ontology and the lexicon.week.5

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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..

Nouns Lab session: Protege

Ontology and the LexiconWeek 5: Ontological Categories and Word Class [1]

Shu-Kai Hsieh

Lab of Ontologies, Language Processing and e-HumanitiesGIL, National Taiwan University

March 19, 2014

Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh

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..1 Ontological Categories and Word Classes

..2 NounsNouns and ThingsNouns and CountabilityNouns in Cross-cultural Context

..3 Lab session: Protege


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OntoLex for Computational Linguistics

Theoretical considerations have had great influence on importantchoices and decisions made in the introduction and development ofcertain resources (such as lexicons, ontologies), of certainprocedures (such as morphological, syntactic and semantic parserand generator), and of certain representations (such as word,sentence and discourse meaning).


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OntoLex for (Cognitive) Lexical Semantics

To develop a cognitive linguistic account of

..1 lexical concept: the linguistic knowledge that word encode.

..2 cognitive model: the conceptual system, i.e., thenon-linguistic knowledge that words facilitate access to. →This provides a level of non-linguistic knowledge which isspecialized for being accessed via lexical concepts.


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..3 Lab session: ProtegeOntology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh

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Ontological Categories and Word ClassesGiven the understanding of different movitations, our first step isto look at the Ontological Categories and Word Classes fromlinguistic views.

• Why linguists believe that word classes (nouns, verbs) are bestdefined by their morphosyntactic properties? (e.g., position inthe sentence, what suffixes they can take, etc) � becausedescriptive semantics is insufficient.

• ontological categories (=semantic types) can be used toprovide alternatives to look at differences between words/wordclasses.


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Ontological Categories and Word Classes

Murphy [1]:

• Ontology is a theory of what general categories there are andhow they are structured with relation to one another.

• How (ontological) categories that affect linguistic structureand behavior.

any difference here?

Jeremy is optimistic and Jeremy is an optimist


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Not an easy task: Lexical Complexity


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Not an easy task: Ontological Complexity


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Word Classes are not Universal!!!

• Mandarin Chinese and Yurok (spoken in North America) haveno adjectives at all.

• Adjective category in Swahili and Hausa (both spoken inAfrica) is a closed class. (Dixon 1982, McCawley 1992)

• PROPERTIES are then described by nouns or verbs.


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Word Classes are not Universal!!!

Example

• ”She is intelligent” → ”She is with intelligence” (in Hausa).• ”She is tall” → ”She talls” (a stative verb meaning ’tall’ is

used in Chinese)


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Ontological Categories and Lexical Semantics

In the following three weeks, we will focus on how ontologicalcategories have implications for lexical semantics based on [1]’sdescription.

THING, SITUATION and PROPERTY � Nouns, Verbs andAdjectives.


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Exercise from Murphy ([1]:142)Compare the following pairs of sentences, and think about whetheryou are more or less likely to use one of the pair, or whether youwould find one more polite than the other. Are the (i) sentencesexact paraphrases of the (ii) sentences?

Example

(a) (i). Lisa is Swedish.(ii). Lisa is a Swede.

(b) (i). Nan is blonde.(ii). Nan is a blonde.


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Nouns and Things



..3 Lab session: Protege


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Nouns and Things

Asking differently

• “What is a X”? (philosophical/biological question)• “How is our knowledge of X organized”? (psychological

question)

• “What does X mean”? (linguistic question, supposedly)


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Nouns and Things

Asking differently

• “What is a X”? (philosophical/biological question)• “How is our knowledge of X organized”? (psychological

question)• “What does X mean”? (linguistic question, supposedly)


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Nouns and Things

Less Thinking about Nouns and Things

• What do you care about pigeon ?• linguists could say that pigeon means PIGEON, and then not

investigate PIGEON any further.

• since the contents of the concept PIGEON are conceptual,rather than linguistic, in nature.

• The self-contained property of nouns makes them less apriority to many linguistic semanticists because their effectson the meaning of the sentence as a whole are more limitedthan those of verbs.


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Nouns and Things



investigate PIGEON any further.• since the contents of the concept PIGEON are conceptual,

rather than linguistic, in nature.

• The self-contained property of nouns makes them less apriority to many linguistic semanticists because their effectson the meaning of the sentence as a whole are more limitedthan those of verbs.


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Nouns and Things



investigate PIGEON any further.• since the contents of the concept PIGEON are conceptual,

rather than linguistic, in nature.• The self-contained property of nouns makes them less a

priority to many linguistic semanticists because their effectson the meaning of the sentence as a whole are more limitedthan those of verbs.


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Nouns and Things


• So they forgo deep discussions of the senses of nouns.• But most modern theories of linguistic semantics also assume

that meaning involves an interface between the linguistic andconceptual realms in the mind.

• Two proposals: Wierzbicka (Natural Semantic MetalanguageTheory) and Pustejovsky (QUALIA in The GenerativeLexicon)


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Nouns and Countability




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• How have been linguists doing?• e.g. (Jackendoff, 1991) see handout.


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ExerciseDetermine whether or not the following are bounded and whether or not they have internal structure, in order to

see which (if any) of the categories in (Jackendoff 1991) they belong to.

Example

• lemonade• forest• furniture• scissors

Are there any problems in determining the status of these? Do you think that these words’ meanings fit properly

into the categories in (Jackendoff 1991)? If not, why not?


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Nouns in Cross-cultural Context


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Ontologies and the Lexicon


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Designing Ontology using Protege Editor

• A free, open source ontology editor and knowledge-baseframework

• Suitable for developing Semantic Web applications.• (Read the slides of M. Tschunggnall).


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Homework

• Use Cwikin system to annotate lexical meanings with atop-level noun (from noun hierarchy distributed in class.

• Classifying nouns in Chinese.


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M Lynne Murphy.Lexical meaning.Cambridge University Press Cambridge, 2010.


ontology and the lexicon.week.5

Documents

protege ontological

protege word classes

word classesnouns lab

word classes nouns

protege ontology

word classes murphy

general categories

lexicon shukai hsieh