,, .,. ' ,

CONGµrtRATION CAMP llAU'lfilUSFN

Deaor1ption

'lhe concentration co.mp e.t IJauthausen is loca.ted on tho sumsnit or a fairly high mountain, at a distance of sevoral kilol!.eters troll t h.e o.nubo. The detent ion ba.rre.oka form an enclosure, .surr ounded by aba.tie of b&rbed wire and a i'ence mada of barbed w-ire cha.rg@d with electric current of high voltage-, O&UBing ~ortal inJuri es . In addition. there are we.tch t-oworn (with eearchli&hts f or uS-e dm•i.ni the night) , equipped "1th =a.chine guns. 'lb.e cup rpoper consista of 20 det ention barracks, an infil'iD&r'/ (called •ROYier• ), a pig-aty &%Id a bunker (cello or rather prison closets, d&l·k and without &.ey' .furniture) . Barracks nwabered respectively 21, 22, 25, 24 and 25 a.re located out aida of th~ enclosure and constitute warehouses and workehopa, such a11 linen storehouse, clothing storehouse, cobbler shop, machine shop, carpenter shop. On the mo~tain slope which dosconds terre.ce-llke, stand t he S.S. bar­rack.:a and storehouGcus. Dir ectly opposite the detent ion ba.rracke stand1 the laundry, ihe kitchen and the creme.tory. A stairway located directly bt!thind t.he lcitchon leads dam to the oou.rtyard, where the ga.ragos stand.

'!b" cu p ha.cl been in existence for a nur:ber ot years.. It. had been constructed prior t.o the war by German prisoner a, working: under unspeakable condi ti:ona. During the wintor of 1 959/1940 those prison er e cGro bo1ag !'ed. bread (1 kilogru, 200 grpat08 per five men), watery aoup, without any rat or even potatoes. The aortality rate during that 1rinter waa 54%. ThosoJ •ho surrl.Ted,-_ bed all ,P:ighttully, frost-bit.ton har.da and t eat . In ~ ch, 1940, about 400 Poles were brousht i n £rot1 1:1:ein Buchemral.do-. Of that nWllber some on& hW'l.dred and odd men were st ill in Mautbe.uaen in Juno. I n the Samb JOOnth 600 Poles •cro brought 1n from. the branch camp at GwsonJ while in Septambe-r a transport of about· 500 pr isonen waa brougbt from Dachau. Detained 1n the camp were alB-O German prisoner s aumbaring approximately 1,500 6I1d. Speni&rda brouaht in succosa1ve transports 1n the autumn o£ 1940 (aostJJ" Corm.1D1ata whoa the Ge:naana seized in French concentr ation campa, • here they wer& em­ployed for tho i,o•t part on tho Maginot Li ne fortificatioD8). Th• •• Spanish prisoners numbered about 2JOOO. In J'anu.ryJ l940 J all the Poles and Span-1.arda vere t r ansfen·ed to th& branch ce.mp at. Gu.lien and in their place new transports ot Spaniarda were brought to Ma.uthau.een. the cu.p i s estim&ted to hol.d 4,000 pr i soner s (20 x 200), • hil e a barrack 1s calculated t o hold 200 prisonora ..

Moh barra ck. conei1t1 of' t.wo wings, dea1pted reepect-1nly .1 and a (Stubo A and B). Each wing conai i,t e of a dond.tory and • 011 hall. L&.vatories and toUota werve both 11'inge. The dormitory contains wooden bcdistea.da~ built in t-wo t i ore, with paill.a• a•J s.heetsJ sm.ll woolen pillow and blanket lthe beds must bo QI.de each m.orning i n perfect ordo-r, according to a ayatem. The pailla.sae wst be arranged in box ~ pa). Ther e are about 100 bed.ate.ads per doraitory. l.n the aosa hal.l s tand about 50 cabinets 1ined up along the wall.a .. In thcso cabinets the pr 1.aonere keep their d.iehe a, cupsJ spoons, knives and t01relaJ two or thr ee men Maring one cabin.et. On the t op of' the oab1neta stand • ooden etoolsJ which may be ta.ken down only at dinner and suppor , ae well as 4 t ables . In one corner of the m.eas ball stand, as a rule, the bed­csteada and the ta.ble ot th6 Barrack Senior e.nd of the Clerk. 1!1.o lavatories and toilets art1 equipped wi th running water, but tbeae installations are oUt of order most of tbe til29. 'l'be meas hall has one atoveJ the dormitories a.re Wlbeated even during the coldest aoason.

- 2 -

CQNCElll'RATION' COO CVSE!!

Deecription

Ousen ie s i t uated aom.e few hundred metore l ower than f.lauthausan, at the 1'oot of the billas, on «hl ch et&nda the main camp, Mauthaueen . 'Ihc inner oam.p is surrounded by barbed wire, charged with e1ectric current, juat aa is the case in ¥authausen and 11, further.more, protected by machine gune. The camp area contains 52 barrack.a, ot •hioh 24 aerve ror d~tention purposes, 2 for storage, 1 aa a crematorium and 5 ae infirmary, las a kitchen f or the prieonera. niere is also an aaeembl.Y' yard, with a raised platform, £or the roll-QalJ. officer.

'lbe conatruot ion 0£ the camp wae started in laaroh, 194.0. The work was done under appelling conditions by Polee (mostly Sileslans), brou&ilt in from K1ein Bu.chenwa1de. With f ood ra.tiorus barely 8Uf£1cient to au.eta.in lite, the prisoners - beaten and driven bard t'l'Olll. da.wn to duak - constructed pri­mitive wooden barracks and carried tram nearby quarriee, oft.en on e. run, roclca and stones f or t he bu.Ud1ne of 1'oundat1ona and tor paving of the camp. In 11&7 eam.e a. transport of soverel thO\lSand Polee troia Dachau, who took. over the work. started by their predeoesaore trom 1(].ein Bucbenwaldo. Allother tren11port of 2,000 p1·isonera, also Poles, arrived early in Juno fron S&chselUlaueen near Berlin, of which number 600 were sent to the main camp at Maut.bauaan, ffi th tho advent or winte1·, the prim.itive wooden ban--acks were only cbinked with insulating m&terial aDd brick faclng, but no stoves were installed. Toil.eta and lavatories were out in the open in small 1eparato buildings . In ,rwamer, 19401 the camp nous.ed between six and eevon thousand prisoner,. At the clo:ie of Winter that nuaber ehrank t,o £'rem £'our to five thousand.. A good aaey died, Thilo somo of the imral.i da were t ranaferred to Dachau. At that time also Spaniards, numberi ng ebout 51000 were brought t o Owten fro1:I Kauthausen. The b&n-aoko at Gueen are cal.cul.ated to hold 300 prisoners each •

.A barl"ack at Guaen con.lit.ts of two ,ringa. Ba.ch •ing contains a C(IQbination dormitory and. meaP hllll and tho r oom of the barrack or wing senior. 'lhe bedst eads in Gusan are arranged in three tiers (one halt of the barracks has bedatudo, in the other half the prisoners sleep on pail­

.1 assei; on the floor). Until f cbruary, 19GO, only the 7th and tho 8th bar­racks had bedst oada. In those two bo.rre.cke we.a conf'ined the "elit•" or the camp, mostly German prisoners. The dormitories contain between 150 and 200 bedataa.da 1.n au abot1:1inable condition, as liell ee fl.•om 2 t o 4 tabl eo and a number of' atools . D1Ghos, apoone e.nd towels are kept at tho f oot of the bedsteads. There ie 'no bedding, e.x.oopt p&Ulasses and 2 blankotn. In the barrack s.e.lii.or'& r oOlll stands a otove, iron 08lllp beds, two tables, stools and ct1bicets. Toilete and lavatories are outSide or the barracks.

Ge.rb.

'I'he garb of thu " inlll&tos11 eonaiate of a blouse and trousers as well e.s of' a. cap. In swmnel' linen uniforms are being worn, whereas the winter garb ie made of halt wool and half i'lannel material. the summer Wliform is etr1p9d dark blue and whitu, the winter clothing is d.U'k bl.no and grey. Neither the summor nor tho "1nter unli'om have any lining. I n winter the prisone:-s are given £1.anttel lllittona and ee.rmu!'fs . Work gangs, going ou.t o1' tllEI camp on work aaaipm.ent in Wintor, are given overcoats made of the eame material as tbe uniform.a. 'l'bC prisoner-a a Y84Lr ehoes

- s -

ot the l!ri.l.itary type . 'mo u:nd•rwoar conalst a of drawers, short in BU.lll!IOrJ long in winter, a.nd ot a alu.rt., On the le.ft brea.st the prisoner s wear a triangular colored patch and the lnlill.ber-, under which they are listed in the eam.p records. The distinguiehir.g tr-langular pat ches (called lllfinckel ") a:re ill the f oll01Fing colors: · .-

political pri,soner s - red (Tho Poles wear a red patch with a l&tter np• i n black) J

troublesome ei.llen.s - bl uo ( tho Spaniards wear a blue patch

shirkers with tbe l etter "$" in wbiteJ

habitual cr1m1nale homoaaxuals

- bl&ol'I - groenJ - pink.

RG:a&rka,

'11le c.lothing is paes-od on, t or t.be l!:ost part, t o tho next one, is badly worn, threadbar,e and p,.tched. t o shoe s and aocks. Ulldenroa.i· i s changed once a month, months. The wi nter un1f0nt i s bei ng iasued towarde the the summer uniform, u early as Apr il.

fr~ ono pr ieonor The sam& applied

or once in two end ot NoveaberJ

'lhere is an a.cute shortage of r ootwe.a.r, particule.rl y i n the branch camp ~t Ousen, 11'1th th~ resu.l.t that the major i ty of pri eonera wear l"Ogardloss or season - • oodon shoos after tho pattern of those :,rorn 1n Hol ­lAnd, w-h1ch vary aater1ally h&QJ)ar the f'reedoe of 111ovement. Anothor make­sbi ft footwear $.1'& shoes •1th \'food.On soles, very heavy- and uncolli'ortable ( .manufactured by shops in Dachau) and t or tho !IWSt part worn out abd broken. In the camp at Gu3en, atte.l· a change of aooka was ialsued in Dccoobor, 1940, the prisoner s roceived a.nothor change only earl y in Api·U, 1941, after those previoul.'lly- issued, through tho • ear and tear of' four months, woro going t o 8hrcda.

Concentrat ion c :o l.ta.utht\u.aen Obon!onau Concentration C£llll.P Gusen, P.O. t.1 Goergen (Obexgoll<iu)

A,uthorttiee1

Tbe enaps a.ro bei ng rnaJ.ntainod by tho s . s . Each ~Cl!lp ht.a i ts own commmding officer ( commanding of'!"icer of the C4J:!J) at Gusen ls Bohdan Chmio­l ewaki) t under whoac ordera orders stand 2 euap directors (Schutrll&ftlaget-­fuehrerJ, Mo arc al.tome.ting on duty for poriods ot several w&eks. Hoxt 1.D. l ine of authority are 2 roll- call otficBra (Reportt'uehr er), ;who !Uao alte.J:'­nate on dut y. .F\trthor.nore, there 15 an &ntire co:u.p&ey" or b&rr-ack and equad co-mmQ.nd8.fltB (.Blok- and Ko:mnan:!of'uehnt·), who mostly hold the parlf r ank or troop 1eadere (Schartuabrar). 'Ihe 2 cam.p dL-roctors (8obutsh(1.ftlagorfuehrer) act as t he oom:nt1Dd.ing otticer1a deputies in matters of camp sdm1n1etration and they .al.so r&C.1tive tht'ee times a day roll-oa.ll reports, fro:rn the roll-call. o t'.ficera (Raportfuehrer) . !a.ch barrack h.'-s i ts C-Olri13anda:nt. (Blokf'uehrer) , who ia tbo direct auperior of hi.a barrack end enforced therein t he enati.Ds re~t!.ons. 'Ibo squad command.ante (Kommu.do.f\J.ehror) mipervise saehhis squad or work-gang of prisoners trnd are subol'diil4tod to the 1Jprk superinten­dent (ArbectetuM.rcJ:') . Betwee,n three and tour companies or s.s. trooper s constitute tbe camp1a ge.;rrhon, and. tboy perform sentry, gwu-d e.ntl e:aicort duty when priioners are at work:. Theoe troopers aro &r111od with rines, wharea.s the roll-call oft icers, the barrack and the equad comma.ndantt,, ffho

,

- ' -al1 hold o:f't icsrs I and non-co:a::rl.esi·oned of'ficers I r ank, oarr,y revolver s . The average age of t.he gart-ison troopers runs f'ro:-;i l.8 t o 24 ye.eri,._

Internal. orga.n1U!ti.on:

lb.o ce.mp1s Min superior is the Ctaip Senior I (Le.gera$l.te,:rt.8l" I), mootly one of long tiz:lo prisoners, ;d.th an unbl am.ahed record o.nd s ood cha­l'aetor in tho interpret.ation 01' t he S.S. His dap1.1ty ie Camp Senior II (La­gerael'l;eater II) . In add.'ltion, there a.re Camp Clerk I and I I (L8geracl1reiber I end II) , who act the 08.l!lp1s :iec1·ctarieo, ac it r.ero. Ou t ho lef.'t am thoy • ee.r arcbaride marked respectivel y: LA l, LA 2, L Sehr . l , J'.. Sehr. 2. SU.b<>r­dinated to them are the Barrack Scn1ora (Blokao:l tcstc) , t1ho wear anlba.nde marked Bl. \Ti th the nuciber of the barrack (Blok). ta.ch Barrack Senior h.tts as essistents two Wins Seniors (Stubcnaoltdatc) , one tor wing A, tho otber t or Wing B, aa well as a 00.r rack b&rber.

Da11;7 rcu.t-irie t

'Ihe de.y beginB ,.11tl:'i r cvo1lle in GUllllWr e.t S o. • .m., ill t ha winter et 6 a.m., whereueon the prisoners have t o make t~oir bed&, wash and oat br ee.kfast till 6 (7) a .111. At 6115 (7il5) they muat aesemblo i n front of their barracks and mareh t o tho roll-call sq_uare. At 6r 50 (7, 150) comeu roll- call and :forming of wo1·k-ga.ng1,, at 7 (8) dope.rture f or York. At ll,2-0 all work-gaz}gs start back f or the roll-call &qunrc J &t lla45 eomeo tho roll­cal.1 a.nd the llarch ba.c~: to the barraokii. Tho W.ddn.y meal is insuod a.t noon wit.h rost- tllle t ill l 2t4S, then again co~es roll-eall at l p.m. and work till 6 p.a. in &llll!mer and 5 p.111. i n winter. On return from work, eom.os the, evening roll-call. Dependi ng on the length of the dAy &nd the regula­tion• in force 1n th&• given CSlilPt the length: of time the prioonere hnv~ to work v&riev fro:ri U boura in swnm&r t.o 8 hours in .,inter. In aumt\er the fil•st gong aouo,ds &t 81 SO p,m., •hereupon al1 prisoner• mu.at be in tboir bedsJ by 8145 eomc& th• 1eilonce" signal. In winter the "to bed" signal is soundod at ? 145 p.m., -the •silence" signs]. at 8 p.m.. The evening roll ... calls last at ti::lea f or hours on end, ao that - &ft er eatina supper r w&shing up and gr~aaing of shoes - the priaonere have hardly time enough to aoke a c1gar 6tte. In Ousen S!ll0k1ng is permitted onl.1 on tho roll-c&ll. squa...'""e. Smoking, however, in the barracks or while &t work 18 Tery oevonl.¥ puni8hod,

Food:

In the iooming the prisoners rece1Te each 1/4 liter of we.tery­ooup (coffee on Sunday). At noou o~e l iter of soacwhat ~ore nourishing soup, ma.de - dcpeJlding on the season or the year - from. cabbago, turnips, various roots, rlth a £aw potatoes, lr.1t without t.ny fat . In the evening ono loaf o! cdlitary bread is apportioned to every three pr!sonersJ on Wodnesdaye and Saturdays the bread ration is increased by one loat, be1D{5 allotted t or two men. ln addition each man recei ves a slice of either sau­sage, which io as taa,telesai e.a tbe 0011p, or a slieo of chees e, off' and on a lit tle ssarmalad9 and l/4 liter of black "'l:raa t1111 co££ee. Briefl y speak­ing the food r atione ara barel y su!'fiei ont t.o o-uotain .li te, so much so, that many priaoner13 die fro= OJrhaustion due t o hard •ork a nd undernourishment.

- 5 -

True of work:

7be maj ority of prieonerti ~ork in privately o,msd quarri es, which have contracts rlth the S. S. !or aupplying labor (1.1oder n s l avery). Extremely hard and e.xh.austing •ork, o~binsd nth rutbleasa driving and beating by nsa.ne or cl.uba (approntnatei, 4 centi.l!leters in diameter) kUl.e ot f •saker pen within a i e• days. Roga.rdleea or age, :'!en YO".ull and old, f r om 18 to 60 yee.re, &N being driven hard to produce with eq_ual eifi­ciency. 'ihe work is being supo:rvi s&d by ol.der prie.otlere, Germans, in ~ inste.nc&rs cl"ild.nal&, •1th lo'KG&t poHible i.n.stincts , itbo wiel.d unltaited autl1ority &.nd. ar.e l'f:U'l.dy t o kill and torture to death, el.thou.sh beating its i'oTbi.dd.en i n principle . Lazinose at work is tu.so BUbjeot to other penal~ t.ies, 6'1loh ao discipl.i.nAry r oll- calla, prohibition to- wear cn,e.rcoat, bloua:e, lltittena and ear IIU.ffs i n winter, no matter how severe the cold. 1.bcM a.re, however , still otbtu· work assi ~cmta, such as diuine, f'l\&BOnry, carpentry, a s well aa odd joba within the camp, auch as oochs.n1c;ial inst&llation 11ork, potato peelin,e, worlt in the prtl!lonel'ti I and s ,s , k1tche:n, tallorlna, cob­bling, unloadill8', unU'ot'III warebou:so, linen warehouse, barberir .. fJJ ele&r.J.rie, etc. One 01' the hardest n:,sigl'IJ!Ulnts in Guaen is atone c;iarrying, that i a tetching rook.a 1'rom the qu&rrie s to the camp for construction and paving wot•k in the ce.inp , Tho work goos on, regaraless o£ •e.ather, onow, ro.in, bli~zard, free zing cold or blioterine hut, without e.ny chance tt.t All t or seeking shel ter or rest.ing, Tho priaonere, in their tatterod unifonos and ahoee, a.re oft.en drenched t o the akin and frozen allr.011t to i nseneibU! t y . The older prisoners, acting ao eupeT""iaors, aru i n t.hc ttaj ori ty of canee f'ar aore ruthloe:a a nd bru:tal tbtl.n tho s.s. troopers. These fiUP.8TV1sora are C31J.(,d • capos" , Dispensation f'roa work can c«ae only on the s t reugth ot· a doct or' s eer tifica:te . Otherwise all h.$Ve to tu.""n out for worlc, r egard­less 0£ their hP.al.th. 'the princi ple which bout& eood i n all eoneent re.t i on c.saps is that •priaonera Ari, 0:i-thor alive or dead, b\2.t not ill" .

Sanit ati 9n and i:,edio&l care,

S&nitation &nd medical care in t he caap are but a fi~nt of .imi.gir..e.tio-n. -Thul'J, for instance, the regul.at iona r.04-u.1.re that all pri­soners wash the·m:eelves in tho m.orning. A.a there ia no running water a.vaj.l.able ea.rl-y in the morning, the be.thi n& 11W.Bt bo done in watel'--f illed cement troughs, starldi bg in the l avatories. 'l'ber o tho h$althy and the sick, often at1ffari ng from an itch or hideou.s, auppurat i ng ,rounds and e.bceeses , "nab in ono aod. the same water. Ther e was a time in Ou.sen when 8($ ot thee inmate.a. sutrere-d f ro:a an itch, without any attempt ha ving been 1116.de at modi cation becauee no a&l.ve was e.vailable a t the intil"IU.l7, 'l'he eu.e Bi tuation obt ain a rlth re,so.2'd to wallhir,g di shes, which e:.uBt be washed ~ven in tho di rti e st water i.m.4.einabl.e and one riaka meroUees l>eat­i ngfl 1£ caught nth dirty dialies , Th$ camp i n Guser., which hei; co delousing pl.$nt ie n nraing With l ice and . fl.ens in auoh quantiti c o, that killing them or£ i & ut terl y untea8ible. Tho.~ pl.ague or vol'lilin caus es all kinds ot aki n diseases. IEnsu:t't'i cient nutri t ion bringa a.boot pern1o1oue exhaust ion rum anaemia, 1rhil e faulty motabollB11t prod.ucee w.;ly bollo, nboetl:!oe and suppurating sor es. Wo'Wlds r'1!'us$ to heal compl at~l.y t:or months on end end become 1?:?;'1-tatec\ end teeter i ng. f;he chanees or aecuri:ns tn&dical holp are extremel y al.iJ?t., avi,rythin& dopendin& on the barra.Qk Cl.o~k•e ffllW, "Fho record& all the priaonor s for inspect ion by the phyai.cian on the follO"J"inc day. nor ia re­por ting for mad1CJU inapootipn devoid ot tho risk of be1ns eh&rg&d '171th f'ai.gni.ng illness . l t i s permitted to report 1n the ati&rnoona at tho

- 6 -

intirm&cy: for dressing ot injuriea &nd medication. The procedux-e 1a &.

t ravesty of hygiene. Nei th&r th& in&t-ruments nor tho hands and frequently not oven th& wQ\I.Dda are bei ng disinfected. 1he infi.rma.ry asri.sta.nte, r•­cruited .Crom f/Jl101ig ttu, p11.:tonoru1 two, three or fou-r in numbar , attond wi thin oi,e or t wo hou:rt, to SOO pi•isonttt·s , at ti'll'A:8 treating thu like Cll.t-tle, boat­ing, kickil!g und pushing ;heir pationts UOW'!d. 1'hero io a c,.1amit ow: shorte.go of m.udic&.111ent e 6-ltd first aici su.ppliee. "Bands.gen boif'.g f'requentl;f ur4vaila.blei; plaut or1, 4Xl.d bandages made of paper aro bei ng uaod, which. tear 6UJi !'u:L oft in a i'ow mi:nu:t.es . Attomptts <,f prisoners at troatir.g the-ix wounds i,heastsl•tc o &l'EI considered sabo'"4;o and intentional impairaeut of hi:alth, to-r the par-pose or 13birking work. 'lbe lllOrtality io appalling, the OtlUe& being ic-ostl.1 e:m.&u,,t.1on and dobili ty. I t is a n abaolut.e fact that. or 700 t:en, who 1rero brought to Oustn 1n June, 1£,40, only a Utile over s. hundred are allvti at the moment. 'I-be reet ell died, Yh&rcby it shoul.a. be borns in mind th.at the percon-tsgo of .oen rele~eed •ns ridiculoual.y small. In the 3'Um1110r mont ha dyeantar-J ia wellnigh generally provalwt. Furthermore, aocidante whilo o.t work occur r at.bar t'r~u er.tl.y. Phlcgma.e1&, rosulting from a. nm down condition and ini'ect.ion of frequently very ins1""1f1eant end :t.iper­ficial wounde aro ono ot' the moat. frequent occurance:, . 'i'be moat popular mo­tbod of thot·apy applied to ,rounds &nd festering sore s is eu.ttir..g, ao:.itly wi thout a,.,.y need f or it, the operations being per foJ:111.0d without ant anaes­thesia . ~ l a~se !"rolll wo.rk can ha.ve the Cot1!l of 11~d rest" (Bett.ruhe) or "coll duty" (Stubendi.en:it) . 11Bed rest" permits relll41ning in bod durins the day', but dOf!-R not rellove t ho pt·iS-Oner of reporting for roll-call, regard.­l e es or weathel', condition of' heal.th ~ ievet". Prisoners on •coll duty" mu.et- peri'orm. $ll. the chore s in the barracks, such as c-a,cying ot kottl.eis, sweeping and acrubbi n,t. f'Oleaaa £'ro;:i work io granted as a rule for S days, wbere1,1pon th@ r-Gl&aae may at t~e,i be prolonged .•

Csntee,n:

With money received i'r011 i'e.milies - maximum 20 RM per month - tho priaontrs ttay purchase fr001 the canteen tobacco,. cigarettes,. pe.per na.pkine,. mirrors, etc. At ti111-0t1 food ar t.1clee are also available, but in negligible q_ua.utitiea and almost without any nutritive value . 'lbe canteonr; a...-e a rich field f or all kinda of abu.a~s by tho c1er1c.s and baxrack Seniors.

Tr~atm.ent of pripon9ra :

The treat=:ent of' priaonors ia unapeabbly brutal and humili.a..ting. Pac e punchin,g and. kicking are daily occurance11 . 'ibe Poles 1n particular are treated. like beings of a lower order aud. inaulte a.no. 'beatines fr02 tbei r ·CormAD fel low-priaonera a.re a n~tter of genertu practic~.

'lbe regulatiobs a.ro oxtremelr severe. Implicit obedience i n co.r­ryi.ng out 01'1.iers or the barrack o.nd equa.d comma.ndants, tJ1a se ord.era frsquently being nothi.ng but ,,hims. Disobedienc•, however• might be intorpret-ed as re­bltllion &-'td ptlllished most ruthloaely. The prisoners bavo· t o a&l.ute· their su­pe.r1ora of' the s . s ., by removing tboi:r caps and ota'ndine a.t attention, they mua t not addr&Os them., 'bu.t .merel.y snaw-er thei r queetions, of course in the German language. The prleonera are compell•d to sh&Ye their heads and ta.c•a each week and to grea.ae their ahoeo every night . Smold.na in the barracks and. in Gusen between tho barracks is sternly f orbidden. Furthoraore, it io not

-7-

penitted t o eh.a.n{;e at will fro:si one worlc gane to another . J.ey and e.11 coc.­plaints must go through oft'ioial channel.a through tho barrack Senior-, and Qar­rack oo=e.ndallte. On the roll-call grour.d the prisoner s Un& up by barracks in 10 ranks and the al.igru3ent in every direction 1m&t be- perfect. The pri­soners JUreh to work 5 abrea.st. It la prohibited t.o carrr on any conversa­tion • 1th the S. S. trooper., or eivi.llan forenen, ttho trcqacntly- direct the • ork of the priaooers .

!&ethoda and tyPes o f puni8~nti

Tbe !!IODt popul.ar !!ethod or education is tort.urir.g pooplo t o death uit.h ao-callsd "epOr-t'1• It consii,ta of phyeical exo1·eise illlposed t or tho maal.lost imaginable oi't ense or lnf'ractions of U\a rules and regulationn, such aa improperly mado bedP, in.au!f'1ciently c1ean dishes, not greasing of csboes, only allgbtly soiled a.binet, etc. the exer-cise:s al"e t remaining in a crouch-i ng position for hours on end With a?'!!l:J raised up and for;rs.rd, l'"Ul"-.ning while continually dropping down i'lat ,11nd getting up at •ord or comal'\d, j umping in a croucb&d position or rolling on tho ground. A'ny such oxorcis e inaceurate~ executed, even it only becawss or age, physique, detondt1c6 or lack of strength, is considered a8 reni:tenco and lar.inoos n.nd puniahed on t.he spot by whip or club, or ool.d tlhowerbatb, ,tUe £ul1y dre11aed, roaardleas of the :soason. Such eho-.cJrbath aa:r l.a&t fr® 1.5 minutes to l-l/2 hours a11d in moot caoee results in pn~onb.. The prina.iple of collective l iability pr evails. For the transgression of one prisoner aJ.l the others are Uablo and du& thereto 11ueh exercises are being pertoraed colleet-1,rely. For la~iness at. work, wbich. in a vaet majority of oaaea exceeds human strength, or for stoaling food from the kitchen, be it only TAW potatoes, or for other similar tran&~anions (i.e. p0saeas.ion of 2 pai.ra of eoclca, etc.) thf> givtm prisoner reeeivoa first & d1ecipl1na.ry notice and a r..,..., d6,)'& later th• puniehm.ent is moted out. The mildest puniahment ia et.andi ng bene.e:th tho turret or at th& ~te without mid­day and oven111r; m,eal during the hours when not at •ork, for 5 days on 6lld. 1he next a.nd aore severe grade of punishment ia whipping ...-1th truncheon OT bullhide whip, fro:!! 5 to 25 utrokee being adminieter(!d at a t:im&. 1his type of puniuh;.ont may bo repe.ated ••v•ral. 1:J.aae. The haarlest puniah:t1e_n't i & suapenai.on by the hands which arc tied together behind the back from 15 m­utes to 2 hours. In exceptional caaes the offending prieone.r is ohained to the wall under the turret day and night for 5 days in e. stretch, in such f •ah1on, that the hands, ffiicb. arc t ied behind the back, are pulled up so high, as to pel'SUt the victim t o touch t-he ground only with the tips or hie toes. 'Ibero is, furthermore, colllincl:\1mt in a dal•k cell. 'lbese cells aro very pall ti.nd utterly bare or furnitur e. The prisoners a:re kept in them on water and a little bread and a wana aeal only once in every three days. Thefts ot f ood from. fellow prisoners is punished under the unwritten camp code, by death, mostly through beating admidstered age.in and aga.1n over a psriod of day's . Att•pte at esc.ape o.re pu.nished with exemp'lar,y severit7 . When, in ,l\llj1.1at, 1940, a prisoner escaped from the eaop •t Gu:sen Md waa caught 2 days later in the vicinity or Linz, all the prisoners in the ctuDp had to stand drawn up .in rank and. tilo on the roll-ca.ll ground from evening rol.l-oall until noon 0£ tho next da;y, Yhe1-eu,pon when the pl·iaoner e -,,,ore at -work ~uch terrific whol.esale beatings set in, that 69 prt.sonor 1> were be&ten to doath on that day, while 500 injured had to bB taken to the inf1nu.:ry. '!here ia ala.o a 11dieciplina.ey cOl!lpaoy•, comb&rahip in whi ch ia ind.104.tod by a blaelc a.ircle , eewn on the uniform. belO"K' the prisonar 1e JlWllber and also on the trouaer l eg. The "d1so1plinary company" perform.a the b.eavieet type of labor, working DOetly in quarries, frequently on Sundays as wall. All Jews are by a standing rule assigned to the disciplinary COIDipaniea and a.re singled au.t tor persecution and extermination. Aeeignment to the •discipli.na.ry com.pany1' ia not lla1ted as to ti.J:le and one l3flY eat1Uy get i nto it tor trer.sgresa1one1 S\lch aa smoking ciagrcttea in a barrack, ale~ping in underdrawera, etc. Dur1na

- 8 -

November, 1940, approximately 200 death se.ntencea by shooting were earried out on the cup•a rifle range . Tile executions •ere the rosult or aontoneee pas3od by tho Q,estapo AUthorities .f'u.nct ioning in the loaclities of ranidenee of the dooXied ~en. the charges were :to1>tly : possession of radio sets, dietri­bution of l e&f'lcts, •to. the e:,.:eoutiona were carried out in groupi; of i'roa 20 t o 25 .aen du.ring t.b• evening roll-calls . '!'he firing squads consi sted of 6 l!ltln fro.a the camp Is garrison. The c.ondetmed men, s tripped to the 'l'aiat, wore tmot bf ~alvoa, one a t a tiae i n i nt orvale or froc 5 to 4 minutes, where­upon the bodies we-r& cru-aatt)d at oiijht in tht: cre:i.:s:t.ory.

Report by a prieoner at Me.uthausen (a.o per No. 6 of "Chronicles or German ooeupation11

from No~t~ber 16 to December Sl, 1940. The r el ator ie no l onger e.live).

I was arrested t ogeb.er wi th a number ot other men. They dragsed ce from rrry home, pushed m.e i nto a motor car nnd started off. Where t o? No one tol d me. In a spacious courtyard, surrounded by a high wall we wore du:npe6 out or the cars. A command was b&J'kad: flLino up, face t o the we.l.l.. Hands up". Behind us s.s. t roopsre armed 'Wi th :rifloe etood drawn u.p. A quick thought !le.shed through my minch Yis.s thi& the end? 11'& henrd the dull noise of rifles bei ng loaded. Someone ~•xt to me collapeed eoundle1sly. His norvea: gave out. riobody paid any a ttention. to him. Slowly passed minutes, qua.rtera ot how·s, boura. For faul' long hours 11e stood lined up along the •all• 11'boevar lowered hi s hands from dheor exhaustion wee bit over the head ,dth e. rubbtir truncheon until bloo:i f l o,ved from the injured forehead or smaehed nose. A-t last the command1 ~rronder t.ho ant.ire con­t ents ot pocketbookc and walltitll;. Run to the pit in the srouud . I watt running between lines o:f S. S . t r oopers, armed wi th s tick::! and clubo. 'lllo !"ester one runs, the l eas beati ng he gets . 'liith the rest of o.y tel101' pr isoners I thr ee lflYSel! face do1m on the boards. After 48 hours I was called out fot' examination . No quest.ions , other t han t hose concerni ng personal do.ta, were a.eked or me. Aaain we were loaded into motor ce.rs and taken t o the ra.ilroad station. The re, the number of s.s-. troopers, e xceeded ouro. In ca.eh compe.rtta~nt sat t•o gu«L--...aa wi t h rifles at readi ness. We were .forbidden to l ook around e.nd had to ata-~ straight ahead. Arter having hun­gered f or 5 da.ys, the prisoner s were totterin& from exhaustion. At last we arrived e.t Dachau. Yi'e detrained. t,!y God, 1t1& here that they brought.us_,... We were crowded into one le.rge hall, but due to our being ao many in numb6r the.re we.s barely room eno,J.gh to stand . 'fba.t ordeal l asted through the nit)lt . In vain did the loce.l prisoners try to help tbeiT fellow suffer ers , but wore ur.abla t o do so.

At last morning came. We received a cup ot· coffee, the f irot aor­gel ot f ood after all these day8. Next, •e were ahaved all over , bad O\U' hair cut, wer6 bathed and cl ad in prii,on urtforms. The l.&tter were of an oesorted kind: here nn. old llliUte.ry ovorcoe.t, th.ore an uhlon1a uniforn or a pajum. All of these $&l"m$Ota were stained with va.rico1ored v~nish i.n a patter.i:i or vertical. ar..d hor ir.onte.l stri pes. For headgear we received caps full of hole n. Im Uoxt we were photographod. Aftei- pas&ing one by one through a door, •o wore s eated on a ehe.ir ar.d photographed several tim.ep each, Then ther e ,,as a speech delivered ot M by 00111.8 sort or a cOl!:!!UUldti.nt (Stamc:­!'ueb.Tar) , who acquainted ua with our tre.nagreesion1 we wera enemies of tho

-9-

Cerman Reich and subTeraive to l&• and order. !he eaap would -teach us b01r to ll·ve properly. Whereupon ensued the drab prieon life . ~c f i r st. few weeks were spent in rout -i ne training. Tho ~ork consisted of piling up stone a and scattering them Agair., collecting rubbiah and straw blades and thoring them agE1-in a1l. over the place. 1'here were timea when our nervoa anappod and many e. prisoner made an end to hia mioora.bl• lif• by throwi ng M.l'!l8elf on tho wire f'ence aha,rsed •1th his h ten.sion current . IlEcy' in and day out lfe were beat en in tho faoo at morning, midday and evening roll calla. After a fff weeks our real work st arted, ll8.lll.&ly working in tho fields and at roller soothing t he prison yard . One d.67 my number was called at roll e&ll and I, with a great many of my fellow prisoners, was told of being transferred to another camp.

At night we r eached Uauthausen. The f iTe k1lom.eters which separated us f'ro:a Gusen we had t o cover running. Several. old men of' 70 years were drop­ping fi-om oxhauation. At tho point or desti nation our number dwindled to GO . At Mauth&usen thoro •ore 61000 Polea from all parts or Poland, judges, lawyers, physicians, protcasora, clergyman, teachers, factory managers, etc. We were clad ih pa.ja.maa m.de of wood t i bers and r ecei ved t.orn underwear, f'ul.l of ver­.d.tt. Jurrt a1 in Dachau, the camp was f'enced in by wire charged with high tensi on current . We slept on pa11Jiui:ses, which cont ained more ·.-.nun than str aw, and any priaoner whose paillasee was S centi~etera thick was elated. For oovar& ,re had very thin blankets, tull of holes. ill wore clad al.ilc:e, except that the Polee, as pol.it.ic-1 offenders, carried red trie.ngular patches of cloth sewn on the breast 0£ their ge.rments. Besides t..~e Pol.ea there-,rere also Germane, criminals, perverts, J ews ar.d Sp,anioh co=uniato. Ea.eh of those categori es wore cl oth patches 0£ different colors aewn to the breasts of their garb. The barrack. in which we lived wa s called "Blok." and contained t wo large cells desigM.ted respectivel y 11stubo 1• and •Stube B•. Tho cell senior wao, as a rule, soo.e criminal. or IINJ'derer. A barn.ck hou.eod. approximately 500 prisoners. lfe arose at 4t50 a .m. Next cue usembly, thon the command •eyes right" and roll call. Du.ring aaee~bly revoltingly brutal incident s ocC'IU'Ted flagae:ntly. .bi. o1d man, 75 yea.rs ot' age, bad to otand a.t a ttention and line up to the right . When his l eg.s failed to support bim properly· he was punched i n the tace and could thank hie Creator that this act or brutality ended the matter. 7be cell senior reported to one of the S.S. troopers the number of the barrack inmates present. In the event of some pr i.,oner dyi ng during the night, •hi ch occurred frequently, his fellow prisoners bad t o bring the .remai ns to the r oll C!ell.. Next ca.mo tho oommand •Form work gangs• and "line up by four aod to wOrk• . Prisoners in dying conditi-on, who also had t o appear at roll call, ware le.rt i,ins in t.'le mud. They and the corpsos wer e picked up by the •burial. cOlll!!IA?l.d• (Leichcapo) , put 1n wooden boxes and convoye~ to the CTl\Jlla­t-ory at Mautbaueen. The work was beyond tbe physleal endurance or even the most robust individual. A number of prieoners worked on t rimming granite cubes for r oad paving. Ev8r,y prl•oner had to turn O'U.t a specified nm:aber or ouch hoxabadrie lo centimeter cubes, as otherwise he was deprived ot food and beaten. Other prisoners a.gain w011ld work as stone carriers. 1'henever an S.S. guard notices a prisoner picking up e. sull.er stone h.e i1M1ed1atel.y had him loaded down rt th an extra &tone, heavy enough to require three Gel'Ulla to lift i t , and ordered him •to run, which the GU,ard lo.shed hip lega •1th a bull­hi de whip. ?tot l e ea back: bre~i.ng •es the work or roll er s0ooth1ng roads, with prleoner• pulling: the rollers in l ieu of m.otora or horeos. Very tn­quontly doatb resulted f rom crushing by derrick.a with which huge al&bs of r ock. wero being lifted. Tho work in the brick kil n was so trenuous that prisoner& had t o keep pace with the machines. Between noon and l p.m. waa roll call and dinner, then again work from l to 6 p.l'll. 'l'b.e worst ordeal

' -10 -

was the evening roll call at 6 p,m, There were, times when shrieks of agony­resoundod all over the c.az:ip, 1rb1m our S.s. masters were matill8 out puniehment, Thoy had a s pecial contraption £or e.d::iinistering beatings. The pris oner was atr otcbcd out on an incl.inod board t o 11'hich he vas ~trapped hand a.nd t oot , 1'he vlct,:ig had to count tho strokes hbn&lt, i n Germaii. 1'hoever, under i nfluence of pain , made an ei•ror in the count, the beating was started all e>ver again. ihe :mildest puniehment eonaiated of several punches i n the f ace and a few kicks. libon in a bad humor any S.S. trooper cO'lll.d cl.ai.ui. that tho work. was done slowly titld tba.t as puniahmont. no prisoner would get supper. For any trining tra.nagreH1on, such a.a for instance not noticing an S.S. tunctlona1-y, prlonora were boing suspended b-/ tboir 8l'il1B from a boaa. !be food consiatod of one cup of hot black eotfee tor break.fast, throe quart.ors of a lit er of hot wata­witb one potato or ts<>:w halt raw turnipo for d.innor , whereas supper consis t ed of a cup of black coffee and broad baked fro;.a potato a"Qd chestnut flour. One loaf of this breAd was al.lotted to atiy 5 priso,!ors. i'r«D. t im& to t iae each pr isoner received two r a,w canota, Ol" A cube of tainted !:l.Ugi,.rine or • i,llce of f oul SDOlling oausage ca.de ot horse oeat. the prieoner11 had to shave between 6 and 9 p.m., a a otbe:nrl.t1e the guards would tear out the hair and panch their faces . Filth, lice and other vermin were our st.ead.)' comJ)Gllions·. During b&it.hing the wildes t scenes iaaginable occurred. Only thoae w-'no elbo'Ked their wq through• by brute f orce , =anaged to get washed . Cler.gy,Jen and. ~ewe were bei'ng e1llg1ed · out f or abu.ao . The clergymen were r:ade to carry out on their backs be.rrels f W od With exerecent.s on Sunday conrl.r.ga. 'l'be crir.dnala a cting $IS superiors bad a particular hatrad f ;)r the Polee. The infirmary was a barrack aa filthy a s tbe rest of the:,. 'lbertt,.- on bo.aras, m.9n were stretched out •1th. broken arm.8 and cruabed l oga . At times prisoner s had to crawl naked for hours <n •nd all around the yard and march out to work early in the mornina- a..s usual. Only once every 2 aontbe i t wa.e permitted to write a card to the rwiy con­taining tho follo'll'ing iooasage: •:Am in good health. and doing well• . With money received from ho!.!:e the prisoners were permitted t.o wake purch.aseo in the ca n­teen. In•-reali ty tho only merchandise obt ainable ;ln the canteen were thee brushes, paper or pancila, nono of which could be used mtd.er penalty of death. 'l'bo prisoners we'.re gra.dus.lly beco::dng &nimAJ.s, each bent only on saving his l ife . Tb.e' S. S. functionaries were being goaded to fury by the ho:roic htharlor of tho Poli&\ prisoners, who died from the tort\ll"es inflicted upon them. by thei r exec11t ioners without utterin& a moan. "'l'hc reason you mu.at all porisb. is ~ecause we are unable to break you down" ••Te words repoat-od tim:o and a gain by those fionda.

l\EPORT ON OSol'IECil.h

I was tak1n to Ohi~cim t ogether with o. l arge group of prisoners, fW1ng ae•&ral freight cara, still filthy f r o:n some .lubricants, devoid or any se.at ing fac·ilit !cs and sealed tor the entire dur e.tion of the Journey which la.1ted a da.y an!l a halt. The only tood •e had waP the tra.velllne re.tion o.f bread we rocoived at the Palfiak prhon. 'Ke wer e .forbidden, under penalty oi' bein& shot, to look out f'l"om the !'oall car rlnd01F&. l le$r Sk:1e;rnie•1ce the traib atoppod f or a while out in the open and three priaone.rs o.ttempted to escape. 'ibty woro a.bot on the spot.. At o,w1vc1m the t r3in ha.J.'tod aeverel kilo::aotera aw"ay t'rom the &tation on an e!!lbankll:ient several. t:1et ers in height. nu., car doors wero opened and we were ordered t o detre.J.n. To ru.eh us aloofi ki.cks ,rero admi:nistered freely . '.lbe l'Ush, a e it t urood out , •~s purpoeel.y staged f or tho purpose of r ob~ing ua o£ the ceagre priaon bel.ongings i n our bundles, llUch aa topcoats , B'lleat era ar.d Ul'.danear, all. of 'lfhich •e were ~ dored to l eave bahiod in the railway cars . After we assembled &t the foot of the embankment we were l i ned up in ranke, t h r ee abreast a nd mardled td".

- ll -

the ca.mp, a. diatance of 5 kilometers. 01\&I'riva.l Ye were taken to a shower bath, where cold water without soap was t o cle.an.se ulS f or our stay. 'fhe eemp was alive Wi th lice. Thin tickU,,g \Uldorwear was i aauod to ue, wet as wo •ere, tO'J'ela bei ng, of course, ot1t o-r the question. As a wo.rlllinu up (it wae in late aut umn) they drove us out at once f or a~e c.aliathenica, running, etc. 'l'bo p:rione:rs 1i ve in barracks , f ro~ BO to 100 per barrack:, undtr superviaion of Ger.man relona assigned as prison guards. n1e noet oonaidorato among thGJ:1 arf> those Yho, when none of the s1;1per lors happened to watch, di d not i nflict f lend.i&b. tol"tures . The level ot brutality of these ~kapoa• (abbreviat ion ot so:aa tet'.:l by which these guards &ra dee1gnot.ed) boe,go.ro deacrlption. Be.a.ti ng, torturing a nd abuse are not only their duty, but they ,ec,a t;o find obvious delight in i.ntlicting thei,. The food, •hUe elean, is utterly inadequate, what with the work and. -the dail y routine as desorib6d later on. Hunger forces one to eat raw turni.Pa, re.i'uae parts or which are at tilcoe t-o be found outside of the kitchen. Thi a causes stouch ai~ents, whic.~ still further intensify the depreaaing pa.nae of hunger. I t 18 a peculiar V8.l"lot7 of dla.rrbe.a.J du <t to which tho s tomach ca.'lllot retaiJ'l food tor l •nc;or tha.n 15 ad.nutea. Thia condi­t ion is !!!Ade u_ae of a s o. special expedient of torturoJ t requgntly appl.ied. The guards devise such schodulc e or chor~s that l eave not a spa.re oo:::ient f or satisfying one's ru1.t\U'al noeda. FrOfll th.i s resu1t s erious ce.eea or chafing 1tbich. re!IIAin untreated and do not heal. '!he prisoners I garb consi sts of a blouse and trousers '1114.do of t icking. ffhil e I •as 'in t bo camp no Bhoaa were i ssued . Thill system, whilo consti t ut i ng a saving and an opportunity for thieving, Wt18 also meant as another 1'orm cf torture, because t.lie cup's gbounda wero covered with aharp gravel, which painfully l acerated tho sol ea of' our i'eet. .Aaon,g the chot'oa one or the hardest end oeJ.culn.ted to £d.niah oft' the pr iaoners,ia the dr aggi ng and pushing of rollo1·e Yith which sa,id gravel is being crushed and smoothed. lJainly pr1eat.s were assigned to this 1iype of work. f'resh gravel is particularl y eharp edged and attar OM day1 s work the soles of the prisoners' feet are one big wound, wher 8&s after a row dsys live flesh bangs in shr eds. Blood i nfect ion with gangrene resulting, or cSJCbauat i on, bring t1b0\lt an early death. Such was the f ato of Rev. Uorawak.11 a J esui t f'rOl!I C;r,acow, v.ho to his laat breath gave a eplendid eXAJ:1ple of hero1em 1n enduring --ps:in. I •ae an eye w1tnese of tha doath of Ce.pt. St anie1&-w Gieysr.tor, col!IUla.nde.r of the Warsaw Fire Department. nus gt.ant of a man, worn out by hunger and t oil, f a int ed durir-a c&Uatbenlco. exercises, • hich in O!Swi oeb con.stitut-e one of' the worst typos of torture. While he was prone on the ground the guards kicked h im to death . Once during such exerc,ises, not bei ng able to tall i nto a crouch any l enser, I atcpped out of the r anks . RecelYi.?£ a. blow on rtl;f' neck I fell on the gn.vel and cut my face . In that we.y, O'lf'ing to one gila.rd.1s unusual kindness, I mar.aged to get i nto the i n.f1rma.cy, .rhere I was f ortunate to remain 1'or some tirlle . 1ite co'nditions i n the infinaa.ry a» somewhat better, 1nsof«tr e.a thoro ar• no chores t o be dor.e . 'l'he e.buse end the hunger, however, go on a.s usual, while the lice are perhaps still more nwn.e-r oua,. I was released from Ohitcim, together With several other prisoners. I.n the majority or instances release comes only through death. 'l'he conditione of livi ng a'.rc such that ea.ch night eevoral pt'itoners die i n everJ ba.rraclc. Th.a first question asked in the ~orning b;r the flkapo" on dut y 1~: "How many di<td.?11 Duri ng the winter mortality i ncr eaeod J:15.t erially. I n my cell hardly a night passed without from 8 t o 10 deaths. 'lbe ticking g&rmonts are to.kon off tho corpeee ,and the l &tt&r l"'dmovod naked to the mortuary. The corpses make a vary ghastly lmprossion, bocauae of e.:.aciation, the peiTic bonee Just

r

. ' //

,

• - l.2

cover ed with akin. Tnoro •era no e.xecutions in the camp, • hile I was ther e , iior an,y attempts at revolt which were beir.g rumor ed about. The telegrams to War saw a nd other t ouns, announci ng death , ref erred t<:, the •nor:rial.1111 q\tota of daily deaths , augmented at t ime& by punitive roll calla . A normal. roll c.all in the open lasts a t tines one hour, puntt ivl) r oll cells r ea ch at t imes o. du.ration of 8 hours or s tandi ng i.n t he r-a.nJ:s . After a. oertdn length of t ime pri s oner s a.re droppin& by s cores and m&r.;y or thei, die . 1bua, for instance, out of 86 lilan who fain ted a t one roll call, 46 died the next day. Standing motionles s i n the ranks, a ccoopanied by f requent v .rnches i n the f a.ce o r i.n the eto~cb, f initJh e& ott th.a run d own hui::.an bodies.

0

~ /4 ,, ,

4 11 '

,. ~~ 'food. rat1o.nt_ng por one pSl"IIOl'I 1n ttena. in 1941,

rj/_ Adult•

-~bat- I. lV, v. VI, VII. VIII. u . x. n . III,

3IJe BNelJ lq;, s . o ,.011 , .20 G. 75 • • 90 • • J!ll , . 32 5. 95 a.o, a.te lilloat !ll'eod • o., o - - • .• \ bMt PlOUl' • o. 4 - 0,4 0, 4 - - - - - o.a Oat n our • - 0 .2 o. , o., - -lla~D1 • - - - - -CoNale • - - - - - - - - -Sveor • o •• 1 .- o., o. 8 l.S o.o - - o.e o.e ll6at • O, S 0 . 4 , 0 ,3 o.s 0. 360 0, 8 0 .18 o •• 1,• 0, 8 coffee substitute • - 0.1s O,OII - - o.oo o.oo • O. l?D l'ot•toe• • e.- - - so.- 30,• -ll81'mllacle • - - - o., - o., o., o., o., o.u ralh4 nuna • - - 0.1 0 .2 0.1 0.1 0. 1 - 0. 1 Cm,,ly • - - o.04 0, 03 0 .1 0. 1 0.1 O,U O, l!S ~ No, a 3 3 l • l 3 2 - 7

b/ ChllclNn

Dye B-4 kg, ::1.8 2. 48 2.ce ·-~ 3. 18 3, 15 3. 1 • • ~ , .~ &. lffl .... BND4 • - . o.tsm o., - -l heet nour • 0,4 o., o., 0, 4 - - 0 ,4 1 , 3 Clo\ Fl.ou,r • - . 1,8 0.9 0,4 l.'.Ooarcmi • 0,5 - - - - - - - - -C.rellla • - - - - -SUpr • 0, 4 1, - o., O, G 1 .0 o.e - - 0 ,8 0 ,8 T'oet • 0.3 0,4 o.:s 0 , 6 0 , 375 o.e 0 •. 12 o,• 1 . - 0 , 5 Col't•Cubotltuto • .. 0 ,05 - - - - o.oe o.05 -0.1,is Potetoe• • - e.oo - - - - :so.- !501• 1/.eJmolade • 0,4 0, 2 0 ,4 0, 4 o •. , 0,4 0 . 84 C"""-1 • - - 0, 04 0. 03 0 , 1 0.1 0, 1 o.iu o.:t.G l'elad lutt•r • 0 . 1 0, 2 0 ,1 0, 1 0.1 - O, l. Dl.o'cultO • - - - - O, B 0 .2 0, 2 0. 2 o.a !'&a no. 8 3 3 1 4 8 3 e - 7

\