Ontologiesin a nutshell

fabien, gandon, inria

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this is nota pipe

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do not readthe following sign

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youloose

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we interpretmachines don't

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The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat : And Other Clinical Tales by

In his most extraordinary book, "one of the great clinical writers of the 20th century" (The New York Times) recounts the case histories of patients lost in the bizarre, apparently inescapable world of neurological disorders. Oliver Sacks's The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat tells the stories of individuals afflicted with fantastic perceptual and intellectual aberrations: patients who have lost their memories and with them the greater part of their pasts; who are no longer able to recognize people and common objects; who are stricken with violent tics and grimaces or who shout involuntary obscenities; whose limbs have become alien; who have been dismissed as retarded yet are gifted with uncanny artistic or mathematical talents.

If inconceivably strange, these brilliant tales remain, in Dr. Sacks's splendid and sympathetic telling, deeply human. They are studies of life struggling against incredible adversity, and they enable us to enter the world of the neurologically impaired, to imagine with our hearts what it must be to live and feel as they do. A great healer, Sacks never loses sight of medicine's ultimate responsibility: "the suffering, afflicted, fighting human subject."

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W. SacksOliver

Oliver Sacks

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some knowledgesomething is missing

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DocumentDocument

BookBook

NovelNovel Short storyShort story

kindof

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kindof

#12#12

#21#21

#47#47 #48#48

"document""document"

"book""book"

"livre""livre"

"novel""novel"

"roman""roman"

"short story""short story"

"nouvelle""nouvelle"

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#12#12

#21#21

#47#47 #48#48

#21 #12#21 #12

#48 #21#48 #21#47 #21#47 #21

knowledgeformalized ontological

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specify meaning

< >…</ >

with unique identifiers

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Ontologyis not a synonym of

Taxonomy

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Taxonomicalknowledge is a kind of

ontologicalknowledge among others

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partof

CCcarboncarbon

HHhydrogenhydrogen

OOoxygenoxygen

CHCH44

methanemethane ethaneethane

CC22HH66 CC22HH66-OH-OH

methanolmethanol

CHCH33-OH-OH

ethanolethanol

……

HH22OOwaterwater

HH22

dihydrogendihydrogen

-OH-OH

phenolphenolcarbon dioxidecarbon dioxide

COCO22-CH-CH33

methylmethyldioxygendioxygenOO22 ozoneozone

OO33

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combinedifferent kinds of ontological knowledge

Hierarchical model of the shape of the human body. D. Marr and H.K. Nishihara, Representation and recognition of the spatial organization of three-dimensional shapes, Proc. R. Soc. London B 200, 1978, 269-294).

LimbIndividual

Cat

Organic object

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ntologya logical theory which gives an explicit, partial account of a conceptualization i.e. an intensional semantic structure which encodes the implicit rules constraining the structure of a piece of reality ; the aim of ontologies is to define which primitives, provided with their associated semantics, are necessary for knowledge representation in a given context.[Gruber, 1993] [Guarino & Giaretta, 1995] [Bachimont, 2000]

O

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coverage

extent to which the primitives mobilized by the scenarios are covered by the ontology.

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specificity the extend to which

ontological primitivesare precisely identified.

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granularitythe extend to which primitives are

precisely and formally defined.

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the extend to which primitives aredescribed in a formal language.

formality

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spinning tourof some ontologies’ content

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example

(define-class human (?human)

:def (animal ?human))

subsumption in frames

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example

<Class rdf:ID="Man"> <subClassOf rdf:resource="#Person"/> <subClassOf rdf:resource="#Male"/> <label xml:lang="en">man</label> <comment xml:lang="en">an adult male person</comment></Class>

a class declaration in RDFS

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example

(defprimconcept MALE) (defprimconcept FEMALE) (disjoint MALE FEMALE)

disjoint classes in description logics

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example

<owl:Class rdd:id="AuthorAgent"> <owl:unionOf rdf:parseType="Collection"> <owl:Class rdf:about="#Person"/> <owl:Class rdf:about="#Group"/> </owl:unionOf></owl:Class>

union of classes in OWL

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example

<owl:Class rdf:ID="Man"> <owl:intersectionOf rdf:parseType="Collection"> <owl:Class rdf:about="#Male"/> <owl:Class rdf:about="#Person"/> </owl:intersectionOf></owl:Class>

intersection of classes in OWL

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example

<owl:Class rdf:id="EyeColor"> <owl:oneOf rdf:parseType="Collection"> <owl:Thing rdf:ID="Blue"/> <owl:Thing rdf:ID="Green"/> <owl:Thing rdf:ID="Brown"/> </owl:oneOf></owl:Class>

enumerated class in OWL

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example

<owl:Class rdf:ID="Male"> <owl:complementOf rdf:resource="#Female"/></owl:Class>

complement of classes in OWL

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example

[Concept: Director]->(Def)->

[LambdaExpression: [Person: ] ->(Manage) -> [Group]]

defined class in conceptual graphs

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example

<rdf:Property rdf:ID="hasMother"> <subPropertyOf rdf:resource="#hasParent"/> <range rdf:resource="#Female"/> <domain rdf:resource="#Human"/> <label xml:lang="en">has for mother</label> <comment xml:lang="en">to have for parent a

female.</comment></rdf:Property>

declare a property in RDFS

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example

(define-relation has-mother

(?child ?mother) :iff-def

(and (has-parent ?child ?mother) (female ?mother)))

define a relation in frames

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example

<owl:Class rdf:ID="Herbivore"> <subClassOf rdf:resource="#Animal"/> <subClassOf> <owl:Restriction> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#eats" /> <owl:allValuesFrom rdf:resource="#Plant" /> </owl:Restriction> </subClassOf></owl:Class>

restriction on properties in OWL

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example

(define-class executive (?person) :default-constraints

(owns-tv ?person))

default values in ontolingua

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example

(define-class Author (?author) :def (and (person ?author) (= (value-cardinality ?author author.name) 1) (value-type ?author author.name biblio-name) (>= (value-cardinality ?author author.documents) 1) (<=> (author.name ?author ?name) (person.name ?author ?name))))

cardinality constraints in frames

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example

<owl:SymmetricProperty rdf:ID="hasSpouse" />

<owl:TransitiveProperty rdf:ID="hasAncestor" />

<owl:FunctionalProperty rdf:ID="hasMother" />

<owl:InverseFunctionalProperty rdf:ID="SSNum" />

<rdf:Property rdf:ID="hasChild"> <owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="#hasParent"/> </rdf:Property>

algebraic properties in OWL

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example

[Car: ]->(Has)->[SteeringWheel]

existential knowledge in conceptual graphs

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example

(define-axiom driver-consistency :=

(<=> (drive ?a ?p) (driver ?a ?p))

axioms in frames

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example

(defrelation child ((?p Person) (?c Person)) :=> (> (age ?p) (age ?c)))

constraints in description logics

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example

(define-function price (?car ?power ?days) :-> ?amount:def (and (Car ?car) (Number ?power) (Number ?days) (Number ?amount) (Rate ?car ?rate)):lambda-body (* (+ ?rate (* 0.1 ?power)) ?days))

functions in conceptual graphs

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example

IF ?person author ?doc ?doc rdf:type PhDThesis ?doc concern ?topicTHEN ?person expertIn ?topic ?person rdf:type PhD

derivation rule languages

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example

<owl:Class rdf:about="&o1;Person"> <owl:equivalentClass rdf:resource="&o2;Hito"/></owl:Class>

equivalence of classes in OWL

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example

G = 9.8 m/s²

a constant

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By 2012,70% of public Web pages will have some level of semantic markup, but only 20% will use more extensive Semantic Web-based technologies[Finding and Exploiting Value in Semantic Technologies on the Web

Gartner Research Report, May 2007]

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Manage

Needs

Design

Diffusion

UseEvaluate

Evolution

cycleLife

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needsmotivating scenarios, competency questions,

Manage

Needs

Design

Diffusion

UseEvaluate

Evolution

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knowledge acquisitiontechniques, natural language processing, formalisms formal concept analysis, methodologies & intermediary representations

design

Manage

Needs

Design

Diffusion

UseEvaluate

Evolution

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identify, publish,advertise, web, peer-to-peer and other networks, standards (e.g., OWL)

diffusion

Manage

Needs

Design

Diffusion

UseEvaluate

Evolution

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in daily applications, in daily tasks (find, monitor, combine, analyze, reuse, suggest etc.), inferences, interfaces.

use

Manage

Needs

Design

Diffusion

UseEvaluate

Evolution

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evaluate c.f. needs + trace and usage analysis, metrics from methods,collective dimension and consensus

Manage

Needs

Design

Diffusion

UseEvaluate

Evolution

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c.f. design + versioning, version alignment, coherence checking and all dependencies

evolution

Manage

Needs

Design

Diffusion

UseEvaluate

Evolution

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as any project, complete methodologies

manage

Manage

Needs

Design

Diffusion

UseEvaluate

Evolution

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ontologyI never saw a universal

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tensiontensionbuilding block

vs.

changing block

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bottlenecksacquisition & evolution

folksOnomiesin a nutshell

a taga data attached to an object

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origins of geometry

taggingis not a new

activity59

•mark•describe•memo•comment•index•group•sort

etc.

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another tagin the web?

<a><a>

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collaboratively creating and managing tags to annotate and categorize content.

social tagging

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folksfolksthe mass of users to organize the mass of data

onomyonomy

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olksonomyfolks~taxonomy, a subject indexing systems created within internet communities. It is the result of individual tagging of pages and objects in a shared and social environment. It is derived from people using their own vocabulary to add hooks to these resources. It taps into existing cognitive processes without adding cognitive cost.[Vander Wal, 2005] [Vander Wal, 2007][Rashmi Sinha, 2005]

f

tag cloudalphabetic order + visual clues

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folksonomiesare not the opposite of

ontologies

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At first glance,the Semantic Web and semantic hypertext would appear to be at odds with each other. Gartner believes this debate is ultimately counterproductive. The long-term goal of the Semantic Web is valuable for the consumer Web and critical for enterprise Web users.[Finding and Exploiting Value in Semantic Technologies on the Web

Gartner Research Report, May 2007]

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folksonomiescan be seen as a new

way to build and maintain

ontologies

many tagsfor many uses

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origins of geometry

to compare with RR176

cool

send to Ted

absolument faux

;-)

for the SysDev team

many tagsback to square 1 ?

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dark cloudahead

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my bookmarked page

bookmarks

socially shared bookmark

bookmark shared across people an applications

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ontologiesontologiesfolksonomiesfolksonomies&&

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simple, focused, grassroots Web 2.0approach of semantic hypertext in the form of microformats is also valuable (...) provides the first step to a Semantic Web. (…) technologies are emerging to convert

microformats to RDF (…). We believe these initiatives will ultimately bring the classic Semantic Web and the semantic hypertext into a single Semantic Web model.[Finding and Exploiting Value in Semantic Technologies on the Web

Gartner Research Report, May 2007]

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“semantic web”and not

“semantic web”[C. Welty, ISWC 2007]

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a lightweight ontology allows us to do

lightweight reasoning[J. Hendler, ISWC 2007]

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you can’t foreseeeach and every

use and reuse

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black boxavoid building another

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explicitmake conceptualizations

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open your datato anyone who might use it

W3C ©

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just my…

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fabien, gandon