open source cost effectiveness

8/14/2019 Open Source Cost Effectiveness

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COST-EFFECTIVE COMPARISON OF

OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE

VS.

PROPRIETARY (PAID LICENSING) SOFTWARE

IN PRODUCTIVITY ENVIRONMENTS

Ian Hansen

Submitted to

Galen Hansen

Superintendent

Riverside School District

June 16, 2005


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to Brad Adams, who found and helped set up G4U, and many other usefulapplications, and for making me aware of the Open Source community world. Muchappreciation for helping me try to think outside the box.

Thanks to John Gill and Lance Simon for their collaborative efforts, as we havemoved forward in the technology department. Your professional help and input havegreatly aided me in completing this research project.

Thanks also to Andrea Reid, the Spokane Linux Users Group, Source Forge andGoogle Scholar, all of which helped me in putting together my primary research.


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ABSTRACT

The first part of this report gives the history of advances in technology, effectively

defining proprietary software and Open Source software, and listing the benefits and

drawbacks of each. These benefits and drawbacks are basic, informational or otherwise

historic facts that don't require any specific research in order to prove a particular point.

Rather, my research compared cost effectiveness of the two types of software in

two main areas: 1) common software and application utilities, and 2) in the web server

environment. Price comparisons were made, while taking into consideration the time to

research the technological needs, cost of the solution considered, and time for

implementation.

The results of price comparisons, in both software areas explored, show that there

is a considerably less amount of money to pay, potentially thousands of dollars, looking

at Open Source solutions.

The conclusions and recommendations invite a collaborative investigation of the

current particular technological needs of the district, and then finding out if there are

solutions in the Open-Source community that would cover those needs. If both time and

money are saved because of a better system, its implementation would undoubtedly be a

benefit.

INTRODUCTION

In the history of advances in technology, proprietary operating systems and

software bundles were all that were available. With the advent and progression of new

technology and new ideas, the free and reproducible Open Source software has also been

on the rise. Looking at any business environment from a technological standpoint, be it


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corporate, educational or government, the business wants to spend the least amount of

money and yet have the most productive and integrated software solutions.

The following paragraphs describe the history and evolution of software to its

present state in industry, which is important to understand for the scope and nature of the

research I did. Much of it is informational and educational, yet, as it shows what

proprietary software is and what Open Source software is, it does not necessarily

compare the cost of the two against each other. That cost comparison is something that I

cover later in the analysis, with first and secondhand experience and observations made

and documented in workplace environments.

History of the Evolution of Software

In the early ages of computing, back when a computer was a huge, noisy piece

of equipment that might have filled up almost an entire room, small pieces of code were

written to make these computers perform basic functions. Driven by programmers and

code writers to increase the performance and capabilities of these machines, commands

that would perform these basic functions, such as multiplying or dividing numbers, were

written.

These codes and commands came to be known as software programs. In the

online book, Open Sources, Eric S. Raymond told that as early as the 1960s, software

writers were busy creating programs that could be used on computer systems, and newer,

more capable computing hardware, as it was released. While many programmers during

those days decided that they would freely share their programs and their capabilities with

other software writers, others declined, and decided that they would withhold their "trade

secrets" and establish their own intellectual property. And, for a fee determined by

themselves, as the owners, they would share a "copy" of their product, but, under license,


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the buyer would not be able to make any changes to it, as it would infringe their

intellectual property.

These actions resulted in a fork in the directions of software development that still

exists today. That is to say, there are two categories that software fits under: one, the

paid licensing category, which is known as "proprietary" software. The other, which

holds the information-sharing attitude of early programmers, is called "Open Source"

software. However, to the general public and most computer users, this knowledge of the

history of software evolution is greatly unknown. Most people at this point in time are

only aware of proprietary software, which has since dominated the computer world.

Background of Open Source Software

The Open Source ideology has existed since the inception of written software.

Simply put, Open Source software are programs created for the use of whoever might

need them, at no price. A person might ask, "What's the catch with Open Source

software?" or "How does it work for free?" Those questions are addressed under a form

of licensing, called the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL, 1989-1991), which

ensures that users can take a program and make use of it, even with the option to change

and streamline it according to their needs. The GPL states that while users can take these

programs and use them, they have to put their own "source code" up for other people to

see, use, and modify, and cannot at any time hide their source, which would essentially

make it proprietary. Such a stipulation maintains the freeness of the program and its

availability for all to use. This form of licensing has stemmed from an overall

collaborative attitude that has shown to promote innovation and productivity, and not

competition nor gain. Currently, Open Source software provides solutions in all areas of

Operating Systems and software capabilities.


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Benefits of Open Source Software

One large benefit of Open Source software is the zero cost for the software itself.

While there is a price accompanying implementation, regardless of operating

system/software choice, there is an overall lower total cost of ownership. Many

organizations that do not have a lot of money can use such software to their advantage.

Also, the amount of software available and in production to the public makes it favorable.

The Open Source community is a world-wide collaboration, with a vast range of products

being released to the public for free via the Internet and other companies. By making all

of this available, another resulting benefit is the less amount of dependence consumers

have had on particular vendors. Open Source software, because of its free and modifiable

nature, has been much easier to customize for the particular needs of individuals or

companies. Because not every situation in every business is the same, this can be a large

benefit, as users can create solutions based on their own needs, and on account of their

own innovation. Another benefit is that the source code is open and free, so if there are

problems with a program, many users all around the world are able to find them, submit

them and fix them collaboratively, which speeds up production of a stable final product.

As Linux creator Linus Torvalds put it in Linuss Law, Given enough eyeballs, all bugs

are shallow.

Drawbacks of Open Source Software

While Open Source has its benefits, it also has its drawbacks. Largely, its nature

of being produced by developers and not companies results in its lack of central support

in case of problems. Documentation may or may not be provided, and quality of

information for implementation can vary with no guarantees. While user groups exist,

there is uncertainty regarding the support and retrievable knowledge in order to fix


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problems if they arise. Varieties of Open Source software can be difficult to integrate

unless training is implemented, and depending on the productivity environment, factors

such as user friendliness, support, computer savviness and learning curves can be

considerable items as well.

Background of Proprietary Software

Proprietary software is defined as software produced, of which end-users do not

have the freedom to control what it does and study or edit the source code (Wikipedia,

2005). A prime example of proprietary software known to the world is Microsoft

Corporation and its popular Windows operating system (OS). The Microsoft Windows

OS grew quickly in the computer world from the early 1990s to the present day.

Microsoft has successfully acquired getting its operating system on a great majority of

computers, whose users have had to pay a license fee in order to be able to use it.

Microsoft has been very successful in the distribution of its products, and has dominated

the OS and office productivity software market for a number of years.

Benefits of Proprietary Software

Users of proprietary software rely on certain benefits that fit the proprietary

model, of which, the first and foremost is support. For example, if there is any difficulty

with a computer program, there is a "vendor to go to with [the] complicated technical

problem" (Hiltbrand, 2000). Such a model provides a feeling of stability for users, and

they would feel less inclined to pay a license fee if there weren't support included.

Another benefit is universality, which may be desired in a uniform system where

hardware circumstances and variables are the same. Such universality has provided to be

resourceful in corporate environments that have means to deploy similar hardware and in


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large numbers. Knowledge bases and documentation can be another benefit of

proprietary software producers, as they can provide support based on papers already

written on known issues. In an organized software production company, the program is

most likely to undergo extensive testing by developers that can smooth out bugs in a

system before releasing it to the public. Such benefits have appealed greatly to large

businesses.

Drawbacks of Proprietary Software

Proprietary software, just as it has advantages, has some disadvantages. The first,

while not always the case, may be a case, and that is the high price that certain software

is sold at, before the additional cost of implementation. A general practice of proprietary

licensing fees is that of a "per computer" copy, where each computer running a copy of

proprietary software must be paid for. There are building or site licenses that may be

cheaper than the per-computer copy sales. Keeping track of large licensing numbers is

seen as a headache to some. While large businesses and corporations may not normally

have a problem with price, many other organizations will not have the resources for

solutions needed. For the price paid, users may be unsatisfied with the robustness of

what they get. And, as standard proprietary models go, in order for more function ability

or interoperability, more money needs to be paid. Aside from price is support. While

support may be available, it may have to be paid for additionally, and the price may be

high, in terms of both money and time. In purchasing proprietary software, "users

usually have to pay for newer, although sometimes only slightly improved versions, and

often have to wait a long time before appropriate patches are even released to fix

important bugs" (Dalle and Jullien, 2001).


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RESEARCH

With an understanding of the natures of either types of software, I proceed to my

research and methods used for making cost-effective comparisons. In my past work as a

computer technician I have dealt solely with proprietary software, and understand very

well how its model works into my every-day schedule and procedures. I am also

acquainted with cost and licensing of proprietary software. The technological needs of

my workplace are typical of most of the common technology demands in the average

business workplace.

The objective of my studies has been to find out if there are any solutions in the

Open Source community that apply to these technological needs, that might lead to the

streamlining and facilitation of standard procedure and implementation. I decided to

explore the use of different solutions in order to better suit the needs for procedures in

technology, with the intent of saving both time and money because of a potentially better

overall system.

During my research process, I collaborated with the Spokane Linux User Group.

They made me realize that, although these procedural things get done, most of the end

computer users don't realize or take into consideration the methods used, or even care

whether or not it saved money, just as long as they have their applications and can do

their work. However, to the people who spend the money on technology needs, these

procedures make quite a difference.

Following is the first of two specific areas I have done cost-comparing research on.

Price/Functionality Comparison of Applications in a Mixed Duopoly Environment

In my research, a study by Casadesus-Masanell and Ghemawat explores the


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hybrid/mix and co-existence of the two types of software together, called a mixed

duopoly. For convenience purposes, that is what some Open Source software developers

have done. They have created utilities that work with Proprietary OSes, like Microsoft

Windows, which is what we primarily use. The following paragraphs show my primary

research done based on optimizing technological needs for computer applications, with

price in mind.

Norton Ghost and G4U

In the past, procedures for installation of computer systems have been long and

cumbersome. I (with collaborative help) decided to look at a solution to facilitate the

setting up of multiple computer systems. After looking at various ways of making this

happen, I found that the solution desired needed would be a tool that can create exact

hard drive duplicates over a network connection, as opposed to setting up every single

computer, one at a time, one program at a time (which has been the traditional method).

Traditionally, building a computer's OS from start to finish took up to three hours, and

ten such computers being set up would take almost an entire week.

Common industry touts a great product called Norton Ghost. Ghost is a useful

software suite by Symantec Corporation that fulfils my desired need. Upon going to the

Symantec online store and looking at Norton Ghost 9.0 for the Windows OS, there is an

initial $70 box purchase fee. The End User License Agreement (EULA) states:You may

use one copy of the Software on a single computer. . .You may make the number of

copies of the Software licensed to You."

Looking at Symantec Ghost's Solution Suite Pricing for multiple licenses (because

there are multiple computers), I found that a full version of Ghost's licensing per

computer is as low as $23.80 when purchasing licenses to copy 250 computers.


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Therefore, for 250 licenses, the price would be $5950. This also does not take into

account the time taken to learn the program and set up the system accordingly, which

may require additional time and hardware resources.

Ghost is capable of many other features that are very useful, but all I wanted was

just a network hard drive cloning utility. On the Internet, there is an online Open Source

software development site called Source Forge, which has tens of thousands of free Open

Source programs for the world to use. There is a project called G4U, which is a tool that

does network hard drive cloning. Fortunately, as not always is the case for Open Source

projects, there was very good documentation.

Being that there is no fee for this tool (donations to the project are welcomed), it

didn't take long before it was downloaded and attempted. Documentation was followed,

and it worked, providing a solution for the need that we had.

Now, there still is a price to using Open Source programs, and that is the price of

the time taken to implement them. However, time is needed in order to implement

proprietary software solutions as well. With the same Ghost comparison, I will show an

estimation of the cost, from start to finish, which essentially is only the time taken, in

setting 250 computers up:

Set up one source hard drive image = about two hours.Upload source hard drive image to network file server = about two hours.20-25 minutes per additional network clone downloaded over multiple network connections = about ten hard drives cloned in an hour.

Therefore, 250 computers will be cloned in about 25 hours.

2 hours - Create source +2 hours - Upload source +25 hours - Clone 250 computers---------------------------------------29 hours of labor 29 hours * hourly wage of one worker (estimate $14.50) = $420.50

Now, looking at Ghost's $5950 is for its software licensing fee alone. Its exact


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implementation time is unknown, but is probably similar to that of G4U, even though its

particular procedures are different. For either software solution, the program has to be

learned, which takes time. Ghost may provide more features; however they probably

really aren't needed, as all I was looking for was a network hard drive cloning utility.

With the G4U program I found what was needed and the cost difference is considerable.

(Note: G4U has been implemented in our workplace. While no money saving may be

realized immediately, a return will be the larger amount of productivity in a much shorter

amount of time.)

MS Office and OpenOffice

In many work environments, especially office settings, a functional suite of

applications that enable word processing or spreadsheet organization, is crucial.

Microsoft Office has been the dominant software suite offered along with its Windows

OS, but for an additional price. Pricing over time for office suites by Microsoft has

varied; however, it has been notably high per individual computer license.

Microsoft Office Professional 2003 is currently the office suite of choice in the

business world. At the Microsoft website, currently as of June 2005, a single user license

costs $499 (How to Buy, 2003). For educational licensing, assuming multiple license

purchases, 300 licenses at an academic pricing rate bring individual copies down to $24

each for a total of $7,200 (Retail calculator, 2005). Of course, there are secondary

vendors that may offer a lower price, but that is a general ballpark idea, regardless of the

vendor.

OpenOffice is an office productivity suite by Sun Microsystems, Inc, produced for

many OS platforms, including Windows. It is Open Source, and provides essentially the


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same applications as Microsoft Office, yet at a zero price. I downloaded the suite,

installed it, and am using the word processor part of the program to write this; it looks

almost exactly the same as MS Office. Yet, it has features that are not proprietary, such

as a universal file format, rather than the Microsoft proprietary formats. It is built to be

integrable with MS Office as well. It features the creation of .PDF files, as part of its

normal features, and offers the creation of drawings and diagrams.

For the basic office productivity needs of a workplace, OpenOffice does

everything that Microsoft Office does. For certain advanced features, which aren't

always touched on by the average user, Microsoft Office can have advantages over

OpenOffice, primarily because of its widespread use in the computing world, which has

allowed it to make significant strides. OpenOffice is still being developed, and future

releases are scheduled.

Common Software Utilities

In common computing, as files and information are sent around by users, certain

software utilities, like file compression programs, are very common. WinZip is a

generally popular utility that enables file compression and taking multiple files and

putting them all together. Looking at WinZip's multi-user license, for 200-499 users, the

price of each copy is $7.50 (WinZip Product Selection, 2005). After looking for

alternatives on the Internet, I found another program, called JustZipIt, that has the same

basic compression capabilities, free of price. While this little program doesn't provide the

other advanced features that WinZip might, those features aren't always utilized by most

computer users anyway. When dealing with small utilities like this one, the learning

curve is very light, so the cost because of time to learn really is not an issue.

Eric S. Raymond addressed the creation of Open Source tools, as developers


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would create such software to satisfy the scratching [of] an itch (The Cathedral and the

Bazaar, 1998). As a result, in the search for other price-effective alternatives in many

areas of small, useful computer applications, the possibilities have really resulted endless.

All you really have to know is what you want, and then you can go out and look for it. I

found lots of other Open Source (or otherwise free, based on licensing) software on the

Internet. Some worthy of mentioning are SpyBot Search and Destroy, a free anti-

spyware program for Windows, IrFanView, a viewer program that allows viewing of

multiple types of files, and GIMP, an Open Source, high-end graphic creation program

that is comparable to Adobe Photoshop, or graphic design products by Macromedia, Inc.

Price/Functionality Comparison in Web Servers

Another area where I researched the price difference of Open Source and

proprietary software was in the web server realm. Simply put, a web server is a software

program, working in the background of a computer, that serves web documents. Once

again, the traditional software nature of web servers in the past was solely proprietary.

Among these proprietary web server programs is Microsoft's Internet Information

Services (IIS), which is a highly functional web package, and another common

proprietary web server is Netscape's Enterprise Server.

Microsoft's IIS comes with its Windows Server 2003 OS, and can be purchased

from their site (Windows 2003 Server Features, 2005). The cheapest product offering is

the Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition, priced at $999, with prices going up from

there.

According to Redhat.coms Netscape Security Solutions, as of December 2004,

Netscape's Enterprise Server production was halted, and all support for existing

Enterprise Server software bundles were turned over to Red Hat, Inc., which sells support


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for certain Open Source Linux distributions. The case of Red Hat is interesting, as it does

not charge per copy licensing fees for its product, yet makes its business to provide

support to those using their existing Linux distribution. Because money is paid for

product support, and yet they still have Open Source software, it is not considered

proprietary, as proprietary implies the closed source code and strict per-computer license

fee. And because of the fact that licensing fees were originally charged for Netscape

Enterprise Server before they were turned over to Red Hat, I still consider them as

proprietary , however not their current affiliates.

A very popular and highly functional Open Source web server is called Apache,

which is also the most-used among all other Open Source web servers software offered.

The Apache project was started in 1995 and has quickly gained momentum to the

present. Being Open Source, it is free, and because of its size and popularity, lots of

support is provided. Other useful, free and Open Source web programs are MYSQL and

PHPMyAdmin, which are also very widely used.

Out of interest on Apache's share in percentages of web servers on the Internet, I

conducted some research that led me to some interesting numbers. Using the Yellow

Pages to randomly select 100 different web sites of listed businesses, I used a handy web-

based tool, at http://www.whois.sc . This utility searches specific web domains, and

returns company information, as well as other statistics, including the server software

being run for that company. Based on the 100 sites, the results are as follows in the table:


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Looking at the results, the highest single web server software percentage was

Apache, at 48%, with Microsoft's IIS trailing next with 38%. Please see Appendix 1 for

the raw data I collected. By combining types of software into either Open Source,

proprietary, or a hybrid of the two, I made a graphical representation of the percentages:

With an almost split-down-the-middle division of Open Source and Proprietary

web software percentages, the realization of Open Source as a cheaper and equally

functional product is being made by users in the computing world.

RESULTS

The research results show that there are very useful Open Source programs at no

cost, which can be used as technology progresses in the district. Based on observations of

data that I (as well as other groups) have collected, there are alternative ways that people

46.00%

48.00%

6.00%

Percentages of Web Server Software

ProprietaryOpen SourceOther/Hybrid

Total queried 100

Apache/other (F/OSS) w eb servers 48

Other/Hybrid 6

Microsoft IIS 38

Netscape Enterprise 8


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can have solutions to their technological needs in the workplace, while saving

considerable amounts of money. These advents in modern technology have only come

about through very much collaboration on a worldwide scale.

The data from my first investigation, which compared the cost of Open

Source and proprietary software in a mixed duopoly, can be understood easily. Referring

to the Ghost vs. G4U solution, Ghost's $5950 plus unknown time and implementation

costs against G4U's implementation AND time costs at $420.50 for setting up 250

computers, is, in my opinion, nothing short of amazing. Another noteworthy comparison

that warrants attention is the OpenOffice suite, which is free, and fully integrable with

Microsoft's current Office 2003 Suite used in the district.

The data from the investigation and comparison of price in web server

software is also conclusive. When considering an Open Source solution for a web server,

it is good to look around and see how many other consumers might be using it. I found

that least 48% of web servers from my random sample are running Apache or otherwise

free and Open Source software. Such a percentage is a statement in itself that also

warrants attention.

CONCLUSIONS

This district can be greatly benefited by finding solutions from the Open Source

community, as it looks to save money in certain technological areas. Free and Open

Source alternatives are definitely worth going after, or at least investigating, because

there is little or no money to lose. There have proven to be Open Source solutions in our

areas of interest, so the possibilities beyond the specific areas I researched are very great,

providing that you have an idea of what you're looking for.


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RECOMMENDATIONS

We have already tried and implemented some free and/or Open Source

solutions. I think it would be wise to collaboratively investigate the current particular

technological needs of the district, and find out if there are solutions in the open-source

community that apply to those needs. If both time and money are saved because of a

better system, its implementation would undoubtedly be a benefit.

Such collaboration would involve the administration in planning,

observing and providing feedback. That way, all involved can maintain themselves

informed of the current status of progress. If the work is done this proposed way, the

results can be time saved, money on software saved, and money saved because of the

time saved. Also, there will be increased collaboration throughout the district.

Another recommendation regarding this collaboration is that of being

open-minded and gathering collaborative opinions of people in the workplace. Progress

is stifled when input and opinions are overlooked, resulting in going only one way, which

may not always be the best, in technology plans and solutions The need being felt here

is collaboration and planning, with an open mind in order to find solutions that can save

money and promote team work. Essentially, the entire district will benefit from these

actions, starting with the technology department, and resulting in all computer users.


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APPENDIX 1

www.bannerfuel.com ConcentricHost-Ashurbanipal/2.0 (XO(TM) Web Site Hosting)www.mcvaybrothers.com Apache/1.3.26 (Unix) - frontPage/5.0www.northwestmuseum.org Microsoft-IIS/6.0www.tires.com Apache/2.0.46 (Red Hat)www.cougar-mechanical.com Netscape-Enterprise/4.1www.sears.com Netscape-Enterprise/4.1www.ripleysplumbing.com Apache/1.3.31 (Unix) mod_pointer/0.8 PHP/4.3.2www.wonderlandusa.com Apache/1.3.27 (Unix) FrontPage/5.0.2.2623 Python/1.5.2 Open SSLwww.spokanewroughtiron.com Apache/1.3.33 FrontPage/5.0.2.2635 OpenSSL/0.9.6bwww.steamaticofspokane.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0www.altonstire.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0www.fivemileauto.com Apache/1.3.33 FrontPage/5.0.2.2635 OpenSSL/0.9.7d PowWeb/1.1www.jacobsupholstery.com Apache/1.3.31 FrontPage/5.0.2.2635 PHP/4.3.10 OpenSSL/0.9.7dwww.happycakeco.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0www.beaconhillevents.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0www.jcpenny.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0www.twowheeltransit.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0www.marksmarineinc.com ConcentricHost-Ashurbanipal/2.0 (XO(TM) Web Site Hosting)www.meineke.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0www.qsbinc.com Apachewww.burninationstation.com Apache/1.3.33 PHP/4.3.10 FrontPage/5.0.2.2635 OpenSSL/0.9.7awww.greatfloors.org Apache/1.3.27www.qwest.com Netscape-Enterprise/6.0www.drksmith.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0www.valleyassembly.org Apache/2.0.40 (Red Hat Linux)www.clarkscleaners.com Apache/1.3.27 (Unix)www.cudacoffee.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0www.interlinkadvantage.com Apachewww.humanixtech.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0www.netcraft.com Apache/1.3.27 (Unix) mod_perl/1.27www.unitedrentals.com Apache/2.0.52 OpenSSL/0.9.7e DAV/2 PHP/5.0.3 SVN/1.1.3www.lcdexpo.com Apache/2.0.47 OpenSSL/0.9.6g PHP/4.3.10 FrontPage/5.0.2.2634www.baumgartenphd.com Apache/2.0.47 (Unix)www.cccsnw.org Microsoft-IIS/6.0www.progressionscu.org Microsoft-IIS/5.0www.thedeliveryboy.com Apache/1.3.33 (Unix)www.bizland-inc.com Apachewww.moffittdental.com Apache/1.3.28 (Unix) mod_ssl/2.8.15 OpenSSL/0.9.6bwww.stcu.org Microsoft-IIS/6.0www.idso.org Microsoft-IIS/6.0www.coastcrane.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0www.truckschoolusa.com Apache/1.3.27 (Unix) PHP/4.3.5www.advelectric.com Apache/1.3.27 (Unix)www.chholderby.com Apachewww.provisional.com ConcentricHost-Ashurbanipal/2.0 (XO(TM) Web Site Hosting)www.advancedengines.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0www.bre-products.com Apache/2.0.47 OpenSSL/0.9.6g PHP/4.3.10 FrontPage/5.0.2.2634empireofficemachines.com ConcentricHost-Ashurbanipal/2.0 (XO(TM) Web Site Hosting)

binnsfamilychiropractic.com Apache/1.3.23 OpenSSL/0.9.6e PHP/4.3.1 FrontPage/5.0.2.2510www.petersennw.com Apache/1.3.31 (Unix) PHP/4.3.9 FrontPage/4.0.4.3www.johndeere.com Netscape-Enterprise/6.0www.earthlink.net Netscape-Enterprise/3.6www.att.com Netscape-Enterprise/4.1www.roshasremedies.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0www.dexonline.com Apache/1.3.31www.spokanecpa.com Apachewww.anytime-anywhere.us Microsoft-IIS/5.0www.loganind.com ConcentricHost-Ashurbanipal/2.0 (XO(TM) Web Site Hosting)www.stoalaw.com Apache/1.3.27 OpenSSL/0.9.6bwww.ksdlaw.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0www.bonanzaford.net Microsoft-IIS/5.0www.northwestfence.com Apache Debian GNU/Linux OpenSSL/0.9.6c FrontPage/5.0.2.2623www.oxarc.com Apache/1.3.27 OpenSSL/0.9.6b DAV/1.0.2www.kellygoodwin.com Apache/1.3.27 Ben-SSL/1.48 FrontPage PHP/4.3.2www.rosesandmoreinc.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0www.dignitymemorial.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0www.aircorpsmechanical.net Microsoft-IIS/4.0www.air-pipe.com Apache PHP FrontPage/4.0.4.3 OpenSSL/0.9.7cwww.pillingfurniture.com Apache OpenSSL/ DAV/1.0.3 PHP/4.1.2www.partnerstravel.com ConcentricHost-Ashurbanipal/2.0 (XO(TM) Web Site Hosting)spokaneoverheaddoor.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0www.avistautilities.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0www.appleway.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0www.triumphautoglass.com Apache/1.3.27 (Unix) (Red-Hat/Linux)www.sharpshooting.net Apache/1.3.27 (Unix)www.blindguy.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0generalstoreofspokane.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0www.spocom.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0www.hydrotechradiant.com Apache FrontPage/5.0.2.2634 OpenSSL/0.9.7awww.criterium-pfaff.com Apache ApacheJServ PHPFrontPageRewritwww.homewatch-intl.com Apache/1.3.33 (Unix) DAV/1.0.3 mod_perl/1.27www.icehouse.net Microsoft-IIS/4.0www.shmc.org Apache OpenSSL/0.9.6a PHP/4.3.7spokaneairportramada.com Netscape-Enterprise/4.1www.buckaffiliates.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0www.progressive.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0www.geico.com Netscape-Enterprise/6.0www.juno.com Apachewww.fidelityins.com Apache PHP/ FrontPage OpenSSL/0.9.7cwww.madmitch.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0www.pacn.com Apache/1.3.23 (Unix) PHP/4.1.0www.asisna.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0www.webband.com Apache OpenSSL/0.9.7d PHP/4.3.8www.dewdrop.biz Apachewww.coverall.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0www.tracyjewelers.com Apache


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www.rabanco.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0www.nikosspokane.com Apache PHP AuthMySQL DAV/www.keymortgagecorp.com Apache/1.3.33 (Unix) PHP/4.3.10www.frankhoover.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0www.nwmailing.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0


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WORKS CITED

"Linus's law." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 3 June, 2005. Accessed 5 June, 2005.


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Scavo, Frank. Key Advantage of Open Source is Not Cost Savings. Accessed 5 May, 2005.

ComputerEconomics.com. 27 May, 2005.

Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Pankaj Ghemawat. Dynamic Mixed Duopoly: A

Model Motivated by Linux vs. Windows. Harvard Business School. 20 August,

2003. Accessed 12 May, 2005.

.

Rossi, Maria Alessandra. Decoding the 'Free/Open Source (F/OSS) Software Puzzle'.

University of Siena, Italy. April 2004. Accessed 12 May, 2005.

.

Dalle, Jean-Michel, and Nicolas Jullien Libre Software: Turning Fads Into

Institutions? Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2001. Accessed 23 May, 2005.

.

Garzarelli, Giampaolo. Open Source Software and the Economics of Organization.

University of Rome. 30 April, 2002. Accessed 17 May, 2005.

.

Zymaris, Con. Analysis of Microsoft's 'Competing with Linux' Document.

Cyber.com.au. 8 January, 2002. Accessed 23 May, 2005.

.

Hiltbrand, Robert. Windows NT vs. Linux - A Digital-Age Old Questions.

Hildbrand.net. 2000. Accessed 17 May, 2005.

.

open source cost effectiveness

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