opengl 4.2 (compatibility profile) - april 27, 2012€¦ · the opengl r graphics system: a...

The OpenGLR©

Graphics System:A Specification

(Version 4.2 (Compatibility Profile) - April 27,2012)

Mark SegalKurt Akeley

Editor (version 1.1): Chris FrazierEditor (versions 1.2-4.2): Jon Leech

Editor (version 2.0): Pat Brown

Copyright c© 2006-2012 The Khronos Group Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Contents

1 Introduction 11.1 Formatting of the OpenGL Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1.1 Formatting of the Compatibility Profile . . . . . . . . . . 11.1.2 Formatting of Optional Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 What is the OpenGL Graphics System? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 Programmer’s View of OpenGL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.4 Implementor’s View of OpenGL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.5 Our View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.6 The Deprecation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.7 Companion Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.7.1 OpenGL Shading Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.7.2 Window System Bindings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 OpenGL Operation 52.1 OpenGL Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.1.1 Numeric Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.1.2 Fixed-Point Data Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.2 GL State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.2.1 Shared Object State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.3 GL Command Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.3.1 Data Conversion For State-Setting Commands . . . . . . 15

2.4 Basic GL Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.5 GL Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182.6 Begin/End Paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.6.1 Begin and End . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232.6.2 Polygon Edges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302.6.3 GL Commands within Begin / End . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

2.7 Vertex Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312.8 Vertex Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

i

CONTENTS ii

2.8.1 Packed Vertex Data Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452.8.2 Drawing Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

2.9 Buffer Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562.9.1 Creating and Binding Buffer Objects . . . . . . . . . . . 562.9.2 Creating Buffer Object Data Stores . . . . . . . . . . . . 592.9.3 Mapping and Unmapping Buffer Data . . . . . . . . . . . 612.9.4 Effects of Accessing Outside Buffer Bounds . . . . . . . 652.9.5 Copying Between Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662.9.6 Vertex Arrays in Buffer Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662.9.7 Array Indices in Buffer Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672.9.8 Indirect Commands in Buffer Objects . . . . . . . . . . . 682.9.9 Buffer Object State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

2.10 Vertex Array Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682.11 Rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692.12 Fixed-Function Vertex Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

2.12.1 Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712.12.2 Normal Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762.12.3 Generating Texture Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

2.13 Fixed-Function Vertex Lighting and Coloring . . . . . . . . . . . 802.13.1 Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802.13.2 Lighting Parameter Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862.13.3 ColorMaterial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872.13.4 Lighting State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902.13.5 Color Index Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902.13.6 Clamping or Masking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

2.14 Vertex Shaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922.14.1 Shader Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932.14.2 Loading Shader Binaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952.14.3 Program Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962.14.4 Program Pipeline Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1012.14.5 Program Binaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1072.14.6 Vertex Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1092.14.7 Uniform Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1132.14.8 Subroutine Uniform Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1362.14.9 Samplers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1392.14.10 Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1392.14.11 Output Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1402.14.12 Shader Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1442.14.13 Shader Memory Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1542.14.14 Required State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

OpenGL 4.2 (Compatibility Profile) - April 27, 2012

CONTENTS iii

2.15 Tessellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1612.15.1 Tessellation Control Shaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1622.15.2 Tessellation Primitive Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1682.15.3 Tessellation Evaluation Shaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

2.16 Geometry Shaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1832.16.1 Geometry Shader Input Primitives . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1832.16.2 Geometry Shader Output Primitives . . . . . . . . . . . . 1852.16.3 Geometry Shader Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1852.16.4 Geometry Shader Execution Environment . . . . . . . . . 186

2.17 Coordinate Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1932.17.1 Controlling the Viewport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

2.18 Asynchronous Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1962.19 Conditional Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1992.20 Transform Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

2.20.1 Transform Feedback Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002.20.2 Transform Feedback Primitive Capture . . . . . . . . . . 2022.20.3 Transform Feedback Draw Operations . . . . . . . . . . . 206

2.21 Primitive Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2072.22 Flatshading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2082.23 Primitive Clipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

2.23.1 Color and Associated Data Clipping . . . . . . . . . . . . 2132.24 Final Color Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2132.25 Current Raster Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

3 Rasterization 2183.1 Discarding Primitives Before Rasterization . . . . . . . . . . . . 2203.2 Invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2203.3 Antialiasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

3.3.1 Multisampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2223.4 Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

3.4.1 Basic Point Rasterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2263.4.2 Point Rasterization State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2313.4.3 Point Multisample Rasterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

3.5 Line Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2323.5.1 Basic Line Segment Rasterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2323.5.2 Other Line Segment Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2343.5.3 Line Rasterization State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2373.5.4 Line Multisample Rasterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

3.6 Polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2383.6.1 Basic Polygon Rasterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239


CONTENTS iv

3.6.2 Stippling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2413.6.3 Antialiasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2423.6.4 Options Controlling Polygon Rasterization . . . . . . . . 2423.6.5 Depth Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2433.6.6 Polygon Multisample Rasterization . . . . . . . . . . . . 2443.6.7 Polygon Rasterization State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

3.7 Pixel Rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2453.7.1 Pixel Storage Modes and Pixel Buffer Objects . . . . . . . 2453.7.2 The Imaging Subset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2473.7.3 Pixel Transfer Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2473.7.4 Transfer of Pixel Rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2583.7.5 Rasterization of Pixel Rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2713.7.6 Pixel Transfer Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2743.7.7 Pixel Rectangle Multisample Rasterization . . . . . . . . 283

3.8 Bitmaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2843.9 Early Per-Fragment Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2863.10 Texturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

3.10.1 Texture Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2893.10.2 Sampler Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2923.10.3 Texture Image Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2943.10.4 Alternate Texture Image Specification Commands . . . . 3103.10.5 Compressed Texture Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3153.10.6 Multisample Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3223.10.7 Buffer Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3233.10.8 Texture Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3263.10.9 Depth Component Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3283.10.10 Cube Map Texture Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3293.10.11 Texture Minification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3303.10.12 Texture Magnification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3413.10.13 Combined Depth/Stencil Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3423.10.14 Texture Completeness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3423.10.15 Texture State and Proxy State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3443.10.16 Immutable-Format Texture Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3463.10.17 Texture Environments and Texture Functions . . . . . . . 3503.10.18 Texture Comparison Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3563.10.19 sRGB Texture Color Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3573.10.20 Shared Exponent Texture Color Conversion . . . . . . . . 3583.10.21 Texture Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3583.10.22 Texture Image Loads and Stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

3.11 Color Sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368


CONTENTS v

3.12 Fog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3693.13 Fragment Shaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370

3.13.1 Shader Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3713.13.2 Shader Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

3.14 Antialiasing Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3813.15 Multisample Point Fade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

4 Per-Fragment Operations and the Framebuffer 3824.1 Per-Fragment Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

4.1.1 Pixel Ownership Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3844.1.2 Scissor Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3854.1.3 Multisample Fragment Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3864.1.4 Alpha Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3884.1.5 Stencil Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3894.1.6 Depth Buffer Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3914.1.7 Occlusion Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3924.1.8 Blending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3924.1.9 sRGB Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3994.1.10 Dithering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4004.1.11 Logical Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4004.1.12 Additional Multisample Fragment Operations . . . . . . . 402

4.2 Whole Framebuffer Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4034.2.1 Selecting Buffers for Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4034.2.2 Fine Control of Buffer Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4074.2.3 Clearing the Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4084.2.4 The Accumulation Buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412

4.3 Drawing, Reading, and Copying Pixels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4134.3.1 Writing to the Stencil or Depth/Stencil Buffers . . . . . . 4134.3.2 Reading Pixels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4144.3.3 Copying Pixels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4224.3.4 Pixel Draw/Read State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

4.4 Framebuffer Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4274.4.1 Binding and Managing Framebuffer Objects . . . . . . . . 4274.4.2 Attaching Images to Framebuffer Objects . . . . . . . . . 4304.4.3 Feedback Loops Between Textures and the Framebuffer . 4394.4.4 Framebuffer Completeness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4424.4.5 Effects of Framebuffer State on Framebuffer Dependent

Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4474.4.6 Mapping between Pixel and Element in Attached Image . 4474.4.7 Layered Framebuffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448


CONTENTS vi

5 Special Functions 4515.1 Evaluators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4515.2 Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4575.3 Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4595.4 Timer Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4615.5 Display Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

5.5.1 Commands Not Usable In Display Lists . . . . . . . . . . 4665.6 Flush and Finish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4685.7 Sync Objects and Fences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

5.7.1 Waiting for Sync Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4705.7.2 Signalling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472

5.8 Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472

6 State and State Requests 4746.1 Querying GL State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

6.1.1 Simple Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4746.1.2 Data Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4756.1.3 Enumerated Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4776.1.4 Texture Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4806.1.5 Sampler Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4836.1.6 Stipple Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4846.1.7 Color Matrix Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4846.1.8 Color Table Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4846.1.9 Convolution Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4856.1.10 Histogram Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4876.1.11 Minmax Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4886.1.12 Pointer and String Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4896.1.13 Asynchronous Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4916.1.14 Sync Object Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4926.1.15 Buffer Object Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4936.1.16 Vertex Array Object Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4966.1.17 Transform Feedback Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4966.1.18 Shader and Program Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4966.1.19 Framebuffer Object Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5056.1.20 Renderbuffer Object Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5076.1.21 Internal Format Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5086.1.22 Saving and Restoring State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509

6.2 State Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512


CONTENTS vii

A Invariance 587A.1 Repeatability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587A.2 Multi-pass Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588A.3 Invariance Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588A.4 Tessellation Invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591A.5 Atomic Counter Invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593A.6 What All This Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593

B Corollaries 595

C Compressed Texture Image Formats 598C.1 RGTC Compressed Texture Image Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . 598

C.1.1 Format COMPRESSED_RED_RGTC1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 599C.1.2 Format COMPRESSED_SIGNED_RED_RGTC1 . . . . . . . 600C.1.3 Format COMPRESSED_RG_RGTC2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601C.1.4 Format COMPRESSED_SIGNED_RG_RGTC2 . . . . . . . . 601

C.2 BPTC Compressed Texture Image Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . 601C.2.1 Formats COMPRESSED_RGBA_BPTC_UNORM and

COMPRESSED_SRGB_ALPHA_BPTC_UNORM . . . . . . . . 602C.2.2 Formats COMPRESSED_RGB_BPTC_SIGNED_FLOAT and

COMPRESSED_RGB_BPTC_UNSIGNED_FLOAT . . . . . . 604

D Shared Objects and Multiple Contexts 613D.1 Object Deletion Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613

D.1.1 Side Effects of Shared Context Destruction . . . . . . . . 613D.1.2 Automatic Unbinding of Deleted Objects . . . . . . . . . 614D.1.3 Deleted Object and Object Name Lifetimes . . . . . . . . 614

D.2 Sync Objects and Multiple Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615D.3 Propagating Changes to Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615

D.3.1 Determining Completion of Changes to an object . . . . . 616D.3.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616D.3.3 Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617

E Profiles and the Deprecation Model 619E.1 Core and Compatibility Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620E.2 Deprecated and Removed Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620

E.2.1 Deprecated But Still Supported Features . . . . . . . . . . 620E.2.2 Removed Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621


CONTENTS viii

F Version 3.0 and Before 626F.1 New Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626F.2 Deprecation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627F.3 Changed Tokens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628F.4 Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628F.5 Credits and Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630

G Version 3.1 633G.1 New Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633G.2 Deprecation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634G.3 Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634G.4 Credits and Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635

H Version 3.2 638H.1 New Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638H.2 Deprecation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639H.3 Changed Tokens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639H.4 Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640H.5 Credits and Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642

I Version 3.3 645I.1 New Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645I.2 Deprecation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646I.3 Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647I.4 Credits and Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647

J Version 4.0 649J.1 New Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649J.2 Deprecation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651J.3 Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651J.4 Credits and Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651

K Version 4.1 654K.1 New Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654K.2 Deprecation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655K.3 Changed Tokens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655K.4 Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655K.5 Credits and Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655


CONTENTS ix

L Version 4.2 658L.1 New Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658L.2 Deprecation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659L.3 Changed Tokens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659L.4 Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660L.5 Credits and Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668

M Extension Registry, Header Files, and ARB Extensions 670M.1 Extension Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670M.2 Header Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670M.3 ARB Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671

M.3.1 Naming Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671M.3.2 Promoting Extensions to Core Features . . . . . . . . . . 672M.3.3 Multitexture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672M.3.4 Transpose Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672M.3.5 Multisample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672M.3.6 Texture Add Environment Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673M.3.7 Cube Map Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673M.3.8 Compressed Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673M.3.9 Texture Border Clamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673M.3.10 Point Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673M.3.11 Vertex Blend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673M.3.12 Matrix Palette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673M.3.13 Texture Combine Environment Mode . . . . . . . . . . . 674M.3.14 Texture Crossbar Environment Mode . . . . . . . . . . . 674M.3.15 Texture Dot3 Environment Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674M.3.16 Texture Mirrored Repeat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674M.3.17 Depth Texture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674M.3.18 Shadow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674M.3.19 Shadow Ambient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674M.3.20 Window Raster Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674M.3.21 Low-Level Vertex Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675M.3.22 Low-Level Fragment Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . 675M.3.23 Buffer Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675M.3.24 Occlusion Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675M.3.25 Shader Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675M.3.26 High-Level Vertex Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675M.3.27 High-Level Fragment Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . 675M.3.28 OpenGL Shading Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676M.3.29 Non-Power-Of-Two Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676


CONTENTS x

M.3.30 Point Sprites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676M.3.31 Fragment Program Shadow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676M.3.32 Multiple Render Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676M.3.33 Rectangular Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676M.3.34 Floating-Point Color Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677M.3.35 Half-Precision Floating Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677M.3.36 Floating-Point Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677M.3.37 Pixel Buffer Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677M.3.38 Floating-Point Depth Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678M.3.39 Instanced Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678M.3.40 Framebuffer Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678M.3.41 sRGB Framebuffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678M.3.42 Geometry Shaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678M.3.43 Half-Precision Vertex Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679M.3.44 Instanced Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679M.3.45 Flexible Buffer Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679M.3.46 Texture Buffer Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679M.3.47 RGTC Texture Compression Formats . . . . . . . . . . . 679M.3.48 One- and Two-Component Texture Formats . . . . . . . . 679M.3.49 Vertex Array Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680M.3.50 Versioned Context Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680M.3.51 Uniform Buffer Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680M.3.52 Restoration of features removed from OpenGL 3.0 . . . . 680M.3.53 Fast Buffer-to-Buffer Copies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681M.3.54 Shader Texture Level of Detail Control . . . . . . . . . . 681M.3.55 Depth Clamp Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681M.3.56 Base Vertex Offset Drawing Commands . . . . . . . . . . 681M.3.57 Fragment Coordinate Convention Control . . . . . . . . . 681M.3.58 Provoking Vertex Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681M.3.59 Seamless Cube Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682M.3.60 Fence Sync Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682M.3.61 Multisample Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682M.3.62 BGRA Attribute Component Ordering . . . . . . . . . . . 682M.3.63 Per-Buffer Blend Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682M.3.64 Sample Shading Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682M.3.65 Cube Map Array Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683M.3.66 Texture Gather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683M.3.67 Texture Level-Of-Detail Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683M.3.68 Profiled Context Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683M.3.69 Shading Language Include . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683


CONTENTS xi

M.3.70 BPTC texture compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684M.3.71 Extended Blend Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684M.3.72 Explicit Attribute Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684M.3.73 Boolean Occlusion Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684M.3.74 Sampler Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684M.3.75 Shader Bit Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684M.3.76 RGB10A2 Integer Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685M.3.77 Texture Swizzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685M.3.78 Timer Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685M.3.79 Packed 2.10.10.10 Vertex Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685M.3.80 Draw Indirect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685M.3.81 GPU Shader5 Miscellaneous Functionality . . . . . . . . 685M.3.82 Double-Precision Floating-Point Shader Support . . . . . 685M.3.83 Shader Subroutines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686M.3.84 Tessellation Shaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686M.3.85 RGB32 Texture Buffer Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686M.3.86 Transform Feedback 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686M.3.87 Transform Feedback 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686M.3.88 OpenGL ES 2.0 Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686M.3.89 Program Binary Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686M.3.90 Separate Shader Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687M.3.91 Shader Precision Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687M.3.92 Double Precision Vertex Shader Inputs . . . . . . . . . . 687M.3.93 Viewport Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687M.3.94 Robust Context Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687M.3.95 OpenCL Event Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687M.3.96 Debug Output Notification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688M.3.97 Context Robustness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688M.3.98 Shader Stencil Export . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688M.3.99 Base Instanced Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688M.3.100OpenGL Shading Language 4.20 Feature Pack . . . . . . 688M.3.101Instanced Transform Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688M.3.102Compressed Texture Pixel Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689M.3.103Conservative Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689M.3.104Internal Format Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689M.3.105Map Buffer Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689M.3.106Shader Atomic Counters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689M.3.107Shader Image Load/Store . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689M.3.108Shading Language Packing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690M.3.109Texture Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690


List of Figures

2.1 Block diagram of the GL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.2 Creation of a processed vertex from a transformed vertex and cur-

rent values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202.3 Primitive assembly and processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.4 Triangle strips, fans, and independent triangles. . . . . . . . . . . 242.5 Quadrilateral strips and independent quadrilaterals. . . . . . . . . 252.6 Lines with adjacency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262.7 Triangles with adjacency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262.8 Triangle strips with adjacency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282.9 Vertex transformation sequence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702.10 Processing of RGBA colors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802.11 Processing of color indices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802.12 ColorMaterial operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872.13 Domain parameterization for tessellation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1692.14 Inner triangle tessellation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1722.15 Inner quad tessellation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1752.16 Isoline tessellation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1772.17 Current raster position. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

3.1 Rasterization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2183.2 Rasterization of non-antialiased wide points. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2273.3 Rasterization of antialiased wide points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2273.4 Visualization of Bresenham’s algorithm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2333.5 Rasterization of non-antialiased wide lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2353.6 The region used in rasterizing an antialiased line segment. . . . . 2373.7 Transfer of pixel rectangles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2583.8 Selecting a subimage from an image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2633.9 A bitmap and its associated parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2853.10 A texture image and the coordinates used to access it. . . . . . . . 308

xii

LIST OF FIGURES xiii

3.11 Example of the components returned for textureGather. . . . . 3363.12 Multitexture pipeline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

4.1 Per-fragment operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3844.2 Operation of ReadPixels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4144.3 Operation of CopyPixels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

5.1 Map Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4535.2 Feedback syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462


List of Tables

2.1 GL command suffixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.2 GL data types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.3 Summary of GL errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202.4 Triangles generated by triangle strips with adjacency. . . . . . . . 292.5 Vertex array sizes (values per vertex) and data types . . . . . . . . 402.6 Packed component layout for non-BGRA formats. . . . . . . . . . 462.7 Packed component layout for BGRA format. . . . . . . . . . . . . 462.8 Variables that direct the execution of InterleavedArrays. . . . . . 542.9 Buffer object binding targets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572.10 Buffer object parameters and their values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582.11 Buffer object initial state. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602.12 Buffer object state set by MapBufferRange. . . . . . . . . . . . 632.13 Summary of lighting parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832.14 Correspondence of lighting parameter symbols to names. . . . . . 882.15 Scalar and vector vertex attribute types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1102.16 OpenGL Shading Language type tokens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1252.17 Transform feedback modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2032.18 Provoking vertex selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

3.1 PixelStore parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2463.2 PixelTransfer parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2483.3 PixelMap parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2493.4 Color table names. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2503.5 Pixel data types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2613.6 Pixel data formats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2623.7 Swap Bytes bit ordering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2633.8 Packed pixel formats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2653.9 UNSIGNED_BYTE formats. Bit numbers are indicated for each

component. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

xiv

LIST OF TABLES xv

3.10 UNSIGNED_SHORT formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2673.11 UNSIGNED_INT formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2683.12 FLOAT_UNSIGNED_INT formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2693.13 Packed pixel field assignments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2703.14 Color table lookup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2763.15 Computation of filtered color components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2783.16 Conversion from RGBA, depth, and stencil pixel components to

internal texture, table, or filter components. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2963.17 Sized internal color formats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3013.18 Sized internal luminance and intensity formats. . . . . . . . . . . 3023.19 Sized internal depth and stencil formats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3033.20 Generic and specific compressed internal formats. . . . . . . . . . 3043.21 Internal formats for buffer textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3253.22 Texture parameters and their values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3283.23 Selection of cube map images. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3293.24 Texel location wrap mode application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3343.25 Correspondence of filtered texture components to texture base

components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3523.26 Texture functions REPLACE, MODULATE, and DECAL . . . . . . . . 3533.27 Texture functions BLEND and ADD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3533.28 COMBINE texture functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3543.29 Arguments for COMBINE_RGB functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3553.30 Arguments for COMBINE_ALPHA functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3553.31 Depth texture comparison functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3573.32 Mapping of image load, store, and atomic texel coordinate compo-

nents to texel numbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3633.33 Supported image unit formats, with equivalent format layout qual-

ifiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3663.34 Texel sizes, compatibility classes, and pixel format/type combina-

tions for each image format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368

4.1 RGB and Alpha blend equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3954.2 Blending functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3974.3 Arguments to LogicOp and their corresponding operations. . . . . 4014.4 Buffer selection for the default framebuffer . . . . . . . . . . . . 4044.5 Buffer selection for a framebuffer object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4054.6 DrawBuffers buffer selection for the default framebuffer . . . . . 4054.7 PixelStore parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4164.8 ReadPixels GL data types and reversed component conversion for-

mulas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420


LIST OF TABLES xvi

4.9 ReadPixels index masks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4214.10 Effective ReadPixels format for DEPTH_STENCIL CopyPixels

operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4244.11 Correspondence of renderbuffer sized to base internal formats. . . 4334.12 Framebuffer attachment points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4354.13 Layer numbers for cube map texture faces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

5.1 Values specified by the target to Map1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4525.2 Correspondence of feedback type to number of values per vertex. . 4615.3 Initial properties of a sync object created with FenceSync. . . . . 4695.4 Hint targets and descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

6.1 Texture, table, and filter return values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4826.2 Pixel data formats accepted for the imaging queries. . . . . . . . . 4856.3 Pixel data types accepted for the imaging queries. . . . . . . . . . 4866.4 Context profile bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4906.5 Attribute groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5116.6 State Variable Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5136.7 GL Internal begin-end state variables (inaccessible) . . . . . . . . 5146.8 Current Values and Associated Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5156.9 Vertex Array Object State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5166.10 Vertex Array Object State (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5176.11 Vertex Array Object State (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5186.12 Vertex Array Object State (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5196.13 Vertex Array Data (not in Vertex Array objects) . . . . . . . . . . 5206.14 Buffer Object State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5216.15 Transformation state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5226.16 Coloring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5236.17 Lighting (see also table 2.13 for defaults) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5246.18 Lighting (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5256.19 Rasterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5266.20 Rasterization (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5276.21 Multisampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5286.22 Textures (state per texture unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5296.23 Textures (state per texture unit (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5306.24 Textures (state per texture object) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5316.25 Textures (state per texture image) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5326.26 Textures (state per sampler object) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5336.27 Texture Environment and Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5346.28 Texture Environment and Generation (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 535


LIST OF TABLES xvii

6.29 Pixel Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5366.30 Pixel Operations (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5376.31 Framebuffer Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5386.32 Framebuffer (state per target binding point) . . . . . . . . . . . . 5396.33 Framebuffer (state per framebuffer object)

† This state is queried from the currently bound read framebuffer.5406.34 Framebuffer (state per attachment point) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5416.35 Renderbuffer (state per target and binding point) . . . . . . . . . . 5426.36 Renderbuffer (state per renderbuffer object) . . . . . . . . . . . . 5436.37 Pixels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5446.38 Pixels (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5456.39 Pixels (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5466.40 Pixels (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5476.41 Pixels (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5486.42 Pixels (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5496.43 Evaluators (GetMap takes a map name) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5506.44 Shader Object State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5516.45 Program Pipeline Object State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5526.46 Program Object State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5536.47 Program Object State (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5546.48 Program Object State (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5556.49 Program Object State (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5566.50 Program Object State (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5576.51 Program Object State (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5586.52 Program Object State (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5596.53 Program Object State (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5606.54 Vertex and Geometry Shader State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5616.55 Query Object State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5626.56 Image State (state per image unit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5636.57 Transform Feedback State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5646.58 Atomic Counter State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5656.59 Sync (state per sync object) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5666.60 Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5676.61 Implementation Dependent Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5686.62 Implementation Dependent Values (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5696.63 Implementation Dependent Values (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5706.64 Implementation Dependent Values (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5716.65 Implementation Dependent Version and Extension Support . . . . 5726.66 Implementation Dependent Vertex Shader Limits . . . . . . . . . 5736.67 Implementation Dependent Tessellation Shader Limits . . . . . . 574


LIST OF TABLES xviii

6.68 Implementation Dependent Geometry Shader Limits . . . . . . . 5756.69 Implementation Dependent Fragment Shader Limits . . . . . . . . 5766.70 Implementation Dependent Aggregate Shader Limits . . . . . . . 5776.71 Implementation Dependent Aggregate Shader Limits (cont.) . . . 5786.72 Implementation Dependent Aggregate Shader Limits (cont.)

† The minimum value for each stage isMAX_stage_UNIFORM_BLOCKS × MAX_UNIFORM_BLOCK_SIZE/ 4 + MAX_stage_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . 579

6.73 Implementation Dependent Values (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5806.74 Implementation Dependent Values (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5816.75 Internal Format Dependent Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5826.76 Implementation Dependent Transform Feedback Limits . . . . . . 5836.77 Framebuffer Dependent Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5846.78 Framebuffer Dependent Values (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5856.79 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586

C.1 Mode-dependent BPTC parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605C.2 Partition table for 2 subset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606C.3 Partition table for 3 subset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607C.4 Anchor index values for the second subset of two-subset partitioning608C.5 Anchor index values for the second subset of three-subset partitioning608C.6 Anchor index values for the third subset of three-subset partitioning 608C.7 Endpoint and partition parameters for block modes . . . . . . . . 611C.8 Block formats for block modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612

F.1 New token names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628

H.1 New token names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640

K.1 New token names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655

L.1 New token names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660


Chapter 1

Introduction

This document describes the OpenGL graphics system: what it is, how it acts, andwhat is required to implement it. We assume that the reader has at least a rudi-mentary understanding of computer graphics. This means familiarity with the es-sentials of computer graphics algorithms as well as familiarity with basic graphicshardware and associated terms.

1.1 Formatting of the OpenGL Specification

1.1.1 Formatting of the Compatibility Profile

Material which is present only in the compatibility profile Specification and not inthe core Specification (see appendix E) is typeset in orange, like this paragraph.

1.1.2 Formatting of Optional Features

Starting with version 1.2 of OpenGL, some features in the Specification are con-sidered optional; an OpenGL implementation may or may not choose to providethem (see section 3.7.2).

Portions of the Specification which are optional are so described where theoptional features are first defined (see section 3.7.2). State table entries which areoptional are typeset against a gray background .

1.2 What is the OpenGL Graphics System?

OpenGL (for “Open Graphics Library”) is a software interface to graphics hard-ware. The interface consists of a set of several hundred procedures and functions

1

1.3. PROGRAMMER’S VIEW OF OPENGL 2

that allow a programmer to specify the objects and operations involved in produc-ing high-quality graphical images, specifically color images of three-dimensionalobjects.

Most of OpenGL requires that the graphics hardware contain a framebuffer.Many OpenGL calls pertain to drawing objects such as points, lines, polygons, andbitmaps, but the way that some of this drawing occurs (such as when antialiasingor texturing is enabled) relies on the existence of a framebuffer. Further, some ofOpenGL is specifically concerned with framebuffer manipulation.

1.3 Programmer’s View of OpenGL

To the programmer, OpenGL is a set of commands that allow the specification ofgeometric objects in two or three dimensions, together with commands that controlhow these objects are rendered into the framebuffer.

A typical program that uses OpenGL begins with calls to open a window intothe framebuffer into which the program will draw. Then, calls are made to allocatean OpenGL context and associate it with the window. Once a context is allocated,the programmer is free to issue OpenGL commands. Some calls are used to drawsimple geometric objects (i.e. points, line segments, and polygons), while othersaffect the rendering of these primitives including how they are lit or colored andhow they are mapped from the user’s two- or three-dimensional model space tothe two-dimensional screen. There are also calls to effect direct control of theframebuffer, such as reading and writing pixels.

1.4 Implementor’s View of OpenGL

To the implementor, OpenGL is a set of commands that affect the operation ofgraphics hardware. If the hardware consists only of an addressable framebuffer,then OpenGL must be implemented almost entirely on the host CPU. More typi-cally, the graphics hardware may comprise varying degrees of graphics accelera-tion, from a raster subsystem capable of rendering two-dimensional lines and poly-gons to sophisticated floating-point processors capable of transforming and com-puting on geometric data. The OpenGL implementor’s task is to provide the CPUsoftware interface while dividing the work for each OpenGL command betweenthe CPU and the graphics hardware. This division must be tailored to the availablegraphics hardware to obtain optimum performance in carrying out OpenGL calls.

OpenGL maintains a considerable amount of state information. This state con-trols how objects are drawn into the framebuffer. Some of this state is directly


1.5. OUR VIEW 3

available to the user: he or she can make calls to obtain its value. Some of it, how-ever, is visible only by the effect it has on what is drawn. One of the main goals ofthis Specification is to make OpenGL state information explicit, to elucidate howit changes, and to indicate what its effects are.

1.5 Our View

We view OpenGL as a pipeline having some programmable stages and some state-driven stages that control a set of specific drawing operations. This model shouldengender a specification that satisfies the needs of both programmers and imple-mentors. It does not, however, necessarily provide a model for implementation. Animplementation must produce results conforming to those produced by the speci-fied methods, but there may be ways to carry out a particular computation that aremore efficient than the one specified.

1.6 The Deprecation Model

Features marked as deprecated in one version of the Specification are expected tobe removed in a future version, allowing applications time to transition away fromuse of deprecated features. The deprecation model is described in more detail,together with a summary of the commands and state deprecated from this versionof the API, in appendix E.

1.7 Companion Documents

1.7.1 OpenGL Shading Language

This Specification should be read together with a companion document titled TheOpenGL Shading Language. The latter document (referred to as the OpenGL Shad-ing Language Specification hereafter) defines the syntax and semantics of the pro-gramming language used to write vertex and fragment shaders (see sections 2.14and 3.13). These sections may include references to concepts and terms (such asshading language variable types) defined in the companion document.

OpenGL 4.2 implementations are guaranteed to support version 4.20 of theOpenGL Shading Language. All references to sections of that specification refer toversion 4.20. The latest supported version of the shading language may be queriedas described in section 6.1.5.

The compatibility profile of OpenGL 4.2 is also guaranteed to support all pre-vious versions of the OpenGL Shading Language back to version 1.10.


1.7. COMPANION DOCUMENTS 4

1.7.2 Window System Bindings

OpenGL requires a companion API to create and manage graphics contexts, win-dows to render into, and other resources beyond the scope of this Specification.There are several such APIs supporting different operating and window systems.

OpenGL Graphics with the X Window System, also called the “GLX Specifica-tion”, describes the GLX API for use of OpenGL in the X Window System. It isprimarily directed at Linux and Unix systems, but GLX implementations also existfor Microsoft Windows, MacOS X, and some other platforms where X is avail-able. The GLX Specification is available in the OpenGL Extension Registry (seeappendix M).

The WGL API supports use of OpenGL with Microsoft Windows. WGL isdocumented in Microsoft’s MSDN system, although no full specification exists.

Several APIs exist supporting use of OpenGL with Quartz, the MacOS X win-dow system, including CGL, AGL, and NSOpenGLView. These APIs are docu-mented on Apple’s developer website.

The Khronos Native Platform Graphics Interface or “EGL Specification” de-scribes the EGL API for use of OpenGL ES on mobile and embedded devices.EGL implementations may be available supporting OpenGL as well. The EGLSpecification is available in the Khronos Extension Registry at URL

http://www.khronos.org/registry/egl


http://www.khronos.org/registry/egl

Chapter 2

OpenGL Operation

2.1 OpenGL Fundamentals

OpenGL (henceforth, the “GL”) is concerned only with rendering into a frame-buffer (and reading values stored in that framebuffer). There is no support forother peripherals sometimes associated with graphics hardware, such as mice andkeyboards. Programmers must rely on other mechanisms to obtain user input.

The GL draws primitives subject to a number of selectable modes and shaderprograms. Each primitive is a point, line segment, polygon, or pixel rectangle.Each mode may be changed independently; the setting of one does not affect thesettings of others (although many modes may interact to determine what eventuallyends up in the framebuffer). Modes are set, primitives specified, and other GLoperations described by sending commands in the form of function or procedurecalls.

Primitives are defined by a group of one or more vertices. A vertex definesa point, an endpoint of an edge, or a corner of a polygon where two edges meet.Data such as positional coordinates, colors, normals, texture coordinates, etc. areassociated with a vertex and each vertex is processed independently, in order, andin the same way. The only exception to this rule is if the group of vertices mustbe clipped so that the indicated primitive fits within a specified region; in thiscase vertex data may be modified and new vertices created. The type of clippingdepends on which primitive the group of vertices represents.

Commands are always processed in the order in which they are received, al-though there may be an indeterminate delay before the effects of a command arerealized. This means, for example, that one primitive must be drawn completelybefore any subsequent one can affect the framebuffer. It also means that queriesand pixel read operations return state consistent with complete execution of all

5

2.1. OPENGL FUNDAMENTALS 6

previously invoked GL commands, except where explicitly specified otherwise. Ingeneral, the effects of a GL command on either GL modes or the framebuffer mustbe complete before any subsequent command can have any such effects.

In the GL, data binding occurs on call. This means that data passed to a com-mand are interpreted when that command is received. Even if the command re-quires a pointer to data, those data are interpreted when the call is made, and anysubsequent changes to the data have no effect on the GL (unless the same pointeris used in a subsequent command).

The GL provides direct control over the fundamental operations of 3D and 2Dgraphics. This includes specification of parameters of application-defined shaderprograms performing transformation, lighting, texturing, and shading operations,as well as built-in functionality such as antialiasing and texture filtering. It does notprovide a means for describing or modeling complex geometric objects. Anotherway to describe this situation is to say that the GL provides mechanisms to de-scribe how complex geometric objects are to be rendered rather than mechanismsto describe the complex objects themselves.

The model for interpretation of GL commands is client-server. That is, a pro-gram (the client) issues commands, and these commands are interpreted and pro-cessed by the GL (the server). The server may or may not operate on the samecomputer as the client. In this sense, the GL is “network-transparent.” A servermay maintain a number of GL contexts, each of which is an encapsulation of cur-rent GL state. A client may choose to connect to any one of these contexts. IssuingGL commands when the program is not connected to a context results in undefinedbehavior.

The GL interacts with two classes of framebuffers: window system-providedand application-created. There is at most one window system-provided framebufferat any time, referred to as the default framebuffer. Application-created frame-buffers, referred to as framebuffer objects, may be created as desired. These twotypes of framebuffer are distinguished primarily by the interface for configuringand managing their state.

The effects of GL commands on the default framebuffer are ultimately con-trolled by the window system, which allocates framebuffer resources, determineswhich portions of the default framebuffer the GL may access at any given time, andcommunicates to the GL how those portions are structured. Therefore, there areno GL commands to initialize a GL context or configure the default framebuffer.Similarly, display of framebuffer contents on a physical display device (includingthe transformation of individual framebuffer values by such techniques as gammacorrection) is not addressed by the GL.

Allocation and configuration of the default framebuffer occurs outside of theGL in conjunction with the window system, using companion APIs described in



section 1.7.2.Allocation and initialization of GL contexts is also done using these companion

APIs. GL contexts can typically be associated with different default framebuffers,and some context state is determined at the time this association is performed.

It is possible to use a GL context without a default framebuffer, in which casea framebuffer object must be used to perform all rendering. This is useful forapplications needing to perform offscreen rendering.

The GL is designed to be run on a range of graphics platforms with varyinggraphics capabilities and performance. To accommodate this variety, we specifyideal behavior instead of actual behavior for certain GL operations. In cases wheredeviation from the ideal is allowed, we also specify the rules that an implemen-tation must obey if it is to approximate the ideal behavior usefully. This allowedvariation in GL behavior implies that two distinct GL implementations may notagree pixel for pixel when presented with the same input even when run on identi-cal framebuffer configurations.

Finally, command names, constants, and types are prefixed in the GL (by gl,GL_, and GL, respectively in C) to reduce name clashes with other packages. Theprefixes are omitted in this document for clarity.

2.1.1 Numeric Computation

The GL must perform a number of floating-point operations during the course ofits operation.

Implementations will normally perform computations in floating-point, andmust meet the range and precision requirements defined under ”Floating-PointComputation” below.

These requirements only apply to computations performed in GL operationsoutside of shader execution, such as texture image specification and per-fragmentoperations. Range and precision requirements during shader execution differ andare as specified by the OpenGL Shading Language Specification.

In some cases, the representation and/or precision of operations is implicitlylimited by the specified format of vertex, texture, or renderbuffer data consumedby the GL. Specific floating-point formats are described later in this section.

Floating-Point Computation

We do not specify how floating-point numbers are to be represented, or thedetails of how operations on them are performed.

We require simply that numbers’ floating-point parts contain enough bits andthat their exponent fields are large enough so that individual results of floating-



point operations are accurate to about 1 part in 105. The maximum representablemagnitude for all floating-point values must be at least 232. x · 0 = 0 · x = 0 forany non-infinite and non-NaN x. 1 · x = x · 1 = x. x + 0 = 0 + x = x. 00 =1. (Occasionally further requirements will be specified.) Most single-precisionfloating-point formats meet these requirements.

The special values Inf and −Inf encode values with magnitudes too large tobe represented; the special value NaN encodes “Not A Number” values resultingfrom undefined arithmetic operations such as 00 . Implementations are permitted,but not required, to support Inf s and NaN s in their floating-point computations.

Any representable floating-point value is legal as input to a GL command thatrequires floating-point data. The result of providing a value that is not a floating-point number to such a command is unspecified, but must not lead to GL interrup-tion or termination. In IEEE arithmetic, for example, providing a negative zero or adenormalized number to a GL command yields predictable results, while providinga NaN or an infinity yields unspecified results.

16-Bit Floating-Point Numbers

A 16-bit floating-point number has a 1-bit sign (S), a 5-bit exponent (E), and a10-bit mantissa (M ). The value V of a 16-bit floating-point number is determinedby the following:

V =

(−1)S × 0.0, E = 0,M = 0(−1)S × 2−14 × M

210, E = 0,M 6= 0

(−1)S × 2E−15 ×(1 + M

210

), 0 < E < 31

(−1)S × Inf , E = 31,M = 0NaN , E = 31,M 6= 0

If the floating-point number is interpreted as an unsigned 16-bit integerN , then

S =

⌊N mod 65536

32768

⌋E =

⌊N mod 32768

1024

⌋M = N mod 1024.

Any representable 16-bit floating-point value is legal as input to a GL commandthat accepts 16-bit floating-point data. The result of providing a value that is not afloating-point number (such as Inf or NaN ) to such a command is unspecified, but



must not lead to GL interruption or termination. Providing a denormalized numberor negative zero to GL must yield predictable results.

Unsigned 11-Bit Floating-Point Numbers

An unsigned 11-bit floating-point number has no sign bit, a 5-bit exponent (E),and a 6-bit mantissa (M ). The value V of an unsigned 11-bit floating-point numberis determined by the following:

V =

0.0, E = 0,M = 0

2−14 × M64 , E = 0,M 6= 02E−15 ×

(1 + M64

), 0 < E < 31

Inf , E = 31,M = 0

NaN , E = 31,M 6= 0


E =

⌊N

64

⌋M = N mod 64.

When a floating-point value is converted to an unsigned 11-bit floating-pointrepresentation, finite values are rounded to the closest representable finite value.While less accurate, implementations are allowed to always round in the directionof zero. This means negative values are converted to zero. Likewise, finite posi-tive values greater than 65024 (the maximum finite representable unsigned 11-bitfloating-point value) are converted to 65024. Additionally: negative infinity is con-verted to zero; positive infinity is converted to positive infinity; and both positiveand negative NaN are converted to positive NaN .

Any representable unsigned 11-bit floating-point value is legal as input to aGL command that accepts 11-bit floating-point data. The result of providing avalue that is not a floating-point number (such as Inf or NaN ) to such a commandis unspecified, but must not lead to GL interruption or termination. Providing adenormalized number to GL must yield predictable results.

Unsigned 10-Bit Floating-Point Numbers

An unsigned 10-bit floating-point number has no sign bit, a 5-bit exponent (E),and a 5-bit mantissa (M ). The value V of an unsigned 10-bit floating-point numberis determined by the following:



V =

0.0, E = 0,M = 0

2−14 × M32 , E = 0,M 6= 02E−15 ×

(1 + M32

), 0 < E < 31

Inf , E = 31,M = 0

NaN , E = 31,M 6= 0


E =

⌊N

32

⌋M = N mod 32.

When a floating-point value is converted to an unsigned 10-bit floating-pointrepresentation, finite values are rounded to the closest representable finite value.While less accurate, implementations are allowed to always round in the directionof zero. This means negative values are converted to zero. Likewise, finite posi-tive values greater than 64512 (the maximum finite representable unsigned 10-bitfloating-point value) are converted to 64512. Additionally: negative infinity is con-verted to zero; positive infinity is converted to positive infinity; and both positiveand negative NaN are converted to positive NaN .

Any representable unsigned 10-bit floating-point value is legal as input to aGL command that accepts 10-bit floating-point data. The result of providing avalue that is not a floating-point number (such as Inf or NaN ) to such a commandis unspecified, but must not lead to GL interruption or termination. Providing adenormalized number to GL must yield predictable results.

Fixed-Point Computation

Vertex attributes may be specified using a 32-bit two’s-complement signed rep-resentation with 16 bits to the right of the binary point (fraction bits).

General Requirements

Some calculations require division. In such cases (including implied divisionsrequired by vector normalizations), a division by zero produces an unspecified re-sult but must not lead to GL interruption or termination.



2.1.2 Fixed-Point Data Conversions

When generic vertex attributes and pixel color or depth components are repre-sented as integers, they are often (but not always) considered to be normalized.Normalized integer values are treated specially when being converted to and fromfloating-point values, and are usually referred to as normalized fixed-point. Suchvalues are always either signed or unsigned.

In the remainder of this section, b denotes the bit width of the fixed-point in-teger representation. When the integer is one of the types defined in table 2.2, bis the minimum required bit width of that type. When the integer is a texture orrenderbuffer color or depth component (see section 3.10.3), b is the number of bitsallocated to that component in the internal format of the texture or renderbuffer.When the integer is a framebuffer color or depth component (see section 4), b isthe number of bits allocated to that component in the framebuffer. For framebufferand renderbuffer A components, b must be at least 2 if the buffer does not containan A component, or if there is only 1 bit of A in the buffer.

The signed and unsigned fixed-point representations are assumed to be b-bitbinary twos-complement integers and binary unsigned integers, respectively. Thesigned fixed-point representation may be treated in one of two ways, as discussedbelow.

All the conversions described below are performed as defined, even if the im-plemented range of an integer data type is greater than the minimum required range.

Conversion from Normalized Fixed-Point to Floating-Point

Unsigned normalized fixed-point integers represent numbers in the range [0, 1].The conversion from an unsigned normalized fixed-point value c to the correspond-ing floating-point value f is defined as

f =c

2b − 1. (2.1)

Signed normalized fixed-point integers represent numbers in the range [−1, 1].The conversion from a signed normalized fixed-point value c to the correspondingfloating-point value f is performed using

f = max

{c

2b−1 − 1,−1.0

}. (2.2)

Only the range [−2b−1 + 1, 2b−1 − 1] is used to represent signed fixed-pointvalues in the range [−1, 1]. For example, if b = 8, then the integer value -127 cor-responds to -1.0 and the value 127 corresponds to 1.0. Note that while zero can be


2.2. GL STATE 12

exactly expressed in this representation, one value (-128 in the example) is outsidethe representable range, and must be clamped before use. This equation is used ev-erywhere that signed normalized fixed-point values are converted to floating-point,including for all signed normalized fixed-point parameters in GL commands, suchas vertex attribute values1, as well as for specifying texture or framebuffer valuesusing signed normalized fixed-point.

Conversion from Floating-Point to Normalized Fixed-Point

The conversion from a floating-point value f to the corresponding unsigned nor-malized fixed-point value c is defined by first clamping f to the range [0, 1], thencomputing

f ′ = f × (2b − 1). (2.3)

f ′ is then cast to an unsigned binary integer value with exactly b bits.The conversion from a floating-point value f to the corresponding signed nor-

malized fixed-point value c is performed by clamping f to the range [−1, 1], thencomputing

f ′ = f × (2b−1 − 1). (2.4)

After conversion, f ′ is then cast to a signed two’s-complement binary integervalue with exactly b bits.

This equation is used everywhere that floating-point values are converted tosigned normalized fixed-point, including when querying floating-point state (seesection 6) and returning integers2, as well as for specifying signed normalized tex-ture or framebuffer values using floating-point.

2.2 GL State

The GL maintains considerable state. This document enumerates each state vari-able and describes how each variable can be changed. For purposes of discussion,state variables are categorized somewhat arbitrarily by their function. Although we

1 This is a behavior change in OpenGL 4.2. In previous versions, a different conversion forsigned normalized values was used in which -128 mapped to -1.0, 127 mapped to 1.0, and 0.0 wasnot exactly representable.

2 This is a behavior change in OpenGL 4.2. In previous versions, a different conversion forsigned normalized values was used in which -128 mapped to -1.0, 127 mapped to 1.0, and 0.0 wasnot exactly representable.


2.3. GL COMMAND SYNTAX 13

describe the operations that the GL performs on the framebuffer, the framebufferis not a part of GL state.

We distinguish two types of state. The first type of state, called GL serverstate, resides in the GL server. The majority of GL state falls into this category.The second type of state, called GL client state, resides in the GL client. Unlessotherwise specified, all state referred to in this document is GL server state; GLclient state is specifically identified. Each instance of a GL context implies onecomplete set of GL server state; each connection from a client to a server impliesa set of both GL client state and GL server state.

While an implementation of the GL may be hardware dependent, this discus-sion is independent of the specific hardware on which a GL is implemented. We aretherefore concerned with the state of graphics hardware only when it correspondsprecisely to GL state.

2.2.1 Shared Object State

It is possible for groups of contexts to share certain state. Enabling such sharingbetween contexts is done through window system binding APIs such as those de-scribed in section 1.7.2. These APIs are responsible for creation and managementof contexts, and not discussed further here. More detailed discussion of the behav-ior of shared objects is included in appendix D. Except as defined in this appendix,all state in a context is specific to that context only.

2.3 GL Command Syntax

GL commands are functions or procedures. Various groups of commands performthe same operation but differ in how arguments are supplied to them. To conve-niently accommodate this variation, we adopt a notation for describing commandsand their arguments.

GL commands are formed from a name which may be followed, depending onthe particular command, by a sequence of characters describing a parameter to thecommand. If present, a digit indicates the required length (number of values) of theindicated type. Next, a string of characters making up one of the type descriptorsfrom table 2.1 indicates the specific size and data type of parameter values. Afinal v character, if present, indicates that the command takes a pointer to an array(a vector) of values rather than a series of individual arguments. Two specificexamples are:

void Uniform4f( int location, float v0, float v1,float v2, float v3 );



Type Descriptor Corresponding GL Typeb bytes shorti int

i64 int64f floatd double

ub ubyteus ushortui uint

ui64 uint64

Table 2.1: Correspondence of command suffix type descriptors to GL argumenttypes. Refer to table 2.2 for definitions of the GL types.

and

void GetFloatv( enum value, float *data );

These examples show the ANSI C declarations for these commands. In general,a command declaration has the form3

rtype Name{�1234}{� b s i i64 f d ub us ui ui64}{�v}( [args ,] T arg1 , . . . , T argN [, args] );

rtype is the return type of the function. The braces ({}) enclose a series of typedescriptors (see table 2.1), of which one is selected. � indicates no type descriptor.The arguments enclosed in brackets ([args ,] and [, args]) may or may not bepresent. The N arguments arg1 through argN have type T, which corresponds toone of the type descriptors indicated in table 2.1 (if there are no letters, then thearguments’ type is given explicitly). If the final character is not v, then N is givenby the digit 1, 2, 3, or 4 (if there is no digit, then the number of arguments is fixed).If the final character is v, then only arg1 is present and it is an array of N values ofthe indicated type.

For example,

void Uniform{1234}{if}( int location, T value );3The declarations shown in this document apply to ANSI C. Languages such as C++ and Ada

that allow passing of argument type information admit simpler declarations and fewer entry points.



indicates the eight declarations

void Uniform1i( int location, int value );void Uniform1f( int location, float value );void Uniform2i( int location, int v0, int v1 );void Uniform2f( int location, float v0, float v1 );void Uniform3i( int location, int v0, int v1, int v2 );void Uniform3f( int location, float v1, float v2,

float v2 );void Uniform4i( int location, int v0, int v1, int v2,

int v3 );void Uniform4f( int location, float v0, float v1,

float v2, float v3 );

Arguments whose type is fixed (i.e. not indicated by a suffix on the command)are of one of the GL data types summarized in table 2.2, or pointers to one of thesetypes. Since many GL operations represent bitfields within these types, transferblocks of data in these types to graphics hardware which uses the same data types,or otherwise requires these sizes, it is not possible to implement the GL API on anarchitecture which cannot satisfy the exact bit width requirements in table 2.2.

The types clampf and clampd are no longer used, replaced by floatand double respectively together with specification language requiring param-eter clamping4.

2.3.1 Data Conversion For State-Setting Commands

Many GL commands specify a value or values to which GL state of a specific type(boolean, enum, integer, or floating-point) is to be set. When multiple versions ofsuch a command exist, using the type descriptor syntax described above, any suchversion may be used to set the state value. When state values are specified usinga different parameter type than the actual type of that state, data conversions areperformed as follows:

• When the type of internal state is boolean, zero integer or floating-point val-ues are converted to FALSE and non-zero values are converted to TRUE.

• When the type of internal state is integer or enum, boolean values of FALSEand TRUE are converted to 0 and 1, respectively. Floating-point values arerounded to the nearest integer.

4 These changes are completely backwards-compatible and will eventually be propagated to manpages and header files as well.



GL Type DescriptionBit Width

boolean 1 or more Booleanbyte 8 Signed twos complement binary inte-

gerubyte 8 Unsigned binary integerchar 8 Characters making up stringsshort 16 Signed twos complement binary inte-

gerushort 16 Unsigned binary integerint 32 Signed twos complement binary inte-

geruint 32 Unsigned binary integerfixed 32 Signed 2’s complement 16.16 scaled

integerint64 64 Signed twos complement binary inte-

geruint64 64 Unsigned binary integersizei 32 Non-negative binary integer sizeenum 32 Enumerated binary integer valueintptr ptrbits Signed twos complement binary inte-

gersizeiptr ptrbits Non-negative binary integer sizesync ptrbits Sync object handle (see section 5.7)bitfield 32 Bit fieldhalf 16 Half-precision floating-point value

encoded in an unsigned scalarfloat 32 Floating-point valueclampf 32 Floating-point value clamped to [0, 1]double 64 Floating-point valueclampd 64 Floating-point value clamped to [0, 1]

Table 2.2: GL data types. GL types are not C types. Thus, for example, GLtype int is referred to as GLint outside this document, and is not necessarilyequivalent to the C type int. An implementation must use exactly the number ofbits indicated in the table to represent a GL type.ptrbits is the number of bits required to represent a pointer type; in other words,types intptr, sizeiptr, and sync must be sufficiently large as to store anyaddress.


2.4. BASIC GL OPERATION 17

VertexShading andPer-VertexOperations

GeometryShading and

PrimitiveAssembly

FragmentShading and

Per-FragmentOperations

Framebuffer

PixelPack/Unpack

TextureMemory

TransformFeedback

VertexData

PixelData

Rasterization

PixelOperations

VertexShading andPer-VertexOperations

Evaluators

Figure 2.1. Block diagram of the GL.

• When the type of internal state is floating-point, boolean values of FALSEand TRUE are converted to 0.0 and 1.0, respectively. Integer values are con-verted to floating-point.

For commands taking arrays of the specified type, these conversions are per-formed for each element of the passed array.

Each command following these conversion rules refers back to this section.Some commands have additional conversion rules specific to certain state valuesand data types, which are described following the reference.

Validation of values performed by state-setting commands is performed afterconversion, unless specified otherwise for a specific command.

2.4 Basic GL Operation

Figure 2.1 shows a schematic diagram of the GL. Commands enter the GL on theleft. Some commands specify geometric objects to be drawn while others controlhow the objects are handled by the various stages. Most commands may be ac-cumulated in a display list for processing by the GL at a later time. Otherwise,commands are effectively sent through a processing pipeline.


2.5. GL ERRORS 18

The first stage provides an efficient means for approximating curve and surfacegeometry by evaluating polynomial functions of input values. The next stageoperates on geometric primitives described by vertices: points, line segments, andpolygons. In this stage vertices are transformed and lit, followed by assembly intogeometric primitives, which may optionally be used by the next stage, geometryshading, to generate new primitives. The final resulting primitives are clipped to aclip volume in preparation for the next stage, rasterization. The rasterizer producesa series of framebuffer addresses and values using a two-dimensional descriptionof a point, line segment, or polygon. Each fragment so produced is fed to the nextstage that performs operations on individual fragments before they finally alter theframebuffer. These operations include conditional updates into the framebufferbased on incoming and previously stored depth values (to effect depth buffering),blending of incoming fragment colors with stored colors, as well as masking andother logical operations on fragment values.

Finally, there is a way to bypass the vertex processing portion of the pipeline tosend a block of fragments directly to the individual fragment operations, eventuallycausing a block of pixels to be written to the framebuffer; values may also be readback from the framebuffer or copied from one portion of the framebuffer to another.These transfers may include some type of decoding or encoding.

This ordering is meant only as a tool for describing the GL, not as a strict ruleof how the GL is implemented, and we present it only as a means to organize thevarious operations of the GL. Objects such as curved surfaces, for instance, maybe transformed before they are converted to polygons.

2.5 GL Errors

The GL detects only a subset of those conditions that could be considered errors.This is because in many cases error checking would adversely impact the perfor-mance of an error-free program.

The command

enum GetError( void );

is used to obtain error information. Each detectable error is assigned a numericcode. When an error is detected, a flag is set and the code is recorded. Furthererrors, if they occur, do not affect this recorded code. When GetError is called,the code is returned and the flag is cleared, so that a further error will again recordits code. If a call to GetError returns NO_ERROR, then there has been no detectableerror since the last call to GetError (or since the GL was initialized).


2.6. BEGIN/END PARADIGM 19

To allow for distributed implementations, there may be several flag-code pairs.In this case, after a call to GetError returns a value other than NO_ERROR eachsubsequent call returns the non-zero code of a distinct flag-code pair (in unspecifiedorder), until all non-NO_ERROR codes have been returned. When there are no morenon-NO_ERROR error codes, all flags are reset. This scheme requires some positivenumber of pairs of a flag bit and an integer. The initial state of all flags is clearedand the initial value of all codes is NO_ERROR.

Table 2.3 summarizes GL errors. Currently, when an error flag is set, results ofGL operation are undefined only if OUT_OF_MEMORY has occurred. In other cases,the command generating the error is ignored so that it has no effect on GL state orframebuffer contents. Except where otherwise noted, if the generating commandreturns a value, it returns zero. If the generating command modifies values througha pointer argument, no change is made to these values. These error semanticsapply only to GL errors, not to system errors such as memory access errors. Thisbehavior is the current behavior; the action of the GL in the presence of errors issubject to change.

Several error generation conditions are implicit in the description of every GLcommand:

• If a command that requires an enumerated value is passed a symbolic con-stant that is not one of those specified as allowable for that command, theerror INVALID_ENUM is generated. This is the case even if the argument isa pointer to a symbolic constant, if the value pointed to is not allowable forthe given command.

• If a negative number is provided where an argument of type sizei orsizeiptr is specified, the error INVALID_VALUE is generated.

• If memory is exhausted as a side effect of the execution of a command, theerror OUT_OF_MEMORY may be generated.

Otherwise, errors are generated only for conditions that are explicitly described inthis specification.

2.6 Begin/End Paradigm

In the GL, most geometric objects are drawn by enclosing a series of coordinatesets that specify vertices and optionally normals, texture coordinates, and colorsbetween Begin / End pairs. Points, lines, polygons, and a variety of relatedgeometric objects (see section 2.6.1) can be drawn in this way.


2.6. BEGIN/END PARADIGM 20

Error Description Offending com-mand ignored?

INVALID_ENUM enum argument out of range YesINVALID_VALUE Numeric argument out of range YesINVALID_OPERATION Operation illegal in current state YesINVALID_FRAMEBUFFER_OPERATION Framebuffer object is not com-

pleteYes

STACK_OVERFLOW Command would cause a stackoverflow

Yes

STACK_UNDERFLOW Command would cause a stackunderflow

Yes

OUT_OF_MEMORY Not enough memory left to exe-cute command

Unknown

TABLE_TOO_LARGE The specified table is too large Yes

Table 2.3: Summary of GL