operant conditioning. shaping shaping = successive approximations toward a goal a process whereby...
TRANSCRIPT
Shaping shaping = successive approximations
toward a goal
a process whereby reinforcements are given for behavior directed toward a goal
reinforcement is given for approximations toward a desired goal
Types of Shaping
1) topographical shaping
the individual or organism did not engage in the behavior previously, but then is reinforced for successive approximations toward a goal
Types of Shaping 2) quantitative shaping: here reinforcement is
dependent on either increasing or decreasing the quantity of some behavior
an adjusting schedule of reinforcement
a new response is not learned
the individual already is engaging in the behavior and you either want to increase or decrease it via shaping
Making Shaping Effective
1) Define the goal 2) Determine a starting point 3) Pick a reinforcer 4) Determine the steps
Dissociative Identity Disorder What is DID? - replace MPD
two or more distinct identities
at least two of these personalities take control of behavior
unable to recall important information
not due to medical or substance
Dissociative Identity Disorder some alters are aware of others, some are not
the host is the primary identity (the person)
the alters can be the exact opposite of the host
e.g., host = passive, alters = aggressive handwriting and drawing is different
Dissociative Identity
recognized since 1800s
Benjamin Rush described DID
Included in DSM-III for first time, set stage for clinical research
Shaping and DID Condition 1 (C1)
Increased attention (e.g., media, research) to DID.
Condition 2 (C2)Therapist strongly believes in the existence of DID.Therapist is fascinated by the dissociative experience.
Condition 3 (C3)Patient is psychologically fragile.Patient believes the therapist is competent. Patient is highly suggestible and or personality disordered.
DID symptoms = C1 * C2 * C3
Schedules of reinforcement
1. Continuous (CRF) good to start with when shaping behavior
2. Non continuous (intermittent, partial) is one in which only some responses are
reinforced four basic types
Intermittent Reinforcement 1. Fixed Ratio (FR): reinforcement delivered
after fixed number of correct responses.
e.g., FR 3 = 3 responses to get reinforcer
period of steady, rapid rate of responding until reinforcement, then a brief pause before starting again
low resistance to extinction
Post reinforcement pause (PRP)
PRP longer with lean reinforcement (i.e., FR 100 v FR 3)
Ratio strain = too much responding required, behavior stops.
Intermittent Reinforcement 2. Fixed Interval: Reinforcement for
next correct response after a fixed amount of time since last reinforcement.
initially, a slow rate of responding, gradually increasing to rapid responding
pause after reinforcement
low resistance to extinction
Intermittent Reinforcement
3. Variable Ratio: reinforcement after varying number of correct responses
moderate levels of responding with little or no pause.
high resistance to extinction
Abusive Relationships
interaction
“good behavior” lots of positive reinforcement
victim victimizer
interaction
Lots of good behavior
Little positivereinforcement
victim
victimizer
Later…
Initially…
stretching the ratio
Intermittent Reinforcement 4. Variable Interval:
reinforcement after varying time since the last reinforcement.
moderate levels of responding with little or no pause
high resistance to extinction
Mixed Schedules Fixed Duration (FD)
The behavior must be performed continuously for a fixed predictable amount of time.
Variable Duration (VD) The behavior must be performed
continuously for a varying, unpredictable amount of time.
DRL Differential Reinforcement of Low Rate Behaviour
Reinforcement is delivered after individual behaves undesirably to a lower rate than their normal rate for that behaviour
DRH Differential Reinforcement of High Rate of
Behaviour
Reinforcement for responding above a specified level.
DRP Differential Reinforcement of Paced Responding
Reinforced for an amount below and above a certain range.
Intermittent Reinforcement
Can you come up with examples of each type of intermittent reinforcement (FR, VR, FI, VI) DRP, DRL, and DRH?
Get together in groups and come up with some examples.
DRO
Differential Reinforcement of Zero Behavior
Delivery of a reinforcer for not engaging in a specific behavior for a period of time.
DRO Application Define behavior to be changed.
Count frequency of behaviors in specified time frame. The average is the interval for reinforcement.
If there are no behaviors during the period, reinforce.
If there are behaviors during the period, start the timer again.
DRI Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible
Behaviour
An undesirable behaviour is weakened, while a desirable behaviour is reinforced
Extinction B (tantrum) C (being picked up/ attention)
Problem: Positive reinforcement for the child: to
continue having tantrums.
Negative reinforcement for the parent: pick up child: avoid tantrum
Called a Reinforcement Trap
Types of Extinction 1. Social:
B C (social reinforcement) e.g: telling jokes no
reinforcement = no telling jokes
2. Non Social: B C (non social reinforcement)
e.g: looking at broken watch no time info. = stop looking at broken watch.
Side Effects of Extinction
1. increase in variability 2. emotional behavior – frustration 3. aggression 4. resurgence 5. depression
A practical example of an extinction burst.
6. Behaviour that is being extinguished will get worse (extinction burst) before it gets better
Resistance to Extinction
1. Schedule of reinforcement Continuous versus intermittent
2. History of reinforcement More reinforcement over time, the
harder to extinguish behavior 3. Magnitude of reinforcer
Larger hard to extinguish