operation end sweep —task force 78 organization · 238 the war that would not end marine units to...

CONTINUITY AND CHANGE 237

Adapted from Task Force 78 Material

(HMH) 463 to 1st MAW. General Brown, the wingcommander, assigned Lieutenant Colonel Charles H.Egger's composite Marine Medium Helicopter Squa-dron (HMM) 165 to this mission as well, reinforcedwith the CH-53 Sea Stallions of HMH-462 and addi-tional CH-46 Sea Knights from HMM-164. Commandelements were organized around the existing head-quarters of HMH-463 and HMM-165, with aircraft andcrews coming from all the assigned Marine squadrons.The four supporting squadrons were at various loca-tions throughout the Western Pacific prior to TaskForce 78 activation: HMM-165 with three CH-53s, twoUN-is, and five CH-46s on the USS New Orleans (LPH11) and I-IMH-463 with nine CH-53s, six CH-46s, andtwo UH-ls on the USS Inchon (LPH 12) and threeCH-53s on the USS Cleveland. Nine HMH-462CH-53s at Cubi Point, Philippines, and at Futema,Okinawa, and all 12 of HMM-164's aircraft at Futemacould provide additional support if necessary.5

By 7 December 1972, the assigned forces had beenidentified: 10 ocean minesweepers, 9 amphibiousships, 6 fleet tugs, 3 salvage ships, 6 destroyers, 45helicopters, and more than 5,000 men serving with TF

78. Carrier- and land-based ait support was availableto protect the task force and additional support wasprovided by logistic and picket ships? Four surfacemine-countermeasure (SMCM) units were configuredaround the ocean-going minesweepers (MSOs). Thefour airborne mine-countermeasure (AMCM) units ar-ranged to clear extensive areas of seven ports and 15inland waterways. According to the final concept, Ma-rine CH-53s were to be used in mine-sweeping oper-ations, CH-46s for logistics and search and rescuesupport, and UH-ls for command and control. Somemissions were not covered by existing tactical proce-dures, as in how to conduct search-and-rescue opera-tions in a minefield? Aircraft and aircrewfamiliarization began at Naval Air Station, Cubi Point,Philippines, early in December 1972. The month wit-nessed intensified unit training at Subic Bay to qualifythe Matine units in the technique of sweeping minesfrom the air.

Following the final ceasefire agreement, on 24Janu-ary 1973, theJoint Chiefs of Staff named the opera-tion End Sweep and directed it to start on 27 January1973. General Metager passed control of designated

Operation End Sweep —Task Force 78 Organization

CommanderPacific Fleet

CommanderSeventh Fleet

CommanderTask Force 78

CTG 78.8CommanderAmphibiousSquadron 1

CTG 78.1CommanderMobile Mine

Countermeasures

CTG 78.2CommanderMine Flotilla

CTG 78.3Base Support

CTG 78.4Mine Counter-measures and

Inland Waterways

CTG 78.5Diving and

Salvage

238 THE WAR THAT WOULD NOT END

Marine units to Admiral McCauley on 1 February.Control of Task Force 76's Amphibious Squadron 1(ARGs Alpha and Bravo) went to Task Force 78 at thesame time. According to HMM-165's LieutenantColonel Egger, the Vietnamese ceasefire became a real-ity when his unit's stay in Singapore was cut short andthe unit was rushed back to Subic Bay for "a new andimportant assignment."9 At Subic Bay, further inten-sive training brought the Marine aircrews up to theskill levels of their Navy counterparts. Major Van Nort-wick reported that in the short period, 50 pilots and50 crewmen were given at least three training flightstowing countermeasure devices. When the forcedeparted Subic for North Vietnam, HMM-165 was onthe USS New Orleans and HMH-463 was on boardthe USS Inchon. The Marine helicopters and crewswere now integrated into five Navy-led AMCMunits.*b0

The task force's mission required rhe clearing ofports and coastal locations of more than 11,000MK52-2 mines and MK36 destructors that had beenused during the course of the mining campaign. Thesedevices were equipped with magnetic and acousticfuzes that detonated when a target was close enough toactivate the mine. Most were located in restricted wateras shallow as three feet and the devices had been setto detonate or deactivate after a given period of time.

At an initial meeting on 5 February 1973, at theDuyen Hal Hotel in Haiphong, Admiral McCauleynegotiated with North Vietnamese Colonel Hoan NuuThai to establish procedures and the sequence of areasto be cleared. This set the pattern for subsequentnegotiations which were often more political thantechnical. North Vietnamese demands were accompa-nied by thinly veiled threats that United States andDemocratic Republic of Vietnam relations would notimprove unless the Americans met all requirements,including the completion of mineclearing by 28March. If not, the North Vietnamese intimated thatthe release of American prisoners would not gosmoothly."

On 23 February 1973, AMCM Units Alpha and Bra-vo arrived at an anchorage off of Haiphong. The nextday, Marines flew the command negoriaring team tothe Cat Bi Airfield for consultations with the NorthViemamese. Logistic runs to this airfield continued

*Flagalsip/Command Unit (New Orleans with 10 USMC CH-46s,2 USMC UK-is, 7 USN CH-53s, I USN CH-46); AMCM Unit Al-pha (Cleveland with 3 USN CH-53s); AMCM Unit Bravo (Ogdenwith 3 USN CH-53s); AMCM Unit Charlie (Incbon with 9 USMCCH-53s, 10 USMC CH-46s, 2 USMC UH-is, I USN CH-46); AMCMUnit Delta (Dubuque with 3 USMC CH-53s).

throughout the period, while additional flights trans-ported men and equipment to install three Raydist**sites around Haiphong Harbor. Admiral Noel A. M.Gayler, CinCPac, suspended operations soon afterthey began and ordered Task Force 78 from the an-chorage on 28 February, when the release of Ameri-can prisoners was delayed, demonstrating thatcontinued cleating was dependent upon prisonerrelease. The task force moved to a holding area at seawhere the units practiced flight and sweep proceduresuntil 4 March. On 7 March 1973, Marine CH-53s be-gan sweeping the Haiphong Channel with MK1O5towed sleds.*** Five days later, HMH-463 made itsfirst sweeps of the Lach Huyen River. ,a On 17 March,Airborne Mine Countermeasure Units Charlie and In-chon began sweeping the Hon Gai approaches.

In their daily routines, the helicopter crews swepta specific area. They used navigational aids locatedboth on shore and on board minesweepers to ensureaccurate location. The sweep flights themselves weretime-consuming, repetitive passes over an assignedstretch of waterway at less than 100 feet above the sur-face. One pilot from HMH-463 described a typicalminesweep sortie which began with the towing of themagnetic pipe from the LPD to the minefield underradar control, approximately a 30-minute process:

At this time radar coverage from the LPD was Inst andthe actual two-hour sweep was conducted by pilot judge-ment utilizing previously prepared charts. A 30-minutereturn to the LPD followed. If operational planning was cor-rect and nn mechanical difficulties were encountered, an in-coming relief heliropter passed the outgoing one at theminefield boundary.'

This was an exhaustive effort rhat required concen-tration and was flown in the knowledge of a possiblepass too near the blast of a detonated mine. Otherdifficulties were North Vietnamese constraints onnavigational airspace and sea lanes and poor flyingweather. Majorjoseph L. James, the HMM-165 execu-tive officer, stated that "for sixty-three days, ship andsquadron personnel, while performing their new mis-sion, encountered low ceilings, fog, and instrumentflight conditions."" The helicopters delivered suppliesand equipment to North Vietnamese engineers at var-

**A precise navigation system installed on the AMCM helirop-ters which used shore-based signal antennas. lbr political reasonsit was only used in the Haiphong channel.

***The MKI05 sled was one of the five mine-countermeasuredevices used. It was an influence minesweeping system using a floatand foils rn tow electrode trails. The other common device towedby Marines was the Magnetic Orange Pipe (MOP) using acousticand magnetic systems.


Marine Corps Historical Collection

The mineclearing in North Vietnam requiredthe Ma-rines to bring together assets from outside the WesternPacific area. On the USS Inchon, MajGen Leslie B.Brown, the 1st MAW commander greets the officersand staff of HMH-463 on their arrival from Hawaii

ious inland waterway clearing sites. Flight routes intoNorth Vietnam required strict compliance to statedarrival and departure times.'5

Sweeps continued despite operational casualties,breakdowns in communications with the North Viet-namese, and other delays, until each area was readyfor a surface test run by the MSS-2, a decommissioned1ST (the former USS IVashtenaw County). When thedeactivation date of the mines was reached, flights be-came less demanding as check- or demonstration-onlysweeps were made, rather than protracted clearancesweeps. The CH-53s suspended flight operations fora time in late March and early April 1973 after twoof the helicopters crashed during towing operations.By 13 April 1973, clearing operations in the mainHaiphong shipping channel were finished.

Four days later, Vice Admiral James L. Holloway III,Seventh Fleet commander, ordered Admiral McCauleyto withdraw the task force, without notice to the NorthVietnamese, because of continued delays in the releaseof prisoners. The units of the task force made port visits

A HMH-463 Sea Stallion displayed with examples of mine-countermeasure equsfiment.The CH-53 has two electrically controlled rear-view mirrors on its nose. In the foregroundare a rattle bar and float and on the trailer at center are magnetic orange ptjies (MOPs).




The Americans meet the Communists on board the USS New Orleans in Hazhong Har-bor at the beginning of End Sweep. The leader of the North Vietnamese negotiatingteam is third from the left, Col Hoang Huu Thai. He used army rank with naval inszgnia.

Operations underway in North Vietnamese coastal waters. In this instance, a Marine CH-53is conducting a sweep flight in the Hon Gai channel. The cradle for the airborne mine-countermeasure equzvment Li attached to the lower rear of the fuselage below the ramp.


175kilometers I

Sweep Areas


Fai Tsi LongArchipela9o

Hon Me

Tonkin

Cape Ron

Cape Dao

• Hon Co

Cape Lai

End SweepOperations, 1973


Marine Corps Historical CollectionUnderway airborne minesweeping, showing the eqwpment and aircraft and the low-/eve/flight path needed to conduct operations. Repetitive sweep passes were required

On-board cameras recorded the results and locations of mine detonations. Looking fromthe rear of the helicopter an exploding mine sends a large water-spout into the air.

Marine Corps Historical Colleccion

to Hong Kong and Subic Bay and conducted neededmaiorenance and training. Marine Captain Raul A.Sifuentes, commanding AMCM Unit Delta, "cross-decked" his unit to the USS Vancouver (LPD 2) whileat Subic Bay and on 20 April 1973, HMM-165 movedfrom the Inc/son to the USS TkOoIi. Finally, inresponse to a joint American and North Vietnamesecommunique signed in Paris, Task Force 78 sailed forNorth Vietnam to resume clearing operations, whichbegan again on 18 June. It had been agreed in Paristhat sweeping would resume within five days and thatit would be completed within 35 days. On 20 June1973, after MSS-2 made four transirs of the Haiphongchannel to prove the safety of the area, AdmiralMcCauley notified the North Vietnamese that the"United States has concluded mine clearance opera-tions in the Nan Trieu [Haiphong] Main Channel."°

The clearance of Haiphong allowed the mine-sweeping units to concentrate now on the other har-bors and coastal areas. The Marines of AMCM UnitCharlie were assigned the channel to Hon Gai andAMCM Unit Delta to the Cam Pha channel. TheNorth Vietnamese continued inland sweeping usingAmerican equipment and training. By 26 June 1973,these tasks were completed and the mines had eitherbeen detonated or were inert. Operations shifted fur-ther south to the Vinh area where, on 28 June,AMCMs Charlie and Delta started to sweep and check

the seaward entrance to the Giang Song River. On 2July, AMCM Unit Delta proceeded to the Cua Sotcoastal area to check-sweep, supported by the USS Og-den (LPD 5), Impervious (MSO 779), and Moctobi(ATE 105). There, one of HMH-463's helicopters madea forced water landing. The ships recovered both thecrew and the wreckage.

Admiral McCauley declared the Vinh, Hon La, CuaSot, and Quang Hung areas clear on 4 July 1973. Ship-based HMM-165 and HMH-463 departed North Viet-nam for Subic Bay, evading Typhoon Anita enroute.Logistic support of the inland waterways operations bythe Democratic Republic of Vietnam personnel con-tinued through mid-July when End Sweep ended. Ad-miral McCauley informed the North Vietnamese theEnd Sweep forces would depart their waters on 18 July.A final U.S. and North Vietnamese disagreementprevented the sweeping of the ports of Thanh Hoa andDong Hoi, as well as several small minefields in coastalwaters.'7

Admiral McCauley shifted his flag on shore at Su-bic Bay and Task Force 78 was disestablished. Detachedon 24 July 1973, the Marines returned to Ill MAE af-ter seven demanding months with Task Force 78 thathad placed a toll on men and machines, even withthe credible maintenace effort. HMH-463 flew a to-tal of 2,147 hours, including 745 hours of the taskforce's 2,000 hours under row wIth AMCM operations,


Marine Corps Art Collection

Combat artist Maj John T Dyer; Jr., USMCR, painted a Tar/s Force Delta A-6 Intruderfrom VMA(AW9-533 in flight for combat operations from Nam P/song in 1973. Targetareas had shiftedfrom North andSouth Vietnam to Cambodia andlaos as the year began.


while HMM-165 flew 3,444 sorties, for 1,690 hours.'°In flying these hours, the squadrons of the AMCMgroup swept 27,000 miles of water.1°

Squadrons had learned new procedures in conduct-ing mine countermeasures, search and rescue, watersurvival, aircraft modifications, and evaluations. AsHMH-463's Major Van Norrwick said, they "once againproved that Marine Corps aviation can operate in anyenvironment, at any time, with skill and profession-alism'20 The Marines anticipated a return to the homestations, Hawaii for HMH-463 and Okinawa forHMM-165, to conduct needed maintenance and refit-ting not possible on ship. The continuing war inSoutheast Asia found HMM-165 retained on the TnjOo-Ii to support the 31st MAU tasked with Operation Ea-gle Pull, the evacuation of American personnel fromCambodia. As one crisis was over, another was be-ginning?'

Admiral McCauley cautioned in his after-actionreport that it "would be a mistake to attempt to de-vise general, long-standing mine warfare conclusionsfrom the specific operational and political arena inwhich End Sweep was conducted:' End Sweep was aunique solution to a unique problem and did not

present a challenge of nearly the magnitude that couldbe expected in the futute?2 General Metzger, III MAF,and General Wilson, FMFPac, realized that the Na-vy's shortage of mine-countermeasure ships andhelicopters meant that Marine Corps assets had to bediverted from an amphibious to a fleet role to per-form End Sweep, even if they did not relish it.

Task Force Delta, The Trgers DepartAs Operations Homecoming and End Sweep were

completed, some Marines were still at war. Task ForceDelta's combat sorties continued in Cambodia, justwhen ". . . it appeared that MAG-i5 would not beinvolved in combat air operations.'23 The March 1973dry season saw the Khmer Rouge flying to take PhnomPenh, and closing all major highways into the Cam-bodian capital. The situation for the lion Nol govern-ment was critical with the interdiction of the MekongRiver, the major supply artery from the sea throughSouth Vietnam. The defense of the capital and thereopening of the river required direct American airsupport to the Cambodian Army. Marine AircraftGroup (MAG) 15 continued operations in April, fly-ing missions assigned by Seventh Air Force for day-time bombing and strafing directed by airborne

Commandsupervision from Fleet Marine Force Pacific ensured that the Marines in Thailandwere not forgotten. Here LtGen Louis H. Wilson, Jr., on the nkht, arrives at Nam Phongto be met by, from the left, the Thai base commander; Ccl Nimol; BGen Robert IVTaylor; task force commander; and Cal Aubrey W Ta/bert, Jr., MAG-15 commander

Marine Aircraft Group 15 Command Chronology


Marine Corps Art Collection

MajJohn T Dyer; Jr., USMCR, recordedsome mundane tasks at the Rose Garden as wellasjlight operations. Contract Thai civilians wash down an F-4 Phantom from VMPA-ii5.

controllers. This involved the F-4s of Marine FighterAttack Squadrons (VMFA) 115 and 232, flying 12 to20 sorties a day. "Moderate to heavy" antiaircraft fireby the Communists was received from 23mm, 37mm,and SA7 weapons in positions set up along major com-munications routes. Previously, the Khmer Rouge hadused small arms and 12.7mm machine guns.24 Begin-ning 11 May 1973, Marine All Weather Attack Squa-dton (VMA[AWJ) 533 conducted strikes using itsairborne moving target indicator and ground radarbeacons to carry out armed road reconnaissance ar arate of five sorties a night. The distances flown to thetargets required inflight refueling by Marine AerialRefueler Squadron 152 Detachment Delta before andafter the target areas were hit.25 By June, the begin-ning of the annual monsoon season, the ground cri-sis had been passed with the help of MAG-15. By notauthorizing continued funding, Congress brought

an end to this support that summer. By then, Tasklbrce Delta had flown 10,215 combat sotties involvinga total of 30,998 flight hours and 24,584 tons of ord-nance. Three A-6s and two F-4s were lost in combat.26

The "on again, off again" nature of Task Fbrce Del-ta's deployment, its isolation, and the proximity ofThai civilians and available "recreational" drugs, in-creased the importance of law enforcement as the du-ration of the stay in Thailand extended beyond theceasefire. As the unifying effect of combat was re-moved, social tensions of the era manifested themselvesin unrest, drink- and drug-related incidents, and vio-lations of military law.27 A serious incident of racialunrest occurred inJuly 1973 with a series of confron-tations among black and white Marines that escalat-ed into a mess-hall riot and resultant bitterness.29 Inthe subsequent investigations and court cases, it de-veloped that the mixture of air and ground Marines


Task Force Delta command chronology

The field mess was an essential element to morale andwell-being. At Nam Thong it was the center of dailyactivity outside of a Marine's duty station or billet.

was a factor in this turmoil, compounded by the short-term rotational nature of personnel assignments.*Major John T. "Jack" Dyer, Jr., a combat artist fromHeadquarters Marine Corps, assigned to Nam Phongthat summer, recorded the scene in words and picturesin 1973:

The Rose Garden experience will soon be history,remembered most vividly by those who were thete. Withthe passage of rime the unpleasant heat, dust, mud, longhours of hard work, nightmarish combat flights, tepid show-ers when available, four-holers and Montezuma's revenge,will slowly fade from memory. Until the next time. "TheMarines don't promise you a Rose Garden, just one gooddeal after another."ao

This was the situation faced by Colonel Darrel F.Bjorklund who assumed command of MAG-15 fromColonel Talbert on 26 July 1973. Increased concernsfor internal security brought increased emphasis onSU1 defense forces, which now included a "K-9" dog

*While the leadership problems were similar in division and wing,the leadership styles used to solve them were different. Innovativeprograms weee tried by 1st MAW in,Japan: human relations instruc-tion, rounseling centers for addicts and alcoholics, a hotline tele-phone service, a "coffee house:' and cultural tentee. These programswere not in place at Nam Phong.

section, a criminal investigation detachment, customsinspectors, and a military police platoon. Their func-tions included manning roadblocks, running patrols,and maintaining a temporary detention facility. Ma-rine commanders also employed more positive solu-tions in providing adequate recreation, education, andpersonal-services support to meet the wing com-mander's goals of "racial harmony and the elimina-tion of drug/alcohol abuse!'5° Some of the moreinnovative "human relations" methods conflicted withthe more traditional ones. These were grounded inobedience to orders as opposed to sensitive treatmentof social minorities. As in other Marine Corps units,the answer to leadership problems was found in prideand purpose. Whether innovative programs or tradi-tional leadership values resolved the social issues whichparalled those in American society remains a matterof conjecture.3'

All the while, planning continued and was com-pleted to withdraw the Marines and to return NamPhong to the Thai government. Task Force Delta'sOperation Plan (OpPlan) 1-73 (Operation Sunset) wasused as the basis for the 10 August 1973 program direc-tive from the Military Assistance Command, Thailand(MACThai), that standardized the anticipated baseclosure. Brigadier General Manning T Jannell replacedGeneral Taylor as commanding general on 14 August1973. Jannell arrived from Headquarters Marine Corpsin Washington, DC., where he had been the Assis-tant Quartermaster General, The withdrawal of theMarines seemed imminent, bur no date was set. Af-ter 15 August, efforts were made to ready Task ForceDelta for departure while maintaining a high level ofoperational readiness. Marine Corps units by theirexpeditionary nature are prepared to deploy withstanding embarkation plans and special containers andpacking material for all items of equipment. Inspec-tions by the MAG-15 embarkation officer, MajorFrederick J, Schober, uncovered a major problem inthe disintegration of "embarkation boxes" from ex-posure to the elements in the tropical conditions ofthe Rose Garden.

General Jannell was directed to carry out OpPlan1-73 on 27 August 1973 when theJoint Chiefs of Staffhad directed the shut-down of Nam Phong with a tar-get date of 30 August. Task Force Delta's commandchronology recorded, "received execute order for retro-grade. Today is designated as 'R' day." After U-S.notification of the Thai and Japanese Governmentsof the move, General jannell proceeded to relocate alltactical aircraft, 45 million pounds of cargo, and 2,147



Living in the field had evolvedfrom general -p rpose tents to more permanent SoutheastAsia huts of plywood, screen, and corrugated aluminum. These are the squadron"hootches" of VMA(AU7-533, paintedAir Force blue with unit markings on the doors.

W/ben Task Force Delta withdrew from Nam Phong, supplies and equipment were pre-pared/or movement by loading prefabricated or commercial embarkation boxes. Asary component of expeditionary operations, this material had suffered from exposure.

Photo courtesy of Cdr Peter B. Mersky, USNR

248 THE WAR THAT WOULD Neff END

Department of Defense Photo (USMC) A701725

The IVam P/song base of Task Force Delta was nick-named the 'Rose Garden "from this recruiting posterand slogan used by Marines during the early 1970s.

men. This had to be carried out so as to ensure theleast disruption of combat readiness of the units in-volved.* The movement itself consisted of the fly-awayof tactical aircraft, air transport for people, and sealiftfor equipment. The airlift required 106 MAC C-141sand C-5s; in addition, VMGR-152 and the Pacific AirTraffic Management Agency used their C-130sthroughout the 11-day movement. At 0600, 30 Au-gust 1973, the A-6s ofVMA(AW)-533 launched downthe runway at Nam Phong for the last time. They werefollowed on the next day hy VMFA-115 and on 1 Sep-tember by VMFA-232. Because of the previous plan-fling and anticipation of the move, the finalwithdrawal ftom Thailand took on its own momen-tum. Some delay occurred to ohtain more commer-cial trucks to move the sea echelon 400 miles toSattahip. Once at the port of embarkation, the officer-in-charge of the movement unit found that expectedU.S. Navy amphibious ships were not available andthat the Military Sealift Command's 55 Green Forest

Brigadier General Victor A. Armstrong, the deputy chief of staffof FMFPac, observed that the total wear and rear on aircraft andequipment was significant, and that the "Marine Corps lived withsome of these problems for several years:' (Armstrong Comments)

and Puerto Rico would provide the lift for some sevenmillion pounds of cargo, which was mainly the vehi-cles of the task force.

Genetal Jannell completed the turnover of facili-ties and remaining equipment to a representative ofthe Thai Supreme Command. After calls on the U.S.Embassy and MACThai, General Jarinell supervisedthe final color detail at Royal Thai Air R'rce Base NamPhong at 0800, 21 September 1973, as the "Americanflag was lowered . . . signifying the departure of thefinal increment of the 2,100 U.S. Marines stationedat the facility in support of Cambodia air opera-rions1**as Present were the Thai Minister of Defenseand the Commanding General of the 1st Marine Air-craft Wing. "Approximately 50 members of the pressflew in ftom Bangkok to observe the final departure,"recalled jannell, who met them, along with MAG-15'sColonel Bjorklund. The story of the "Rose Garden"was closed with this last official act?7 By now most Ma-rine were gone; on 23 September both commericalships were on their way to Japan and on 2 November1973, the task force was dissolved.

To What End?

The Vietnam scholar, Douglas Pike, observed thatthe North Vietnamese, under Soviet tutelage and withChinese logistics support, mounted a conventionalcombined-arms invasion of South Vietnam after a de-cade of revolutionary war. Their efforts had progressedfrom dependence on manpower to a battle of tech-nology fought on sea, air, and land. fur the Com-munists this was a continuation of the process ofmilitary, political, and diplomatic efforts to achievetheir goal of domination of the Indochina region. Thisaggression was met by the South Viernamese withAmerican support, primarily logistics and firepower.°

The Marines who came to symbolize the Marinecommitment to Vietnam during the 1972 SpringOffensive were the advisors, the Covans, who with theMarines and sailors of ANGLICO's Sub Unit One,served with the Viernamese through the initial defeatand subsequent victories. Coming from diverse back-grounds and experience, their common characteristicwas earlier successful combat tours. According to par-ticipant Lieutenant Colonel Andrew D. DeBona, they"were well trained and wanted to be there."39

The 9th Marine Amphibious Brigade, Marine Air-

**On 24 September 1973, the Marine Corps Historical Divisionnoted that "we should accept this time and date as heing the offi-cial end of the U.S. Marine Corps participation in the SoutheastAsian War?' (Director of Marine Corns History memo drd 245ept73)


craft Group 12, and Marine Aircraft Group 15 weredestined to serve in anonymity, rheir efforts nor con-sidered newsworthy ar rhe time.° As a matrer for rhehistorical record, when the Vietnamese Marine Divi-sion moved from Saigon to defend Hue in April 1972,aggressive support by III MAP forces contributed tothe success in defeating Communists there and atQuang Tn City. The contributions made by MarineAircraft Group 12 to the defense of An Loc in Mili-tary Region 3 were also noteworthy.'

The Marine Corps response reflected the changingsecurity requirements of the decade, as much as it didthe continuation of the previous era of fighting inVietnam. When considered in the context of maritimestrategy, the variety of demands placed upon III MAPMarines in 1972 and 1973 can be viewed as post-wardeployments that set a pattern for the next decade ofcontingencies in the Far East and elsewhere. These un-derscored the need for flexibility, versatility, andpresence. As each crisis occurred, the first United Statestactical units to respond were the forces deployedafloat, specifically the amphibious ready groups withembarked Marines. The other major employment,the independent and expeditionary operation of Ma-rine air forces, was demonstrated by MAG-12 andMAG-15 as landwatd extensions of naval aviation.

Previous contingency operations in Lebanon, theDominican Republic, and by the Special Landing lbrcein Vietnam had shown the way. But, in 1972, therewas no doctrine for the conduct of a "noncombatantevacuation" other than the "seiae, occupy, defend, andwithdraw" missions enunciated in FMFM 8-1, SpecialOpera:ions.* What emerged from the 9th MAB ex-

*The edition of 13 May 1968 was then current. This was the refer-ence used to prepare operations orders and plans for raids, demon-strations, and withdrawals. Concepts for evacuations have beenpublished since, as noncombatant evacuation operations (NEO).

perience was a mote refined concept of the noncom-batant evacuation and the use of "seabasing," ratherthan costly deployment ashore. Continued revisionstook place in the Mediterranean contingencies of 1973,and were put to the test during the final evacuationsof Phnom Phenh and Saigon in 1975.

The Marine Corps response to the North Viet-namese invasion brought together a number of diverseefforts and enterprises. Thr III MAF, the story of thisperiod was of a campaign that saw the assembly andemployment of amphibious and air forces to achievepolitical goals. General Metzget, the Marine com-mander who carried out this response, stated that

we were ready. We met every challenge:'challenges that saw operations ranging in scope fromcombat to contingency over a vast geographic area.43At what cost were the U.S. Marine Corps' efforts tobe measured for this period? From mid-1971 until 29

January 1973, 21 Marines were killed, 82 wounded,20 reported missing, and 4 captured. Twenty-four Ma-rine aircraft were lost in combat during this same in-terval. These casualties are added to the total of13,005 Marines killed and 88,635 wounded over thecourse of the war from 1961 through 1973.** Thisfighting had the smallest Marine casualty rate of thewar and in these limited terms "Vietnamization" wassuccessful. But while the Marines endured, the Com-munists persisted. U.S. Army Colonel Harry G. Sum-mers, Jr., commented to an NYA colonel in Hanoi inApril 1975 that "you never defeated us on the bat-tlefield:' After a moment the North Vietnamesecolonel replied, "That may be so, but it is also irrele-vant." The record of this period then, must reflectboth direct and indirect costs to the Corps of the warthat would not end.

**The Vietnam Memorial liars 14,809 total dead, including thosemissing and presumed dead.

Notes

PART IVietnamization

CHAPTER 1FROM THE DELTA TO THE DMZ

Unless otherwise noted, all unpublished Marine Corps documentsconsulted in preparation of this study are in the custody of the Ar-chives Section, Marine Corps Historical Centre (MCHC), Washing-ton, D.C. Unless otherwise noted, the narrarive is derived fromCinCPac, Command History 1971 rhrough 1973, hereafter CioC-Pac ComdHist [year]; USMACV, Command History 1971 through1973, hereafter MACV ComdHisr [year]; ComNavlbrV, CommandHistory 1971 through 1972, hereafter NavlbrV ComdHist [year];ComSevenrhFlr, Command History 1971 through 1973, hereafterSeventhFlt ComdHist Iyear]; HQFMFPac, Operations of U.S. Ma-rine Forcea Southeast Asia, July 1971-March 1973, hereafter FMFParMarOpsSEA; and respective Marine Corps unit command chronol-ogies and after-action reports.

Nixon's Doctrine

1. CMC Reference Notebooks 1973, Tab 1-F-I, "U.S. Objectives/Mili-tary Objectives in SEAsia; The President's Report to Congress onForeign Policy:' 9Feb72. Also, Marshall Green, "The Nixon Doc-trine: A Progress Report:' Department of State Bulletin, 8Feb71.2. Gen Robert B. Cushman, Jr., "To the Limit of Our Vision aridBack," United States Naval Institute Proceedings, May74, p. 121.3. HQMC(C/S), "Major Accomplishments, 1972-19732 Tab A, Plansand Operations, memo 24Jan74.

Contingency Forces

4. FMFPac MarOpsSEA, pp. 1-1 to 1-6.5. Marine Corps Command Center, Landing Forces Seventh Fleet.Lbs 43-I tu 43-3, 18Nov70.6. Marine Corps Museum script, "Time Tunnel" Case 19 (MCHC,Washington, D.C.).7. Seventhflc ComdHist72, passim. For the period covered this in-cluded Amphibious Squadrons 3, 5, and 7.8. Col Raymond M. Kostesky, Comments on draft ms, 22Jan90 (Viet-nam Comment File).9. FMFPar MarOpsSEA, pp. 1-7 to 1-9.

Flexibility and Response

10. FMFPac, "Operations of U.S. Marine Forces in Vietnam," May-June 1971, p. 19.

Command Retations

11. VAdm Stansfield Turner, "Missions of the U.S. Navy:' Naval War

College Review, Mar-Apr74, pp. 2-17; BGen Edwin H. Simmons,"The Marines: Now and in the Future:' Naval Review 1975, May75,pp. 102417; "Marine Cops Operations in Vietnam, 1969.1972:'NavalReview 1973, May73, pp. 196-223; arid Cdrkobert C, Schread-Icy, "The Naval War in Vietnam, 1950-1970:' Naval Review 1971,May71, pp. 180-209.12. LcGrn l.ouis Metzger, Comments on draft ms, 8Dec89 (Viet-nam Comment File).

Residual Forces

13. MACV ComdHisr7l, Vol. II, p. F-9. Also, Bob Heim, "Tell ThemWe're Here:' Leatherneck, Aug72, pp. 24-29.

Marine Security Guard, Saigon

i4. MSGBn ComdC 1971, passim. Also, SSgt M. M. Patterson,"Leathecnecks With a Special Mission:' The Observer [MACV],15Dec72.15. MGySgt Harry G. Lock, Comments on draft ms, 3Jul90 (Viet-nam Comment File).i6. Ibid.

The Marine Air Control Squadron Detachment

17. FMFPac MarOpsSEA, p. 21.

Sub Unit One, Iss Air and Naval Gunfire Liaison Company

18. LrGen D'Wayne Gray, Comments on draft ms, 9Nov89 (Viet-nam Comment File).19. Col D'Wayoe Gray incvw, 18Mar75, Tape 6021 (Oral HistColl,MCHC), hereafter Gray inrvw. Also, MajGen D'Wayne Gray histo BGen Edwin H. Simmons, 25Aug71, 14Sept71, 3Nov71, 13Feb72,24May72, and 28Apr83 (Vietnam Comment File).20. Gray comments.21. Sub Unit One ComdC, Aug71.22. Sub Unit One msg to CMC, 30Aug71 (Vietnam Comment File).23. Sub Unit One ComdC, Sep71.24. Sub Unit One ComdC, Oct71. Nov71.25. Ibid.26. MarAdvU File, MarAdvU Turnover folder, SMA hr to CGFRAC,7Sept72; SMA memo, 9Oct72; and SMA memo, 26Dec72.27. MACV ComdHist7l, p. V-42.28. Gray incvsv.

CHAPTER 2THE ADVISORS

Unless otherwise noted, material in Chapters 2 through 9 is der-ived from: Vietnamese Marine Corps/Marine Advisory Unit Histor-ical Summary 1954-1973, hereafter VNMC HisrSum; Marine

251


Advisory Unit Historical Summary, 1972, hereafter MarAdvUHistSum72; Marine Advisory Unit Monthly Historical Summary,hereafter MarAdvU ComdC [dare]; The Conan newsletter, hereafterConan [datej; and Marine Advisory Unit files rereived ftom theVNMC Ingiseirs Branch, Navy Division, U.S. Defense Attache Office,

hereafter MarAdvU File; Operations Evaluation Group, "Defenseof Hue and Quang Tn City?' ONR report CNS 1035 drd May 72(CNA, Washington, D.C.), hereafter CNA Hue&Quang 'lii.) Also,"Standing Operating Procedures for Marine Advisory Unit:' MAUOP5000.1A. nd.; Maxine Advisory Unit, NAG, 'The Role of the Ad-visor:' ma, n.d.; and Ma) Nguyen Thanh Tn, "Vietnamese Advi-sor:' Marine Corps Gazette, Dec68, pp. 29-32 (MarAdvU File).

Naval Advisory Group, Naval Advisory Units

1. Capt Robert H. Whitlow, U.S. Marines in Vietnam, 1954-2964:The Advisory and Combat Assistance Era (Washington, D.C.:Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, 1977), p. 142, hereafter Whitlow, Marinesin Vietnam 2954-1964.

The Rung Sat Special Zone

2. Ma) Ronald S. Neubauer intvw, 26jun75, Tape 6025 (Oral Hist-CoIl, MCHC).3. JOI Bob Williams, "Rung Sat? Leatherneck, Oct71, pp. 83-84.

The Mekong Delta Tactical Zone

4. MACV, ComdHisr 1971, Vol. II, p. p-E-12; CincPac ComdHisr7l,vol. 1, p. 313.5. Ma) Donald R. Gardner ler to LrCol Arnold, 30Oct75; MajGenDonald R. Gardner, Comments on draft ms, 23jan90 (VietnamComment File).

Naval Advisory Group, Marine Advisory Unit

6. Col VittorJ. Croizar, Comments to Maj Melson, 28Sep87; Whir-low, Marines in Vietnam 1954-1964, p. 16; Command Histories andHistorical Sketches of RVNAF Divisions, 6Feb73.7. Coljoshua W. Doesey Ill inrvw, 21May75, Tape 6023 (Oral Hist-CoIl, MCHC, Washington, D.C.); Senior Marine Advisor, SeniorOfficer Debriefing Report, 23Jan73, hereafter SMA debrief; andAward Recommendation, Joshua Worthiogton Dorsey Ill, 26Feb73(MarAdvU File).

'Trussed Friends'

8, Capt Ray L. Smith intvw, 9Mar75, Tape 6020 (Oral HistColl,MCHC, Washington, D.C.); Ma) Theodore L. Gaechel and MajDonald L. Price, Advisor Presentation to the Company of MilitaryHistorians, 4May74, hereafter CMH Presentation (Vietnam Com-ment File).

Winding Down

9. MarAdvU CnmdC, Jul71, Aug71.10. SMA Briefing Folder, Tab 1, Marine Base Concept, 11Dec71; En-gineer Advisor Folder, Tab C, Base Camp Brief (MarAdvU File).II. Training Advisor RaIder, Tab V, Turnover, 15Nov71 (MarAdvUFile).

12. ihining Folder, Tab 7, p. 1, MRC62/MRC63 Radio Relay Equip-ment (MarAdvU File); MarAdvU ComdC, Sep71.

13. Dorsey intvw; SMA Briefing Folder, Senior Marine Advisor Goals,p. 4, MAU Goals and Objectives FY72, 4Oct71 (MarAdvU File).

Along the DMZ

i4. MACV Advisory Team 155 records (Boxes 111 to 114, AccNo.334-74-146, Washington National Records Center); Col DonaldJ.Metcalf, USA, intvw by MACV, 15Sep72; Team 155 AAR,3OMar-lMay72; and "Why the Defense of Quang 'Fri Province, SVN,Collapsed?' AWC study, 23Oct72 (Vietnam Comment File). Also,Howard C. W. Feng, "The Road to the 'Ben Hai' Division: An Anal-ysis of the Events Leading to the Formation of the 3d ARVN Infan-try Division in October 197U' MA thesis (University of Hawaii),Aug87.15. Maj Walter B. Boomer iotvw, 9Mar75, Tape 6020 (Oral Hist-CoIl, MCHC).i6. MarAdvU ComdC, Nov71.17. Dorsey iotvw.18. MarAdvU ComdC, Dec71.19. Col Donald L. Price, Comments on draft ms, 7Feb90 (VietnamComment File).20. LeCol Robert I-I. Sheridan intvw, 21Mar75, Tape 6022 (Oral Hisc-CoIl, MCHC); LtCol Robert H. Sheridan, Comments on draft ms,20Mar90 (Vietnam Comment File).21. LtCol William C. Camper, USA, Comments on draft ma, 19Jan90(Vietnam Comment File).22. Gen Westmoreland msg rojCS, 1Feb72 (Vietnam CommentFile).

23. ComUSMACV msg to 7AF. USArV, NavForV, XXIVCorps,SRAC, TRAC, DRAC, 1Feb72 (Vietnam Comment File).24. MarAdvU ComdC, jan72.25. Sheridan inrvw; MarAdvU ComdC, Feb72.26. CNA Hue&QuangTri, p. A-7.27. XXIV Corps, Periodic Intelligence Report 5-72, 5Mar72, pp.11-13; LtGrn Welborn G. Dolvin, USA, Srnior Officer DebriefingReport, 20Mar72, p. 3; MajGen FrederickJ. Kroesen, USA, "Quanglii?' MHRC, Carlisle Barracks, 1974, pp. 3-4, hereafter Kroesen ms;MACV. "The Nguyen Hue Offensive?' study, Jan73, hereafter MACVNguyen Hue study; Capt Edwin W. Besch, Comments on draftms,13Mar90; Col Peter F C. Armstrong, "Capabilities and Intentions?'Marine Corps Gazette, Sep86, pp. 38-47 (Vietnam Comment File).28. MajGen Walter F. Boomer, Comments nn draft ms, 28Dec89(Vietnam Comment File).29. Manh Nhieu, "With a Shock Unit?' Vietnam No. 168, 1972,pp. 1446.

PART IIThe Spring Offensive

CHAPTER 3THE RING OF STEEL

Unless otherwise noted, material in this chapter is derived from:MarAdvU ComdC, Mar72, Apr72; LtGen Ngo Quang Truong, TheEaster Invasion (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of MilitaryHistory, 1979), hereafter Tkuong, fns'asion; LtGen Le Nguyen Kanginrvw, 30Sep75; HqPacAF, "The 1972 Invasion of Military Region1: Fall of Quang 'Fri and Defense of Hue," Project CHECO report,15Mar73, hereafter CHECO Invasion72. Also, LrCol Gerald H. Turley

NOTES 253

& Capt Marshall R. Wells, 'Easter lnvasion.1972' Marine CorpsGazette, Mar73, pp. 18-29; andJeffreyJ. Clarke, Advice and Sup-port: The Final Year(Washington. D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Mili-tary History, 1988).

Turley with Team 155

I. MajJim R. Joy, memo, 10Apr72 (MarAdvU File); LrCol GeraldH. Turley intvw, 17Jan74, Tape 6029; intvw 31Jul75, Tape 6027 (OralHistColl, MCHC).2. Camper comments.3. Gen Frederick). Krocsen, USA, Comments on draft ma, 3Jan90(Vietnam Comment File).4. MarAdvU ComdC, Mar72; Kroesen ms, p. 7.

5. Smith intvw.

The Opening Round

Team 155 Under Fire

19. Sub Unit One ComdC, Apr72, p. 6; HQMC Report of CasualtyNo. 364-72 and No. 364A-72.20. FRAC/VNMCOpos, App B, Brig 258, pp. t-2; Easley, USNApresentarion; Capt William D. Wisrhmeyer inrvw, 16Apr72, Tape5094 (Oral HistColl, MCHC); Maj William R. Warren intvw,16Apr72, Tape 5095 (Oral HistColl, MCHC).

The Collapse of the Ring of Steel

21, CNA Hue&Quang Tn, p. 118.22. Metcalf intvw, p. 2.

23. Order of battle worksheets (Besrh comments).24. Col Raymond R. Battreall, USA, intvw by MACV. 14Jan73,p. 12 (Vietnam Comment File).25. Turley incvw; Metcalf inrvw; Battreall intvw,26. Kroesen comments,27. Col Gerald H. Turley, Comments on draft ma, 15Dec89; MajDavid A. Beookbank, USAF, Special Report Air Liaison Officer,31Jul72, hereafter Brookbank report (Vietnam Comment File).

6. Maj James 6. Smock, USA, "Organization and Training of theARVN 20th Tank Squadron," ma, 1976 (Viernam Comment File).7. MACV. FerlntRep, May72: MACV Nguyen Hue study; and XXIVCorps, PerintRep 5-72, 5Mar72.8. Kroesen ms, p. 4.9, FRAC, "Narrative Description of Vietnamese Marine DivisionOperarions' hereafter FRAC/VNMCOpns, 1Oct72, App A, Brig147, 1-12, (MarAdvU File).

10. Boomer Comments.

The Outposts Fall

CHAPTER 4THE BRIDGE AT DONG HA

Unless otherwise noted, material in this chapter is derived from:SMA ComdC, Mar72, Apr72; Brig 258 Tab, SMA Evaluation; CaptJohn W. Ripley memo to SMA dtd 14Jan73 (MarAdvU File). Also,Gerald H. Tudey. The Easter Offensive (Novaco, Calif.: Presidio Press,1985); John G. Miller, The Bridge At Dong Ha (Annapolis: NavalInstitute Press, 1989): and Vicki Vanden Bout, "Ripley at the Bridge:'Leatherneck, Feblló, pp. 16-19.

At the Combat Base as Ai Tu

Ii. CaptJohn D. Murray, et al., USNA Advisor Preseotion, 28Feb73,Tape 3060 (Oral HistColl, MCHC), hereafter USNA presentation:SMA, Advisor's Personal Evaluation of the NVA Easter 72 Offen-sive Thlder, hereafter SMA Evaluation; Intel/Recon Advisor Recom-mendations, 25Apr72, p. 2 (MarAdvU File).

VNMC Brigade 258 Reinforces

12. Maj Jon T Easle> cc al,, USNA presentation; Maj Regan R.Wright inrvw, 23Apr72, Tape 5089 (Oral HistColl, MCHC); SMAEvaluation, Intelligence Tab, p. 2, (MarAdvU File).

Enemy in the Wire, 31 Match 1972

13. Smith inrvw.14. Capt Ray L. Smith, er al., USNA presentation.

Fire Support Base Sarge Holds On

15. Maoh Nhieu, "With a Shock Unir' Vietnam No. i68, 1972,pp. 14-16.16. Kroesen ms, p. 7.

17. Gray comments.18. tscLr)oel B. Eisenstein inrvw by LeCol Gerald H. Turley; SubUnit One, OIC Naval Gunfire Liaison Spot Team 1-2 AAR, 30Apr72(Vietnam Comment File).

The Easter Sunday Crisis

1. Capt David S. Randall.Jr., inrvw, Mar72, Tape 5093 (Oral Hisr-CoIl, MCHC); Randall, ec ai., USNA presentation.2. Turley inrvw.

The Dong Ha Bridge

3. FRAC/VNMCOps App B, Brig 258, pp. 1-3; Easley, et al., USNApresentation.4. Maj John W. Ripley inevw, 23Apr72, Tape 5089 and 21Aug75,Tape 6032 (Oral l-lisrColl, MCHC).5. Col John W. Ripley, Comments on draft ms, 29May90 (VietnamComment File); Ripley intvw.6. Maj James E. Smock, USA, ltrs to LtCol Arnold, 19Mar76 and23Mar76, hereafter Smock lrrs (Vietnam Comment File).7. Ripley comments.8. Ripley comments and intvw.9. LtCol Gerald H. Tueley liz to ComNavForV, 6Apr72, SMA Evalu-ation (MarAdvU File); Gray comments.

Action at the Bridge

10. Ripley commeots and iotvw.11. Ripley comments.

12. Gray comments.

Reaction at Saigon


Camp Carroll Surrenders

13. Camper comments.i4. LtCol William C. Camper, liSA, intvw by Col Gerald H. Turley,18Jun83; LrCol George Philip Ill, Comments on draft ms, 21Dec89

(Vietnam Comment File); Randall incsrw; Kroeaen ms, p. 8; LtColPham Van Dinh, ARVN, broadrasr transcript, 3Apr72; "Contactswith Saigon Mutineer Officer," Vietnam No. 169, 1972, pp. 6-7.

15. Boomer inrvw.ui Boomer incvw.

17. Boomer comments.

Mai Loc Exposed

The Doug Ha Bridge Destroyed

18. Ripley comments; Tucley intvw; MACV Team 155 AAR, AnnexF, Execution; LtCol Louis C. Wagner, Jr., USA, Senior Advisor Af-ccc Action Report, 1st Armor Brigade, lApr-2May72, p. 5, here-after Wagner report (Vietnam Comment File).

Cailsign BAT-2l

19. Ripley comments; CaptJohn W. Ripley Navy Cross award cita-tion (RefSec, MCHC, Washington, D.C.). Also, Peter Braestrup,"Destruction of Bridge Halted Communist Push at Dong Ha," TheWashington Post, 26Apr72, p. 19 (Vietnam Comment File).20. LtCol Andrew E. Andersen,Jr., Comments on draft ms, 1Dec89(Vietnam Comment File); LrCol Andrew F. Andersen,Jr. intvw byFMFPac, 4May72, Tape 5040 (Oral HistColl, MCHC).21. Gray comments.22. Tucle The Easter Offensive, p. 201.23. Kroesen comments.24. Tucley inrvw; Brookbank report. See also William R. Ander-son, Bat-2J (Englewoocl Cliffs, NJ.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1980).

Mai be Evacuated

25. Truong, Invasion, p. 30.26. FRAC/VNMCOps App B, Brig 258, pp. 9-11; Capt David S.Randall, Jr., memo, 18Apr72; SMA Evaluation, Brig 258 Tab(MarAdvli File),27. LcCol Andrew D. DeBona, Comments on draft ma, 12Dec89;Maj Andrew D. DeBona intvw by Col Gerald H. Turley, pp. 8-14(Vietnam Comment File).

CHAPTER 5BATFERED QUANG- TRI HOLDS

Unless otherwise noted, material in this chapter is derived fcomMarAdvU ComdC, Apr72, May72; and FRAC/VNMCOps App A,Brig 147 and B, Brig 258 (MarAdvli File).

The Fighting Continues

1. MACV Nguyen Hue study, p. 6.2. CGFRAC msg to ComUSMACV, 8Apr72 (Vietnam CommentFile).

4. Turley intvw.5. K.roesen ms, p. 12.6. Col Dnnald L. Price, Comments on draft ms 10Oct90 (VietnamComment File).

Ar Doug Ha

7. R\TN Ministry of Land Development and Hamlet Building, Emer-gency Reconstruction, Wftr Victim Resettlement and Rehabilitation(Saigon, 1973), pp. 82-86.8. MarAdvli Turnover Iblder, LtCol Gerald H. Turley memo to Com-NavForV, 6Apr72 (MarAdvli Filr).9. CGFRAC msg to ComUSMACV, 8Apr72 (Vietnam CommentFile).

10. Ripley intvw; Maj Jim R. Joy memo to SMA. 3May72 (MarAdvUFile).

Developments in the West

11. Maj Robert C. Cockell intvw, Apr72, Tape 5092; Capt LawrenceH. Livingston, er al., USNA presentation; Capt Allen D. Nettle-ingham intvw, Tape 5085 (Oral HistColl, MCHC).12. Price comments.13. Smock lrrs; Ripley intvw; HolgerJensrn, Associated Press, Ittto BGen Thomas W. Bowen, USA, 19Apr72 (Vietnam CommentFile).

14. Ripley inrvw.

The Fight for Pedro

15. Price comments.16. Maj William R. Warren intvw, 11Apr72, Tape 5095; Warren,et al., USNA presentation; and Capt William D. Wischmeyer incvw,11Apr72, Tape 5094 (Oral HistColl, MCI-IC).17. Maj Lawrence H. Livingston Silver Star award citation (RefSec,MCHC, Washington, D.C.).18. CGFRAC msg to ComUSMACV, 13Apr72 (Vietnam CommentFile).

Bright Lights

19. Andersen comments; CHECO 72, Invasion, p. 22.20. Andersen comments.21. Maj Glen Golden intvw, 3Jul75, Tape 6026 (Oral HistColl,MCHC); Sub Unit One mrmo to CMC, 12Nov72; LrCol GeorgeE. Jones, Comments on draft ma, 10Jan90 (Vietnam Comment File).22. MarAdvli ComdC, May72.23. Kroesen ms p. 10; Kroesen comments.

The NVA Mount a Third Attack in MR 1

24. Kroesen ms, p. 14.

25. MarAdvU ComdC, May72.

CHAPTER 6EXODUS FROM QUANG- TM

Unless otherwise noted, material in this chapter is derived from:MarAdvU ComdC, May72, and MarAdvU HistSum72.

Drive from the West3. MarAdvli Turnover Folder; Col Dorsey memo to BGen Lanagan,12Apr72 (MarAdvU File). 1. SMA Evaluation, Brig 147 Tab, p. i6, Maj Jim R. Joy memo,

NOTES 255

3May72 (MarAdvU File); Col Charles]. Goode and LtCol MarshallR. Wells intvw, 19Jan84 (Vietnam Comment File).2. MarAdvU HistSum, May72.3. Ma) Thomas E. Gnibus inrvw, Jul72, Tape 5087 (Oral HistColl,MCHC).4. Wagner report (Vietnam Comment File).5. Ma) Michael J. Hatcher, USA, Comments of Advisor,8Apr-2May72 (Vietnam Comment File).6. Ibid.7. ICdr Francis C. Brown, USN, Comments on draft ms, 24May90;"Vietnam Heroism Earns Corpsman a Silver Star' Hawaii Marine,23Mar73, p. 1.

8. Wagner report, pp. 12-14; Truong, Invassbn, pp. 41-44; Kroesenms, pp. is•i6; and Metcalf intvw, pp. 21-23.9. Turley incvw.10. Price comments.

Confusion at Quang Tn

11. Metcalf inrvw, p. 8.12. Kroesen comments; Kroesen ms, p. 17; Metcalf incvw; Brook-bank report, p. 20.13. MarAdvTi ComdC, May72.14. Gray comments.15. Turley inrvw.16. SMA Evaluation, Brig 147 Tab, p. 14.

Team 155 and General Giai Depart

17. Maj Glen Golden intvw, 3Jul75, Tape 6026 (Oral HisrColl,MCHC); LrCol Glen Golden, Comments on draft ms, 12Dec89(Vietnam Comment File).18. CG3dA.RVNDiv msg to 3d ARVN Div. 30May72 (Wagnerreport).19. Kroesen comments.20. MajGen Kroesen msg to Gen Abrams, 2May72 (Vietnam Corn-menr File).21.

22.

23.24.

File).

25. Brookbank report, pp. 20-21.26. Metcalf inrvw, p. i4; Goldern comments.

VNMC Brigade 147 on its Own

27. RVN Ministry of Foreign Af&irs, The Communist Policy of Terror(Saigon, 1972), pp. 41-42; See also RVN Ministry of Information,La Route De L'Horrear (Saigon, 1972).28. Maj Anthony P. Shepard, Comments on drafrms, 11Jan90 (Viet-nam Comment File).29. Philip romments.30. DeBona comments.31. SMA Evaluation, Brig 369 Tab, Ma) William T Sweeney memo,8May72 (MacAdvU File).32. Sheridan comments.33. Sheridan comments; Prire comments.34. Joy, op. cit.. pp 19-23; SMA Evaluation, Brig 147 Tab,pp. 20-21.35. Maj Robert F. Sheridan, et al., USNA presentation;\TNMC/FRACOpns, App C, Brig 369, p. 1.

36. Price comments; Sheridan comments.37. Sheridan comments.

PART HIThe Ceasefire Campaign

CHAPTER 7THE DEFENSE OF HUE CITY

Unless otherwise noted, material in this chapter is derived from:MarAdvU 1-listSum72; MarAdvU ComdC, May72, Jun72; MarAdvUG3 IOC Duty Log, lMay72-2OJun7l (MarAdvU File); 'fruong, In-ssasion; and FMFPac MarOpsSEA.

Holding the My Chanh Line

1. LtCol Gray memo to BGcn Lanagan, 4May72 (Vietnam Com-ment File).2. SMA Evaluation, Logistics Tab, SMA Itt to FRAC, 8May72,"VNMC Confirmed Losses, 3May72" (MarAdvU File); MajGenKroesen msg to Gen Abrams dtd 2May72 (Vietnam Comment File).

Fleet Marine Force Support

3. BGen William I-I. Lanagan, Jr., inrvw, 1May72, Tape 5036 (Oral-HistColl, MCHC).4. Sub Unit One 1stANGLICO ComdC, May72; Sub Unit Onememo, 26]ul72 (Vietnam Comment File).5. BGen Lanagan memo to MACV C/S, 5May72 (Vietnam Com-ment File).

Truong Takes Charge

6. Truong, Invaszisn, p. 48; Kroeseo comments.7. Truong, Invasion, pp. 48-57; LtGen I.e Nguyen Khang inrvw,30Sept75 (Oral HistColl, MCHC, Washington, D.C.);FRAC/VNMCOps, App C, VNMC Div, pp. 1-2.

The Vietnamese Marine Division

8. MarAdvU ComdC, May72, FocI 12.9. SMA debrief, pp. 16-17; Operational Communications Folder,Tab 2, Capt Thomas Zalewski memo, 8Jan73 (MarAdvU File);MarAdvU Turnover Folder, Status of Amphibious Support Battal-ion During Current Operations, 22Oct72 (MarAdvU File).10. FRAC lntSum 125-72, 3May72 (Vietnam Comment File).11. Capt Allen D. Nertleingham intvw, 11Jun72. Tape 5085 (OralHistColl, MCHC).12. MarAdvU Turnover Folder, Col]oshua W. Dorsey III Summaryof Action, 26Feb73 (MarAdvU File).13. MarAdvU ComdC, May72; Philip comments.

The Marines Attack

i4. MajGen Howard H. Cooksey. USA, Senior Officer DebriefingReport. 25Jan73, p. 5, hereafter Cooksey debrief (Vietnam Com-ment File); Truong, Invasion, pp. 56-60.15. Dorsey, op. cit.16. Ma) Donald C. Bnodie, Comments on draft ma, 5Feb90 (Viet-nam Comment File).

Ibid.Metcalf intvw, p. 9; Kroesen ms, p.19; Joy, op. cit., p. 17.Joy, op. tit., pp. 11-12.Ltr to ColJamea T. Breckinridge, 26May72 (Vietnam Comment


17. Btodie comments.18. LtCol DavidJ. Moore, Comments on draft ma, 12Dec89 (Viet-nam Commeot File).19. Col Sumner A. Vale, Comments on draft ms, 11Jan90 (Viet-nam Comment File).20. FMFPat MatOpsSEA, pp. 2-14 to 2-16; CNA MarActySEA, pp.5 2-56.

21. Capt Richard W. Hodory Bronze Star award citation (RefSec,MCHC, Washington, D.C.).

The North Vietnamese React

22. Maj Emmett S. Huff memo to SMA, 17May72 (MarAdvU File).23. LrCol Robert D. Shoptaw, Comments on draft ms, 27Dec90(Vietnam Comment File).24. Tutley intvw; Ordnance/Maintenance Turnover Folder, CWOJames 8. Hill lrr to USAIC, Fort Benning, Georgia, 23Aug72(MarAdvU File).

Operation Song Than 6-72

25. Boomer comments.26. SgtMaj Robert S. Ynatay, Comments on dtaft ma, 20Dec89 (Viet-oam Comment File).27. lstLt Robert L. Williams intvw, llspe 5076; lstLtjohn T. Papa-rone intvw, Tape 5077 (Oral HistColl, MCHC).28. Golden intvw.29. LtCol William R. Von Ha.rten, Comments on draft ma, 11Jan90(Vietnam Comment File).30. CG9thMAB debrief to CMC, 15Feb73, Thpe 5035 (Oral Hist-Coil, MCHC. Washington, D.C.); 9thMAB PAO news release,24May72 (Vietnam Comment File).31. SMA Evaluation, Brig 147 Tab; FMFPar MarOpsSEA, pp. 2-16to 247; CNA MarActySEA, pp. 53-54.32. Sheridan comment; Philip tomment.33. Nectleingham intvw.34. FRAC lntSum 152-72, 30May72 (Vietnam Comment File).

In the Balance

35. LtCol Duncan H. Jones intvw by LtCol Arnold, 21Aug75 (Viet-nam Comment File).36. Song Than 8-72 Folder; FRAC/VNMCOpns, App D, VNMCDiv, pp. 1-2 (MarAdvU File).37. LrCol Peter S. Morosoff, 'Coordinating Defensive Fire Support'Marine Corps Gazette, Jun87, pp. 19-20.38. Sub Unit One memo, 'Augmentation Personnel:' 26Jul72; Gold-en inrvw (Vietnam Comment File).39. Song Than 8A-72 Ibldet; FRAC/VNMCOpns, App D, Brig 147,pp. 3-5 (MarAdvU File).40. Covan. Jul72 (MarAdvU Files).

CHAPTER 8QUANG Till CITY REGAINED

Unless otherwise noted, material in this thapter is derived from:MarAdvU HistSum72; MarAdvU CnmdC, Jul72, Aug72; MacAd-vU Daily OpSum Folder, Jul. Aug- Sep72; PMFPac MarOpsSEA;and LrCol Gerald H. Turley and Capt Marshall R. Wells, "EasterInvasion, 1972:' Marine Corps Gazette, Mar73, pp. 18-29, hereafterTurley & Wells.

Truong's Counteroffensive

1. Truong, Invasion, p. 64,2. Truong, Invasion, pp. 64-66; Cooksey debrief, pp. 5-6.3. Sub Unit One memo to CMC, 12Nov72 (Vietnam Comment File).4. Vale eommtnts; FMFPac MarOpsSEA, pp. 3-1 to 3-3; CNAMarAttySEA. pp. 51-52.5. Capt Stephen C. Fogltman intvw, 9Mar87 (Vietnam CommentFile).

6. laurence W. Ruth, Nick/es, Dimes, Rubberbands and Glue (NewYork: Carlton Press, 1979), p. 82.7. Maj Stephen G. Biddulph, Comments on draft ma, 2Nov89 (Viet-nam Comment File).8. FRAC/VNMCOpns, App D, VNMC Div, pp. 1-2 (MarAdvU File).9. Shepard comments.

The Battle for Quang Tn City

10. FRACIVNMCOpns, App E, VNMC Div, pp. 1-2; Tueley & Wells,

p. 28.11. Tutiey intvw; 9thMAB debrief.12. Cpl Steven C. Lively debrief, Kue Army Hospital, OkinawaJul72;LtCol Mithael L. Powell, Comments on draft ma, 14Jun90 (Viet-nam Comment File).13. Turley intvw.14. FMFPar MarOpsSEA, pp. 3-1 to 3-6; Song Than 9-72 RaIder,G-3 memo, 12Jul72 (MarAdvU File).15. Biddulph comments.16. 9thMAB debrief.17. Song Than 9-72 RaIder (MarAdvU Filt).18. Biddulph comments.19. "Quang Tn: An Immortal Epic:' Vietnam, No. 172, 1972, pp.2-4.

20. Truong, Invasion, p. 67.21. LrGen Howard H. Cnoksey, Cornrnenr.s on draft ma, 9Jan90 (Viet-nam Comment File).22. Song Than 9-72 Folder, G-3 Advisor's Planning Guidance inPreparation for the Recapture of Quang Tn City, SVN, 2 5Jul72;FRACIVNMCOpns, App E, VNMC Div, Brig 147 Tab, p. 4

(MarAdvU File).23. FRACIVNMCOpns, App E, YNMC Div, Brig 258 Tab, p. 4(MarAdvU File).24. MACV Nguyen Hue study, pp. 15-16.25. FRAC IntSum 228-72, 14Aug72 (Vietnam Comment File).26. LtCol Rirhard B. Rothwell, "Leadership and Tattical Reflcttionaon the Battle for Quang TrL" Marine Corps Gazette, Sept79, p. 39.27. LtCol George E. Jones, Comments on draft ma, 4Jan90 (Viet-nam Comment File),28. FRAC/VNMCOpns, App F, VNMC Div, Brig 258 Tab, pp. 1-2(MarAdvU File).29. FRACIVNMCOpns, App F, VNMC Div, Brig 258 Tab, p. 2(MarAdvU File).

Taking the Citadel

30. FRAC/VNMCOps, App F, VNMC Div. Charts A and B; alsoMarAdvU HistSum72, App B, C, D.31. Turley & Wells, p. 28.

32. 9thMAB debeieL

The Final Assault

NOTES 257

33. Col Robert W. Kirby, Comments on draft ma, 20Dec89 (Viet-nam Comment File).34. Col Charles T Williamson, Comments on draft ms, 13Mar90;FMFPac MarOpsSEA, pp. 4-4 to 4-9; CNA MarAcrySEA, pp. :11-52.35. "Quang Tn; An Immortal Epic: Vietnam, No. 172, 1972, pp.2-4.36. CGFRAC Itt to ComUSMACV dtd 1Oct72 (MarAcivU File).37. FRAC/VNMCOpns, App G, VNMC Div, p. 2; SMA debrief.38. SMA debrief; Cooksey debrief, pp. 9-10.

CHAPTER 9RETURNING NORTh

Unless otherwise noted, material in this chapter is derived from:MarAdvU HistSum72; MarAdvU ComdC, Oct- Nov- Dec72: MarAd-vU Daily OpSum RaIder, Ott- Nov. Dec72, Jan73; Sub Unit OneCnmdC, Oct- Nov- Dec72; and FMFPac MarOpsSEA.

Consolidation

1. FRAC/VNMCOpns App G, VNMC Div; Cnvan, lOrt72(MarAdvU Files).2. Sub Unit One memo to CMC, 12Nov72 (Vietnam Comment File).3. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, RichardMNixon, 1972 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Serv-ire, 1974), pp. 583-587; FRAC lntSum 266-72. 21Sept72; Tueleyintvw.4. MarAdvU ComdC, Oct72.

5. Philip inrvw.

Push to the North

Reorganization

6. Daily OpSum Folder, Nov72 (MarAdvU File).

The Eleventh Hour

7, Ibid.8. Turley intvw.9. Ibid.10. MarAdvU Turnover Folder; SMA memo, 26Dec72; Daily 0p-Sum Folder, Dec72 (MarAdvU File).11. Sub Unit One ComdC, Dec72; Jones comments.12. 9thMAB debrief13. LtCol Gerald H. Turley, 'Time of Change in Modern Warfare,"Marine Corps Gazette, Dec74, pp. 18-19.14. Turley intvw.

Ceasefire

is. SMA msg to FRAC, 30Jan73 (MarAdvU File).i6. Daily DpSom Folder, Jan73 (MarAdvU File).17. Turley comments.t8. SMA msg to FRAC, 1Feb73 (MarAdvU File).

PART IVThe Marines Were There

CHAPTER 10A TRACT OF TIME

Unless otherwise noted, material in this chapter is derived from:FMFPac MarOpaSEA; SeventhFlt ComdHist72; Marine Corps Oper-

arions and Analysis Group, "Dotumentation and Analysis of U.S.Marine Corps Acctvsty in Southeast Asia:' ONR study CNA 1016,dtd July 1973 (CNA, Washington, D.C.), hereafter CNA MsrAc-tySEA; and 9thMAB ComdC, Apr-Dec72. See also MajGen Ed-ward]. Miller and RAdm Wycliffe D. Toole,Jr., 'Amphibious Forces:The Turning Point:' Naval Institute Pmreedings, Nov74, pp. 26-32,hereafter Miller & Toole.

9th MAB and the Naval Campaign

1. FMFPar MarOpsSea, pp. 1-16 to 1-17.2. LtCol William R. Von Harten, Comments on draft ma, 11Jan90(Vietnam Comment File).3. LtGen thuis Meczger, Commrnts on draft ma, 8Dec89 (VietnamComment File).4. For sperific composition see FMFPac MarOpaSEA, pp. 2-7 to 2-11,310 to 3-12, 4-3, 5-2; CNA MarActySEA, pp. 29.37.5. "A Brief History of the 9th Marine Amphibious Brigade:' 28Sep78;"Lineage of the 9th Marine Amphibious Brigade:' 22May85 (Ref-Sec. MCI-IC, Washington, D.C.).6. ColJames L. Shanahan, Comments on draft ma, 8Jan90 (Viet-nam Comment File).7. CNA MarActySEA, pp. 58-59.8. LrGen Edward]. Miller intvw, 6Feb86 (Oral I-IistColl, MCHC).

Support to the fleer

9. Metzger comments.10. CMC itt, Documentation and Analysis of U.S. Marine CorpsActivity in Southeast Asia, lApr.31Ju172, 28Feb74 (CNAMarActySEA).

Evacuations

Il. In 1972, the JCS defined special operations as supporting orserondary operations frar which no single service was assigned primaryresponsibility.12. FMFPar MarOpsSEA, pp. 2-11 to 2-13; CNA MarActySEA, p. 52.13. Von Harten comments.

Search and Rescue

i4. CNA MarAcrySEA, pp. 5, 13, 20, 50.15. Powell comments.16. Rush, op. cit.. pp. 116-117.

NGF Airborne Spotters, Fast and Slow

17. CNA MarAcrySEA, pp. 17-18; Maj Melaon notes as Asar. S-3,BLT 1/9 (Vietnam Comment File).

Raids and Demonstrations

18. LtGen William K. Jones, Comments on draft em, 22Nov89 (Viet-nam Comment File); Dr. Graham A. Coamas and LrCol TerrenceP. Murray, US. Marines in Vietnam, 29 70-1971 (Washington, D.C.:Hist&MuaDiv, HQMC, 1986), pp. 386-387.19. Edwin W. Beach, 'Amphibious Operation at Vinh' Marine CorpsGazette. Dec82, pp. 54-60; Miller & Toole, pp. 27-32.20. CNA MarActySEA, p. 64.21. Shanahan comments.


22. CNA MarActySEA, p. 51.23. Feng, op. cit.24. MACV ComdHisr72-73, pp. F-56 to F-do.

Redeyes at Sea

25. Truong, Invasion, p. 48.26. Miller intvw.27. Maj Melson itt to the Marine Corps Gazette, Dec82, pp. 10-11.

28. Jones comments; FMFPac MarOpsSEA, pp. 51, 61; CNAMarAcrySEA, p. 2-13.

Support to Military Region 1

29. Miller & Toole, p. 28,30. Marine Corps Command and Staff College, The Easter Offen-sive Symposium, 4Der86 (Oral HiatColl, MCHC, Washington, D.C.),hereafter CSC symposium.

Fleet Support Continues

31. FMFPac MarOpsSEA, pp. 2-28 to 2-29, 3-24, 4-2; CNAMarActySEA, pp. 109-111.32. MCCC, Status of Forces, 23May72.33. CNA MarActySEA, p. 55.34. Gen Robert F. Cushman, Jr. intvw, lNov-9Dec 1982 (Oral Hist-Coil, MCHC).35. Moore comments.

Across the Beach, the Lam Son Landings

36. FMFPar MarOpsSEA, pp.. 3-1 to 3-4; RVNAF Official OrderNumber 042/flMICL/NQ, 14Apr73 (JGS Archives Center).37. FMFPat MarOpsSEA, pp. 3-8 to 3-9.38. Williamson comments.39. FMFPac MarOpsSEA, pp. 3.9 to 3-10, 4-1 to 4-2. CNAMarActySEA, pp. 119•t20.40. Kirby comments.

Turnaway at Quang In

41. ComSeventhFlt msg to SeventhFlt, 13Apr72 (Vietnam Com-ment File).42. CMC msg to ALMAR/54, 2Jun72 (Vietnam Comment File).

CHAPTER iiANY TIME, ANY PLACE

Unless otherwise noted material in this chapter is derived from:FMFPac MarOpsSEA; CNA MarAcrySEA; Seventh Air Force Com-mand Histories 1972 and 1973, hereafter SeventhAF ComdHisr;tsr MAW AAR on TF Delta, 6Jan75, hereafter TFD AAR; Thsk ForceDelta Command Brief, 17Jun73, hereafter TFD Brief; MAG-12 and15 ComdC, Apr-Dec72; and Assistant Secretary of Defense (Comp-troller), U.S. Aircraft Losses in SEA, Hostile Action, dtd 17Oct73,hereafter OSAD(C) Airl.csss. See also LrCol John J. Lane, Jr., Com-mand and Control and Communications Structures in SoutheastAsia, (Maxwell AFB, Air University, 1981); Gm Williams W. Momyer,The Vietnamese Air Force, 1951-1975, Monograph 4 (Washington,D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1975); BGenjames R. McCarthy

and LtCol George B. Allison, Linebacker II: The View Fmm theRock, Monograph 8 (Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force Histo-ry, 1979); Carl Berger, ed., The United States Air Force in SoutheastAsia, (Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1977); andUSAF, Air War-Vietnam, (New York: Arno Press, 1978).

The Storm Breaks—Marine Air Responds

1. MCCC, Status of Forces, 30Mar72. See also SeventhAF, "The US/IFResponse to the Spring 1972 Offensive: Situation & Redeployment,"Project CHECO report, 10Oct72, hereafter CHECO Redeployment.2. Col Rirhard D. Revie, Comments on draft ms, 20Dec89 (Viet-nam Comment File).3. Merager comments; MajGen Leslie E. Brown, "1st Marine Air-craft Wing Achievements and Milestones," 8Apr76, pp. 1-2, 7, here-after Brown (Vietnam Comment File). LrCol Curtis G. Arnold, "1stMarine Ait Wing Supports Operations in Vietnam:' hereafter Ar-nold (ms MCHC, Washington, D.C., 1976), p. 2; Col Albert R.Pytko, "An Epoch of Need:' Marine Corps Gazette, May73, pp.194-200.

Support to the Air Force, MAG-15 Operations

4. ComSmvenrhFle msg to CG1stMAW, 6Apr72 (Vietnam CommentFile).5. FMFPar MarOpsSEA, p. 2-19 to 2-20; Brown, pp. 1-2.6. FRAC Inesum 125-72, 3May72 (Vietnam Comment Files).7. CNA MarActySEA, pp. 109-It!; AFSpComCen msg to CinCPac,5Sep72 (Vietnam Comment File).8. MAG-l5 ComdC, Jul72, p. 6.9. MCCC, Climatology Study, 18Nov70.10. FMFPac MarOpsSEA, pp. 2-25, 3-20; CNA MarActySEA, pp.17-18.11. LrGen Leslie E. Brown, Comments on draft ms, 11Feb90 (Viet-nam Comment File).12. CNA MarActySEA, p. 94.13, LtCol Roger P. Fox, Air Base Defense in the Republic of Viet-nam, 1961-1973, (Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History,1979), p. 201, hereafter Base Defense. See also MACV/EACSJ2,"VC/NVA Rocket Artillery," 1967 (PersPapets, MCHC, Washington,D.C.).

i4. Arnold, p. 5.15. CNA MarActySEA, pp. 85-91; this covers the sortie rate build-up in detail.16, 1srMAW SitRpr, 20May72 (Vietnam Comment File).17. TFD AAR, pp. 1-1 to 1-3.18. 3/9 ComdC, Jun72, p. 5; Dec72, pp. 3-4; and Jun73, p. 3.

Support to the Air Force, MAG-12 Operations

19. III MAP msg to 1stMAW, 12May72 (Vietnam Comment File).20. Brown comments.21. Ibid.22. Seventh/IF, "The Battle for An Loc, 5 April-2GJune 1972:' ProjectCHECO report, 31Jan73, hereafter CHECO AnLoc.23. LtCol Willis E. Wilson, Jr., Comments on draft ms, 29Nov89(Vietnam Comment File).24. Col Dean C. Macho intvw, Apt73 (Oral HisrColl, MCHC,Washington, D.C.); Brown, p. 5.

25. MAG-12 ComdC, Dec72, p. 4.26. Brown comments; CHECO Anloc, pp. 53-54.

NOTES 259

27. "Road 13—Road of Death' Vietnam No. 172, 1972, pp. 6-7.28. MAG-12 ComiC, Nov72, p. 5.29. Macho intvw.30. Brown, p. 5.

31. FMFPac MarOpsSEA, p. 3-18.32. MAG-12 ComdC, Dec72, Tab A-12.33. FMFPac MarOpsSEA, p. 3-19.34. MAG-12 ComdC, Jan73, p. 7.

35. MAG-12 ComdC, Dec72, p. 6; Jan73, p. 7.36. Maj Angelo M. Inglisa, Comments on the draft ms, 29Nov89(Vietnam Comment File).37. LrCol Michael S. Kelly, Comments on draft ms, 2Apr90 (Viet-nam Comment File).38. Kelly comments.39. MAG-12 ComdC,40. MAG-12 ComdC,4i. HQMC Report of42. Arnold, p. 10.43. MAG-12 ComdC,44. MAG-12 ComdC,

Sep72, p. 4.Jan73, p. 8; OSAD(C) AirLciss, p. 4.

Task Force Delta

4s. Marine Aircraft Group 12 Navy Unit Commendation citation(RefSec, MCHC, Washington, D.C.).46. Arnold, p. 15.

47. Brown, p. 3; TFD AAR, p. 1-3.

48. CNA MarActySEA, p. 80.49. TFD Brief, Tab A, Tab B (Vietnam Comment File).50. Brown comments.51. TFD AAR, p. 1-7.52. Brown comments.53, E.rColjames C. Brown, Comments on the draft ms, 3Jan90 (Viet.nam Comment File).54. FMFPac MarOpsSEA, p. 3-18.55. CNA MarActySEA, p. .93.56. FMFPac MarOpaSea, p. 3-18; TFD Brief, Tab H, Operations.57. MAllS-iS ComdC, Jan73.

The Rose Garden Grows

58. LtCol John M. Campanelli, Comments on draft ma, 5Jan90(Vietnam Comment File).59. Air War-Vietnam, op. cit., pp. 203-204; Mao see KarlJ. Eschman,linebacker (New York: Ivy Books, 1989); Mark Clodfelter, The limitsof Airpower (New York: The Free Press, 1989).60. Brown romments.61. lath Ronald S. Mollisen, lsth Gary W. Dolgin, and lstLt,JerryD. Owen, edt., Marine All- Weather Attack Squadron 533 (Macre-line, Mo.: Walsworch Publishing Company, 1972), p. 9.62. Ibid., p. 55.63. FMFPac MarOpsSEA, p. 4-16.64. MAG-15 ComdC, Aug72, p. 2.65. Ibid.66. Maj George R. Dunham intvw, 16Jun87 (Vietnam CommentFile).67. Col Kent C. Baceman, Comments on draft ms, 12Dec89 (Viet-nam Comment File).68. MAG-is ComdC, Nov72, p. 3.69. TFD Brief, Tab H, Operations.70. FMFPac MatOpsSEA, p. 5-8.

71. 'ff0 AAR, pp. 1-12 to 1-15.72. Task 1±rce Delta Navy Unit Commendation citation (RefSec,MCHC, Washington, D.C.).73. VAdm James B. Scockdale, A Vietnam Experience (Stanford:Hoover Press, 1984), p. i45.74. Demorratir Republic of Vietnam, "The Late December 1972Blitz on North Vietnam;' special communique, 3Dec72 (Hanoi,1973), p. 56 (Vietnam Comment File).

CHAPTER 12ON YANKEE STATION

Unless otherwise noted, material in this chapter is derived fromFMFPac MarOpsSEA, SeventhFlt ComdHisc72, and CNA MacAr-tySEA. See also Clarke Van Fleet, "Year of Accion-1972' Nas.'a.lAvi-ation News, Feb73, pp. 6-25, hereafter Van Fleet; VAdm MalcnlmW. Cagle, "Task Three 77 in Artion Dif Vietnam;' Naval Review1972, May72, pp. 66-109; EdwaedJ. Marolda and George W. PryceIll, A Short History of the United States Navy and the SoutheastAsian Conflict (Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 1984).

Support to the Navy: Task Force 77

I. SevenrhFlt ComdHist72, p. 4. Also Van Fleet, passim.

All-Weather Attack

2. VMA(AW)-224 ComdC, Jul72, p. 4.3. Xoan Vu, quoted by David Chanoff and Doan Van Toi, ed., Por-trait of the Enemy (New York: Random House, 1986), p. 184.4. CWO2 Edward Schemer, ed., The Coral Scene (Picshel Yearbooks,Int., 1972), p. 73.5. VMA(AW)-224 ComdC, Jul72, p. 4.6. Nixon, op. cit.. pp. 583-587.7. SevenchFlt Comdl-iisc72, p. 10; Van Fleet, p. 17.

8. FMFPac MarOpaSEA, p. 3-22; Cdr Ulrik Lurkow, "Vicrnry OverIgnorance and Fear: The U.S. Minelaying Attack on North Viet-nam," Naval War College Review,Jan.Feb82, pp. 17-27; USS CoralSea and Carrier Wing 15 Navy Unit Commendation ritation (Ref.See, MCHC, Washington, D.C.).

More Support to the Navy —VMCJ

9. CNA MarAccySEA, pp. 74-75.10. FMFPar MarDpsSEA, p. 2-21; ComNavAirLant msg to CVW-3,11Apr72.

ii. MCCC, Chrnnnlogy, 18May72, p. 5; Brown, pp. 9-10.12. FMFPar MarOpsSEA, p. 2-21.13. Brown, p. 9.i4. Indochina Chronology, Ort-Dec87, p.19.15. Beown, p. 10.16. FMFPac, MarOpaSEA, p. 6-9.

Snakes at Sea

17. HMA-369 ComdC, Dec72, p. 15; LeGen I.ouis Metzgee inrvwby FMFPac, Jan73, Tape 5060 (Oral HistColl, MCHC).18. Metzger intvw.19. CNA MaeActy•SEA, p. 17; Brown, pp. 6-7. Also Mike Verier,"Marhuk' Az-'iation News, 18-31Mar88, pp. 1011-1017, and Kenneth

Der72, p. 9.Sept72, pp. 4-5.Casualty No. 991-72,

260 TI-fE WAR THAT WOULD NOT END

F, Werrell, "MARHUK: Marine Helicopters Over North Vietnam"(ms, Radford College, 29May87).20. FMFPac MarOpaSEA, pp. 3-26 to 3-27; HMA-369 ComdC,Jun72, pp. 4-6.21. CTG79,8/HMA-369 AAR, 29Dec72, p. 2.22. Brown, pp. 6-7; FMFPat, MarOpaSEA, pp. 3-22 to 3-24.23. Maj David L. Ross, Comments on draft ms, 9Jan90 (VietnamComment File); C'1fl79.8/HMA-369 AAR, p. 3.24. C'IG79.8/HMA.369 AAR, p. 5; Ross comments.25.JO2JuliusL. Evans, "Gunnee, One ofaFew Good Men," NavalAviation News, Jul-Aug82, p.24.26. FMFPac, MarOpaSEA, p. 4-19.27. CNA MarAcrySEA, p. 116.

28. HMA-369 Navy Unit Commendation citation (RefSec, MCHC,Washington, DC.).29. HMA-369 ComdC. Dec72, p. 7.

Fighters Over the North

30. VMFA-333 ComdC, Jun72, p. 4.31. VMFA-333 ComdC, Dec72, pp. 3-5.32. ColJohn D. Cummings, Comments on draft ms, 11Jan90 (Viet-nam Comment File).33. VMFA-333 ComdC, Dec72, pp. 3-4; Cummings comments. Also"Marine Mig Kill:' transcript of ICS tonversation (Vietnam Com-ment File); LtColjohn Cummings Its to Mr. Michael O'Connor dtd25Jun84 (RefSec, MCHC, Washington, D.C.); Captjoseph Boyle,ed., U'7estPac 72-73 (Norfolk; Tiffany Publishing Co., 1973), p. 77.34. SrvenehFlt ComdHist72, pp. 3-5, 8-10.

CHAPTER 13OTHER MARINE ACTIVITIES

Unless otherwise noted, material in this section is derived fromMajGen Leslie E. Brown, '1st Marine Aircraft Wing Achievementsand Milestones:' dtd 8Apr76; MajGenJoseph C. Fegan,Je., inrvwdtd 8Jan73, Tape 5062 (Oral HiatColl, MCHC, Washington, D.C.);FMFPac, "Analysis of Human Affairs Poll2Jul72, hereafter FMFPacHuman Affairs; and HQMC, "Report on Marine Corps ManpowerQuality and Forte Structure:' 31Dec75, hereafter HQMC Manpowerstudy. See also Henry I. Shaw, Jr., and Ralph W. Donnelly, Blacksin the Marine Corps (Washington, D.C.: Hisr&MusDiv, HQMC,1975). hereafter Shaw and Donnelly; The 8DM Corporation, AStudy of the Strategic Lessons Learned in Vietnam, 8 vols (McLean.Va.: 1980), Vol. 6, "The Soldier'

Leadership, Morale, and Readiness

1. Col Robert D. Html, Jr., "The Collapse of the Armed Forces,"Armed Forces Journal, 7Jun71, p. 31.2. Metager comments.3. Baceman comments.4. Dr. V. Keith Fleming, Jr., Comments on draft ma, lSDer89 (Viet-nam Comment File).5. Dr. Allan R. Millet, Comments on draft ms, 21Dec89 (VsetnamComment File).6. HQMC Manpower study, pp.4, 13-t4; CMC Reference Notebook1973, Lb lI-H-iS, "Desertets and Absentees"; CMC Refetenre Note-book 1974, Tab lT-H-3, "Courts-Martial During Second Half ofCalendar Year 1973."

7. Fegan incvw; See also Heinl, op. cit., pp. 30-37 and Dr. ThomasC. Bond, "Fragging: A Study," Army, Apr77, pp. 45-47.8. FMFPac Human Affairs, p. iv.

9. Ibid.10. Bernard C. Nalty and LtCol Ralph F. Moody, A Brief Historyof US. Marine Corps Officer Procnrement 1775 -1969 (Washington,D.C.: Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, 1970), pp. 20-25.11. Jones comments.12. HQMC(API2), "USMC Statistical Report on Military Person-nel Sttength and Turnover by Race:' 30Sept71, Tables I, II, and III(RefSer, MCHC, Washington, D.C.); HQMC(AO1K), "Summary ofSignificant Racial Incidents at Marine Corps Installations,AugiSS-Nov7l" (RefSec, MCHC, Washington, D.c.); CMC Refer-ence Notebook 1974, Lb l1-H-9, "Summary of Significant RacialIncidents at Maeioe Corps Installations"; Shaw and Donnelly, pp.69-83; Brown comments; Fegan inrvw.13. Fogleman comments.14. LtCol Mark B. Pizan, Comments on draft ms, 13Apr90 (Viet-nam Comment File).15. HQMC Manpower study, p. 3.16. RAdm Wycliffe D. Toole,Jr., Comments on draft ms, 29Nov89(Vietnam Comment File).17. "D Company Has ibemula For Morale:' Okinawa Marine, 14Jul72(Vietnam Comment File).18. Ynacay comments.19. LcCol Eddie R. Maag, Comments on draft ms, 28Dec89 (Viet-nam Comment File).20. LtCol Gary D. Solis, Marines and Military Laos in Vietnam; Th-al by Fire (Washington, D.C.: Hisr&MusDiv, HQMC, 1989), pp.231-244; Cosmas and Murray, op. cit., pp. 344-369.21. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (Chicago: Encyclopedia Briteanica,Inc.), 1952, p. 85.22. Brown comments,23. CNA MarAcrySEA, pp. 57-58.24, Rush, op. cit., p. 71.

Beans, Bullets, and AvGas: logistics

Unless otherwise noted, material in this section is derived fromFMFPac MacOpsSEA and CNA MarActySEA.

25, Col Stanley G. Pests comment, CSC symposium; SMA Hise-Sum 1972, pp. 4.5.26. Brown, pp. 10-11.27, Millet comment.28. FMFPac MaeOpsSEA, pp. 2-29 to 2-30; CNA MarActySEA, pp.16, 57-58.29. TFD Brief, Tab H, Operations.30. CNA MarAcrySEA, p. 78.31. FMFPac MarOpsSEA, pp. 2-29 to 2-31.32. CNA MarActySEA, p. 93.33. USAF Tactical Air Command Project 3782, "Bare Base Mobili-ty"; CNA MarArtySEA, pp. 14, 95-10!.34. FMFPac MarOpsSEA, p. 3-27.35. CNA MarActySEA, pp. 99-101.36. CNA MarAccySEA, pp. 93-94.

Thunder from the Sea, Fire from the Sky

Unless otherwise noted, material in this section is from Opera-tions Analysis Group, "Defense of Hue and Quang Tn City, The

NOTES 261

1972 NVN Invasion of MR-i:' ONR study CNS 1035, May74, here-after CNA Defense of Hue; and CHECO Invasion 72.

37, Price comments.38. Gray memo; CNA Defense of Hue, pp. 1-2.39. MarAdvU Turnover Balder, Artillery advisor memo to ASMA,21Mar72; SMA memo to CGFRAC, 23Jan73 (MarAdvU File).40. CNA MarActySEA, pp. 62ff.4i. Gray comments; Ripley intvw; CNA MarActySEA, p. 14.42. Jones comments; MarAdvU Turnover Folder, SMA memo,26Dec72, (MarAdvU File).43. Nguyen Ngoc 1-bang, relevision intvw by Morley Safer, 19Mar89,CBS "60 Minutes" (Vietnam Comment File).

r in the Ether

Unless otherwise noted, material in this section is derived fromlstRadBn ComdC, Mar72-Jan73, and LtColJohn K. Hyatt,Jr., Com-ments on draft ms, 10Aug88 (Vietnam Comment File),

44. CNA MarOpsSea, pp. 58-61.

PART VReprise and Assessment

CHAPTER 14CEASEFIRE AND CONSOLIDATION

Unless otherwise noted, material in this chapter is derived fromCincPac Comdflist73; MACV ComdHist73; FMFPac MatOpsSEA;SeventhFlt ComdHist73; MarAdvU Files; and the Defense AttacheOffice Saigon, "History of the Defenae Attache" (National RecordsCenter, Suitland, Md.), hereafter DAOI-bist.

The Final Act

1. Metager intvw and comments.2. Van Fleet, Aviation, p. 17.

3. DRVN, op. cit., Foreign Ministry statement, 29Dec72, p. 19.4. Office of the White House Secretary, "Agreement on Ending thtWar and Restoring Peace in Vietnam," 24Jan73. Articles 1 through23 and amended protocols, hereafter Peace Accords (Vietnam Com-ment File).5. SeventhFlc ComdHisr73, "Planning Decisions and Conclusions:'p. 2.6. Besch comments.

Operation Countdown, 'On the Land . - -

7. Sub Unit One, 1st ANGLICO Navy Unit Commendation cita-tion (RefSec, MCHC, Washington, D.C4.8. FMFPac MarOpsSEA, p. 6-5.9. Sub Unit One CnmdC, Feb73, p. 3.10. CMC msg to FMFPac, 9Feb73; MACV mag to FMFPac, 4Mar73;Jones comments.11. MarAdvU HiatSum72, pp. 2-3; MarAdvU Phase Down log,28Jan73-16Feb73; Daily OpSum Folder, Feb73 (MarAdvU File).

Logistics), Memo fur the President, 17Nov72 (Vietnam CommentFile),13. MarAdvU HistSum72, p. 4; Ordnance/Mainrenace Folder,CWO3 Bobby E. Dusek memo, 16Feb73; MarAdvU Turnover Ejlder,Narrative Evaluation of VNMC, 2dQtrFY73, pp. 4-5 (MarAdvU File).14. DAOHist 2dCYQ73, pp. 78-83; FMFPac MarOpsSEA, p. 5-16.1). Marine Advisory Unit Navy Unit Commendation citation (Ref-Sec. MCHC, Washington, D.C.).16. FMFPac MarOpsSEA, p. 6-19,17. SMA After Action Report to ComNavFnrV, 27Mar88, hereafterSMA AAR, pp. 4-5 (MarAdvU File).18. SMA msg to ComNavkrV, 13Mar73 (MarAdvU File); DAOHist,1stCYQ73, pp. 8-14; FMFPac MarOpsSEA, pp. 6-14 to 6-19.19. DAOHist, IstCYQ73, p. 80.20. DAOHist, IstCYQ73, p. 21.21. MajGen John E. Murray, Comments on draft ms, 3Feb90 (Viet-nam Comment File).22. DAOHist, 1srCYQ73, p. 1.

Operation Countdown, ', - - and Sea'

23. Williamson comments.24. 9thMAB ComdC, Jan73, p. 1.

25. ComSeventhFlt msg to 9chMAB, 31Jan73 (Vietnam CommentFile).26. 9thMAB ComdC, Feb73, p. 3-1.27. Ibid.28. FMFPac MarOpsSEA, pp. 6-1 to 6-5; 9thMAB ComdC, Jan73,

pp. 1-4.29. Col Ray A. Stephens, Comments on draft ms, 12Dec89 (Viet-nam Comment File).30. FMFPac MarOpsSEA, p. 6-i4,31. FMFPar MatOpsSEA, p. 5-15.32. FMFPac MarOpsSEA, p. 6-20.

Operation Countdown, ', . and Air'

33. Kenneth P. Werrell, "U.S. Marine Corps Aviation and NorthVietnam:' ms, 1989, p. 18 (Vietnam Comment File).34. New York Times, "U.S. Planes Bomb IDa Nang by Mistake,Wounding 10:' 8Jan73, pp. 1, 6.35. FMFPsc MarOpsSEA, pp. 6-6 to 6-7; MAG-12 ComdC, Jun73,

pp. 6-7,36. MAG-12 CumdC, Jun73. p. 6.37. Ibid.38. FMFPac MatOpsSEA, pp. 6-6 ro 6-8; MAG-12 ComdC, Jan73,

p. 7.39. MAG-12 ComdC, Jan73, pp. 6-9.40. MAG-12 ComdC, Jan73, pp. 4, 8-9; Jun73, p. 8.41. MAC-iS ComdC, Jun73, p. 5.

42. TFD AAR, p. 115.43. Nguyen Khac Vien, ed., Indochina: The 7972-73 Turning Point(Hanoi: Xunhasaba, 1974), p. 22.

CHAPTER 15IN ENEMY HANDS

Unless otherwise noted, this chapter is based on HQMC(INTC),"Experience of POWs," study dtd 1973, hereafter POW study;

12. Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Installations and 11chCJT, "Camp hscation Study' 22Sept71, hereafter Camp atudy;


lbucth Allied Prisoner of War Wing Debrief, 16Apr73, hereafterPOW debrief; and HQMC(M), "US Marine Prisoners of War andMissing in Action Summary:' 17Oct72, hereafter POW summary.Additional material resides in the Judge Advocate Division files forspecific prisoners and subjects, hereafter JAR Files. OperationHomecoming material is detived from JCS Hist73; CinCPacComdHisr73; Thirtrrnth Air Rsrce Joint Homecoming ReceptionCenter AAR, 6Jun73, hereafter ThirteenchA.F AAR; III MAF Opec-asion Homecoming AAR, 5Apr73, hereafter IIIMAF AAR, and Ma-rsne Corps Operation Homecoming AAR, 25Jul73, heteaftet HQMCAAR. See also DOD, Operation Homecoming:' CommandersDigest, Mat73; and Berger, op. cit., pp. 321-339. See also the vari-ous hearings by the Subcommittee on National Security Policy andScientific Developments of the House Commictee on Foteign Af-fairs, 1971 through 1973.

Combatants or Hostages?

1. POW summary. p. 1.

2. Communist "pointy-talkee" card captured in 1969 in MR 1 froman NYA medic; Maj Edward J. Wages, Comments on draft ms,20Nov90 (Vietnam Comment File).3. Defense Intelligence Agency, 'Citizens and Dependents, Cap-tured, Missing, Detained or Voluntarily Remained in SEA," 10Nov79(RefSec, MCHC, Washington. D.C.); and POW summary.4. CMC Reference Notebooks 1971-1972, Tab Ill-H-7, 'InformationConcerning PW Mail:'5. RAdm Horace B. Robertson, Jr., memo to SecNav, 16Jul73 OARFile); CMC Reference Notebooks 1971-1972, 'lab 1ll-H-7, "PW 'heat-ment in North and South Vietnam"; "PW Statistics and MarinesWho may he Assisting the Enemy"; HQMC(INTC) memo, 14Mar79,"Comment and Report of American Collaborators and Desertersin South Vietnam:' hereafter INIC comments. Also Bemard B. Fall,"Communist POW Treatment in Indochina" (Norfolk: CompositeInterrogation Translation Team, FMFLsnt), Jan61; and [Cdr JohnM. McGrath, Prisoner of War (Annapolis, Naval Institute Press,1975), for conditions in captivity.6. POW study, pp. H-19 to H-19f7. MsjJoseJ. Anzaldua inrvw by MCAS New River Public AffairsOffice, Marines, Sep85, pp. 6-9.8. Maj Bruce R. Archer intvw by MCDEC Public Affairs Office,12Mar87 (Vietnam Comment File).9. Maj PaulJ. Montague, Comments on draft ms, 16Nov89 (Viet-nam Comment File).10. Dougla.sK. RamseyltrtoGenRobertll, Cushman,Jr., 3Apr73,hereafter Ramsey Itt, p. 3, in Capt Donald G. Cook biographic file(RefSec, MCHC, Washington, D.C.).11. Anzsidua intvw,12. POW stody, pp. H22 to H24; Also, Frank Bormann, "U.S.Prisoners of War in Southeast Asia:' Congressional Record, 22Sep70,p. H9019.13. ICdt William Berg, "Injuries and Illnesses of Vietnam WarPOWs: Marine POWs' Military Medicine, Sep77, pp. 678-80.i4. POW study, Tab-Wing Polities.15. LtCol Harlan P. Chapman, Comments on draft ms, 18Jan90(Vietnam Comment File).16. POW study, Tab-SRO Policy Son Tay.17. LtCol Orson G. Swindle, Comments on draftms, 15Nov89; POWdebrief, passim; VAdmJames B. Stoclrdale, Comments on draft ms,28Jan89 (Vietnam Comment File).18. "I heard the tapes he made ...." (Chapman comments).

19. Col Edison W. Miller, Comments on draft ms, 21Jan90 (Viet-nam Comment File).20. POW study, p. S14.21. Hank Whittemore, "Fear Can Be Your Best Friend:' Parade Maga-zine, 19Apr85, p. 5.

22. Miller comments.23. RAdm Horace B. Robertson, Jr. memo to SecNav, 16Jul73 OARFile); LeCol Edson W. Miller biographical file and POW subject files(RefSec, MCHC, Washington, D.C.).24. Anasldus intvw, p. 8.

Egress Recap and Other Contingencies

25. MsjGen Leroy,J. Manor lrr to Deputy Chief of Staff, Plans andPolicies, HQMC, 12Oct72 (Vietnam Comment File). See also Ben-jamin F. Schemmer, The Raid (New York: Harper & Row, Publish-ers, 1976), pp. 261-263.26. HQMC AAR, p. 2.27,CinCPaclnst 3461.1C, 3Aug72 and ThirteenthAF OPlsn EgressRecap, 1Dec72.28. ThirteenthAF AAR, pp. 1-25 for background and conduct, pp.26-45 for conclusions.29. The White House, "Set Sheet: International Commission ofControl and Supervision:' 24Jan73 (Vietnam Comment File).30. ThireeenthAF AAR, p. 7.31. Col John W. Claybome, Comments on draft ms, 29Dec89 (Viet-nam Comment File).32. Anzaldua intvw.33. JCS msg to CinCPac, 25Jan73 (Vietnam Comment File).34. JCS Hist73, pp. 714, 721.35. Peace Accords, Article 8, p. 3.36. JCS Histl3, p. 723.

Operation Homecoming

37. Clayborne comments.38. POW study, Tab-Go Home Guidance.39. ThirteenthAF AAR, pp. 15-21, 15-25.40. LeCol William C. Howey, Comments on draft ms, 17Nov89 (Viet-nam Comment File).41. Howey comments.42. Clayborne comments.43. ThirteenthAF AAR, p. 13.44. IIIMAF AAR, p. 29.45. Clayborne comments.46. ThirteenthAF AAR, p. 15-45.47. Howey comments.48, Chapman comments.49. IIIMAF AAR, p. 25.50. CMC Itt to Casualty Assistance Call Officers, 6Dec72.

Welcome Home Marine

51. Capt William F. Thomas, Jr., Cnmmenrs on drafrms, 20Dec89;MCB Camp Pendleton, "Historical Documentation of Phase IllPrisoner of War Repatciation Activities:' 5Jun73, in HQMC AAR(Vietnam Comment File).52, Operation Homecoming (Public Affairs), 20Apr73, in HQMCAAR.53. Capt Donald G. Cook biographical file (RefSec, MCHC,Washington, D.C.).

NOTES 263

54. Ramsey itt, p. 3.55. Ramsey irr, p. 2.56. Stockdale comments.57. Clayborne comments.58. Miller tomments.59. Stockdale comments.60. RAdm Merlin H. Staring memo to SecNav, 16Jul73; CoiJamesR King memo to ACMC, 1Aug79 OAR File).61. Scockdaie comments.62. Miller comments.63. RAdm Horace B. Robectson,Jr. memo to SecNav, 22Jun73; ColJohn R. DcBatr memo to CMC, 5Jul73 and 2Aug73 OAR File).64. BGen Waltecj. Donovan memo to CMC, 29May85 (JAR File);HQMC(PA), 'Fact Sheet; Operation Homecoming; Disciplinary Ac-tion Against Returnees" (Vietnam Comment File).65. Report of Defense Review Committee for the Code of Conduct(Washington, D.C.: Department of Defense, 1976), pp. 15-17, here-after Code of Conduct review (Vietnam Comment File).66, Code of Conduct review, p. 16.

67. CinCPac ComdHist73, pp. 599-603.68. Time, 19Feb73, p. 13, in CinCPat ComdHist73, p. 600.

Code of Conduct

69. Foc Vietnam era SERE doctrine see DA, FM21-76 Survival, Eva-non, Resistance, and Escape, Mar69; FM21-77AJoint World WideEvasion and Escape Manual; and DAPAM3O-101 Communist In-terrogation, Indoctrination, and Exploitation of Prisoners of War.May56.70. CIVIC Reference Notebooks 1971-1972, Lb III-F-1-0, "Code ofConduct."71. Ibid., pp. H-22 to H-29.72. POW study, Tab-Code of Condutt.73. Code of Conduct review, p. 17. Also Maj Terrence P Murray,"Code of Cnndutt—A Sound Doctrine:' Marine Corps Gazette,Dec83. pp. 56-62; and Maj Edward F. Wells, "Operatinn Homecom-ing" (ms, MCHC, Washington, D.C.), 1985.74. Montague comments.

MIAs: The Joint Casualty Resolution Center

75. SecNav memo to CMC/CNO, 6Jul73 (JAR File).76. OASD(ISA) memo to SecDef, 4May77 (JAR File).77. LtCol Richard H. Esau,Jr., "Da Nang After the Armistice," Ma-rine Corps Gazette, Jul74, pp. 49-50.78. INTC comments, p. 36.79. Garwood Iblder (JAR File); HQMC, "Return of PFC Robert Rus-sell Gaewood, USMC, from Vietnam:' AM, 20Apr79; MCB CampLejeune. "Public Affairs and the GCM of PFC Robert R. Garwood,USMC:' AAR, 5Mar81; and PFC Robert R. Garwood biographicalfile (RefSec, MCHC, Washington, D.C.).80. SecDefmsg to CMC, 30Jun82; SeeDefmsg to SecNav, 25Mar83;SeeDefmsg to CMC, 11Jul85; and OASD(ISA), "Status Reviews andAccounting for Servicemen Missing in Southeast Aaia' 4May77. Seealso OASD(PA). "Americans Unaccounted for in Indochina' 2Jan89;"Joint Casualty Resolution Center:' 2Jan86; "U.S. Army Central Iden-tification Laboratory:' 2Jan86; "Remains Identified as American:'2Jan86; "Technical Talks," 24Feb86; "Principal Sources of POW/MIAInformation' 24Feb86; and "Official U.S. Government Live Sight-ing Position:' 24Feb86 (Vietnam Comment File).

CHAPTER 16CONTINUITY AND CHANGE

Unless otherwise noted, material in this chapter is derived fromCincPac ComdHist73; MACV ComdHist73; FMFPac MarOpsSEA;SeventhFlt Conidflist73; MAU Files; and the Defense AttacheOffice, History of the Defense Attache (National Records Centee,Suieland, Md.), hereafter DAOHist. See also Brig F B. Setong, "The1972 Easter Offensive," Southeast Asian Perspectives, Summer 74;Sic Robert Thompson, Peace a Not at Hand (New York: DavidMcKay Company, Inc., 1974); and Nguyen Khac Vien, ed., Indochi-na; The 1972-7.3 Turning Point (Hanoi: Xunhasaba, 1974).

Operation End Sweep

Unless otherwise noted, material in this section is derived fromFMFPac MacOpsSEA; SevenrhFlt CnmdHist73; Office of NavalResearch, "Operation Endsweep' ONR study CRC 277, Feb75(CNA, Washington, D.C.), hereafter CNA Endsweep; andHMM-165, HMM-164, HMH-463 ComdCs, Feb-Aug73. See alsoRAdm Brian McCauley, "Operation End Sweep' Naval InstituteProceedings, Mar74, pp. 19-25, hereafter McCauley, Endsweep; andLtCol John Vsn Nortwiek, "Endsweep," Marine Corps Gazette,May74, pp. 29-36, hereafter Van Nortwick.

1. FMFPac MarOpsSEA, pp. 5-14 to 5-17; Capt Paul L, Gruendl,comments on draft ms, 10Dec89 (Vietnam Comment File).2. McCauley, Endsweep, p. 23.3, Gruendl comments.4. HMM-165, Special Operation Report (Endsweep), 21Aug73, pas-sim, hereafter HMM-165 SOR.5. FMFPac MarOpsSEA, p. 6•l2.6. CNA Endsweep. pp. Cl to C3.7' CNA Endsweep, pp. B-t to B-3.8. JCS Historical Division, Comments on deafr ms, 5Dec89 (Viet-nam Comment File).9. HMM-165 ComdC, Feb73, p. 21.10. Brown, pp. 8-9.11. CNA Endsweep, p. 5-7,12. HMM-165 ComdC, Feb73, p. 22.13. Van Norewiek, pp. 31-32.14. HMM-165 ComdC, Feb73, p. 22.15. Gruendl comments.16. CNA Endsweep, p. E•9,17. JCS comments.18. HMH-463 ComdC, Jun73, p.7; HMM-165 SOR, p. 14.

19. Van Norewick, p. 33 (which does not reflect cbmmand chro-nology totals).20. HMH-463 ComdC, Jun73, p. 7. See Van Noctwitk and HMM-165SOR for detailed lessons learned.21. SeventhFlt OpOrd 9.73, 26Jul73, and SeventhFlt Comdl-list73,End (2), p. 1.

22. McCauley, Endsweep, p. 23.

Task Force Delta, The Tigers Depan

Unless otherwise noted, material in this section is derived fromthe TFD AAR, TED Brief, and MAG-l5 ComdC, Jan-Sept73.

23. FMFPac MarOpsSEA, pp. 6-6 to 6-8; MAG-15 ComdC, Jun73,

p. 10.


24. MAG-15 ComdC, Jun73, End (1), p. 4.25. TFD ComdC, Sept73, p. 11-i.26. 'lTD AAR, pp. 1-28w 1-30; Maj George R. Dunham, "TheKhmer Flex Their Muscle" (ms, MCHC, Washington, D.C.) pp.28-33.27. lTD Brief, Tab E; TFD AAR, pp. 3-1 to 3-5.28. TFD AAR, pp. 6.1 to 6-14.29. Maj John T. Dyer, "Impressions of a 'Rose Garden: " Fortitu-dine, Fall 1973, pp. 4-6.30. Brown, pp. 10-lI, 13; SeeDef Icr to MajGen Brown, 7Sept72;Brown comments.31. FMFPac, Human Affairs, passim; EIQMC Manpower study, pp.2-4.32. TFD ComdC, Sept73, p. lI-i.33. TFD ComdC, Sept73, p. 111-2.34. BGen Manning T. Jannell, Comments on draft ms, 29Oct89(Vietnam Comment File).35. CGMACThai msg to SecDef, 21Sept73 (Vietnam Comment File).36. Jannell comments.37. TFD AAR, pp. 1-15 to 1-21.

To What End?

Unless otherwise noted, material in this section is derived fromLtCol Gerald H. Turley, "Time of Change in Modern Warfare," M-

n'ne Corps Gazette, Dec74, pp. 16-20; BGen Edwin H. Simmons,"The Marines: Now and in the Future:' Naval Review 1975, pp.102-117; MajGen Bernard E. 'Jlainoc, "New Thoughts on War," Ma-tine Corps Gazette, Dec80, pp. 49-51; and Allan R. Millete, "TheU.S. Marine Corps, Adaptation in the Post-Vietnam Eta:' ArmedForces and Society, Spring 83, pp. 363-392.

38. Douglas Pike, PAVN.' People's Army of Vietnam (Novato, Calif.:Presidio Press, 1986), pp. 48-49, 103, 229; also ColGen Van TienDung, "Some Problems Concerning the Art of Military Campaignsof the Vietnamese People's War[ PeoplelArmy Magazine, Dec73,pp. 61-65 (Vietnam Comment File).39. LtCol Andrew D. DeBona comments, CSC symposium.40. Peter Bcaestrup tomments, CSC symposium.41. FMFPac MarOpsSEA, p. 6-14, and SMA msg to CTF76&79,30Jun72 (Vietnam Comment File).42. HQMC, "Contingeney Operations involving U.S. Marine Forcesin Evatuation or Rescue Missions, 1956-1975:' study, 21Apr81 (Ref.Sec, MCHC, Washington, D.C.).43. Metagec iotvw.44. MCCC Chcon, 12 Jul 73, Tab 4i-io; OASD(C) Airlnss, Tables351 and 352; CMC Reference Notebook 1975, Tab Il-H-I, "USMCCasualties in SEAsia."4s. Col Harry G. Summers,Jr., On Strategy (Carlisle Barracks, Pa.:U.S. Army War College, 1981) p. 1.

Appendix A

Command and Staff ListMarine Advisory Unit

VNMC Advisor Assignments1Mar72- 30 Sep72

Capt James B. Archer InfantrytCapt Russell F Bailes, Jr Unit Hq, EngineerMaj James D. Beans Infantry

Ma) Walter E. Bonmer Infantry

Ma) Gerald W. Boston infancry*

Capt James A. Brabham, Jr EngineerCWO3 Sheila R. Bray, Jr Engineer

CWO3 Ferris D. Brown EngineerMa) Jack R. Campbell, Jr Infantryt

Capr Reid 0. Caclock lnfantry*

Ma) Paul L. Carlson Infantryt

Capt Philip C. Cisneros lnfantry*

Capt William A. Clark III InfantrySSgt Richard F, Clemens Unir HqMaj Robert C. Cockell InfantryCapt Clelland ID. Collins, Jr Infantry

Ma) Patrirk G. Collins InfantrytCapt Allen M. Coward Motor Transport

Sgt Bobbie G. Crowl Unit HqI-IMC E. F. Currier, USN Medical

Maj Andrew ID. Debona Infantry

Capt Gary ID. Dockendnrff 0-1

CWO3 Bobby F. Dusek CommunicationsMa) Jon T. Easley G-4, Training

Capt Clark ID. Embrey Infantry

Capt Robert S. Evaaick Artillery

Sgr Gary NI. Faureck Unit HqLtCol Walcet D. Fillmore Assistant SMA

HMC Ronald C. Fitzgerald, USN Medical

CWO2 George NI. Francis Unit HqGySgt David F Fureigh Unit HqMa) Thomas B. Gnibus Artillery

Ma) Charles J. Goode, Jr Training, Infantry, Unit HqCapt Samuel T Gray Supply

GySgt Ronald C. Guilliams Motor Transport

Capt Ronald C. Hatringron infantry

Capt David D. Harris Infantry

tTemporary assignment.

Ma) William R. Hart Artillery

Capt Stephen M. Harrnerc Infantry

SSgr Jerry W. Harvey Unit HqSSgt Richard L. Helm CommunicationsMa) Porrer K. Henderson lnfantry*

CWO3 James B. Hill Ordnance

Capt Richard W. Hodory Infantry

Capt Terry L. Howard Supply

Ma) Emmett S. Huff, Jr InfantryCapt Frank M. Izenour, Jt 0-3, G-2Capt Harry Jensen, Jr Infantryt

Capt James E. Jnhnson Infantry

Lt(jg) Wesley J. Johnson, USN Medical

Ma) Clyde J. Johnston Artillery

Maj Duncan H. Jones Artillery

Capt Walter E Jones infantcy

Maj Jim R. Joy Infantry, G-3

Maj Gordon W. Keisec infantry

Ma) Robert ID. Kelley Infantry, OlC RearMa) William M. Keys Infantry

Capt Charles W. King Infantry, Unit HqCapt Earl A. Kruger Infantry

Capt John J. Lacy G-1, PsyOps, Training

Sgt Robert R. Langdon Unit HqCapt Steven P. Lindsey Infantry

Capt Alastair J. Livingston InfantrytCapt Lawrence H. Livingston Infantry, Training

GySgt John C. Lowery Unit HqCapt Charles A. Lyle Infantry

Sgc Daniel L. Mason Unit HqGySgr Robect L. McElyea Unit Hcj

GySgt Roscoe A. McGuire Unit HqMa) Robert C. Mclnteer Amphibious SupportMa) Paul A. McLaughlin Artillery

Capt Eric W. Meager Infantryt

Sgt Charles J. Miller Unir HqCapt William H. Miller Motor Transport

Capt Charles P. Minor III InfantrytCapt Peter S. Mocosoff Infantry

GySgt James A. Morris Unit HqCapt John ID. Murray Infantry

Capt Allen ID. Nectleingham Infantry

Capt Phillip C. Norton Infantry

Maj Joseph J. O'Brien Infantry

Capt Jerome X. O'Donovan, Jr Infantry

LCdr R.S. Oldham, USN Medical

Capt Thomas F. O'Tnole, Jr 0-2Capt Robert A. Packard, Jr Infantry

Ma) Donald C. Pease Infantryt

265

Marine Advisory Unit(MarAdvU)

lJul7l-3lMar73

SMA Col Francis W. TiefCol Joshua W. Dorsey III

lJul7l-tOJuI7lllJul7 1-3 1Mar73


Capt Harry W. Peterson Ill. InfantrytCapt George Philip III ArtilleryMaj John Pipta ArtillerySgt Calvin L. Pitchford Unit HqCWOI William T Pope OrdnanceLtCoI James A. Poland 0-3Maj Stanley G. Pratt 0-4Maj Donald L. Price InfantrySSgt Paul A. Prusak Unit HqCapt David S. Randall, Jr ArtilleryCapt Charles L. Redding lnfantry*Capt Robert K. Redlin InfantryCapt Ronald R. Rice InfantryCapt John W. Ripley InfantryCapt Joe D. Robinson InfantryCapt Wayne B. Rollings Infantry*Maj Geoffrey H. Root G-4Maj Richard B. Rothwell InfantryCapt James W. Seal InfantryCapt Merlyn A. Sexton InfantryMaj Robert E Sheridan Training, Infantry

Maj Robett D. Shopraw 0-4Capt Ray L. Smith InfantryCapt William]. Spangler Infantry*GySgr Bernard ,J. Stural Unit HqMaj William T. Sweeney InfantryLtCoI William G. Swigert Assistant SMAGySgt Joseph Sykora, Jr Unit HqCapt John W. Theisen 0-2Ma; James M. Tulley Unit HqLtCol Gerald H. Turley Assistant SMA, 0-3Ma; William R. Warren Infantry, Unit HqCapt Marshall R. Wells Infantry, G-3Maj Oliver M. Whipple, Jr Amphibious Support, InfantryCapt Jonathan W. Wilbor lnfantry*Capt William D. Wisrhmeyet InfantrySgt William ID. Wiserarver Unit HqMaj Regan R. Wright InfantryCapt Thomas Zalewski CommunirationsCapt Jon L. Zellers Infantry

tTemporary assignment.

Appendix B

Command and Staff ListMarine Ground Units

Sub Unit One1st Air and Naval Gunfire Liaison Company

(SU1, 1stANGUCO)1Ju171.14Mar73*

1Ju171-24Jul71

25Ju171.14Jul72

17Ju172-14Mar73

25Feb72-3Jun724Jun72-31Ju172

llAug72-28Jan7329Jan73-14Mar73

1Ju171-7Dec7l

8Dec7l-310cr72lNov72-14Mar73

lJul7I-23Jan7324Jan73-14Mar73

lJul7l-l6Nov7ll7Nov7l-7Dec7lSDec7l-lOApr72

llApr72-BMay729May72.310ct72lNov72-14Mar73

1Jo171-lONov7l

llNov7 1-2 5Oct72

260ct72-14Mar73

Hq, 9th Marine Amphibious Brigade(9thMAB/CTG 79.1)

3Apr72 9Feb73t

3Apr72-15Nov7216Nov72-9Feb733Apr72-2 7Jul7228Jul72-9Feb73

3Apt72.14Jun7215Jun72-2Aug723Aug72-9Feb733Apr72.l2Jun72

13Jun72-llAug7212Aug72-9Feb733Apr72-200ct72210ct72-9Feb733Apr72-llAug7212Aug72.23an73

3Jan73 -9Feb733Apr72 •llAug7 2t*

Hq, 31st Marine Amphibious Unit(31st MAli/aG 79.4)

1Jan72.31Mar73

CO Col Walter C. KellyCol Donald E. NewtonCol Thomas J. Stevens

XO LtCol Glen T. BeauchanipLtCol Thomas F. BradleyLtCol Gait L. Fenenga

5-1 CWO2 Donald J. MosseyMaj Jules C. Rivera, Jr.CWO2 James N. DeirrichlstLr Leonard L. Touney2dLt Billy R. Newman

S-2 Ma) Grady .V. GardnerMa) William L. ShearerMa) William P EshelmanS-S Ma) James H. YarnellMa) Julian P. StienonMa) John W. O'DonnellMa) Joseph W. Gibbs IllMa) Robert J. Graham

S-4 Ma) Berlis F. EnnisMa) Harold E. ItrhkawichMaj Bobbie K. Brodie

Hq, 33d Marine Amphibious Unir(33d MAU1CTG 79.5)

18Apr72-26Apr735

CO Col Roberr J. PerrichCol Charles T. Williamson

XO LtCol Julius M. I.ewis, JLLtCol Bobby T [add

5-1 Ma) Dougal A. Cameron IIICWO2 James R, MilnerCWO3 John M. Larson

S-2 Ma) John F DelaneyMa) Henry W. AustinCapt Jerrold T. Irons

S-3 Ma) Wdliam H. LeonardMa) Dougal A. Cameron IIIMa) Raymond M. KosreskyMa) Jerry D. PetersonMa) David J. McGraw

5-4 Ma) DavidJ. RyanMa) Leonard K. SiusherCapt Emile W. Hoffman

*Deactivated 26Apr73.

lJan72-31May721Jun72 -28Nov72

29Nov72-31Mar73lJan72-31Mar72

lApr72-24Nov7225Nov72-31Mar73

1Jan72-21.Feb72

22Feb72- 6Mar727Mar72.16Jan73l7Jan73-9Feb73

lOFcb73-3lMar731Jan72-20Jan72

2 1Jan72 .2 3 Sep72

24Sept72 -3 1Mar731Jan72-4Jan72

4Mar72-31Mar72lApr72-7Ju172

SJul72-15Mar7316Mar73-31Mar73

lJan72-28Jan72293an72-IONov721lNov72-3lMar73

lMay72-4Aug725Aug72-26Apr73

lMay72-15ep7225ep72-26Apr73lMay72-31May72123un72-3lDcc72

1Jan73-26Apr7317Apr72-lGAug72123un72-l6Aug72IlSep7 2-2 6Apr73l3Apr72-5May72

6May72-7Jun7212Jun72 4 Aug 7 2

5Aug72-14Jan73lSJan73.26Jan73

l3Apr72-5May72l2Jun72-12Nov7213Nov72.26Jan73

CO LtCol Eugene E. ShoultsLrCol DWayne GrayLrCol George E, Jones

XO Ma) Edward J. Dyer, Jr.Maj Glen GoldenMaj John S. VogrMa) William A. Hall

SgtMaj lsrSgr Elvis W. LanelstSgr Ernest BenjaminlsrSgt Kenneth R. Buehi

S-i isrLr Richard E. SrorrlstLt John H. Cole, Jr.

S-S LCdr Richard M. Kreassing, USN[tog) David P. Throop, USNCapt Ronald W. Marsteller[tog) David P. Thrnop, USNLt Robert I. Still, USNlstLr William E. Corcoran

S4 CWO3 Joseph R. MorrisserreCWO4 Roy K. HarrislstLr Frank Rivas, Jr.

*Deacti sated with return to PMFPac on 14Mar73.

CG BGcn Edward J. MillerBGen Paul G. Graham

C/S Col Sumner A. ValeCol Kenneth G. Fiegener

G-l LrCol William C. BradleyCapt Herbert F. PoseyMa) David D. Johns

G-2 Ma) James A. MillerMa) William I. FerrierMa) Fred L. Edwards, Jr.

G-3 [.tCol James L. ShanahanLtCol James L. Day

G-4 LrCol Frank S. CannonLrCol Richard L. EtterLrCol Jimmie R. Phillips

G-5 LrCol George B. Crist

*Deactivated with return to HI MAP on 9Feb73.**Command Chronologies incomplete.

267


CO LeCol Clyde D. DeanLtCol Floyd A. Karker, Jr.

XO Maj Robert P. HamiltonMaj Herbert L. Seay

H&S Capt Robert E. HappyA Co Capt Joseph E. Freed

IstLe Charles C. EmmonsB Co Capt Robert W. CarswellC Co Capt Donald R. Huskey

lsrLt Donald L. MartiniseLt John H. Young

D Co Capt John S. Leffen, Jr.lstLt James G. Zumwale II

CO LtCol John PhillipsLtCol Robert W, Kirby

XO Maj John W. HemingwayMaj Henry W. Tutterow, Jr.Maj Robert R. Babbin

H&S Capt Robert T. WillisIstLe Robert W. ClarktstLe Everitt P. Clark, Jr.

F Co Capt Canton W. Fulford, Jr.Capt Robert G. NunnallylstLt Robert P. McAleerCapt Fred R. CrowleyCapt William J. Johnston Ill

F Co Capt Guy A. Pete. Jr.Capt William R. J. MaaciangelolscLc Allan H. Varga.sCapt Larry S. Schmidt

G Co Capt George S. FordCape Carlos D. EspinozalseLt Peter R. DornCape laurent J. Jansen

H Co Capt Brure F. GriesmerCapt George J. Esehenfeldee

CO LeCol William R. Von HartenLeCol Bruce A. Truesdale

H&S Capt John S. lawery, Jr.IstLt Dennis J. HellmanCapt Walter F. DeeselstLt Thomas F. Mitchell, Jr.Capt Thomas A. Hobbs

I Co Capt Samuel M. GarlandK Co Capt Jack M. Moore

tstLe Paul R. OeringerCapt Eugene G. Meiners

L Co Capt Harry C. Dolan

lJan72-t6Aug7217Aug72-31Dec72

1Jan72 -9Aug72lOAug72-31Dec72

lJan72-31Dec721jan72 -12Ju 172

13Jul72-31Det721Jan72-28Aug72

tJan72-9Jun72loJu n7 2-12ju1 72

13Ju172-31Dec721Jan72-IJul72

2Jul72.3 1Dec72

lJan72.2 3Jun7224Jun72-31Dec72

1Jan72-21Jul72

22Ju172-27Dec7228Der7 2-3 1Dec72

1Jao72-29Mar72

30Mar72-24Nov7225Nov72-31Det72

1Jan72-7Ape728Apr72-13Apr72

14Apr72-22Ape7223Ape72-19Der7220Dec72-3 1Dec72

tJan72-3 1Jan721Feb72-13Apr72

14Apr72 -19Dec72

20Dec72-3 1Dec72lJan72-3Apr72

4Apr72-t3Apr7214Apr72-22Apr7223Apr72-31Dec72

iJan 72. 30May72lMay72-3tDec72

lJan72-30Jun72t40cr72-3lDec7 2

lJan72-22Feb7223Feb72-8Mar72

9Mar72-12May7213May72-t4Jun7215Jun72-3 1Dec72

tJul72-31Dec72lJan72.24Apr72

25Apr72-t4Jun7215Jun72-31Dec72

lJan72.12May72

latLa Perry S. ShimanoffCapt Rithard T Kohl

M Co Cape Walter E. DeeseCapc Dennis B. FryeearCapt Thomas F. Mitchell, Jr.

1st Battalion, 9th MarineslJan72.31Dec72

CO LeCol Phillip B. FriedrichsLeCol Robert A. Monfort

XO Maj Joseph P. HoarMaj Phillip A. ForbesMaj Bayliss L. Spivey, Jr.

H&S Cape RobertJ. ArboledalstLc Robert W. GearyCapt Howaed W. Langdon, Jr.

A Co IstLe Charles DemelloIseLt John C. Dowell

B Co IseLe Charles D. MelsonCapt LynnJ. KimballiseLe Robert G. Sikorski

C Co Capt John D. HaalaodIseLt Paul R. GeedesCapt Robert E. Logan, Jr.

D Co Capt Dennis R. KendigistLe Peter]. CammaranoCapt Donald R. Dunagan

2d Battalion, 9th MarineslJan72-31Dec72

CO LeCol John C. GonzalesLeCol Jerome P TrehyLtCol Ray A. Stephens

XO Maj Richaed A. JohnsonMaj Edwatd H. BoydMaj Richard W. Maesden

H&S Capt Richard D. Camp, Jr.Cape Albert P. JohnsCapt John M. HolladayCapt Paul L. SneadtstLt Donald Thomley

E Co istLe Kevin G. CrouthamelCapc Robert G. NunnallyCape John M. Holladay

F Co iseLt Robert A. ThomaststLt Andrew N. PrattCapt William R. J. MasiangeloIseLe Andrew N. PrattCapt Albert P. Johns

G Co IseLe Askold I l-IaywasCapt Peter N. ViditolseLc Gary M. Alden

H Co Capt Coy I Best, Jr.lstLt Thomas J. ShorelseLt Leo W. BillingsCapt Carlos D. Espinoza

l3May72-14Jun72lSJun72.3tDer72

lJan72-8Mae729Man72-14Jun72

t5June72.31Dec72

Jan72-2Jul723Jul72-3lDet72lJan72-18Jun72

19Jun72-24Aug7225Aug72-31Der72

lJan72-14Apr7215Apr72-195ep72

205ep72-31Dec721Jan72-13Apr72

14Apr72- 31Dec72

1Jan72-13Feb72

14Feb72 -24jun7225Jun72-31Dec72

lJan72-lSep722Sep72 -9Sep72

tOSep72-31Dec72lJan72-lSep72

25ep72-t4Sep72155ep72-3lDec72

tjan72-22Mar7225 Mac72-2 7Jul72

28Jul72-31Dec72

Uan72.8Mar729Mar72-17Der72

18Dec72-31Det72tjan72-tOApr72

tlApr72-170ct72l8Ott72-l9Nov72

20Nov72-19Dee7220Dec72-31Dec72

lJan72-13Apr7214Ape72-t9Nov72

20Nov72-3 1Dec72IJan72-SMar72

7Mar72-l3Apr7214Apr72-30Jun72

1Jul7 2-1 7Oct72

18Oct72- 31Dec721Jan72- 28Mar72

29Mar72-1 7Oct72180ce72-31Dec72

1Jan72 .5Feb72

óFeb72-lMae722Mar72-12Apr72

13Apr72-31Der72

1st Battalion, 4th MarineslJan72.3lDet72

2d Battalion, 4th MarineslJan72-3lDer72

3d Battalion, 4th MarineslJan72-31Dec72

COMMAND AND STAFF, GROUND 269

3d Battalion, 9th Marines1jan72-31Dec72

CO LtCol George B. CristLrCol Ronald A. ClarkLtCol Richard J. Alger

XO Maj Richard C. OssenfortMaj Daniel li. Mullally, Jr.Maj Samuel E. Black

H&S Capt Thomas D. MaccmlstLc David E. YlasaklstLt George W. BallCapt Robert E. Tschan

Co I Capt Richard A. CrowelstLt John G. Nemec, Jr.lath Frederick C. Williams

1Jan72-16Jan72

17Jan72-100rr72llOct72-31Dec72

lJan72-15Jul7228Ju172-9Nov72

10Nov72 -3 1Dec72

lJan72-l3Mar7214Mar72-l8Apr7219Apr72-5May726May72-31Dec72

lJan72-20Apr7221Apr72-3May724May72-19May72

Capt Michael S. KellyCo K Capt Richard J. Muller

lsrLt Carl J. loguidiceCapt Nathaniel R. Hoskot, Jr.

Co L Capt Gary W. McDowelllstLr Jeffrey M. ParkinsonlsrLr Roger F HarrisCapt Philip F. Reynolds

Co M Capt Klaus D. SchreiberIstU Raymond M. KruselsrLr Gregg C. KubulstLr David E. ViasakCapt Thomas D. Martin

*3 MAG-12. 25Aug72.**T MAG-12, 21May72.

MAG-15, 4Jun72.MAC-is, 3Jun72.

20May72.24Aug72*

1Jan72-21Feb7222Feb72- 5Apr72

6Apr7220May72**

1Jan72-lMar722MarY2-4May72

SMay72-25May7226May723Jun72***

1Jan72- 3Jan72

4Jan72-22kb7223Feb72-17Apr72

l8Apr72-24May7225May72.2Jun72****

Appendix C

Command and Staff ListMarine Air Units

Hq, Task Force Delta24May72 •2 lJSep73*

l-lq, Marine Air Group 15 (Forward) (MAG-15)IApr72-2 1Sep73 *

CG EGen Andrew W. O'DonnellBGen Robert W. ihylorEGen Manning T Jannell

C/S Col Richard F. Hawes, Jr.LtCo! Guy It. CanipoLtCo! Louis W. Schwindr

G-l Capt Matthew Pallo, Jr.CWO2 Dennis Egan

G-2 Maj James M. BarnhartG-3 LtCoI Mervyn J. Burns

Maj Paul M. ColeMaj Arthur P. Loring, Jr.LrCol Robert PlantLtCol Norman A. Smith

G-4 LrCol Vinci! W. HazelbakerLrCol Robert C. Tashjian

G-5 Capt Theodore D. Owens3/9 Security Element

Maj John M. CampanelliMaj Kenneth N. Zilce

CO Col Dean C. Macho1(0 LtCol John M, Rapp

LtCol Eddie R. MaagLtCol Harold L. Jackson, Jr.

S-I Maj Theodore It. McElroyCapt Marvin F. Pixton III

Maj John V. ClineMaj John H. Ditto

5-2 CWO2 Arnoldu V. Serrata5.3 Maj Richard T. Poore

Maj Kenneth D. HollandMaj Jack L. Omer

5-4 Maj Angelo M. InglisaMaj Robert C. BlackingronMaj James B. Harrison, Jr.

3/9 Security ElementCapt Nathaniel It. Hoskot. Jr.Capt Michael S. Kelly

*Date returned to 1st MAW

270

10Jun72.22Aug7223Aug72 -13Aug73

14Aug73-2Nov7324May72-3OSept72

10ct72-28Aug7329Aug73-2Nov73lOJun72-15May73

16May73- 2 Nov73

IQJun7 24 2Sept72lOJun72-lONov72

llNov72-3Feb734Feb73-1Jun73

2Jun73 28Aug7329Aug73-2Nov73lQJun72-28May73

29May73-2 1Sept73

l9Aug72-l2Sept72

2QJun72-25Nov7226Nov72-2lSept73

17May72 -1Feb73

l7May72.95ep72105ep72-29Jan73

30Jan73 -11Feb73

17May72-27Jul7228Jul72-3 1Jul72

lAug72-19Dec7220Dec72-lFeh73

l7May72-31Dec7217May72-31Jul72lAug72-29Jan7330Jan73-lFeb73

17May72.llSrp72i2Sepr72-29Jan73

30Jan73-lPeb73

21May72-24Aug722 5 Aug72-? Fe b7 3

CO Col Keith O'KeefeCol Aubrey W. Talbert, Jr.Col Darrel E. Ejorkiund

XO LtCol Don A. MickleLrCul Rodney 0. LawrenceLtCol Don 3. Slee

LrCol Arvid W. RealsenS-I Maj Daniel C. Escalara

LrCol John T TylerMaj Martin W. MeredithCapt Brute B. Welch

S.2 Capt Donald L. SchusseleCapt Brute M. WinrentsenCWO2 Thomas R. BurnhamCWO3 Richard D. Webb

5-3 Maj Joseph B. WuertaLrCol Ernest 3. AndersenMaj Arthur P. listing. Jr.LtCol Robert Plant

S-'1 Maj Jack P. SmithMaj William F. TremperMaj William J. CooperMaj Jay N. Bibler

3/9 Security ElementCapt Philip F Reynolds

*Date returned to 1st MAW

CO LrCol Kent A. McFerrenMaj Gerald DejongLtCol Henry C. Ivy, Jr.LtCol Charles V. Smillie, Jr.

XO Maj Thomas K. DuffyMaj Getald DejongMaj Jay N. BihlerMaj William 3. CooperMaj Philip R. Kruse

OIC Maj Francis t O'ConnerMaj Anton E. Therriaulr

lApr72-SAug729Aug72-24Ju17325Ju173-21Sep73lApr72-5May726May72-? Sep7285ep72-8May73

9May73-215ep73lApr72-20Feb722lPeb72-20Jul722lJul72-20Apr7321Apr73-215ep73lApr72-l5Apr7216Apr72-31Ju172

lAug72-12Der7223Jun73-215ep73

lApr72-5Jun726Jun72-5May73

6May73-26May7327May73-2l5ep73

lApr72-2Jul723Jul72-31Aug72

ISep72-24Apr7325Apr73•2l5ep73

25May72-I9June72

lApr72-23Jun7224Jun72-l4Jul72

15Jul72 -2Jul723Jul73-215ep73

tApr72-2 7Apr7219May72.23Jun72185ep72-25Apr7326Apr73-lAug732Aug73-2 1Sep73

83un72-GAug727Aug72-50ct72

*Deactivaled with return to III MJtF on 2Nov73.

Hq, Marine Air Group 12 (Forward) (MAG-12)l7May72-lFeb73t

Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 115 (VMFA-115)IApr72-215ep73

Marine Aerial RefuelerTransport Squadron 152 (VMGR-152), Detachment Delta

SJun72-215ep73

COMMAND AND STAFF, AIR 271

Capt Andrew D. LarsonCapt David D. HundleyCapt Larry W. AllenCapt Harry F. Clernence, Jr.

CO LeCol Edward C. HcrtbergMaj David J. MooreLcCol Edward C. HectbergLtCol Donald E. Schneider

XO Maj David J. MooreMaj Achille J. Verbeclt, Jr.Maj David J. MooreMaj Harrison A. Makeever

60ce72-12Dec7213Dec72-31Jan73

lFeb731Aug732Aug73-2lSept73

164 (HMM-164)

lJan72-llJan7212Jan72-2 7Jan7228Jan72-31Ju172lAug72-3 1Dec72

lJan721lJan7212Jan72- 27Jan7228Jan72.17Jul72

18Aug7 23 1Dec72

LtCol Eddie R. MaagLrCol Rodney 0. LawrenceMaj James lii. Mead

XO Maj Daniel C. EscaleraMaj Jacob K. Albrighc, Jr.Maj William T McFallMaj Dave G. Drewelow

CO LrCol Kevin M. JohnstonLtCol John J. Caldaa, Jr.

XO Maj Thomas L. ElserMaj John T. Cline

lOMay72-85ep7295epr72-19Apr73

2OApc7321Sept73lApr72-31May72

Uun72.lOSep72115cp72.14Jun7317Jun73.218ep73

17May72 7Sep 728Sep72 .lFeb 73

l7May72-31Dec72lJan73.IFeIs73

Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 165 (HMM.165)1Jan72-31]ul73t

CO LrCol Paul L. MoreauLtCoI Charles H. F. EggerLtCol Arthur B. Colbert

XO Maj Donnie M. GriffayMaj Thomas A. B. GoldsboroughMaj Davis SayesMaj Robert P. Rogers

tOpcoa IF 78, 1Feb73 antil 24Jul73.

Marine Attack Squadron 211 (VMA.211)17May72-lFeb73

Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 212 (VMFA.212)lApc72.30Jun72t

*Unit departed RVN for Hawaii, 24Jun72.

Marine All Weacher Attack Squadron 224 (VMA[AW].224)1Jan72 .3 1Jul72t

Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 333 (VMFA-333)1Jul72.4Mar73*

CO LeCol John K. CochranMaj Lee T. Lasseter

XO Maj Lee T. Laasetcr?vlaj ThomasJ. Lyman, Jr.

Marine Attack Helicopter Squadron 369 (HMA.369)14Jun72-26Jan73t

CO Maj Dawson P HansenMaj David L. Rost

XO Capt Ronald G. OsborneMaj James H. MarshallMaj Dawson P Hansen

tOpCo,i IF 77, 22Jun72 untd 26Jan73.

Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron 463 (HMH-463)1Jan73 .3 IJul7 3*

CO Maj John Van Norrwirk IllMaj William]. Smirh

2(0 Maj William J. SmithMaj Bruce L. Shapiro

tOpCon IF 78. 1Feb73 until 24Jul73.

CO LrCol Billey R. SeandlcyLeCol Ralph E. Brubaker

XO LtCol Ralph B. BrubakerMaj Robert L. Gondek

1Jan72 -1jul722Jul7 2-3 1Jul72

lJan72-29May7230May72-31Jul72

Marine All Weather Attack Squadron 53320Jun72-215ep73

CO LtCol James C. BrownMaj Kent C. BatcmanMaj Ronald F. Merrihew

2(0 Maj John A. MartinMaj Kent C. BatemanMaj Ronald F. MerrihewCapt Ronald M. DAmuraMaj Thomas W. Krimminger

(VMA[AW].533)

20Jun72.19Apr7320Apr73-24Jon7325Jun73-2l5ep7320Jun72-31Ju172tAug72-19Apr73

29Apr73 -24Jun 7325Jun73.30Jun7331Aug73-215ep73

Marine Medium Helicopter SquadronlJan72-31Dcc72

Marine Attack Squadron 311 (VMA.311)17May72-lFeb73

1Jan72 .l5Jun7 2

lGJun72-lMay732May73-31Jul73lJan72.15May72

ldMay72.30Jun721ju172.lOOct72

110re72.31Jul73

1Jul72-23Dec7224Dec724Mar73

1Jul72-23Dec7224Dec72-4Mar73

tDep loyed for operations in southeast Asia on the USS America, 1Jul72 until 4Mar73.

CO LeCol Willis F. Wilson, Jr.LeCol Delbert G. Ran ney

3(0 Maj Richard A. BishopMaj Donald M. FerrisMaj Lonnie S. UnderhillMaj William I-I. Homer

17May72-23May7224May72-lFeb73

17May72-l3Apr7214Apr72-6May72

7May72-8Jul729Jul72 1Feb73

CO LeCol Richard D. RevicXO Maj James B. Leonard, Jr.

ldJun72-230ct7224 Oct 7 2. 2 6Jan73

16Jun72 .17J un72

18Jun72 -2 3Oct72240ce72.26Jan73

IApr72.30Jun72lApc72-303un72 lJan73-4Jon73

5Jun7 3.3 1Jul73lJan73-4Jun73

SJun73-3 1Jul73

tDeployed for operations in Southeast Asia on the USS CoralSea, 8Dec71 until 11Jul72.

Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 232 (VMFA-232)lApr7 2-2 1Sep73

CO LtCol Joe L. Gcegorcyk lApr72-9May72

272

Appendix D

Operation Homecoming

Marine prisoners-of-war recovered prior to Operation Homecoming*

Cpl Santos). Agosto captured 12May67 released 23Jan68Sgr James Dodson captured 6May66 escaped 5Jun66LCpI Walter Eckes captured 10May66 escaped 20Jun66LCpI Walter D. Hamilton captured 18Oct65 escaped 29Oct65Sgt Frank C. lodice captured 30May68 escaped 1Jun68LCpl Steven D. Nelson captured 7Jan68 escaped 21Jan68Pvt Joseph S. North, Jr. captured 18Oct65 escaped 29Oct65Sgt Albert). Potter captured 30May68 escaped Uun68Maj Richard F. Risner captured 20Sep68 escaped 22Sep68Pvt Michael R. Roha captuted 7Jan68 escaped 21Jan68Sgt Jon M. Sweeney captured 19Feb69 released 17Sep70Cp! William P. Tallaferro captured 6Feb68 escaped 13Feb68

*Ranks at time of capture

Marines missing-in-action during operations in 1972*

CWO2 Bruce F. Boltze lost 6Oct72 over waterCapt Donald C. Breuer losr 20Nov72 LaosCapt Ralph). Chipman lost 27Dec72 North VietnamlsrLr John M. Christensen lost 13Apr72 over waterCapt John W. Consolvo, Jr. lost 7May72 South VietnamlsrLr Sam G. Cordova lost 26Aug72 LaosCpl Kenneth L. Crody lost 11Jul72 South VietnamIsth Ronald W. Fbrrester lost 27Dec72 North VietnamSSgr Jerry W. Hendrix lost 11Jul72 South VietnamlstLt Scott D. Ketchie lost 9Apr72 LaosCapt David L. Leer lost 13Apr72 over waterlsrLt Joseph W. McDonald lost 3May72 North VietnamCapt John R. Peacock 11 lost 12Oct72 North VietnamlstLt Larry F. Potts lost 7Apr72 South VietnamlstLr William M. Price lost 12Oct72 North VietnamlstLt Dwight G. Rickman lost 25Dec72 South VietnamCapt Leonard Robertson lost 7Jul72 South VietnamCapt David B. Williams lost 3May72 North VietnamCpl James F Worth lost 1Apr72 South Vietnam

*Ranks at time of loss.

OPERATION HOMECOMING 273

Marine returnees during Operation Homecoming*

Capt William K. Angus captured 11Jun72 released 28Mar73Sgt Josef. Anzaldua captured 2 3Jan70 released 27Mar73Capr Bruce R. Archer captured 28Mar68 released 16Mar73Capr Paul G. Brown captured 25Jul68 released 14Mar73

Sgt Leonard R. Budd, Jr. captured 21Aug67 released 5Mar73Sgt Richard (1 Burgess captured 25Sep66 released 5Mar73LrCol Harlan P. Chapman captured 5Nov65 released 12Feb73

SSgt Frank E. Cius, Jr. captured 3Jun66 released 5Mar73SSgr John A. Deering captured 3Feb68 released 5Mar73Capr James V. Dibernardo captured 3Feb68 released 5Mar73LtCol John 1-I. Dunn captured 7Dec65 released 12Feb73Pvr Fred L. .Elbert, Jr. captured 16Aug68 released 16Mar73Capt Lawrence V. Friese captured 24Feb68 released 14Mar73Sgt Robert R. Helle captured 24Apr68 released 16Mar73Sgt Abel L. Kavanaugh captured 24Apr68 released 16Mar73

lstLt Alan J. Kroboth captured 7Jul72 released 27Mar73LrCol Jerry W. Marvel captured 24Feb68 released 14Mar73LrCol Edison W. Miller captured 13Oct68 released 12Feb73Maj Paul J. Montague captured 26Mar68 released 16Mar73SSgt Alfonso R. Riare captured 26Apr67 released 16Mar73Sgt Ronald L. Ridgeway captured 25Feb68 released 16Mar73Maj Orson G. Swindle III captured 11Nov66 released 4Mar73Sgt Dennis A. Tellier captured 19Jun69 released 27Mar73CWO3 William E. Thomas, Jr. captured 19May72 released 27Mar73Capt James P. Walsh captured 26Sep72 released 12Feb73

Capt James H. Warner captured 30cr67 released 14Mar73

*Ranks at time of release.

Marines recovered after Operation Homecoming

PFC Robert R. Garwood caprured 28Sep65 returned 21Mar79

III MAF Operation Homecoming Marine Processing Team8Jan73- 2Oct73

Depury Commander Col John W. ClayborneTeam Chief Maj John J. PaganelliAsst Team Chief Maj Richard L. BrownAdmin Team Capt Gerald S. Duncan

Capt Robert B. SpikerSSgt Richard V. AndersonSgt Thomas W. BohnenkampSgr Frank R. LawsonSgr Orville J. Pierce


Chaplain Capt S. R. Hardman, USNCdt J. G. Newton, USN

Medical Team Capt M. A. Vasquez, USNCdi P. 0. O'Halloran, USN[-IM1 T. J. Taylor, USN

Public Affairs 2dLt Thomas E. KingryLegal LtCol Joseph A. Mallery, Jr.

Maj Neal T. RountreeFinance CWO2 Lawrence T. MullinDebrief Team Capt William C. Howey

CWO3 Vaughan B. DelkCWO3 Claude R. Cordell, Jr.GySgt Cleslie H. EvansGySgt Lloyd H. Link

Uniform Team MSgt Fred A. NorvellSSgt William C. DahlquistSSgt Ronald B. Clemons

Escort Team Chief LtCol Melvin H. Saurter

FMFPac POW Action Officer Maj Thomas Y. Barton, Jr.

HQMC POW Action OfficersPolicy, G-1 Maj William B. ClarkCasualty, G-1 Capt James A. JohnsonIntelligence, G-2 Capt Thomas H. MarinoPublic Affairs Capt James A. AmendoliaJudge Advocate Maj David M. Brahms

Appendix E

Vietnamese Marine Corps (VNMC)January 1972 - January 1973

CMC LtGen Le Nguyen Khang XO Maj Nguyen Van DongBGen Bui The Lan

Medical BattalionAsstCMC Cot Bul The LanCol Nguyen Thanh Tn

C/S Cot Ie Dinh Que CO Maj Nguyen Van TheXO Maj Iran Manh TuongIG Inspector Cot Ton That Soan

Maj Nguyen Van Hay Maj Nguyen Manh Tuong

AdjGen Maj Nguyen Van Dien Amphibious Support BattalionAsst Capt Nguyen Van HanhSocial Welfare Capt Tran Thi Huy L WACF CO Maj Phan Van SatDC/S Ops and Log LtCol Nguyen The Luong XO Maj Vuong Van Tai(C/S Forward) Cot Pham Van ChungG-i Capt Tran Van Nuoi Engineer BattalionAsst Capt Nguyen Van HanhG-2 Maj Le Van Hien CO Maj Do Van TyAsst Capt Tran Kim Hoang XO Capt Cao Van TamG-3 LtCol Do Ky Maj Dang Van TuyenAsst Maj Tran Van HienG-3 TOC LtCol Nguyen Huu Cat Long Range Reconnaissance Company 147G-3 Ops Maj Le Van CuuG-3 Plans Maj Phan Cong Ton CO lstLt Phan Van ThanG-3 Trng Capt Le Hoang NghiG-4 Maj Nguyen Van Nhieu Long Range Reconnaissance Company 258G-4 Trans Maj Ngo Nhat ThangG-4 Ptans 2dLt Nguyen Van Le CO Capt Duong Van BuuDC/S Poiwar LtCol Bui Van PhamPsywar Capt Le Dinh Bao Long Range Reconnaissance Company 369Psyops Trng Capt Huynh Van PhuDivArty/FSC LtCoI Nguyen Van Truoc CO Capt Tran Van ChiAsst Maj Vo Dang PhuongDivCEO LtCol Hoang Ngoc Bao Brigade 147Asst Maj Nguyen Nhu Chu

CO Col Nguyen Nang BaoHeadquarters Battalion XO LtCol Phan Van Thang

LtCot Nguyen Xuan PhucCO LtCol Vo Kinh

LtCoI Pham Nha Brigade 258XO Maj Dang Van Hoc

CO Col Ngo Van DinhCommunications BattalionXO LtCol Do Dinh Vuong

CO LtCol Hoang Ngoc Bao itCol Do Huu Tung

275


COxO

Col Pham Van ChungLtCol Nguyen The Luong

LtCol Pham NbaLtCol Doan Thuc

1st Infantry Battalion

Maj Nguyen Dang TongMaj Nguyen Dang Hoa

Maj Doan Due NghiMaj Nguyen Cao Nghiem

2d Infantry Battalion

LtCol Nguyen Xuan PhucMaj Tran Van HopMaj Tran Van Ho

Maj Le Quang Lien

3d Infantry Battalion

Maj Le Ba BinhMaj Nguyen Van Canh

Capt Duong Van Hung

4th Infantry Battalion

Maj Tran Xuan QuangLtCol Nguyen Dang Tong

Maj Nguyen Dang HoaMaj Pham Kim Tien


LtCol Ho Quang Lich COMaj Tran Ba

Capt Ngo Thanh Huu

COMaj Do Huu Tung XOMaj Tran Van Hien

Maj Nguyen Van CanhMaj Nguyen Van Su

Maj Vo Tn HueMaj Nguyen Van Kim

Capt Nguyen Van KimCapt Ton That Tran

Maj Nguyen Van ThanCapt I.e Van Huyen

Maj Nguyen Phuc Dinh

LtCol Nguyen Kim DeMaj Pham Cang

LtCol Doan Trong CaoMaj Nguyen Huu Lac

LtCol Dang Ba DatMaj Truong Cong Thong

LtCol Iran Thien HieuCapt Ha Tien Chuong

Maj Iran Ngoc ToanLtCol I.e Ba Binh

LtCol Nguyen Due AnCapt Le Van Do

Capt Tran Xuan Bang

Brigade 369



CO

xO

CO

xO

CO

xO

CO

xO

CO

xO

xO

CO

xO

COxO

COxO

COxO

COxO

COxO


1st Artillery Battalion

2d Artillery Battalion

3d Artillery Battalion

Song Than Base

CO

6th Infantry BattalionTraining Center

Appendix F

Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations

A-i—Douglas Skyraidee, a single-engine, propeller-driven attackaircraft.

A-4—McDonnell Douglas Skyhawk, a single-seat jet attack aircraftin service on board carriers of the U.S. Navy and with land-basedMarine attack squadrons.

A-6—-Grumman Intruder, a twin-jet, twin-seat attack aircraft spe-cifically designed to deliver weapons on targets completely ob-scured by weather or darkness.

A-7-—Vought Corsair, a single-seat, jet attack aircraft.A-37—Cessna Dragonfly, a twin-jet, dual-seat, light attack aircraft.AAA—Antiaircrafr Artillery.ABCCC—Airbornc Battlefield Command and Control Center, a

U.S. Air Three asreraft equipped with communications, data link,and display equipment; it may be employed as an airborne com-mand post or a communications and intelligence relay facility.

AC-47 Douglas Spooky, a twin-engine, propeller-driven gunshiparmed with four 7.62mm mini-guns and illumination.

AC-1I9---Fairchild Shadow and Stinger, a twin-engine, propeller-dnven gonship armed with four 7.62mm mini-guns and illu-mination.

AC-130—Iocltheed Spectre, a four-engine, turboprop gunship armedwith 20mm and 4Omm guns, illumination, and infrared capa-bility.

ACCS—Aitborne Command and Control Squadron.ACBLT—Air Contingency Battalion Landing Team, also Air BLT.ACT—U.S. Air Cavalry 'Hoop.ACTIV—Army Concept Team in Vietnam.ADC—Assistant Division Commander.AdminO —Administrative Officer.Adv—Advanred.AH-1J—Bell Sea Cobra, twin-engine, single rotor helicopter spe-

cifically designed for helicopter escort and gonship support with20mm cannon, rockets, and flares.

AID —Agency for International Development.AIK—Assiatanre In Kind.Air America—U.S. Government-sponsored proprietary air transport

company.AK-47 —Kalashnikov-designed, gas-operated, air-cooled, magazine-

fed. 7.62mm automatic rifle, with an effective range of 400meters. Standard rifle of the North Vietnamese Army.

AIC—Area logistical Command.A&L CO—Administrative and Direct Support Logistics Company.Alladsn —Air Force FAC operating at night using starlight scope and

flares to control night air strikes.AlMar—All Marines, a Commandant of the Marine Corps bulletin

directed to all Marine Corps personnel.AID—Air Liaison Officer, a naval aviator/flight officer attached to

a ground unit who is the primary advisor to the ground com-mander on air operation matters.

AMTI—Aieborne Moving Target Indicator on the A-6 aircraft.ANGLICO—Air and Naval Gunfire Liaison Company, a unit com-

posed of Marine and Navy personnel specially qualified for con-trol of naval gunfire and close air support. ANGLICO personnel

normally provided this service while attached to L'S. and al-lied units.

AO—Air Observer, brief for naval aviation observer (tactical), anindsvidual whose primary mission is to observe from light air-craft in order to adjust supporting arms fire and to obtain information.

AO—Aeea of Operations.AOA—Amphibioos Objective Area, a defined geographical area wi-

thin which is located the area or areas to be captured by an am-phibious task forre.

AOE—Fast Combat Support Ship.Apache—Call sign of"A" Troop, 7/i Air Cavalry Squadron (ACS).APC—Armored Personnel Carrier.APD —Airborne Personnel Derertor.Arc Light—Code name for 8-52 bombing missions in South

Vietnam.ARG—Amphibioos Ready Group.ARRS—Aeeospare Rescue and Recovery Squadron.Arty—Artillery.ARVN—Army cf the Republic of Vietnam (Sooth Vietnam).ASP—Ammunition Supply Point.ASPE —Assault Support Patrol Boat.ASRT—Air Sopport Radar Team, a subordinate operational com-

ponent of a tactical air control system which provides ground-controlled precision flight path guidance and weapons releasefor attack aircraft.

Alt —Atmored Troop Carrier, nicknamed "Tango boat."AltO—Air flansportation Coordination Officer.ATSB—Advanced Tartical Support Base.A/W—Aotomaeie Weapons.Autumn Mist—A helicopter defoliation mission using one UH-1

spray aircraft which may or may nor be arcompanied by a lightfire team.

Barrel Roll — Codename for air interdiction operations in Laos.B-3—North Vietnamese military command established in the Cen-

tral Highlands of South Vietnam to control military operationsin Konrum, Dar Lac, and Pleiko Provinces.

B-40 — Communist rocket-propelled grenade launcher.B-5—Nnrth Vietnamese military command established along the

Demilitarized Zone,8-52 — Boeing Stratofortress, U.S. Air Force eight-engine jet, swept-

wing heavy bomber.BA—Base Area.DCC — Border Control Centers.BDC—Baac Defense Commander.BGen — Brigadier General,Bronco—Rockwell International OV-l0, twin-engine, turboprop

counterinsurgency aircraft.BLT—Battalion Landing Team.Bn—Battalion.Brig— Brigade.

277


Bushmaster—An operation conducted by a company-sized unit in-serted into an area, to establish a clandestine base of operationsand to interdict enemy infiltration routes using coordinatedplatoon-sized night ambushes.

C-) — Lockheed Galaxy, fouc-engine jet tcanspoct airtcaft.C-7—De Havilland Caribou, twin-engine, propeller-driven trans-

port aircraft.C-117 — Douglas Skytcain, a twin-engine, propeller-driven transport

aircraft. The C-117 was an improved version of the C-47, themilitary version of the DC-3.

C-123—Fairchild Pcovidec, twin-engine, propeller-driven transportaircraft.

C130—Lockheed Hercules, a four-engine, turboprop transportaircraft.

C-141—Lockheed Starlifrer, a four-engine jet transport aircraft.Capt—Captain.CARE—Co-operation foe American Relief Everywhere.CAS—Close Air Support.CBU—Clusrer Bomb Unit.CCB—Command and Communications Boat.CCC—Combined Campaign Plan.Cdr— Commander.CEC—Construction Engineer Corps.CG—Commanding General.CH-46—Boeing Vertol Sea Knight, a twin-engine, tandem-rotor

transpote helicopter, designed to catty a four-man crew and 17combat-loaded troops.

CH-47 — Boeing Vertol Chinook, a twin-engine, tandem-rotor trans-port helicopter, designed to tarry a four-man crew and 33combat-loaded troops.

CH-53—Sikorsky Sea Stallion, a twin-engine, single-rotor, heavytransport helicopter with an average payload of 12,800 pounds.Carties crew of three and 38 combat-loaded troops.

ChiCom—Chinese Communist.Chieu Hoi —"Open Arms" program which welcomes returnees to

the side of the Government uf South Vietnam.CIA—Central Intelligence Agency.CICV— Combined Intelligence Center Vietnam.CID — Criminal Investigative Division.CIDG—Civilian Irregular Defense Geoups, mercenaries of Viet-

namese, Laotian, and Cambodian descent who fight primarilyaround their own villages.

CinCPac—Commander in Chief, Pacific.CinCPacflt—Commandec in Chief, Pacific Fleet,CIT—Counter-Intelligence Team.Class 1, 11, III, cc al—Categories of military supplies, e.g., Class

I, rations; Class II, petroleum-oil-lubricants; Class V, ammu-nition.

Claymore—M18A1 U.S. dicectsonal antipersonnel mine.CMC—Commandant of the Marine Corps.CMD—Capital Military District.CMH—Center of Military History. Department of the Army.CNO—Chief of Naval Operations.CO — Commanding Officer.COC—Combat Operations Center.Col — Colonel.Combat Skyspot— High-altitude, radar-directed, level-flight bomb-

ing employing various types of aitctafr.ComdC — Command Chconology.

ComdHise— Command History.Comm — Communications.ComNavEbePar—Commandec, Naval Thrces, Pacific.ComNavFotV—Commander, Naval Itsrces, Vietnam.ComUSMACV— Commander, U.S. Military Assistance Command,

Vietnam.ComIJSMACThai —Commander, U.S. Military Activities Command,

Thailand.CORDS — Civil Operations Revolutionary Development Support.COSVN—Ceotral Office of South Vietnam, the nominal Com-

munist military and political headquarters in South Vietnam.CP—Command Post.CPX— Command Pose Exercise.CRC—Control and Reporting Center, an element of the U.S. Air

Rstce tactical air control system, subordinate to the Tactical AirControl Center, which tondurts radar and warning operations.

CR5—Catholic Relief Service.CRDC — Central Revolutionary Development Council.CRIMP— Consolidated Republic of Vietnam Improvement and

Modernization Plan.CRIP—Civilian Reconnaissance Intelligence Platoon.CS—Riot agent, also known as "teat gas?'CSC — Communications Service Company.CTZ—Corps Tactical Zone.CV— Multipurpose airttsft tartiet.CVA—Attack aircraft carrier.CZ—Coastal Zone.

DAO—Defense Attache Office.DASC—Direct Air Support Center, a subordinate operational com-

ponent of an air-control system designed for conttol of close airsupport and other direct ait-suppore opetaeions.

DC-8 — MrDonnell Douglasjet Trader, a four-engine, jet cargo andpassenger transport aircraft.

D-Day—Day scheduled for the beginning of an operation.DD — Destroyer.

DDG—Guided Missile Destroyer.DE — Escort Destroyer.DIA—Defense Intelligence Agency.Div—Division.DMZ—Demilitarized Zone separating North and South Vietnam.DOD—Department of Defense.DRV—Democratit Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam).DSA—District Senior Advisor.DTA—Division Tactical Atea.Dtd — Dated.DTZ—Divisinn Tactical Zone.Duffel Bag—Acoustical sensors used for surveillance.Duster—Nickname for the 11.5. M42 tracked vehicle which mounts

dual "iOmm automatic weapons.Dust Off— Medical evacuatioo by helicopter.

EA-6 — Grumman Prowler, the electronic watfate version of the A-6AIntruder.

Eagle Flight—Air-cavalry-type operation using gunships and lighehelicopters to initiate contact, followed by helo insertions intocontact areas.

Eagle Float—Troops embarked on rivet assault etafe (RAC) who areinserted into a battle area on command.

GLOSSARY 279

EB-66 — Douglas Destroyer, twin-engine, jet, electronic warfare ver-sion of the B-66.

EC-130-.-Lockheed. a four-engine, turbo-prop, electronic warfareand communications version of the C-130 Hercules,

ECM —Electronic Countermeasures, a major subdivision of electronicwarfare involving actions against enemy electtonic equipmentor to exploit thr usr of electromagnetic radiations from suchequipment.

ECCM—Elerrconic Counter Countermeasures, the procedures andequipment used to protect communications and electronicequipment from interference or exploitation by an enemy.

EUNT—Eleccronic Intelligence, chc intelligence information gainedby monitoring radiations from enemy electronic equipment.

Engr—Engineer.ENIFF—Enemy Initiated Fire Fight.EOD—Explosivc Ordnance Disposal.ETA, ETh—Estimaced Time of Arrival and Estimated Time of

Departure.

F-4—McDonnell Phantom II, a twin-engine, two-seat, long-range,all-weather jet interceptor and attack bomber.

P.5 —Northrop Freedom Fighter, a twin-engine, single-seat, jet fight-er aircraft.

FAC—Ibrward Air Controller.FAC(A) — Rsrward Air Controller (Airborne).FANK—&rce Annee Nationale Khmer, the Cambodian Army.FDC—Fire Direction Center.Firefly—A light fire team (LFI') with a flare oc a light ship employed

in a night airfield defense.FMFPac—Fleet Marine Force, Pacific.RD—Forward Observer.Freedom Deal—Codenamc foe air operations in Cambodia.FRC—Federal Records Center.Front 4—Communist military headquacters responsible for Quang

Nam Province.P58 — Fire Support Base.FSCC—Fice Support Coordination Center, a single location involved

in the coordination of all forms of fice support.FSR—Force Service Regiment.Fwd—Thrward.FWMAF— Free World Military Assistance Forces.FWMF— Free World Military Force.FY—Fiscal Year, for example "FY-72"

G-1, -2, et al—Military staff positions on a general staff, e.g., G-1would refer to the staff member re' sonsible for personnel; 0-2,intelligence; 0-3, operarions; G-1 logistics; and G-5, civil af&irs.

Gen — General.Grenade Launcher—U.S. M79 or M203 single-shot, breech-loaded,

shoulder weapon which fires 40mm projectiles and weighs ap-proximately 6.5 pounds when loaded; it has a sustained rateof aimed fire of five o seven rounds pee minute and an effectiverange of 375 meters.

Gun, 175mm—U.S. M107 self-pcopelled gun which weighs 62,000pounds and fires a 147-pound projectile to a maximum rangeof 32,800 meters. Maximum rate office is one round every twominutes.

GVN—Government of Vietnam (South Vietnam).

H&l — 1-lacassing and Inrerdietion fires.H&MS — Headquarters and Maintenance Squadron.H&S Co—Headquarters and Service Company.HC(A) — Helicopter Commander (Airborne).HDC—Hclicopcer Direction Center.HE — High Explosive.HEAr—Helicopter Employment And Landing Table.HH-3 — Sikorsky Sea King, a single-rotor, helicopter used for com-

bat search and rescue.HH-53—Silcorslcy Sea Stallion, twin-engine, single-rotor helicop-

ter used for search and rescue in combat configurations.H-Hour—Specific rime an operation begins.HLZ—Helicoprer Landing Zone.HMH—Macine Heavy Helicopter Squadron.HMM—Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron, also the basis of com-

posste squadrons with deployed forces.Hoi Chanh—A Chieu Hoi rallier.Hook—CH-47 helicopters from an assault supply company (ASHC).Howitzer, 8-ineh—U.S. M55 self-propelled, heavy artillery piece with

a maximum range of 16,900 meters and a care of fire of oneround every nvo minutes.

Howirzer, 105mm—U.S. MIOIAI rowed, general-purpose light ar-tillery piece with a maximum range of 11,000 meters and maxi-mum tare of fire of four rounds per minute.

Howitzer, 155mm—U.S. MI14A rowed and M109 self-propelledmedium artillery with a maximum range of 15,080 meters anda maximum tare of fire of three rounds per minute. The newerand heavier self-propelled M109 was largely road-bound, whileche lighrer, cowed M1I4A could be moved either by truck orby helicopter.

HST— Helicopter Support Team.Huey—Bell Iroquois UN-I series of helicopters.HQMC— Headquarters Marine Corps.

ICCS—Inrernarional Commission of Control and Supervision, es-tablished by the Paris Peace Accords of 1973 to supervise theimplemenrarion of the accords. Composed of members fromCanada, Hungary, Poland, Indonesia, and Iran.

I MAF—I Marine Amphibious Force.mccl — Intelligence.Inrvw— Interview.lOD—Inregeated Observation Device.ITT— Interrogator/Translator Team.

3-1, -2, er al—Designation for members of a joint staff which in-cludes members of several Services, 3.1 refers to the staff mem-ber responsible for pecsonnrl;J-2, intelligenee;J-3, operations;3-4, logistics; and 3-5, civil affairs.

JCRC —Joint Casualry Resolurion Center.JCS—.Joinc Chiefs of Sraff (U.S.).JGS —Joint Genetal Staff (South Vietnamese).JMC—Joinr Milirary Commission. The Four Parry JMC represent-

ing the United Stares, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and rheProvisional Revolutionary Government established by the 1973Paris Peace Accords. See also the Two Parry JMC of RVN andthe PRO.

JUSPAO—Joinc U.S. Public Affairs Office.

K Ba A platoon of gunships, one command and control ship.


Group of the Center

and at least five troop-carrying helicopters available for use bySouth Vietnamese provincial governments.

KC-130—Lockheed, in-flight refueling tanker configuration uf theC-130 Hercules.

Khmer Rouge—Cambodian Communists.KIA—Killed in Action.Kit Carson Scouts— Former Viet Cong who came over to the South

Vietnamese side and served with allied units.

LAAW—U.S. M72 light antitank assault weapon, also know as lightantitank weapon (LAW).

ICC—Amphibious Command Ship.1CM—Landing Craft, Mechanized, designed to land tanks, trurks,

and trailers directly onto the beach. Also known as a "Mike boat?'ICPL— Landing Craft, Personnel, Large.ICE—Landing Craft, Utility.JCVP—Landing Craft, Vehicle, Personnel, a small craft with a bow

ramp used to transport assault troops and light vehicles to thebeach. Also known as a "Papa boar?'

1GB—Laser Guided Bomb, popularly known as "smart bombs?'L-Hour—The specific time helicopters land in a helicopter landing

zone (USMC); launch hour, when an aircraft leaves the ground(USA F).

Linebacker—Codename for the air and surface interdiction opera-tions against North Vietnam in t972.

LKA—Amphibious Cargo Ship.lOC—Lines of Communication.LOH—OH-6 Light Observation Helicopter.101—Letter of Instruction.LORAN—Long Range Navigarion, a system of radio stations at

known positions used for air and sea guidance.LPD —Amphibious Transport Dock, a ship designed to transport

and land troops, equipment, and supplies by means of embarkedlanding craft, amphibious vehicles, and helicopters. It has botha submersible well deck and a heliroprer landing deck.

LPH—Amphibious Assault Ship, a ship designed or modified totransport and land troops, equipment, and supplies by meansof embarked helicopters.

LRRP—Inng Range Reconnaissance Patrol.ISA—Logistic Support Area.L.SD—1.snding Ship Dock, a landing ship designed to combat load,

transport, and launth amphibious crafts or vehicles together withcrews and embarked personnel, and to provide limited dock-ing and repair services to small ships and crafts, It lacks thehelicopter landing deck of the LPD.

LST—Thnk Landing Ship, a landing ship designed to transport heavyvehicles and to land them on a beach.

LSU—Logiscics Support Unit.Lr—Lieutenant.LeCol —Lieutenant Colonel.L'I'DS—Laset Target Designation System.LtGen — Lieutenant General.Ltr— Letter.

LUFI'— Light fire team (two htlicoprer gunships).LVIt—Landing Vehicle, 'frscked, Command, an amphibian vehi-

cle fitted with radios for use as a command and control facility.LVTE—Landing Vehicle, Trarked, Engineer, a lightly armored am-

phibian vehicle designed for minefield and obstacle clearance.LVTP— Landing Vehicle, Tracked, Personnel; an amphibian vehicle

used to land or transport personnel.Il—Landing Zone.

MAB—Marine Amphibious Brigade.MABLEX—MAB Landing Exercise.MABS—Marine Air Basr Squadron.MAC—Military Airlift Command.Machine Gun, .50 Caliber—U.S. M2 belt-fed, recoil-operated, air-

cooled automatic weapon, which weighs approximately 80pounds without mount or ammunition; it has a sustained rateoffice of 100 rounds per minute and an effective range of 1,450meters.

Machine Gun, 7.62mm—U.S. M60 belt-fed, gas-operated, air-tooled, automatic weapon, which weighs approximacely 20pounds without mount or ammunition; it has a sustained rareoffice of 100 rounds per minute and an effective range of t,000meters.

MACS—Macinc Air Control Squadron, provides and operatesground facilities fur the detection and interception of hostileaircraft and for thr navigational direction of friendly aircraft inthe conduct of support operations.

MACV—Military Assistance Command, Vietnam.MM—Marine Amphibious Force, currently "MEF" (Marine Expedi-

tionary Force).MAG—Marine Aircraft Group.Main Force—Refers to organized Vict Cong battalions and rcgimenrs

as opposed to local guerrilla groups.Maj — Major.MajGen — Major General.MAP— Military Assistance Program.MarDiv— Marine Division.Marines—Designates an infantry regiment, e.g., 3d Marines.MASF— Milicary Assistance Service Funded.MASS—Marine Air Support Squadron, provides and operates fa-

cilities for the control of support aircraft operating in direct sup-port of ground forces.

MAU—Marine Amphibious Unit, not to be confused with the Ma-rine Advisory Unit of the Naval Advisory Group which ad-ministered the advisory effort to the South Vietnamese MarineCorps.

MarAdvU—Marinc Advisory Unit.MAW— Marine Aircraft Wing.MCAF—Mariue Corps Aic Facility.MCAS—Marine Corps Air Srarion.MCCC—Marine Corps Command Center.MCO—Marinr Corps Order.MCOAG—Marine Corps Operations Analysis

for Naval Analyses (CNA).MCSA—Macine Corps Supply Agency.MedCAP— Medical Civic Action Program.MedEvac — Medical Evacuation.MEDTC—Military Equipment Delivery Team, Cambodia.MIA— Missing in Artion.MiG— Mikoyan-Gurevich-designed Soviet aircraft.MiICAP— Military Civic Action Program.Mini-Dust-—Two or more helicopter spray ships accompanied by one

or more light fire teams and employed in enemy base areas.Mini-Package—A platoon of gunships, one command and control

ship, and at least five troop-carrying helicopters available forthe usc of South Vietnamese provincial governments.

MO—Mount Out, loaded and ready classes of supplies for contin-gency use by amphibious forces.

MOA—Mount Our Augmentation.

GLOSSARY 281

Modfoc—Modified Location, radius around a specified point fromwhich naval ships may transit while waiting employment.

Monitor—Heavily armored ICM-6 with 4Omm cannon. 105mmhowitzer, or flame gun.

Mortar, 4.2 inch—U.S. M30 rifled, muzzle-loaded, drop.firedweapnn consisting of tube, bsse.plate. and standard; weaponweighs 330 pounds and has maximum range of 4,020 meters.Rate of fIre is 20 rounds per minute. Also known as the "FourDeuce.

Mortar, 60mm—U.S. M19 smooth-bore, muzzle-loaded weapon.which weighs 45.2 pounds when assembled. It has a maximumrate of fire of 30 rounds per minute and sustained rate of fireof 18 rounds per minute; the effective range is 2,000 meters.

Mortar, 81mm—U.S. M29 smooth-bore, muzzle-loaded weapon,which weighs approximately 115 pounds when assembled; it hasa sustained rate office of two rounds per minute and an effec-tive range of 2,300-3,650 meters, depending upon ammunitionused.

Mortar, 82mm—Communist smooth-bore, single-shot, high angleoffice weapon which weighs approximately 123 pounds; it hasa maximum rate of fire of 25 rounds per minute and a maxi-mum range of 3,040 meters.

Mortar, 120mm—Communist smooth-bore, drop- or trigger-fired,weapon which weighs approximately 600 pounds; it has a max-imum rate of fire of 15 rounds per minute and a maximum rangeof 5,700 meters.

MR—Military Region; South Vietnamese army corps tactical zoneswere redesignated military regions in 1970, e.g., I Corps 'licti-cal Zone (ICTZ) became Military Region I (MR I).

MRB—Mobile Riverine Base.MRF— Mobile Riverine Forte.MR-5—Communisc political and military sector in South Vietnam,

including all of MR 1 (1 Corps). NVA units in MR-5 did notreport to COSVN.

Ms—Manuscript.MSB—Mine Sweeper Boat.MSC—Military Sealift Command.MSD—Mine Sweeper Drone.MSG—Marine Security Guard.Msg—Message.

NAG — Naval Advisory Group.Nail—Call sign for USAF OV-io aircraft.NAS—Naval Air Station.NAIOPS—Naval Air ilaining and Operating Procedures Standardi-

zation.NavLE—Naval Liaison Element.NCC—Naval Component Commander.NCO — Nonrommissioned Officer,NED — Noncombatant Evacuation Operation.NGID—Naval Gunfire Liaison Officer.NGS—Naval Gunfire Support.NJLO—Naval Intelligence Liaison Officet.NKP—U.S. Air Force designation for Nakhnn Phanom Air Base,

Thailand.NLF—Nacional Liberarion Front, the political arm of the

Communist-led insurgency against the South VietnameseGovernment.

NMCB—Nsvsl Mobile Construction Battalion, whose members areknown as "SeaBees,"

NMCC—Nationsl Military Command Center.NOD—Night Observation Device.NPFF— National Police Field Force.NSA—Naval Support Activity.NSD—Naval Supply Depot.Nui—Vietnamese word for hill or mountain.Nung— Southeast Asian tribesman, of a ethnic group of probably

Chinese origin.NVA—North Vietnamese Army, the Peoples Army of Vietnam

(PAVN); often used colloquially to refer to a single North Viet-namese soldier.

0-1-—Cessna Bird Dog, single-engine, propeller-driven observationaircraft.

0-2—Cessna Skynsasrer, dual-engine, propeller-driven observationaircraft.

OH-6 — Hughes C'ayuse, single-rotor light helicopter used for armedreconnaissance and observation. Also known as a "roach,"

OH-SB—Bell Kiowa, single-rotor light helicopter used for armedreconnaissance and observation.

OIC—Officec-ln-Charge.OpCon—Operational Control, the authority granted to a com-

mander to direct forces assigned for specific missions or caskswhich are usually limited by function, time, or location.

OpO—Operation Order, a direcrive issued by a commander rosubordinate commanders for the execution of an operation.

OP—Observation Post.OPlan—Operation Plan, a plan for a single or series of connected

operations to be carried out simultaneously or in succession; itis the form of directive employed by higher authority to permitsubordinate consmanders to prepare supporting plans and orders.

OpSum — Operational Summary.OV-10—North American Rockwell Bronco, twin-engine, turboprop

observation and light atrack aircraft.

Paddy Control—Air Force Tactical Radar Control Center for rheMekong River Delta, Incared at Binh Thuy Air Base.

P-3—Lockheed Orion, four-engine, turboprop naval patrol aircraft.PAT—People's Action Team or Political Arcion Team.PATMA—Pacific Air Traffic Management Agency.Pave Nail — Call sign for USAF Dy-b with laser-designator to con-

trol precision guided munitions.PAVN—Peoples Anny of Vietnam (North Vietnam). This acronym

was dropped by the Americans in favor of NVA.PBR—Pateol Boat River.PCF— Patrol Craft Fast, known as a "Swift Boat."Pegasus—CH-47 helicopters employed on a standby basis to drop

hulk eiot agent.PP—Popular Force, Vietnamese militia who were usually employed

in the defense of their own communities.PG—Patrol Gunboat.PGM—Pretision-guided munitions, so-called "smart bombs:'PIIC—Phoro Imagery Interpretation Center.Plaroon of Gunships—Two light fire teams (four helicopter

gunships).POL—Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricants.Pol War— Political Wacfare.POW—Prisoner of War.PRC2S —Standard very-high-frequency radio used by Marine ground


units in Vietnam for voice communication over distances up to25 miles.

PRU — Provincial Retonnaissance Unit.PSA—Provincial Sectoc Advisor.PRG—People's Revolutionary Government (Viec Cong).ProvMAG—Provisional Marine Aircraft Group.PSA— Province Senior Advisor.PsyOps — Psychological Operations.

QL—Viecnamese acronym for national highway.

RaBFAC—Radar Beacon for Forward Air Control.RAD—River Assault Division.RAG—River Assault Group.R&R—Rest and Relaxation.RAID—River Assault and Interdiction Division (North Vietnam).RAS—River Assault Squadron.Recoilless Rifle 106mm—U.S. M40 single-shot, recoilless, breech-

loaded weapon which weighs 438 pounds when assembled andmounted for firing; it has a sustained race of fire of six roundsper minute and an effective cange of 1,365 meters.

Regt— Regiment.RF—Regiooal Force, Vietnamese militia who were employed in a

specific region.RF-4—Photogcaphic-reconnaissance model of the F4E Phantom.RF-8A—-Voughr reconnaissance version of the F-8 Crusader.

Rifle, Mi4—U.S. gas-operated, magazine-fed, air-cooled, semi-automatic, 7.62mm shoulder weapon, which weighs 12 poundswith a full 20-round magazine; it has a sustained rate of fireof 30 tounds per minute and an effective tange of 500 yards.

Rifle, M16—U.S. gas-operated, magazine-fed, air-cooled, automatic,5.56mm shoulder weapon, which weighs 3.1 pounds with a20-round magazine; it has a sustained tate of file of 12-15 roundsper minute and an effective range of 460 meters.

REF—Regimental Landing Team.ROK—Republic of Korea.Rolling Thunder—Codename for initial U.S. air nperarinos over

North Vietnam.ROE—Rules of Engagement.Route Packages—Numbered air control areas for the American

bombing campaign in North Vietnam.RPG—Rockec Propelled Grenade.RR—Rural Reconstruction.RSSZ—Rung Sat Special Zone.RVN—Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam).RVNAP— Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces.RZ— Reconnaissance Zone.

S-I, -2. et al—Refers to staff positions on regimental and battalionlevels. S-i would refer to the staff member responsible for per-sonnel; 5-2, intelligence; 5-3, operations: S-4, logistics; and S-S.civil affairs.

SAC—Strategic Air Command.SACC—Suppotting Arms Control Center.SAM—Surface to Air Missile.SAR—Search and Rescue.SKIS —Short Airfield for Thctical Support, an expeditionary airfield

used by Marine Cocps aviation that includs a portable runwaysurface, aircraft launching and recovery devices, and other es-sential components.

SCAMP—Sensor Control and Management Platoon.Sea-I.ords—Codename for Southeast Asia naval campaign.Seal—Sea, Air, Land, special six- to eight-man naval intelligence

gathering detachment.SEAIO—Southeast Asia Treaty Organization.Seawolves—Naval helicopter gunships operating as light oc heavy

fire teams.SecDef—Secretary of Defense.SecState—Seccetary of State.SeventhAF—Seventh Air Force, the major U.S. Air Force tommand

in Southeast Asia.SeventhFlt—The U.S. Navy fleet assigned to the Western Pacific.Shadow—C-119 aircraft with four 7.62mm miniguns and illumi-

nation.SID—Seismic Intrusion Device, sensor used to monitor movement

through ground vibrations.SitRep — Situation Report.SKS — Simonov-designed, gas-operated, 7.62mm semiautomatic

rifle.Slick— UH-1B helicopter.SMA—Seniot Marine Advisor.SOG—Special Operations Group, MACV's joint unconventional

warfare task force.Song—Vietnamese for river.SOP— Standing Operating Procedure, set of instructions laying out

standardized proceduces.Soetie—An operational flight by one aircraft.SOS—Special Operations Squadron.SOW—Special Operations Wing.Spectre—C-130 aircraft with 20mm and 40mm miniguns. illumi-

nation, and infrared television for night observation support oftroops-

SPG—Special Planning Group.Spooky—C-47 aircraft with four 7.62mm miniguns and flare illu-

mination capability for night support of troops in contact.SptRept — Spot Report.SRF— Ship Repair Facility.558—Swimmer Support Boat, also known as a "Skimmer."Stinger—C-I191C aircraft with 20mm miniguns and illumination

used for night observation in support of troops.SVN—South Vietnam.Swing Ship—UH-ID helicopter assigned to different sectors for ad-

ministrative use.

TA-4—McDonnell Douglas Skyhawk, dual-seat version of the A-4used as trainer and FAC/L&C platform.

T-39—North American Rockwell Sabreliner, twin-engine jet usedas trainer and passenger aircraft.

TAC(A)—Tartical Air Coordinator (Airborne), a designated avia-tor who controls and coordinates air support from an aircraft.

TACC —Tactical Air Control Center, the principal air operations in-stallation for controlling all aircraft and air-warning functionsof tactical air operations.

LkCP—Taccical Air Control Patty, a subordinate opecational com-ponent of a tactical air control system designed to provide airliaison to land forces and for the control of aircraft.

ThDC—Lccical Air Direction Center, an air operations installation

GLOSSARY 283

under the Tactical Air Control Center, which directs aircraft adaircraft warning functions of the tartiral air renter.

TAFDS —Tattical Airfield Fuel Dispensing System, the expedition-ary storage and dispensing system for aviation fuel at tacticalair fields. It uses 10,000-gallon fabric tanks to store the fuel.

TAOC—Tacriral Air Operations Center, a subordinate componentof the air command and control system which controls all airtraffir and air defense operations.

Tank, M48—U.S. 50.7-ton tank with a crew of four; primary arma-ment is a turret-mounted 90mm gun with one .30-raliber andone .50-caliber marhine gun; has maximum road speed of 32miles per hour and an average range of 195 miles.

TAOC—Tacriral Air Operations Center, a subordinate componentof the air command and control system which conteols all airtraffit and air defense operations.

TAOI —Tactical Area of Interest.LkOR—Tactical Area of Responsibility, a defined area of land for

which responsibility is specifically assigned to a commander forrontrol of assigned forces and coordination of support.

lASS—Tactical Air Support Squadron.TCN—Third Country National.U—Table of Equipment.TE —'Iissk Element.

U—Task Force.'113—Task Group.Tiger Hound—Codename for air operations in Laos.10—Table of Organization.'10W—U.S. M220 Tube-launched, Optically-tracked, Wire-guided

antitank missile system.Trail Dust—Air Force C-123 dispensing defoliant or crop destruc-

tion chemical.TSN—Tan Son Nhut, U.S. Air Force designation for South Viet-

namese air base.TU—Task Unit,

U-21—Becrhrraft King Air, twin-engine, turboprop utility and pas•senger aircraft.

UCMJ —Uniform Code of Military Justice.UH-1—Bell Iroquois, single-rotor, light helicopter noted for irs

maneuverability and firepower; carries a crew of three; it canhe armed with air-to-ground rocket packs and fuselage-mounted,elererically fired machine guns. Also known as a "I-lucy."

USA—United States Army.USAAG—U.S. Army Advisory Group.USAF—United States Air Force.USAID—U.S. Agency for International Development.USARV—U.S. Army, Vietnam.USASuppCom—U.S. Army Support Command.USIA—U.S. Information Agency.USIS—U.S. Information Service.USMC—United Stares Marine Corps.USN —United States Navy.USSAG/SeventhAF— United States Support Activities

Group/Seventh Air Force.VC—Vier Cong.Viet Cong—Term used to refer to the Communist guerrillas in South

Vietnam adhering to the NLF and PRG; a conreaerion of theVietnamese phrase meaning "Vietnamese Communists."

VCC—Viet Cong Captured.VCI —Viet Cong Infrastructure,VIS—Vietnamese Information Servire (South Vietnam).VMA—Marine Attack Squadron.VMF(AW)— Marine Fighter Squadron (All-Weather).VMFA— Marine Fighter Attack Squadron.VMCJ—Marine Composite Reconnaissance Squadron.VMGR—Marine Refueler Transport Squadron.VMO—Marine Observation Squadron.VN—Viernam or Vietnamese.VNAF—Vietnamese Air Force or Vietnamese Armed Forces.VNMC—Vietnamesc Marine Corps.VNMC LSB —Vietnamese Marine Corps Logistics Support Branch

of the Navy Division, U.S. Defense Attache Office, Saigon.VNN —Vietnamese Navy.VT—Variable timed electronic foze for an artillery shell which causes

airburst over s:he target area.

WestPac —Western Pacific.WIA—Wouoded in Action.Wild Wesscl—Codenamc fot special tethniques and aircraft used

to suppress radar systems.WFRC—Washington Federal Records Center.

Zippo—Flame thrower equipped AK or monitot.

284

Appendix G

Chronology of Significant EventsJuly 1971— September 1973

1971

1 July Start of the Consolidation I Campaign.9 july American forces are no longer obligated to defend the region

south of the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) at the 17th parallel.The U.S. military had moved into this area in 1966 to reinforcethe 1954 Geneva Convention agreement, prohibiting ground orartillery attacks from this buffer zone.

9-11 july Narional Security Advisor Dr. Henry A. Kissinger visits China.12 July American troop strength in South Vietnam is at 236,000,

decreasing at a rate of about 14,000 a month.19 July Redeployment of all major Marine Corps units from South

Vietnam is completed.18 August Australia and New Zealand announce the withdrawal of their

combat forces from Southeast Asia.25 August The Army's 173d Airborne Brigade withdraws from South

Vietnam.27 August The Army's 1st Brigade, 5th Infantry Division (Mechanized)

withdraws from Vietnam. It had operated along the westernarea of the DMZ since January 1971.

8 October Operation Jefferson Glenn concludes, the last significant opera-tion that included U.S. ground forces.

12 November President Richard M. Nixon announces that American militaryforces are now taking a purely defensive stance, leaving theoffensive role entirely up to the South Vietnamese.

29 November An aid agreement with the Soviets is signed by the NorthVietnamese in Moscow.

1 December Start of the Consolidation II Campaign.26 December President Nixon allows the resumption of the bombing of

North Vietnam as peace talks stall.31 December The strength of the American forces in South Vietnam is down

to 156,800. As of this date, 45,626 American military hadbeen killed in action.

1972

1 January General Leonard F. Chapman, Jr., Commandant of the MarineCorps, is succeeded by General Robert E. Cushman, Jr.

12 January Long Cheng, Laos, captured by Communist forces using ar-tillery and armor.

25 January New allied peace plan is announced by President Nixon andPresident Nguyen Van Thieu.

CHRONOLOGY 285

21 February President Nixon arrives for talks in China. This results inchanges in U.S. Pacific strategy.

10 March Lon Nd i5 declared President of Cambodia. The U.S. 101st Air-borne Division (Airmobile) withdraws from South Vietnam,the last Army division to leave.

23 March The Paris peace talks are suspended at the behest of theAmerican delegation, to be resumed when the North Viet-namese will engage in deliberations on specific topics.

30 March The Communist Nguyen-Hue Offensive commences with majorattacks across the DMZ. The Vietnam Ceasefire Campaignbegins.

1 April Marine landing forces and amphibious ready groups of theSeventh Fleet arrive off Military Region 1.

3 April Marine reconnaissance squadron detachment arrives at CubiPoint, Philippines to support renewed air operations.

5 April The North Vietnamese Army (NVA) attacks Iac Ninh in Mili-tary Region 3.

6 April Marine Aircraft Group 15 arrives at Da Nang. LieutenantGeneral John D. Lavelle, USAF, is recalled from command ofthe Seventh Air Force for exceeding rules of engagementpolicies.

7 April Lx Ninh is captured and An Inc is encircled by the NVA. Thebombing of North Vietnam is resumed as Freedom Train andLinebacker Operations. The French Government is petitionedby the North Vietnamese in Paris to try to halt Americanbombing.

8 April The 9th Marine Amphibious Brigade arrives in the TonkinGulf.

15 April The bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong in North Vietnam is re-sumed for the first time since 1968. Bombing restrictions arelifted for most other targets.

15-20 April A wave of protests occurs in the United States as a result ofthe increase in fighting in Southeast Asia.

23 April NVA captures Dak To in Military Region 2.27 April Major NVA attacks occur against Quang 'lii City in Military

Region 1. The Paris peace talks are resumed.28 April-2 May NVA attacks on outlying defences of Hue in Military Region 1.

1 May NVA captures Quang Tn City.3 May NVAINLF capture Bong Son in Military Region 2.4 May The Paris talks are again suspended indefinitely by the Ameri-

can and South Vietnamese delegations after the 149th session.8 May Haiphong and other North Vietnamese harbors are mined by

the U.S. Navy. President Nixon offers to withdraw all U.S.forces within four months of a ceasefire agreement.

14 May-25 May Major NVA attacks on Kontum in Military Region 2.16 May Marine Aircraft Group 12 arrives at Bien Hoa.19 May Soviet and Chinese delegations arrive in Hanoi to discuss sup-

port measures.22 May President Nixon visits Moscow.17 June Washington, D.C., office of Democratic National Committee is

burglarized.


21 June American troop strength in South Vietnam down to 60,000.First Marine combat sorties flown from Nam Phong, Thailand.

18 June An Loc is relieved by South Vietnamese forces.19 June South Vietnamese counteroffensive begins in Military Region 2.26 June The 3d Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) withdraws

from Vietnam.28 June South Vietnamese counteroffensive begins in Military Region 1.29 June The 196th Infantry Brigade withdraws from Vietnam, the final

Army ground combat unit to leave. General Fredrick C.Weyand, USA, becomes Commander of the U.S. Military As-sistance Command Vietnam, succeeding General Creighton W.Abrams, USA.

13 July The Paris peace talks are resumed.22 July-15 August The 9th Marine Amphibious Brigade conducts flood relief

operations in the Philippines.18-19 August NVA attack Que Son and capture Fire Support Base Ross in

Military Region 1.1 September Admiral Noel A. M. Gayler, USN, becomes Commander in

Chief of the Pacific Command, replacing Admiral John S.McCain, Jr., USN.

16 September Quang Tn City is recaptured by South Vietnamese forces.26-27 September More private talks are held between Dr. Kissinger and the

North Vietnamese representatives in Paris.8 October A breakthrough in peace talks is announced by Dr. Kissinger.

19-20 October Dr. Kissinger and President Thieu hold discussions in Saigon.24 October Operation Linebacker I ends as bombing north of the 20th

parallel is curtailed as a peace gesture.7 November In U.S. Presidential elections, Presidenr Nixon defeats Senator

George S. McGovern.11 November Direct U.S. Army participation in the war concludes with relin-

quishment of the logistical base ar Long Binh to the SouthVietnamese.

20-21 November More private talks are held between Dr. Kissinger and Le DucTho to design a final peace agreement.

13 December Talks between Dr. Kissinger and Le Duc Tho reach a standstill.14 December President Nixon warns he will resume bombing if negotiations

are not resumed.18-29 December Operation Linebacker II is launched against Hanoi and

Haiphong, the "Christmas Bombing."31 December American troop strength in South Vietnam is at 24,200.

1973

8-12 January Dr. Kissinger and Le Duc Tho proceed with their private talks.15 january With progress in peace talks, President Nixon declares an end

to all U.S. offensive operations against North Vietnam.25 January Joint Homecoming Reception Center activated at Clark Air

Force Base, Philippines.27 January The Americans and North Vietnamese sign the Paris Peace Ac-

cords. The conclusion of the military draft is announced by theDepartment of Defense.

CHRONOLOGY 287

28 January The Ceasefire Campaign ends as the final withdrawal of alliedforces from South Vietnam begins.

30 January Melvin R. Laird is succeeded by Elliot L. Richardson as theSecretary of Defense.

21 February A ceasefire is reached in Laos.25 February Task Force Delta commences combat sorties in Cambodia.

31 January Operation End Sweep mineclearing begins.14 March Sub Unit One, 1st ANGLICO, the last Marine unit to leave

Vietnam, is transferred to Fleet Marine Force, Pacific.29 March The headquarters of the U.S. Military Assistance Command

Vietnam is closed. Marine advisory effort ends. The release ofprisoners of war by the Communists arid the departure of allAmerican forces from South Vietnam is completed.

4 April Joint Homecoming Receprion Center reverts to a standbystatus.

22 May Dr. Kissinger and k Due Tho conclude their discussions onVietnam truce agreement.

13 June A new treaty is signed by the Americans, South Vietnamese,National Liberation Front, and the North Vietnamese in an at-tempt to strengthen the ceasefire.

24 June Ellsworth Bunker is replaced by Graham A. Martin as U.S.Ambassador to South Vietnam.

2 July Elliot Richardson is followed by James R. Schlesinger as Secre-tary of Defense.

14 August Congress declares the cessation of all U.S-funded military ac-tion in Southeast Asia. Marine air combat operations fromNam Phong end.

21 September Marines depart Nam Phong.22 September William P. Rogers is replaced by Dr. Kissinger as Secretary of

Stare. Dr. Kissinger continues his post as National SecurityAdvisor.

Appendix H

Medal of Honor and Navy Cross Citations1971—1973

The President of the United Stares in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OFHONOR posthumously to

COLONEL DONALD G. COOKUNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

for service as set forth in the following

CITATION

For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while in-terned as a Prisoner of War by the Viet Cong in the Republic of Vietnam during the period 31 December1964 to 8 December 1967. Despite the fact that by so doing he knew he would bring about hasher treatmentfor himself, Colonel (then Captain) Cook established himself as the senior prisoner, even though in actualityhe was not. Repeatedly assuming more than his share of the manual labor in order that the other Prisonersof War could improve the state of their health, Colonel Cook willingly and unselfishly put the interests ofhis comrades before that of his own well-being and, eventually, his life. Giving more needy men his medicineand drug allowance while constantly nursing them, he risked infection from contagious diseases while in arapidly deteriorating state of health. This unselfish and exemplary conduct, coupled with his refusal to strayeven the slightest from the Code of Conduct, earned him the deepest respect from not only his fellow prisoners,but his captors as well. Rather than negotiate for his own release or better treatment, he steadfastly frustratedattempts by the Viet Cong to break his indomitable spirit, and passed this same resolve on to the men withwhose well-being he so closely associated himself. Knowing his refusals would prevent his release prior to theend of the war, and also knowing his chances for prolonged survival would be small in the event of continuedrefusal, he chose nevertheless to adhere to a Code of Conduct far above that which could be expected. Hispersonal valor and exceptional spirit of loyalty in the face of almost certain death reflected the highest creditupon Colonel Cook, the Marine Corps, and the United States Naval Service.

288

MEDAL OF HONOR AND NAVY CROSS CITATIONS 289

The President of the United Stares takes pride in presenting the NAVY CROSS to

CAPTAIN LAWRENCE H. LIVINGSTONUNITED STATES MARINE CORPS


CITATION

Fbr extraordinary heroism on 11 July 1972 while serving as Senior Advisor to the 1st Vietnamese Marine CorpsInfantry Battalion during a heliborne assault into enemy-held territory northeast of Quang Tn City, Republicof Vietnam. When the battalion encountered unexpectedly heavy enemy fire while disembarking into the landingzone, and sustained numerous casualties, Captain Livingston moved throughout the hasty positions taken bythe scattered and hesitant element and formed the Marines into an assault force. Despite the continuing heavyconcentration of hostile fire, he began the assault on the initial objective—a treeline approximately 50 yardsdistant. Although blown from his feet by explosions and periodically delayed to reform and redirect his casualty-riddled force, he forged ahead, leading the Vietnamese Marines into the enemy-infested trench lines of theobjective and a subsequent hand-to-hand battle. Upon seizure of the initial portion of the trenchline, CaptainLivingston shed his combat equipment, emerged from the trenchline, and exposed himself to a hail of enemyfire to reach and carry his wounded naval gunfire spotter to a position of relative safety. Captain Livingston'srepeated acts of heroism in the face of heavy fire reflected great credit upon him and the Marine Corps andwere in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.

290 THE WAR THAT WOUlD NOT END

The President of the United States takes pleasure in presenting the NAVY CROSS to

CAPTAIN JOHN W. RIPLEYUNITED STATES MARINE CORPS


CITATION

For extraordinary heroism on 2 April 1972 while serving as the Senior Marine Advisor to the 3d VietnameseMarine Corps Infantry Battalion in the Republic of Vietnam. Upon receipt of a report that a rapidly moving,mechanized, North Vietnamese army force, estimated at a reinforced divisional sttength, was attacking southalong Route 1, the 3d Vietnamese Marine Infantry Battalion was positioned to defend a key village in the sur-rounding area. It became imperative that a vital river bridge be destroyed if the overall security of the northernprovinces of Military Region 1 was to be maintained. Advancing to the bridge to personally supervise this mostdangerous but vitally important assignment, Captain Ripley located a large amount of explosives which hadbeen preposirioned there earliet, access to which was blocked by a chain-link fence. In order to reposition theapproximately 500 pounds of explosive, Captain Ripley was obliged to reach up and hand-walk along the beamswhile his body dangled beneath the bridge. On five separate occasions, in the face of constant enemy fire,he moved to points along the bridge and with the aid of anothet advisor who pushed the explosives to him,securely emplaced them. He detonated the .charges and destroyed the bridge, thereby stopping the enemy as-sault. By his heroic actions and extraordinary courage, Captain Ripley undoubtedly was instrumental in savingan untold number of lives. His inspiring efforts reflected great credit upon himself, the Marine Corps, andthe United States Naval Scrvice.

MEDAL OF HONOR AND NAVY CROSS CITATIONS 291

The President of the United States takes pleasure in presenting the NAVY CROSS to

CAPTAIN RAY L. SMITHUNITED STATES MARINE CORPS


CITATION

For extraordinary heroism during the period 30 March to 1 April 1972 while serving as advisor to a Viet-namese command. group numbering approximately 250 Vietnamese Marines located on a small hilltop outpostin the Republic of Vietnam. With the command group repulsing several savage enemy assaults, and subjectedto a continuing hail of fire from an attacking force estimated to be of rwobattalion strength, Captain Smithrepeatedly exposed himself to the heavy fire while directing friendly air support. When adverse weather condi-tions precluded further close air support, he attempted to lead the group, now reduced to only 28 VietnameseMarines, to the safety of friendly lines. An enemy soldier opened fire upon the Marines at the precise momentthat they had balked when encountering an outer defense ring of barbed wire. Captain Smith returned ac-curate fire, disposing of the attacker, and then threw himself backwards on top of the booby-trap-infested wirebarrier. Swiftly, tile remaining Marines moved over the crushed wire, stepping on Captain Smith's prostratebody, until all had passed safely through the barriet Although suffering severe cuts and bruises, Captain Smithsucceeded in leading the Marines to the safety of friendly lines. His great personal valor and unrelenting devo-tion to duty reflected the highest credit upon himself, the Marine Corps, and the United States Naval Service.

COMMAND

OPERATIONAL COMMAND

OPERATIONAL CONTROL

COMMAND LESS OPCON

FOR PLANNING

PLANNING COORDINATION

DESIGNATED C0000INAIINC

AUTHORITY FOR

CONTINGENCY PLANNING

Appendix I

FMF Pacific Command Relationships, 1971

UIIIIUI

a

U.— IUI.IIII

JIREINP UUIU

• a IUI

u. u

*

Adapted from FMFPac ComdC, jan-jun 71

292

Appendix J

USMACV Command Relationships, 1971

Adapted from MACV ComdHist 72, Vol I.

293

I —I

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294

Appendix K

Vietnamese Marine Division, 1972

Adapted from Marine Advisory Unit Matenal

Appendix L

List of Reviewers

Marines

Gen Louis H. Wilson, Jr., USMC (Ret)LtGen I.eslie F. Brown, USMC (Ret)LtGen Clyde D. Dean, USMC (Ret)LtGen Joseph C. Fegan, Jr., USMC (Ret)LtGen D'Wayne Gray, USMC (Ret)LtGen William K. Jones, USMC (Ret)LtGen Louis Metzger, USMC (Ret)LtGen Edward J. Miller, USMC (Ret)LtGen Andrew W O'Donnell, USMC (Ret)LtGen Donn J. Robertson, USMC (Ret)

MajGen Victor A. Armstrong, USMC (Ret)MajGen Walter F. Boomer, USMCMajGen William P. Eshelman, USMCMajGen Donald R. Gardner, USMCMajGen Kenneth J. Houghton, USMC (Ret)

BGen Darrel B. Bjorklund, USMC (Ret)BGen Walter D. Fillmore, USMC (Ret)BGen Paul G. Graham, USMC (Ret)BGen Manning t Jannell, USMC (Ret)BGen Jim R. Joy, USMC (Ret)

Col Kent C. Bateman, USMC (Ret)Col John W. Clayborne, USMC (Ret)Col Patrick G. Collins, USMC (Ret)Col John D. Cummings, USMCCol Kenneth Eli. Fiegener, USMC (Ret)Col Herbert Eli. Fischer, USMC (Ret)Col Charles H. Gallina, USMCCol Charles J. Goode, Jr., USMC (Ret)Col Richard E. Hawes, Jr., USMC (Ret)Col Leo J. Kelly, IJSMC (Ret)Col Robert W. Kirby, USMC (Ret)Col Raymond M. Kostesky, USMC (Ret)Col Jeriy W. Marvel, USMC (Ret)Col Edison W. Miller, USMC (Ret)Col Robert J. Perrich, USMC (Ret)Col Donald L. Price, USMC

Col John M. Rapp, USMC (Ret)Col Richard D. Revie, USMC (Ret)Col John W. Ripley, USMCCol Donald E. Schneider, USMC (Ret)Col James L. Shanahan, USMC (Ret)Col Robert D. Shoptaw, USMC (Ret)Col Charles V. V. Smillie, Jr., USMC (Ret)Col William J. Smith, USMC (Ret)Col Ray A. Stephens, USMC (Ret)Col Thomas J. Stevens, USMC (Ret)Col Aubrey W. Talbert, USMC (Ret)Col Gerald H. Tutley, USMCR (Ret)Col Sumner A. Vale, USMC (Ret)Col Charles T Williamson, USMC (Ret)

LtCol Andrew F. Anderson, USMC (Ret)LtCol Roger W. Badeker, USMC (Ret)LtCol James C. Brown, USMC (Ret)LtCol Mervyn J. Burns, USMC (Ret)LtCol John M. Campanelli, USMC (Ret)LtCol Harlan P. Chapman, USMC (Ret)LtCol Andrew D. DeBona, USMC (Ret)LtCol George S. Ford, USMC (Ret)LtCol Thomas B. Gnibus, USMC (Ret)LtCol Glen Golden, USMC (Ret)LtCol James C. Hardee, USMCLtCol William C. Howey, USMC (Ret)LtCol Emmett S. Huff, USMC (Ret)LtCol John K. Hyatt, Jr., USC (Ret)LtCol George F. Jones, USMC (Ret)LtCol Michael S. Kelly, TJSMC (Ret)LtCol Eddie R. Maag, USMC (Ret)LtCol Harrison A. Makeever, USMC (Ret)LtCol David J. Moore, USMC (Ret)LtCol Ronald S. Neubauer, USMC (Ret)LtCol Nguyen Van Phan, VNMCLrCol George Philip, III, USMC (Ret)LtCol Mark B. Pizzo, USMCLtCol Michael L. Powell, USMCLtCol David L. Ross, USMC (Ret)LtCol Robert F. Sheridan, USMC (Ret)LtCol James D. Simpson, USMC (Ret)LtCol George B. Strickland, USMC (Ret)

295


LtCol Orson 0. Swindle III, USMC (Ret)LtCol William R. Von Harten, USMC (Ret)LrCol Marshall R. Wells, USMCLtCoI William E. Wilson, Jr., USMC (Ret)

Maj Stephen 0. Biddulph, USMCMaj Donald C. Brodie, USMC (Ret)Maj Robert L. Gondek, USMC (Ret)Maj Thomas W. Hoysa, USMCMaj Angelo M. Inglisa, USMC (Ret)Maj Dennis R. Kendig, USMCR (Ret)Maj Paul J. Montague, USMC (Ret)Maj John T. Paparone, USMCMaj Anthony P. Shepard, USMCMaj Edward J. Wages, USMC (Ret)

Capt Edwin W. Besch, USMC (Ret)Capt Alan J. Kroboth, USMC (Ret)Capt William E. Thomas, Jr., USMC (Ret)

SgtMaj Ernest Benjamin, USMC (Ret)SgtMaj Robert S. Ynacay, USMC (Ret)MGySgt Harry G. Lock, USMC (Ret)

Gen Frederick J. Kroesen, USA (Ret)LtGen Howard H. Cooksey, USA (Ret)MajGen John E. Murray, USA (Ret)LtCol William C. Camper, USA (Ret)lstSgt Jimmy D. Evans, USA (Ret)

VAdm Walter D. Gaddis, USN (Ret)VAdm William P. Mack, USN (Ret)VAdm James B. Srockdale, USN (Ret)RAdm Wycliffe D. Toole, Jr., USN (Ret)Capt Paul L. Gruendl, USN (Ret)LCdr Francis C. Brown, USN

Air Force

LtCol Darrel Whitcomb, USAFR

OthersMr. Dale AndradeLtCol William B. Barker, KSNGMr. Garnett M. BellMr. Peter BtaestrupMt Robert J. DestatteMr. Howard C. H. FengDr. V. Keith Fleming, Jr.Mr. Stephen C. FoglemanDr. Nguyen M. HungDr. Allan R. MillertMr. Douglas PikeMr. David K. Schmidt

Director of Naval HistoryJoint Chiefs of Staff Historical DivisionOffice of Air Force HistoryOffice of the Chief of Military HistoryOffice of the Secretary of Defense Historical Staff

Navy

Army

Appendix M

Distribution of PersonnelFleet Marine Force, Pacific

(Reproduction of Status of Rrces, 31 May 1972)

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IS! MARIE BRIGADE

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INDEXKey: boldface type = illustrations; n = footnotes

Ba, Maj Tran, VNMC. 68Ba Ho East, 37Bao, LtCoI Nguyen Nang,

Abrams, Gen Creighton W., USA, 7, 32, 33, 58, 90, 95, 103, 143,148, 151, 153, 157

Aerial (air) observers, 12, i4, 90, 101, 110, 134, 145, 157, 180, 229Ai Tu Combat Base, 36, 47, 50, 55, 66, 68, 76, 78-80

evacuation of, 80Air base defense/security. 157-59, 161-64, i68, 171, 212, 246Air Force Airborne 'I'actiral Data System, 153Air Force Commands and Units

Pacific Air Force, 153Seventh Air Force, 153, 166, 193, 199Eighth Air Force, 199366th Tartical Fighter Wing, 1578th Special Operations Squadron, 16020th Tacrical Air Support Squadron, 92, 110, 1572lsr Air Support Squadron, 161Security Police Squadron, 163Military Airlift Command (MAC), 192Pacific Air 'haffic Management Agency (PATMA), 192, 195. 248

Aircraft typesfixed wingCessna A-37 (Dragonfly), 159Cessna 0-2 (Skyrnaster), 14Gcumman A-6 (Intruder), i66, 176Grumman EA-6A (lntmder), 177, 178thckheed AC-130 (Spectre), 44McDonnell Douglas A-4 (Skyhawk), 159, 160, 160McDonnell Douglas A-i (Skyraider), 53McDonnell Douglas F-4 (Phantom), 44, 153, 155McDonnell Douglas 'IA-4F (Skyhawk), 157North American Rockwell OV-10 (Bronco), 68, 113

YOV-IOD Bronco, 6-7North Vietnamese

MiG-17 "Fresco:' 147MiG-19 'Farmer," 168MiG-21 "Fishbed' 182-83

rotary wingBell AWl (Cobra), 32Bell AH-1J (Sca Cobra), 178, 179, 180, 181Bell UH-1 (Iroquois). 32n, 49, 65, 145, 145Hughes 011-6 (Cayuse), 32Sikorsky SH-3 (Sea King), 143, 144

Alamo (LED 33), 117, 150-51Alpha 2, 46, 46-47, 4s. See also Gio LinhAlpha 4, 47Alpha Strikes, 174America (CVA 66), 177, 181, 184American Ranger (Military Sealifr Command), 195An the, 90, 159-61, 249An Tiem Bridge, 121Anderson, LtCul Andrew E., 71Anderson, Gen Earl Ii., 190Anderson (DD 786), 53, 199nAngus, Capt William K., 222n, 228-29

Anzaldua, Cpl Jose J,, Jr., 218, 221, 223, 225; Sgt, 227, 229Are Light B-52 strikes, 45, 48•49, 74, 110, 113, 118Archer, lstLt Bruce R., 220-21Army Commands and Units

Military Advisory Command, Thailand (MACThai), 246Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), 199

Advisory Team 17, 17Advisory Team 155, 30, 32, 36, 47, i46

SU1, ANGLICO, 421st Regional Assistance Command (FRAC), 7, 33, 48, 106,

143, 147SOG Joint Personnel Recovery Center OPRC), 713d Regional Assistance Command, 161XXIV Corps, 48"Pink Teams:' 1294th Cavalry (Air Cavalry)

'hoop F, 96, 114, 1188th Radio Research Field Station (RRFS), 34, 14314th Signal Company, 92

Army of the Republic of Vietnam Commands and UnitsI Corps, 37

Direct Air Support Center (I DASC), 157, 199Ill Corps, 161Airborne Division, 1191st Division, 162d Division, 173d Division, 32, 36, 47, 50, 61, 63-64, 71-72, 76, 80-813d Air Division, i615th Division, 16121st Division, 1612d Airborne Brigade, 1121st Armored Brigade, 60-61, 68, 76, 783d Armored Brigade, 1612d Regiment, 36, 76, 7856th Regiment, 36, 58, 60, 6457th Regiment, 36, 46-47, 50, 66, 68, 76, 78Ranger Command, 641st Ranger Group, 76, 1233d Ranger Group, 1614th Ranger Group, 22, 68, 76, 795th Ranger Group, 68, 74, 76, 7939th Ranger Battalion, 9420th Tank Battalion, 38, 43, 52, 65-67, 69, 74-75, 78-79

1st Troop, 53, 55, 682d Troop, 68.693d Troop, 53, 68Headquarters Tank Section, 53

Avionics, use of, 164, 171

VNMC, 36, 37, 63, 78-80, 85; Cnl, 129

303


Ca Mau Peninsula, 11, 17Caldon, Capt David L., 179Cam le, 47, 61

159-60, 165-66, 178-79, 190,

John?' 181-83, 183, 184

149, 166, 187, 229, 230

BAT-21, 71-72. See also Mann, (apt David K,, USAFBateman, Maj Kent C., 171, 18Bates, Maj Ralph S., 234Beans, Maj James D., 86Beem, GySgt Floyd)., 158Bell, Maj Frank S., 95Benjamin, SgtMaj Ernest, 15, II'Benjamin Stodden (DDG 22), .49Bennett, Capt Steven L., USAF, 110-ilBerklcy (DDG 15), 149Beach, Capt Edwin W., Ret., 33; 146Diddle (DIG 21), 184Biddulph, lstLr Stephen G., III', 115-17Bien Hoa Air Base, 14, 160-62, 164Binh, Maj Le Ba, VNMC, 50, 5, 65-66, 68Bjorklund, Col Darrel E., 246, !48

Blizzard, Capt David W., 19-20Blue Ridge (ICC 19), 4,6,90, 78, 106, 138, 140, 150-51, 201Bohnenkamp, SSgt Thomas W.. 225Boomer, Maj Waiter F., 24, 31, 34, 37, 45, 50, 99Bowen, BGen Thomas W., Jr., lISA, 49, 65, 88Brady, Capt James W., "Diamo. id Jim?' 181, 184"Bright Light" teams, 71Brodie, Maj Donald C., 95-96Bronars, Maj Edward J., 19Brown, HM2 Francis C., USN, i6Brown, LtCol James C., 166, 188Brown, Maj Joseph, Jr., USA, 5Brown, MajGen Leslie E., 72, 158 159,

236-37, 239Brown, Capt Mithael B., 112Brown, LtCol Raneley A., 195Brubalcer, LrCol Ralph E., 175Bruggeman, lscLc David C., 4647Buchanan (DDG 14), 46, 53, (0-61, 149, 199nBunker, Ambassador Ellsworth, 9, 10Burton, MajJohnJ., 225

"Ceasefire Campaign." See Spring OffensiveChapman, LtCol Harlan P., 222n, 226, 228-29Chapman, Gen Leonard F, Jr., 187Charlie 1, 47, 55Charlie 2, 47Chicago (CG 11), 145

Chu Lai, 14, 17Chung, Col Ngo Van, ARVN, 50, 56Chung, Col Pham Van, VNMC, 31, 32, 59, 64, 74, 79-80, 86, 88, 94Citadel, The, POW Camp, 225Clark, Ramsey, 223Clark, LrCol Ronald A., 158Clark, Maj William B., 223Clarey, Adm Bernard A., USN, 208Clay, Gen Lurius D., USAF, 153Clayborne, Col John W., 225, 228, 232Cleveland (LPD 7), 181, 211, 213, 237Cochrane, LcCol John K., 181, 184Cockell, lslaj Robert C., 66, 76Code of Condurt, review of, 233Combat air patrols, 170-71Command and control of aircraft, 157-58, i6iCommand relations, 7, 9

for air units, 153berween allies, 82

Commando Bolt missions, 175Conaty, ldaj Donald B., 28Cook, Capt Donald G., 231; Col, 232Cooksey, MajGen Howard H., USA, 103, 106, 117-18, '50-51Cooper, VAdm Damon W., USN, 153, 174, 178-79Coral Sea (CVA 43), 7, 174Corbert, Capr David C., 179Cravens, CWO Larry G., 214Crist, LtCol George B., 146Croizar, LrCol Victor J., 23Cua Sot, North Vietnam, 243Cua Viet River, 129-31, 134-36, 149Cummings, Capt John D., "Li'lCunningham, iarLt Randall I-I., 144Cushman, Gen Robert E., Jr., 2, 108,

River, 63Cam Pha, North Vietnam, 177

channel, 243Cambodian Armed Fortes Con mands and Units

Cambodian Army, 2444th Infantry Brigade, 22

Camp Carroll, 55, 58, 59, 60, 54Camp Evans, 94Campanelli, Maj John M., 168Camper, LtCol William C., USA, 32, 58, 64, 78Can Gio, 19-20Can Tho, i4Canonico, CWO Joseph A., 227Carison, Maj Paul L, 129Carlton, Maj John D., 177Cat Bi Airfield, North Vietnar s, 238Cayuga ([ST 1186), 98, 100, 1.9, 151Ceasefire, 211

agreement, 216

Da Nang, 14, 170Air Base, 158

DAO. See Defense Attache Office (DAO)Daugherty, Capt Stanley A., USA, 88Davis, Maj James, USA, 43Davis. Col William J., 223Dc, LrCol Nguyen Kim, VNMC, 129Dean, LtCol Clyde D., 140DeBona, Maj Andrew D., 63, 86; LtCol, 248Defense Attache Office (DAO)

VNMC Logistics Support Branch, Navy Division, 208, 210Demilitarized Zone, 11, 14-is, 18, 30-31, 38, 47Denner, Col James R., USAF, 226, 228Dennis]. Buckley (DD 808), 149Denver (LPD 9), 6, 96, 118, i4, 151, 179Dicke, Capt Dennis M., 27Dinh, LrCol Ngo Van, VNMC, 47, 50, 55-56, 59, 66, 69, 94; Col, 130Dinh, LtCol Pham Van, ARVN, 58"Dirty Dozen." See under Prisoners of war

INDEX 305

31, 58, 64, 92, 93, 94-95,

Friedrich, LeCol Phillip B., 6, 138, 145Friese, Capt Lawrence V., 221

Hwy 9, 52

43, 45, 47-48, 56, 67,

DMZ. See Demilitarized ZoneDolgin, lstLt Gary W., 171Doner, CWO James F, Jr., 180-81Dong Ha, 47, 50, 55-56, 65-67, 76

bridge at, 58, 6i.deseructon ol 57-58, 60

defense of, 64Dong Hoi, North Vietnam, 177, 243Dorsey. Col Joshua W., 111, 25, 26, 28,

108, 133, 190, 208Dowling, IseLt James B., 147, 149Driscoll, Lt(jg) William P., USN, 144Drug use, 186Dubuque (LPD 8), 181Due Pho, 17Dudley, Capt Andrew S., Jr., "Scoety[ isi-84Duluth (LPD 6), 98, 100, 102, 149Dunham, lsrLe George R., "Ross:' 171Dunn, Jerry, 87Dunn, Maj John H., 222; LeCol, 226Dyer. Maj Edward J., 14, 68Dyer, Maj John T, USMCR, 246

Easley, Maj Jon T., 43, 50, 69Easter Offensive. See Spring OffensiveEgger, LeCol Charles H. F, "Doe," 106, 148, 237-38Egress Recap. See Homecoming under OperationsEisenstein, lsrLrJoel 8., 42, 46, 53Elbert, Pvt Frederick L., Jr., 232Electronsr warfare, 177-78Elephanr Valley, 17Elwood, LtGen Hugh J., 223Embrey, Capt Clark D., 6oEngland(CG 22), 182, 184Enhance Plus, See Projert Enhance PlusEquipment maintenance, 190Evacuations, 6, 80, 83-84, 138. 142-43, 146

Noncombatant cvaruaeion operations (NEO), 249Evans, SFC Jimmy D., USA, 37Everett F Larson (DD 830), 149Eversole (DD 789), 149Exerrise Golden Dragon, 6, 138

Fegan. MajGen Joseph C., Jr., 146, 158. 188, 190Fillmore, LtCoI Walter D., 115, 208, 210Fire Support Bases

Barbara, 37, 67Bastogne, 33, 74, 80Fuller, 47Holromb, 37, 47Jane, 64, 67-68, 74, 78Nancy, 37, 67Pedro, 66-67, 69-71Sally, 67, 96Sarge. 34, 37, 42, 42, 44, 45

Fire support coordination, 197-99ibgleman, 2dLt Srephen C., io6Fonda, Jane, 222, 223Forward air controllers, 101Frederick, CWO John W., Jr., 223

Gaddis, RAdm Walter D., USN, 90, 138, 140, 146, 149Gardner, Maj Donald II., 21, 21-23Garrert, Lr(jg) Aaron D., USN, 17Garwood, PFC Robert R., 234, 234, 235nGia Lam Airfield, North Vietnam, 226Giai, BGen Vu Van, ARVN, 32, 32, 34, 36,

72, 80, 82-84Giang Song River, North Vietnam, 243Gio Linh, 31, 46Gnibus, Maj Thomas E., 84Golden, Maj Glen, 72, 80. 82-84, 97, io6Gonzalez, LtCol John C., 146Goode, Maj Charles 3., 84Graham, BGen Paul G., 188, 210-11, 225, 236Gray, LeCol D'Wayne, 11-12, 13, i4-i6, 18, 46, 56, 58, 68, 72, 90,

106, 108Green Forest (Military Sealift Command), 248Gregorcyck, Col Joe L., 155Griswold, lsth Terry, USA, 112Gruendl, Cdt Paul L., USN, 236Guy, Ltcol Theodore, USAF, 232

Hai Lang, 67, 84, 86-87, 127Haiphong, North Viernam, 174, 178, 182, 238

channel, 238-39, 243Harbor, 177

Hamner (DD 718), 53Hanoi, North Vietnam, 174, 178Hanoi Hilton. See Hao La Prison (Hanoi Hilton)Hansen, Maj Dawson P., "Rusty:' 179-80Hanson (DO 832), 100, 149Hao La Prison (Hanoi Hilton), 221, 225Harris, Capt David D., 119Hart, Maj William R., 130Hayen, lstLt Edward G, Ill, 119Heim, MSgt Donald E., 14, 16Heon, LeCol Normand, USA, 43, 47Hernandez, Cpl Jose F, 115-16Herrberg, LeCol Edward C., 95, 140Higbee (DD 806), 147Highways

Hwy 1, 53, 55, 64, 67, 76, 78-79, 85, 86. 104

Hwy 13. 161Hill, Capt Stephen D., i45Hoa, Maj Nguyen Dang, VNMC, 70, 115Hodory, Capt Richard W., 96-97Hoi An, i4Hollingsworth, MajGen James F, USA, i6iHolloway, VAdm James L.. III, USN, 117, 150-51, 178-79, 239Homecoming Operations Center, 223Hon Gai, North Vietnam, 177, 238, 243

channel, 240Hon L,a, North Vietnam, 243

NVA air defense of. 180Hope, Bob, 213-14Hoskor, Capt Nathaniel R., Jr., i6i


Howard, CWO Guy M., IiHowey, Capt William C., 226, fl8Hue, 64, 66, 74, 88, 94Fluff, Maj Emmett 5., 78, 80-81, 84-85, 87-88HulI(DD 945), 149Human Relations Program, 188Huong Dien, 93

Impervious (MSO 779), 243Inchon (LPH 12), 237-38, 243lnglisa, Maj Angelo M., 162Izenour, Capt Frank M., Jr., 201

James, Maj Joseph L, 238Jannell, BGen Manning T, 246 248JHRC. See Joint Homecoming I ecepcion Center (JHRC)Jobin, lsrLt Edward J,, 214Johnson, LtCol Kevin M., 159-CoJohnson, Capt Roger D., USN, 56Joint Casualty Resolutinn Center (JCRC), 234Joint Homecoming Reception Center (JHRC), 225-26Jones, MSgt Clenton L., 10Jones, LcCol Duncan M., 103Jones, LrCol George E., "Ed:' 111, 134, 199, 206, 206Jones, LtGen William K., 6, 6-, 72, 145, 147-48, 153, 162, 186,

194 -9 5

Joy, Maj Jim R., 36, 45, 50, 60, 78-80, 83-85, 87Juneau (LPD 10), 123, 151, 152, 152Jurak, I.Cpl Michael, 112

Kavanaugh, Sgt Able L., 232Keiser, Maj Gordon W., 127Keller, Capt. 10Kelly. Capt Michael S., 211Kelly, Maj Robert D., 127Kelly, Col Walter C., 6, 138, 143Keys, Maj William M., 135Keystone Oriole Alpha, 9Khang, LrGen Le Nguyen, VN4C, 26, 6, 72, 92Khe Gio, 47Khe Sanh, 32Khmer Rouge, 213, 244, 254Kieu, Maj, ARVN, 55Kirby, LrCol Robert W., "Rip:' 123, 151Kissinger, Dr. Henry, 10, 204Kotesky, Maj Raymond M., 6Kreassig, LtCdr Richard M., Of N, 18Kroesen, MajGen FrederickJ., J ., USA, 33, 48, 61, 64, 71, 72, 83,

92, 103, 143, 146, 148, 199Kruger, Capt Earl A., "Skip:' (0, 78, 80-81, 84, 88Ky, LcCol Do, VNMC, 98

Larh Huyen River, North Viers am, 238Laird, Secretary of Defense Me yin R., 208Lain, LtGen Hoang Xuan, ARI'N, 33, 33, 37, 45, 64, 71-72, 74,

83, 92. 147Lan, LrCol Eui The, VNMC, 12; Col, 28, 95-96, 98; BGen, 93, 103,

108, 113, 118, 121, 123, 127-, 8, 130, 133, 134, 150-51, 197, 199,208

Lanagan, BGen William H., Jr., USA, i6, 57, 72, 90Land, Maj Edward J., Jr., 9, 10Landing Zones

Blue Jay, 114Columbus, 100, 104Crow, ii4Delta, 96Flamingo, 110Hawk, 110Lima, 118Tango, 96Victor, 118

Laos

Barrel Roll area, 171Steel Tiger area, 171

Lapoinr, Lt John M., USN, 76Lasseter, Maj Lee T., "Bear;' 181-83, 183, i84Leavitt, HMC Donovan R., USN, 76Lee, LtCol Victor M., 236Lich, LtCol Ho Quang, VNMC, 68Linnan, Sgt Michael L., 10Livingston, Capt Lawrence H., 66, 69-70, 76, 102, 115-16Livingston, lscLt Scott, USA, 30Logistics, 190, 193-94Long Beach (CGN 9), i45Long Binh, 14, 161Long Tau River, 19-20Lust, Col Nguyen Trong, ARVN, 60Luc, Capt. VNMC, 95Luom, Sgt Huynh Van, VNMC, 56Luong, LtCol Nguyen The, VNMC, 94, 129Luong Lang POW Camp, 222-23Ly, LtCol Ton Ta, ARVN, 52

Maag, LcCol Eddie R., 188Macho, Col Dean C., i6i, 163-64, 211, 213-14Mack, VAdm William P., USN. 6, 138, wo, 143-47, 153, 174, 177,

190

Mai Loc Combat Base, 31, 36, 40, 50, 55, 60evacuation of, 63

Makeever, Maj Harrison A., 145Manitowoc (LST 1180), 98, 118, 149Mann, Capt David K., USAF, 61

See also BAT-21Marine Air Command and Control System. 11Marine Corps Commands and Unics

Air4, 153, 158, i641st Marine Aircraft Wing (MAW),

3d Marine Aircraft Wing (MAW)3d Redeye Platoon, 147

Marine Aircraft Group (MAG)MAG-12, i6o-64, 192, 194, 213-14, 249

lbrward, 159Logistic Coordination Cenrer (Rear), 214

MAC-iS, 90, 157-58, 166, 173, 192, 194-95, 216, 244,246, 249Rsrward, 155

MAG-36, 2Provisional Marine Aircraft Group (ProvMAG) 10, 149

Thsklbrce Delta, 165-66, 168, 171, 173, 195, 214, 216, 244-45,248

INDEX 307

(BLT) i/4, i4o, 149

(BLT) 2/4, 4, 151(BLT) 3/4, 6, 213

(B111') 1/9, 2, 6, 138, 145-46(811) 2/9, 149

Operation Plan 1-73, 246Headquarters and Maintenance Squadron (H&MS)

H&MS-12, 160H&MS-15, 155, 165, 177

Detachment Alpha, 168Detaehmenr Bravo, 168, 194Detachment Charlie, 168

H&MS-36 Detarhment, 166Marine Aeriai Refueler Transport Squadron (VMGR)

VMGR-152, 165-66, 177. 192, 248Detachment Delta, 193. 245

VMGR-352, 193Marine Air Base Squadron (MABS)

MABS-12, 160MABS-15, 155, 165

Sub Unit 1, 168, 171Marine Air Control Squadron (MACS) 4, 9, UMarine All-Weather Attack Squadron (VMA(AW))

VMA(AW)-224 "Bengals' 7, 174-75, 177VMA(AW)-533, 166, 171, 245, 248

Marine Attack Squadron (VMA)VMA-211 "Avengers:' 159, 162VMA-311 'Tomcats," 160, 162

Marine Composite Reconnaissance Squadron (VCMJ)VCMJ-1 "Golden Hawks;' 153, 177-78VCMJ-2, Detachment X, "Playboys:' 177-78

Marine Fighter Attack Squadron (VMFA)VMFA-115 "Silver Eagles:' 153, 155, 166, 171, 216, 245,

248

VMFA-2l2 "Lancers:' 157, 192VMFA-232 "Red Devils:' 153, 155, 166, 171, 245, 248VMFA-333 "Shamrocks," 181, is4

Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron (HMH)HMH-462, 237HMH-463, 236-38, 244

Marine Helicopter Attack Squadron (HMA) 369. 178-79, 181Marine Light Helicopter Squadron (HML) 367, 6

Detachment Bravo, 96, 145Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron (HMM)

HMM-164, 4, 6, 95-96, 99-100, 110, 114, 118, i4o, 148-50,2 10-11

HMM-165, 4, 6, io6, 110, 114, i45, 150-51, 237-38,243-44

Airborne Mitse Countermeasure (AMCM) UnitCharlie, 238, 243Delta, 243Inchon, 238

Marine Air-Ground Task Forces (MAGTF)Fleet Marine Force, Pacific (FMFPac), 4, 9, i4sIII Marine Amphibious Force (MAP), 2,4, 6, 9, 72, 90, 1383d Marine Amphibious Brigade (MAB), 49th Marine Amphibious Brigade (MAB), 4, 6, 90, 95, 106,

110, 138, 142, 146-52, 211, 236, 24831st Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU), 2, 4, 6, 50, 138,

149-50, 210-11, 213, 24433d Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU), i40, 146, 149-52, 210,

213

331st Marine Amphibious Element (MAE), 6Special L'tnding Force (SLF), 2

Ground3d Marine Division, 2, 4, 72, 158

Sensor Control and Management Platoon, 163Regimental Landing Team (RLT) 4, 1494th Marines, 2

Battalion Landing TeamLVT Platoon, 100

Battalion Landing TeamBattalion Landing Team

9th Marines, 2Battalion Landing TeamBattalion Landing Team3d Battalion, 158, 161

Company 1, 162Company K, 161-62Company L, 159. 168Company M, 159, i6s

Battalion Landing Team (BLT) Alpha, 213Battalion. Landing Team (BLT) Bravo, 4, 6, 138Battalion Landing Team (BLT) Delta, 146, 1491st Amphibian Tractor Battalion, 207Sub Unit One, 1st Air and Naval Gunfire Liaison Compa-

ny (ANGUCO), 1-6,9, 11-16, 18, 46-47, 53, 72, 90, 92,io4, 107, 111, 121, 133-34, 157, 197, 199, 206, 246Shore Fire Control Party 1-3, 17

Other3d Force Service Regiment (FSR), 4, 207Marine Advisory Unit, Naval Advisory Group, 9, 23, 25-28,

30, 92, 117, 136, 197, 206-208Marine Security Guard Battalion (MSG)

Company B, 9-101st Radio Battalion, 92

Detachment N, 200Marine House, Saigon, 10Marine Tactical Data Communications Center (TDCC), UMarine Tactiral Data Control Center. See Southeast Asia Tactical

Data System Interface (SEA'FDSI)Marine Tactical Data System (MTDS), 11MarLng. See LogisticsMartin, Capt Thomas D., 168MrCain, Adm John S., Jr_ USN, 6, 138, 140, 146, 148, 151, 153McCauley, RAdm Brian, USN, 236, 238-39, 243McFerren, LtCol Kent A., 155McLaughlin, MajGen John N., 229Mekong

Delta, 14, 19Thctical Zone (MDTZ), 19

advisors in, 21River, 22

Mekong, merchant ship. 21Messiek, Maj John H., 229Metcalf, Col DonaldJ., USA, 30, 42-43, 47-48, 50, 58, 80, 82-84Metzger, LtGen Louis, 6,7, 9, 138, 145, 153, 158-59, 161, 165, 170,

177, 179, 185, 190, 193, 199, 204, 236-37, 249Missing in action (MIA), 234-35Mieu Giang River, 53Military Region 1, 2, 15, 27Military Region 4, 17Miller, LtCol Edison W., 222, 232Miller, EGen EdwardJ., 6,93,96, 98, 108, 122, 134, 138, 140, 140,

144, 146-48, 151, 152, 188, 189, 190-91, 199-200Miller, PlC MarkJ., 214Mint sweeping


equipmentmagnetic orange pipe (M DP), 239MK1O5 towed sled, 238

operations, 211Mining of North Vietnamese ha hors, 177Mobile (LKA 115), 149, 195Moctobi (A'I'F 105), 243Monkey Mountain, 11Montague, Capt Paul J., 221, 233Moore, Maj David J., 96. 149Moore, LtGen William G., USA 225Moorer, Adm Thomas H., USN, 148, 225Morale problems, 185-86, 188Morton (DD 981), 17MTDS. See Marine Tactical Dats System (MTDS)Mullinix (DD 944), 149Murray, SSgt Freddie L., 20Murray, Capt John D., 38, 42-42Murray, MajGeo John S., USA, 208, 210My Chanh, 82

Bridge, 86destruction of, 88

Line, 94, 97-98, 100, 102-102River, 88, 95-96, 101, 147

Nam Phong, Thailand, 164, 166, 167, 168, 170-71, 172, 194, 212,214, 214, 215, 246build up of, 195closing of, 246, 248opening of, 165See afro "Rose Garden"

Naval gunfire support, 17, 80-8::, 133, 135, 199airborne spotcers, i4sVietnamizarion of, 17

Navy Commands and UnitsAir

Fleet Air Reconoaissaoce Squadron (VQ) I, 177

Helicoptet Combat Suppsrt Squadron (HC) 7, 143-44Light Attack Squadron ("AL) 4, 6, 14Medium Helicopter Squadron (HM) 12, 236

Other

Sea

Naval Forces Vietnam, 1, 208Naval Advisory Group, 1', 36, 208

Marine Advisory Unit, 9, 23, 25-28, 30, 92, 117, 136,197, 206-208

Mobile Construction Batialioo 5, 165

Commander in Chief, Pscific (CioCPac), 7, 9Pacific Fleet, 7, 9Seventh Fleet, 2, 7, 142, 145, 147-48, 199

Amphibious Ready C coup (ARG)Alpha, 2, 151, 23.1Bravo, 2, 6, 149, 138Charlie, 140, 149Delta, 140

Fleet Air Support Unit (FASU), 191-92, 194Task Force 74 (Contirgeocy Force), 6Task Force 76 (Amphi )ious lksrce), 143-44, 148, 150-52Task Force 77 (Attack C airier Strike Force), 143, 174, 180,

184

Task Force 78 (Mine Countermeasure Force), 211, 236-38,243

Underway Replenishment Group, 190Amphibious Squadron (Phibron) 5, 138Amphibious Squadron (Phibron) 7. 140Destroyer Squadron 3, 56Mine Flotilla 1, 236Naval Gunfite Support Task Unit, 53, 199

Navy Tactical Data System (NTDS). 153Nettleingham, Capt Allen D., 101Neubauer, Capt Ronald 5., 19, 20New Jersey (BB 62), 13New Orleans (LPH Ii), 237-38Newport News (CA 148), 81, 103, 181, 199Newton, Cot Donald E., 150Nba Trang, i4 Nhon, Col, ARVN, 122Nielson, WO Ben, USA, 46Night observation gunship system (NOGS), 6Nixon, President Richard M., 204, 225. 229, 231Nixon Doctrine, 2NOGS. See Night observation gunship system (NOGS)Norris, Lt Thomas R., USNR, 72nNorth Vietnamese Army (NVA), 31, 34, 38, 44, 74

Commands and Units11-5 Front, 38, 155Tn' Thien Hue Front, 33n2d Division. 335th Division, 1607th Division, 1609th Division, 160304th Division, 38, 74, 76, 80, 94, 155308th Division, 38, 55, 74, 94, 119, 121, 155312th Division, 119, 128320th Division, 33n3208 Division, 115, 1193248 Division, 38, 74, 94, 155325th Division, 100, 102, 11934211 Division, 33711th Division, 1219th Regiment, 4228th Regiment, 10024th Regiment, 5827th Regiment, 47, 13333d Infantry Regiment, 16036th Regiment. 5248th Regiment, 13366th Regiment, 45, 63, 96748 Regiment. 16088th Regiment, 102101st Regiment, 133202d Armored Regiment, 94203d Armored Regiment, 94274th VC Regiment, 160702d Command Group Headquarters, 33Long Cbau Unit, 4s

use of armor, 47nNorvell, MSgt Fred A., 225N1'DS. See Navy Tactical Data System (NTDS)Nui Ba Ho, 37, 42-45Nui Dat, 14NVA. See North Vietnamese Army (NVA)

INDEX 309

o KheBridge, 80, 86River, 87

O'Brien, Maj Joseph J., 130O'Donnell, BGcn Andrew W., 164n, 165-66,Ogden (LPD 5). 243O'Keefe, Col Keith, 155, 158, 159Okinawa (LPH 3), 96, 99, 110, 114, 118, 142,Oklahoma City (CLG 5), 12, i4Operations

Countdown, 206-207, 210-11, 213, 216Eagle Pull, 244End Sweep, 236-39, 241, 243-44Heroic Action, 147-48Homecoming, 223, 225-27, 229, 231Homecoming Marine, 229, 233Lam Son 719, 30Lam Son 810, 27Lam Son 72 (Counteroffensive), 106, 109, 110,Linebacker, 222Linebacker II, 204Marine Hunter Killer (MarHuk), 179-81Pocket Money, 177, 179Rolling Thunder, 153Song Than 5-72, 95-97Song Than 6-72, 98400, 102, 149Song Than 8-72, 103-104Song Than 9-72, 106nSong Than 8A-72, 104-105Sunset, 246Tran Hung Dao 18, 21

Osborne, Capt Ronald G., 179"Outer Seven?' See under Prisoners of warOwens, CWO James R., 189Owens, MajGen Robert G., Jr., 153, 177

Paglioni, lsrLt Lawrence 3. "Hal:' 144Paparone, Isilt John T, 100Paris Peace Conference, 204Parnell, EGen Edward A., 229Patton, Cpl John E., 111Paul Revere (LPA 248), 151, 152, 201, 209Peace, SSgr Frank H., i64Peace accord, 204"Peace Committee?' See under Prisoners of warPerrich, Col Robert J., 140, 149-50Personnel ceilings, 191PE See Popular Forces (PF)Philip, Capt George, Ill, 33, 86, 101, 129Phillips, Capt Clarence W., 201Phnom Penh, Cambndia, 21

shipping toambushes on, 23security for, 22

U.S. Embassy in, terrorist attack on, 10Phu, Commo Nghirm Van, VNN, 22Phuc, LtCol Nguyen Xuan, VNMC, 80Phuc Yen Airfield, North Vietnam, 182Pike, Douglas, 248Pizza, 2dLt Mark B., 188

Poggemeyer, MajGen Herman, Jr., 229Point Defiance (LSD 31), 118, 149Poland, LtCol James A., 100Popular Forces (PF), 19-20Powell, lsth Michael L., 144Pratt, Maj Stanley G., 190Price, Maj Donald L., 31, 64, 68,Prisoner retovery operations, 223Prisoners of war, 217, 218

behavior of, 223ramps

Citadel, The, 225Hoa In Prison (Hanoi Hilton), 221Luong Lang, 222-23in North Vietnam, 220Son Tay, American raid on, 221Tam Ky Complex, 218

rharges against, 232-33"Dirty Dozen:' 220, 225"Outer Sever," 222

"Peace Committee:' 222prison cells, 219release of, 225-26return of, 229techniques of resistance, 222treatment of, 218, 219, 220-21

Project Enhance Plus, 207-208Providence (CLG 6), 149Pueno Rico (Military Sealift Command), 248

150, 152, 158bridge at, 79-80Citadel, 48, 50, 118, 119, 121, 123, 125, 126, 127

final assault on in counteroffensive, 123evacuation of, 82-84fall uf, 90final assault on in counteroffensive, 123

Quang Xuyrn, 19

Race relations, 187racial incidents, 187, 245

Raids and demonstrations, 145-46, 148, ISO, 152Ramsey, Douglas K., 231Randall, Capt David 5., 60'Ray's MAE' 6Redlin, Capt Robert K., 102Redman, LtCol Charles B., 236Regional Forces (RF), 19-20, 31, 97Republic of Korea Marine Corps, 2t1 Brigade, 14-15Revie, LrCol Richard D., 153, 157Reynolds, Capt Philip F., 168RE See Regional Forces (RF)Riate, SSgt Alfonso R., 232

166, 171, 194-95

149-50

11345, 116, 149-50

74, 79-80, 86, 98; Col 197

Quars Id Airfield, 163Quang, Maj Trao Xuan, VNMC, 37, 50Quang Hung, North Vietnam, 243Quang Khe, North Vietnam, 177Quang Tn, 14, 76, 79-81, 113, 113, 118, 121, 124, 126-27, 128, 130,


Rice, Capt Ronald R,, 63Rickman, lstLt Dwight G., 134Riddle, HIM3 James, USN, 76Ripley, Capt John W., 50, 52, 53,'Road of Death:' 161Robertson, LcGen Donn 3., 4Robinson, LtCol James C., 236'Rose Garden:' 171, 245 See a/s

Ross, Maj David L., 180-81Rothwell, Maj Richard 0., 121Routes

555, 97, 104, 113, 131557, 6856o, 113, 117, 119, 121, 128-19

Rung Sat Special Zone. 19advisors in, 19-20

Rush, lstLt Laurence W., 144, 149Ryan, MajGen Michael P., 225

55-57, 6o, 67, 67-68

Nam Phong, Thailand

Data System Interface

Vale, Col Sumner A., 96, 106Van Norrwick, Maj John, III, 236, 238, 244Vancouver (LPD 2), 243VC. See Vice Cong (VC) Vessel types

1CM (landing craft mechanized), 98LPD (landing platform dock), 99, 102LVT (landing vehicle tracked), 102PBR (patrol boat riverine), 23

Vien, Gen Cao Van, ARVN, 32Viet Cong (VC), 19-20Vietnamese Air lisece Commands and Units

Base Defense Ibrce, 163

Tactics, airAlpha Strikes, 174Arc Light B-52 strikes, 45, 48-49, 74, 110, 113, 118Combat air patrols, 170-71Commando Bolt missions, 175

Talbert, Col Aubrey W,, Jr., "TaL" 170, 171, 213, 216, 244, 246'1km Ky Complex, POW camp, 218Tan, MajGen I.e 'flung, NVA, 33Tan Chau, 21Tan Son Nhut, 161Tay Ninh City, 16Taylor, BGen Robert W., 170, 171, 244TDCC. See Marine Thccical Data Communications Center (TDCC)Tellier, Sgr Dennis A., 227Thach Han River, 121, 126, 130, 135

destruction of bridges across, 81Thai, Col Hoang Huu, NVA, 240Thanh Hoa, North Vietnam, 174, 177, 243Thieu, President Nguyen Van, South Vietnam, 10, 83, 92, 103, 111,

118, 126, 150Tho, Le Duc, 204Thomas, CWO William E,, Jr., 229, 230Thorsness, Maj Lao, USAE 223Tief, Col Francis W., 25Tong, LtCol Nguyen Dang, VNMC, 135Tonkin Gulf, 174bole, RAdm Wycliffe D., Jr., USN, 150, 151, 152, 188Training, 15, 28, 188-89

Marine Advisor Course, 24Military Assistance Training Advisor (MATA) Course, 24

Traufler, SSgt Francis N., 190Tn, Col Nguyen Thanh, VNMC, 134-35Tnjt'o/i(LPH 10), 4, 106, 110, 114, 138, 142, 144-45, 150-51, 243-44'Iluong, LrGen Ngo Quang, ARVN, 92, 92, 94.95, 106, 11718, 123,

133, 147-48, 150-51Tulley, Maj James M., 19, 104Tung, LtCol Do Huu, VNMC, 105, 126Tung, Maj Do Huu, VNMC, 67, 70Turberville, Sgt Charles W., 10Tutley, LrCol Gerald H. "Gerry:' 36, 36, 37, 42-43, 47, 49-50, 55-56,

58, 60-61, 64, 88, 94, 114, 115, 135-36, 138, 148Turner Joy (DD 951), 135Tuscaloosa (1ST 1187), 195

United States Agency br International Development (USAID), Sai-gon office of, 10

Ut, Capt Tran, ARVN, 112

Salzer, RAdm Robert S., USN, 9, 26, 28, 64Samuels, ECpl Donald I.,, 188

Sandoval, Cpl Anthony, 15Saratoga (CVA 60), 177Schenectady (1ST 1185), 98Schultz, Chief Radarman Dutch 182Search and rescue operations, 144-45SEATDSI. See Southeast Asia Tactical

(SEATDSI)Shanahan, LtCol James L., 140, 146Shepard, lstLt Anthony P., 112

Sheridan, WO Robert, USA, 4647Sheridan, Maj Robert E, 31-32, 4, 85, 88, 98, 101Shields, Dr Roger B., 223Shipping to Phnom Penh

ambushes on, 23security for, 22

Shoemaker, Sgt Roger, USA, 76Shoptaw, Maj Robert D., 98Shoults, LeCol Eugene B., 9, 11

Sifuenres, Capt Raul A., 243Signal Intelligence (Siglnt), 34, 42, 149, 199-201Smith, Capt Ray L., 24, 37, 44-iS, 6oSmork, Maj James E., USA, 37, 52, 53, 56-57, 60, 65, 67Son Tay prison camp, American raid on, 221Southeast Asia 'lictical Data Sys em, 153Southeast Asia Tactical Data Sys em Interface (SEATUSI), 9,Spring Offensive

communications problems during, 42-43start of, 37-38, 42-45

St. Louis (LKA 116), 118, 149Standley, LeCol Billy R., 174Stephens, Col Ray A., 211Stewart, Cdr Douglas A., USN, 19Stockdale, RAdm James B., USI", 231; VAdm, 173Joseph P Strauss (DDG 16), 46, 53, 61"Street Without Joy' 104. See so Wunder BeachSummers, Cnl Harry G., Jr., US. , 249Sweeney. Maj James R.. 134Swift, Sgr Joe D., 53Swindle, Capt Orson G., 111, 22:

11

operation end sweep —task force 78 organization · 238 the war that would not end marine units to...

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