open science and identifiers
TRANSCRIPT
Open Science and Identifiers
Hideaki TakedaNational Institute of Informatics
[email protected]: 0000-0002-2909-7163
Keynote talk, JATS-CON Asia in Tokyo, JST Tokyo headquarter, Tokyo, Japan, October 19, 2015
Internet changes our life
Law
Norm
Mar
ket
Architecture
four modalities of regulation (Lawrence Lessig)
So our society is becoming Open Society
Globalism, Borderless, Cross-culture, Nomad life, …
Internet changes science
Law
Norm
Mar
ket
Architecture
four modalities of regulation (Lawrence Lessig)
So Science is becoming Open Science
• Open science can be discussed in philosophical, political, methodological, or any kind of views.
• “Open Science NOW” is geared and realized by Internet as Architecture
• So data sharing is the core of Open Science
Data sharing
Researcher before Digital Age
papers
data
research target
Survey Paper working
Research & Writing
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Researchers now
Data use Data publishing
Research, Writing & Data publishingpapers
data
research target
Survey Paper working
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Researcher in Future
Data
Data use Data publishing
Integration of papers & data
Data publishing
Research = Data Supply-chain
Data sharing
Data Sharing? or
Data Publication?or
Open Data?
Data Life Cycle
• Data is created, shared, published, and archived
• But, just “published” is not enough, it should be “openly published” (open data)
Data ShareCreate Publish Archive
Research Phase In Progress Results
Open Data
• “A piece of data or content is open if anyone is free to use, reuse, and redistribute it — subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and/or share-alike.” http://opendefinition.org/
• Open data is data publication with some open license– Open license ensues the above condition
Data Life Cycle
• Different tools for different stages of life cycle– Data sharing: generating, federating, …– Data publishing: searching, harvesting, …– Data archiving: migration, …
• The architecture CAN be shared
Data ShareCreate Publish Preserve
Research Phase In Progress Results
StakeholderResearch Institute
Researcher/R. Group
Why should research data be open?But still
Four reasons for openness of research data
• Demands from Society– Knowledge sharing among society– Accountability of public money
• Demands in Science– Future development of Science itself• “Standing on the shoulders of giants” (nanos gigantum humeris insidentes)
– Reproducibility
Dimensions of Science
• Local - Global• Open - Authorized
Dimensions of Science
Local
Global
AuthorizedOpen
Dimensions of Science
Local
Global
AuthorizedOpen
GovernmentUniversityPublisherCitizen Science/Open Science
Dimensions of Science
Local
Global
AuthorizedOpen
GovernmentUniversityPublisherCitizen Science/Open Science
Various stakeholders stand on different positions on Open Science
Architecture of data sharing
Repository
Architecture of data sharing
Identifier
Data
Format
MetadataID
Metadata Schema
Systematic Integration across the layers
Interoperability on each layer
Metadata Description Language, Collectoin and sharing, Conversion
ス Schema Description Language, collection and sharing, conversion
System Development, Community
管理 Organization, systems, ID federation
Repository
Architecture of data sharing
Identifier
Data
Format
Metadata
Metadata Schema
DOI ORCID FundRef
DataCite CrossRef JaLC Dublin Core DCAT CKAN Linked DataOrganization Schema System Technology
Coordination and CompetitionDspace Fedora Weko
Research Activities and Related Entities
Survey
Article Writing
Data
Digital Articles
Acquiring DataPublishing Data
Funding agencies
ResearchInstitutions
affiliated
Projects
Supported
Academic Societies
Digital objects Digital objects
Topics
Research Activities and Related Entities
Survey
Article Writing
Data
Digital Articles
Acquiring DataPublishing Data
Funding agencies Projects
ResearchInstitutions
affiliated
Supported
Academic Societies
Digital objects Digital objects
Topics
ID
ID ID
ID
ID IDID
ID
IDID
ID
Research Activities and Related Entities
Survey
Article Writing
Acquiring DataPublishing Data
Funding agencies Projects
affiliated
Supported
ID
ID ID
ID
ID IDID
ID
IDID
ID
Data
Digital Articles
ResearchInstitutions
Academic SocietiesTopics
Identifies for research
• A research activity is represented with a structure of identifies– Planned and submitted – Organized and executed– Concluded and evaluated
IDID ID
ID
ID
IDID
ID
IDID
ID
Identifies for research
IDID ID
ID
ID
IDID
ID
IDID
ID
• ID for– Article– Data– Researcher– Institutions, affiliation– Funding agency, funded project– Academic society– Topic– …
Nature of IDs for research
Local
Global
AuthorizedOpen
DOI
ORCID
Institution Member ID
URI
ResearchGate/Academia.edu/…
Grant ID
Kaken Grant IDKaken
Researcher ID
PubMed ID
ResearchMap
Nature of IDs for Science• Balance in some features
– Global vs. Local• Global: Unified service• Local: Specialized service
– Authorized vs. Open• Authorized: Trusted, restricted• Open: no restrictions
– Charged vs. Free
• Multiple IDs can co-exist in a single category• How to mange multiple IDs
– Integration/mapping/associating/discovering– Control/Manage/Authorize– Private/Share/Open
DOI
ç√ç√
ス
管理
Repository
DOI in Architecture of Data Sharing
Identifier
Data
Format
Metadata Schema
DOI
DataCite Metadata Schema
JaLC Metadata Schema
JaLC DataCiteMetadata
Members (data providers)
Domain-specific metadata schemata
DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
• Service to translate DOI names to URIs containing digital objects
• Service managed by International DOI Foundation (IDF)
• Initially started by STM publishers to share identifiers for digital publications
• Distributed management– Delegation of registration tasks to Registration
Agencies (RAs)
DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
• Service to translate DOI names to URIs containing digital objects
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-21616-9_30 http://www.springerlink.com/content/xkj2386758245u85/
DOI URL
http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21616-9_30
http://www.springerlink.com/content/xkj2386758245u85/
DOI as URL URL
Management Structure of DOI• There Layers: International DOI Foundation (IDF), Registration
Agency (RA), members• RAs contributes to IDF by registration to Registry DBs,
management of Registry DBs, and members fees• RAs offers services for DOI registration to their members• Members can register DOIs to their digital objects through
RAsIDF
CrossRef
Publishers
Publishers
Publishers
Publishers
DataCite
University Library Research
Institute
JaLC
Publisher
University
Academic Society
RAs
Members
Roles of DOI
• Provide resolvable, persistent, interoperable links– Resolvable: standard syntax + mapping by handle
system– Persistent• Technically: management of registry DBs• Socially: organizational operations and duties for
members– Interoperability: sharing datamodel
Registration Agencies (RAs)
Airiti, Inc. CrossRef
China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI)
DataCite
EIDR (Entertainment Identifier Registry)
ISTIC (The Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China)
JaLC (Japan Link Center)
mEDRA (Multilingual European DOI Registration Agency)
OP (Publications Office of the European Union)
CrossRef• Ensure accessibility and citation of articles and books in
STM publications• Started in 1999• Largest and oldest RA of IDF
– Most of DOI registered are via CrossRef– Members over 70 countries, most are publishers
• Functions– DOI Registration– Metadata Management
• Bibliographic metadata• Citation
– Services with metadata• Search for bibliographic metadata and citation• Reverse look up
DataCite
• IDF RA for research data• a not-for-profit organization since 1 December
2009
42
Japan Link Center (JaLC)• Founded in March 2012• Aimed to register DOIs for academic contents produced
in Japan or in Japanese, to circulate information in Japan and overseas.• Controlled by four national organizations:
Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) National Institute of Informatics (NII) National Diet Library (NDL)
• Operated by JST• Membership system
(Academic societies, Publishers, University libraries, etc)
• External coordinationJaLC is a member of CrossRef and DataCite(Mar. 2014)
Over 1,300,000 DOI registered
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Content categoriesCategory
Journal articles
Journal articles Dec.2012 -
University bulletins Sep.2014 -
Conference proceedings Mar.2012 -
Books
Books Jan.2015 -
Doctoral theses Mar.2014 -
Reports
Technical reports Jan.2015 -
Governmental reports Jan.2015 -
Research data Jan.2015 -
e-learning resources Jan.2015 -
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Data
DOI Registration Flow
DOIIDF
DOI
DOI
Article
CrossRef DOI+CrossRef Matadata
- JaLC- CrossRef- DataCiteMetadata
DOI
DOI+Article
Matadata
DOI+Data Metadata
DataCite DOI+DataCite Metadata
JaLCMem
.
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Experiment Project to register DOIs for Research Data
• Goal− Establish operation flows to register DOIs for
research data and have stable operation• Objectives− Set policies in registering DOIs for research data− Establish operation flows to register DOIs for
research data with the next version of JaLC system. Ensure that by performing registration tests
− October 2014 – October 2015
Members of the project
9 projects with 14 organizations
Members of the project• National Bioscience Database Center (NBDC), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)• National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR)• National Institute of Informatics (NII)• DIAS-P Project (National Institute of Informatics (NII))
– Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) – University of Tokyo– Kyoto University– National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)
• National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)• National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)
– Kyoto University– National Institute of Informatics (NII)– InfoProto Co.,Ltd.– Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)– National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR)
• Chiba University Library• National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)• Neuroinformatics Japan Center, Brain Science Institute (BSI), RIKEN
48
Issues in Data DOI
• Flow of operations• Persistent access• Granularity of data in registration• Dynamics of data• Landing page• Quantity of data• Applications
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Issues in Data DOI• Flow of operations: Who, When, How
− Who registers data?: Researcher/Project manager/Librarian− When is data registered?− How is metadata provided for data?
• Persistent access− What persistency can we expect for data?− Can time-limited projects participate? Who will ensure the
persistency of the data?(ex.)
The representative institute takes over all of the dataRegistering DOIs only for data managed by real organizations among
the members of the project
ID
metadata
Data
Register
Create Register Modify
saveCreate publish Modify remove
Researcher
LibraryInstitutional Repository
Life cycle of data and stakeholders- in case of literature -
50
ID
metadata
Data
Register
Create Register Modify
saveCreate publish Modify remove
Life cycle of data and stakeholders- in case of data -
51
Create Register Modify
Researcher
Library Research Institution
Project
JaLCMetadataDomainMetadata
52
Issues in Data DOI (cont’d)
• Granularity of data in registration– Some aspects for granularity of data• Good for citation• Granularity of data itself
– Observation data/Experiment data/Simulation data• Easy for access• Easy for management• Quantity of data
53
Issues in Data DOI (cont’d)
• Dynamics of data− Adding data after registration of DOI− Some options:
− Different DOIs− Add relationship metadata to denote the relation to the original
DOIs− Use the original DOI
− Versioning: add the link to the new data while keep the link to the original data
− History of changes in the single DOI− No descriptions (e.g., data in observing)
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Issues in Data DOI (cont’d)
• Landing page−Metadata description− For open/closed data
• Quantity of data− Registering DOI for a large amount of data
• Applications− Citing DOIs for research data− Developing other applications
Recommendations for Data DOIs
• Recognition of variety of the nature of data• Minimal Commitment– Persistency, Interoperability, Usability,
manageability• Design own DOI registration policy
ID for Researchers
ORCID(Open Researcher and Contributor Identifier)
• ID for researchers and contributors of research to identify uniquely
• Managed by ORCID, Inc. (NPO) 2011-– Members: STM publishers, universities, funding agencies
• Service started in October, 2012• How to use ORICD– When submitting manuscripts– Author information in articles– Faculty Management– …
Metadata Management
Linked Data
• Network of metadata• Sharing metadata
among RA– CrossRef– DataCite– (JaLC) Image
Title
Yokohama Museum
Isamu [email protected]
1989
近寄るとなぜか覗きたくなってしまう「真夜中の太陽」越しに「無言のうちに歩いている」を見る。いつもと違った作品に出会えます。
Description
WorkURI
URI
CreatorURI
3-4-1, Minato Mirai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama
045-221-0300
MuseumPlaceURI
真夏の太陽
DateCreator
Is_located_inLabel Address
Phone
Category
Image
Image
NameE-addresswikipedia
Summary
• Open Science backed by data-sharing• Data-sharing architecture – Interoperability should be guaranteed– Layers
• ID/Metadata Schema/Metadata/Data format/Data/Repository– Cooperation and Competition
• DOI is the promising ID for data but different in use from one for literature– DOI registration policy is needed