operational procedures chapter 4 · for an aerodrome to be selected as a destination, the weather...

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Chapter 4Operational Procedures

CHAPTER fOUR

OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES

Contents

ESTABLISHMENT OF PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

PERFORMANCE AND OPERATING LIMITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

MASS LIMITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

TAKE-OFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

EN ROUTE - ONE POWER-UNIT INOPERATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

EN ROUTE - TWO POWER-UNITS INOPERATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

LANDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

AEROPLANE PERFORMANCE OPERATING LIMITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

USE OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

AUTHORISATION AND SELECTION OF AERODROMES BY THE OPERATOR . . . 30

PLANNING MINIMA - ETOPS EN-ROUTE ALTERNATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

APPROACH AND LANDING CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

AERODROME OPERATING MINIMA (AOM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE AND APPROACH PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

NOISE ABATEMENT PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

ROUTES AND AREA OF OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

RVSM OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

OPERATIONS IN MNPS AIRSPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

TWIN ENGINE OPERATIONS WITHOUT ETOPS APPROVAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

DETERMINATION OF ONE-ENGINE-INOPERATIVE CRUISE SPEED . . . . . . . . . 36

EXTENDED RANGE OPERATIONS WITH TWIN ENGINE

AEROPLANES (ETOPS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

ESTABLISHMENT OF MINIMUM FLIGHT ALTITUDES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

FUEL POLICY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

CARRIAGE OF PERSONS WITH REDUCED MOBILITY (PRMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

CARRIAGE OF INADMISSIBLE PASSENGERS, DEPORTEES OR

PERSONS IN CUSTODY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

STOWAGE OF BAGGAGE AND CARGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

SEATING OF PASSENGERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

PASSENGER BRIEFING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Continued . . . . . . . .

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Chapter 4 Operational Procedures

FLIGHT PREPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

ATS FLIGHT PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

REFUELLING AND DE-FUELLING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

CREW MEMBERS AT DUTY STATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

SEATS, SAFETY BELTS AND HARNESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

SMOKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

ICE AND OTHER CONTAMINANTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

USE OF SUPPLEMENTAL OXYGEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

GROUND PROXIMITY DETECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

OCCURRENCE REPORTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Contents Continued


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ESTAbLISHmENT Of PROCEDURES

The Operator is required to establish and define procedures for all ground and flight operations relating to the duties of ground staff and crew members specific to each type of aeroplane used in the operation.

Checklists are to be formulated and used by crew members for all phases of the operation of the aeroplane under normal, abnormal and emergency conditions and the checklists are to be applicable to Part B of the Operations Manual ensuring the procedures detailed in Part B are followed. The aircraft manufacturer’s checklists contained in the aircraft flight manual (AFM) will be the basis for the company specific checklists.

The operator is to ensure that no procedures other than those required for the safe operation of the aeroplane are required during critical phases of the flight.

PERfORmANCE AND OPERATINg LImITATIONS

Factors Affecting Aeroplane Performance Factors, which significantly affect the performance of the aeroplane, are to be taken into consideration either as direct operational parameters, or as allowances or margins which may be provided in the scheduling of performance data or in the code of performance for the operation of the aeroplane. The factors include: mass; operating procedures; the pressure-altitude appropriate to the elevation of the aerodrome; temperature; wind; runway gradient and condition of the runway (presence of slush, water and/or ice etc…).

mASS LImITATIONS

The mass of the aeroplane at the start-up or take-off is not to exceed the mass at which take-off performance requirements can be complied with, or the mass at which the requirements for: the length of runway available; en-route – one engine inoperative; en-route – two power units inoperative, and landing, can be complied with, allowing for expected reductions in mass as the flight proceeds, and for fuel jettisoning as is necessary.

In no case is the mass at the start of take-off to exceed the maximum take-off mass specified in the flight manual for the pressure-altitude of the elevation of the aerodrome, and any other local atmospheric condition (if necessary). Neither is the estimated mass for the expected time of landing at the aerodrome of intended landing and at any destination alternate aerodrome, to exceed the maximum landing mass specified in the flight manual. Additionally, the mass at the start of take-off, or at the expected time of landing at the aerodrome of intended landing and at any destination alternate aerodrome, cannot exceed the relevant maximum masses applicable for noise certification standards, unless otherwise authorised in exceptional circumstances for an aerodrome or a runway where there is no noise disturbance problem.

TAkE-Off

The aeroplane must, in the event of a critical power-unit failing at any point in the take-off, be able to discontinue the take-off and stop within the accelerate-stop distance available, or to continue the take-off and clear all obstacles along the flight path by an adequate margin until the aeroplane is in a position to comply with the en-route criteria. In determining the length of the runway available, account is taken of the loss of runway length due to alignment of the aeroplane prior to take-off.


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EN ROUTE - ONE POwER-UNIT INOPERATIvE

The aeroplane must, in the event of the failure of the critical engine at any point along the route, be able to continue the flight to an aerodrome at which the landing standard can be met, without flying below the minimum flight altitude at any point.

EN ROUTE - TwO POwER-UNITS INOPERATIvE

In the case of aeroplanes having three or more engines, where the probability of a second power-unit becoming inoperative must be allowed for, the aeroplane must be able, in the event of failure of any two engines, to continue the flight to an en-route alternate aerodrome and land.

LANDINg

The aeroplane must be able to land within the landing distance available, at the aerodrome of intended landing and at any alternate aerodrome, after clearing all obstacles in the approach path by a safe margin. Allowance is to be made for expected variations in the approach and landing techniques, if no such allowance has been made in the scheduling of performance data.

AEROPLANE PERfORmANCE OPERATINg LImITATIONS

The LOs require the student to be able to state the aeroplane performance operating limitations. This is a separate subject in its own right and detailed instruction is given during the study of subject 032 Performance. Remember however, that matters discussed in Performance lectures will be examinable in the OP examination.

USE Of AIR TRAffIC CONTROL

Whenever it is available (it will always be available in controlled airspace (CAS) and at controlled aerodromes) an ATC service is to be requested and the ATC instructions complied with. Inevitably, this will require the filing of an IFR FPL in classes A, C, D and E airspace or a VFR/IFR FPL in class B airspace. This implies that all commercial operations will take place inside CAS. As a controlled flight inside CAS ATC will apply the required separation standards to all flights thus maximising safety.

AUTHORISATION AND SELECTION Of AERODROmES by THE OPERATOR

Only authorised aerodromes are to be used as destinations or destination alternates. All the aerodromes used for flight operations in the context of the operation, are to be approved by the operator. Such consideration must take into account the types of aeroplane used and the nature of the operation concerned.

Take-off AlternateThe Operational Flight Plane (OFP) will specify a take-off alternate to be used in the event that it would not be possible to return to the departure aerodrome for meteorological or performance reasons.


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Take-off Alternate - Planning minima for IfR flightsFor an aerodrome to be selected as a take-off alternate, the weather reports/forecasts must indicate that during the period 1 hour before until 1 hour after the ETA at the (alternate) aerodrome the met conditions will be at or above the applicable aerodrome operating minima defined below. In this respect, the ceiling must be taken into account when non-precision or circling approaches are the only available instrument approach option. Additionally, any limitations related to one engine inoperative must also be considered.

Two engine aeroplaneThe take-off alternate must be located within either one hour flight time at the one-engine-inoperative cruise speed or, where approved, the Operator’s ETOPS diversion time, subject to any MEL restriction, up to a maximum of 2 hours at the one-engine-inoperative cruise speed.

Three or more enginesTwo hours flight time at the one-engine-inoperative cruise speed specified in the aeroplane flight manual in still air standard conditions based on the actual take-off mass for three and four engine aeroplanes.

Note: The one-engine-inoperative cruise speed is to be the speed specified in the aeroplane flight manual in still air standard conditions based on the actual take-off mass. If the AFM does not specify a speed, the speed to be used for calculation is that which can be achieved with the remaining engines set at maximum continuous power.

Destination (except for isolated destination aerodromes)For an aerodrome to be selected as a destination, the weather reports/forecasts must indicate that during the period 1 hour before until 1 hour after the ETA at the aerodrome, the met conditions will be at or above the following:

The RVR/visibility must be as required for the aerodrome operating minima. ¾

For a non-precision or circling approach the ceiling must be at or above MDH. ¾

The planning minima defined in the table below are applicable to destination, isolated ¾destination. 3% ERA (see note below), and en-route aerodromes:

Type of Approach Planning minima

CAT II and CAT III CAT I RVR

CAT I Non-precision RVR and the ceiling must be above MDH (See note 1)

Non- precisionNon-precision RVR and the ceiling must be above MDH (See note 1) plus 200 ft and 1000m

Circling Circling (Vis/RVR/MDH(VM(C))

Note. Non-precision means the next highest minimum that is available at the aerodrome. So, for CAT I ILS this could be ILS no GP or, for example, a VOR/DME. The same is applicable to non-precision approaches.


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Destination Alternate(s)The selected destination alternate (diversion) aerodromes are to be detailed in the Operational Flight Plan.

At least one destination alternate (diversion) aerodrome must be selected for each IFR flight unless:

Both, the duration of the planned flight from take-off to landing (or in the event of a ¾re-plan, the remaining flight time) does not exceed 6 hours, and two separate runways are available and useable at the destination aerodrome and the met reports/forecasts indicate that from 1 hour before until 1 hour after ETA at the destination, the ceiling will be at least 2,000 ft or circling height +500 ft (whichever is greater) and the visibility will be not less than 5km.

The destination is so isolated that no useable diversion aerodrome exists. ¾

Two destination alternates must be selected when the met reports/forecasts indicate that from 1 hour before until 1 hour after ETA at the destination, the weather conditions will be below the applicable planning minima, or no met information is available.

PLANNINg mINImA - ETOPS EN-ROUTE ALTERNATE

An operator shall only select an aerodrome as an ETOPS en-route alternate aerodrome when the appropriate weather reports or forecasts, or any combination thereof, indicate that, during a period commencing one hour before and ending one hour after the expected time of arrival at the aerodrome, the weather conditions will be at or above the planning minima prescribed in Table 2, or 3, below, and in accordance with the operator’s ETOPS approval. An operator shall include in his Operations Manual either Table 2 or Table 3, but not a combination of both, for use in determining the operating minima at the planned ETOPS en-route alternate aerodrome.

Type of approach Planning Minima

(RVR/visibility required & ceiling if applicable)

At least 2 separate approach procedures based on 2 separate aids serving 2 separate runways (see EU OPs 1.192)

At least 2 separate approach procedures based on 2 separate aids serving 1 runway

or,

at least 1 approach procedure based on 1 aid serving 1 runway

Precision Approach Cat II, III (ILS, MLS)

Precision Approach Cat I Minima Non-Precision Approach Minima

Precision Approach Cat I (ILS, MLS) Non-Precision Approach Minima Circling minima, or if not available, non-precision approach minima plus 200 ft/1000m

Non-Precision Approach The lower of non-precision approach minima plus 200 ft/1000m or circling minima

The higher of circling minima or non-precision approach minima plus 200 ft/1000m

Circling Approach Circling minima

Table 2: Planning minima - ETOPS.


operational procedures chapter 4 · for an aerodrome to be selected as a destination, the weather...

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