeholders). On the other hand, the most important indicators according to the project staff are considered to be of less importance to the communities. These are: clear framework and law enforcement (Indicator A) , effective monitoring and control system (Indicator B), full and continuous support from the government and other institutions (Indicator C), and minimum threat or pressure on degraded forest being rehabilitated, such as forest fire, forest encroachment, and illegal logging (Indicator D). Designs

Institutional arrangements: promoting P4 (Public-Private-People-Partnership)

1. The integrated landscape approach could not be conducted alone.

2. At the landscape level, each of this stakeholder group has different roles, rights, and responsibilities that potentially can be complementary.

3. Developing sustainable business model with a fair profit margin for smallholders involved along the supply and value chains.

Empowerment of local communities & SME to be resilient: Improved land & financial management capacities Business knowledge and skills required to deal with international

investors and traders


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