online assignment kidney diseases

7/24/2019 Online Assignment Kidney Diseases

1/22

ONLINE ASSIGNMENT

Topic: KIDNEY - DISEASES

Submitted by

Syam.O.s

Dept.of NaturalScience

S N TC Nedunganda


2/22

INTRODUCTION

The role of the kidneys is often underrated when we think about

our health.

In fact, the kidneys play a vital role in the daily workins of your

body. They are so i!portant that nature ave us two kidneys, to

cover the possibility that one !iht be lost to an in"ury.

#e can live $uite well with only one kidney and so!e people live

a healthy life even thouh born with one !issin. %owever, with

no kidney function death occurs within a few days&

'idneys are the unsun heroes of our bodies and perfor! a

nu!ber of very i!portant "obs(

)lood pressure control * kidneys keep your blood pressure

reular.

#ater balance * kidneys add e+cess water to other wastes,

which !akes your urine.

Cleanin blood * kidneys lter your blood to re!ove wastesand to+ins.

-ita!in D activation * kidneys !anae your bodys

production of this essential vita!in, which is vital for stronbones, !uscles and overall health.


3/22

/ll this !akes the kidneys a very i!portant player in the way your

body works and your overall health.One of a pair of orans

located in the riht and left side of the abdo!en. The kidneys

re!ove waste products fro! the blood and produce urine. /s

blood 0ows throuh the kidneys, the kidneys lter waste products,

che!icals, and unneeded water fro! the blood. Urine collects in

the !iddle of each kidney, in an area called the renal pelvis. It

then drains fro! the kidney throuh a lon tube, the ureter, to

the bladder, where it is stored until eli!ination. The kidneys also

!ake substances that help control blood pressure and reulate

the for!ation of red blood cells.Unhealthy habits and life style

in0uence the health of 'idneys to a reat e+tent. 'idneys !ay fail

due to several reasons and life itself !ay be in daner.


4/22

Kidneys Structure and Function

The kidneysare bean1shaped oransthat serve several essential

reulatory roles in vertebrates. They re!ove e+cess oranic

!olecules fro! the blood, and it is by this action that their best1

known function is perfor!ed( the re!oval of waste products of

!etabolis!. 'idneys are essential to the urinary syste!and also

serve ho!eostaticfunctions such as the reulation of electrolytes,

!aintenance of acid*base balance, and reulation of blood

pressure2via !aintainin the salt and water balance3. They serve

the body as a natural lter of the blood, and re!ove water1soluble

wastes which are diverted to the bladder. In producin urine, the

kidneys e+crete wastes such as ureaand a!!oniu!. They are

also responsible for the reabsorption of water, lucose, and a!ino

acids. The kidneys also produce hor!ones

includincalcitrioland erythropoietin. /n

i!portant en4y!ereninis also produced in the kidney which acts

in neative feedback.


5/22

ena! "i!us:

The renal hilus is an indentation near to the centre of the concavearea of the kidney. This is the area of the kidney throuh whichthe ureter leaves the kidney and the other structures includin

blood vessels 2illustrated3, ly!phatic vessels, and nervesenter5leave the kidney.

ena! capsu!e:

The renal capsule is a s!ooth, transparent, brous !e!branethat surrounds, encloses, and protects the kidney. 6ach kidneyhas its own renal capsule 2outer layer3, which helps to !aintain

the shape of the kidney as well as protectin it fro! da!ae.The renal capsule is itself surrounded by a !ass of fatty tissuethat also helps to protect the kidney by da!ae by cushionin itin cases of i!pact or sudden !ove!ent.


6/22

ena! corte#:

The renal corte+ is the outer part of the kidney and has a reddishcolour 2shown as very pale brown above3. It has a s!ooth te+tureand is the location of the )ow!an7s Capsules and the lo!eruli,in addition to the pro+i!al and distal convoluted tubules andtheir associated blood supplies 2these structures are part of thekidney nephrons - described in further detail on the pageabout kidney nephrons3.

ena! $edu!!a:

The renal !edulla is the inner part of the kidney. 89edulla8!eans 8inner portion8. This area is a striated 2striped3 red1browncolour.

ena! pyra$ids:

There are appro+. : 1 ;< striated trianular structures called8Renal =yra!ids8 within the renal !edulla of each kidney. Theapperance of striations is due to !any straiht tubules and bloodvessels within the renal pyra!ids.

ena! pe!%is:

The renal pelvis is the funnel1shaped basin 2cavity3 that receivesthe urine drained fro! the kidney nephrons via the collectinducts and then the 2larer3 papillary ducts..

ena! artery:


7/22

The renal artery delivers o+yenated blood to the kidney. This

!ain artery divides into !any s!aller branches as it enters thekidney via the renal hilus. These s!aller arteries divide intovessels such as the se!ental artery, the interlobar artery, thearcuate artery and the interlobular artery. These eventuallyseperate into a>erent arterioles, one of which serveseach nephron in the kidney.

ena! %ein:

The renal vein receives deo+yenated blood fro! the peritubularveins within the kidney. These !ere into the interlobular,arcuate, interlobar and se!ental veins, which, in turn, deliverdeo+yenated blood to the renal vein, throuh which it isreturned to the syste!ic blood circulation syste!.

Inter!o&u!ar artery:

The interlobular artery delivers o+yenated blood at hihpressure to the lo!erular capillaries.

Inter!o&u!ar %ein:

The interlobular vein receives deo+yenated blood 2at lowerpressure3 that it drains away fro! the lo!erular lteration unitsand fro! the ?oops of %enle.

Kidney nep"ron:


8/22

'idney nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys. That this,it is the kidney nephrons that actually perfor! the kidney7s !ainfunctions. There are appro+. a !illion nephrons within eachkidney. To nd out !ore about these, visit the pae about 'idneyNephrons.


9/22

'o!!ectin( Duct )Kidney*:

The collectin duct labelled in the diara! above is part of thekidney nephron 2shown !uch enlared3. The distal convolutedtubules 2ter! e+plain on the pae about kidney nephrons3 of!any nephrons e!pty into a sinle collectin duct. 9any suchcollectin ducts unite to drain urine e+tracted by the kidney intopapillary ducts, then into a !inor caly+, then the !a"or caly+ 2atthe centre of the kidney3, and nally into the ureter throuhwhich the urine leaves the kidney en1route to the urinary bladder.

+reter:

The ureter is the structure throuh which urine is conveyedfro! the kidney to the urinary bladder.

Kidneys - Diseases9ost kidney diseases attack the nephrons. This da!ae !ay

leave kidneys unable to re!ove wastes. Causes can include

enetic proble!s, in"uries, or !edicines. @ou are at reater risk

for kidney disease if you have diabetes, hih blood pressure, or a

close fa!ily !e!ber with kidney disease.Chronic kidney

diseaseda!aes the nephrons slowly over several years. Other

kidney proble!s include(

Nephritis


10/22

Nephritis can produce lo!erular in"ury, by disturbin thelo!erular structure with in0a!!atory cell proliferation. This canlead to reduced lo!erular blood 0ow, leadin to reduced urineoutput 2oliuria3 and retention of waste products 2ure!ia3.A/s a

result, red blood cells !ay leak out of da!aed lo!eruli,causin blood to appear in the urine 2he!aturia3.?ow renal blood0ow activates the renin1aniotensin1aldosterone syste! 2R//B3,causin 0uid retention and !ild hypertension.

Causes and Symptoms

Nephritis is often caused by infections, and to+ins, but is !ost

co!!only caused by autoi!!une disorders that a>ect the !a"ororans like kidneys.

=yelonephritis is in0a!!ation that results fro! a urinary

tract infectionthat reaches the renal pelvisof the kidney.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_pelvishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_pelvishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection


11/22

?upus nephritisis in0a!!ation of the kidney caused

by syste!ic lupus erythe!atosus2B?63, a disease ofthe i!!une syste!.

Athletic nephritisis nephritis resultin fro! strenuouse+ercise. )loody urine after strenuous e+ercise !ay also resultfro!!arch he!olobinuria, which is caused by trau!a to redblood cells, causin their rupture, which leads to the release ofhe!olobin into the blood.

/s the kidneys in0a!e, they bein to e+crete needed protein fro!the body into the urine strea!. This condition iscalledproteinuria.?oss of necessary protein due to nephritis canresult in several life1threatenin sy!pto!s. The !ost seriousco!plication of nephritis can occur if there is sinicant loss ofthe proteins that keep blood fro! clottin e+cessively. ?oss ofthese proteins can result in blood clots causin sudden stroke.

DIagnosis

+rine test,/ urinalysis !ay show red blood cells and red

cell casts in your urine, an indicator of possible da!ae to thelo!eruli. Urinalysis results !ay also show white blood cells, aco!!on indicator of infection or in0a!!ation, and increasedprotein, which !ay indicate nephron da!ae. Other indicators,such as increased blood levels of creatinine or urea, are red

0as.

!ood tests,These can provide infor!ation about kidney

da!ae and i!pair!ent of the lo!eruli by !easurin levelsof waste products, such as creatinine and blood urea nitroen.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus_nephritishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus_nephritishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysis


12/22

I$a(in( tests,If your doctor detects evidence of da!ae,

he or she !ay reco!!end dianostic studies that allowvisuali4ation of your kidneys, such as a kidney 1ray, anultrasound e+a!ination or a co!puteri4ed to!oraphy 2CT3

scan.

Kidney &iopsy,This procedure involves usin a special

needle to e+tract s!all pieces of kidney tissue for !icroscopice+a!ination to help deter!ine the cause of the in0a!!ation./ kidney biopsy is al!ost always necessary to conr! adianosis of lo!erulonephritis.

Chronic renal disease

'"ronic kidney disease2'KD3, also known as c"ronic rena!

disease, is a proressive loss in renal functionover a period of

!onths or years. The sy!pto!s of worsenin kidney function are

not specic, and !iht include feelinenerally unwelland

e+periencin a reduced appetite. Often, chronic kidney disease is

dianosed as a result ofscreeninof people known to be at risk of

kidney proble!s, such as those with hih blood

pressureor diabetesand those with a blood relative with C'D.This disease !ay also be identied when it leads to one of its

reconi4ed co!plications, such as cardiovascular

disease, ane!ia, or pericarditis.It is di>erentiated fro! acute

kidney disease in that the reduction in kidney function !ust be

present for over !onths.


13/22


14/22

Causes

Chronic kidney disease occurs when a disease or conditioni!pairs kidney function, causin kidney da!ae to worsen overseveral !onths or years.

Diseases and conditions that co!!only cause chronic kidneydisease include(

Type ; or type E diabetes

%ih blood pressure

Flo!erulonephritis an in0a!!ation of the kidney7s lterin

units 2lo!eruli3

Interstitial nephritis, an in0a!!ation of the kidney7s tubules

and surroundin structures

=olycystic kidney disease

=roloned obstruction of the urinary tract, fro! conditions

such as enlared prostate, kidney stones and so!e cancers

-esicoureteral re0u+, a condition that causes urine to back

up into your kidneys

Recurrent kidney infection, also called pyelonephritis

Symptoms


15/22

Bins and sy!pto!s of chronic kidney disease develop over ti!eif kidney da!ae proresses slowly. Bins and sy!pto!s ofkidney disease !ay include(

Nausea

-o!itin

?oss of appetite

Gatiue and weakness

Bleep proble!s

Chanes in urine output

Decreased !ental sharpness

9uscle twitches and cra!ps

%iccups

Bwellin of feet and ankles

=ersistent itchin

Chest pain, if 0uid builds up around the linin of the heart

Bhortness of breath, if 0uid builds up in the luns

%ih blood pressure 2hypertension3 that7s diHcult to control

Bins and sy!pto!s of kidney disease are often nonspecic,!eanin they can also be caused by other illnesses. /nd because

your kidneys are hihly adaptable and able to co!pensate for lostfunction, sins and sy!pto!s !ay not appear until irreversibleda!ae has occurred.


16/22

DIagnosis

To deter!ine whether you have chronic kidney disease, you !ayneed tests and procedures such as(

!ood tests,'idney function tests look for the level of

waste products, such as creatinine and urea, in your blood.

+rine tests,/naly4in a sa!ple of your urine !ay reveal

abnor!alities that point to chronic kidney failure and helpidentify the cause of chronic kidney disease.

I$a(in( tests,@our doctor !ay use ultrasound to assess

your kidneys7 structure and si4e. Other i!ain tests !ay beused in so!e cases.

e$o%in( a sa$p!e o. kidney tissue .or testin(,@our

doctor !ay reco!!end a kidney biopsy to re!ove a sa!ple ofkidney tissue. 'idney biopsy is often done with local anesthesiausin a lon, thin needle that7s inserted throuh your skin andinto your kidney. The biopsy sa!ple is sent to a lab for testinto help deter!ine what7s causin your kidney proble!.

kidney stone/ kidney stone, also known as a rena! ca!cu!usor nep"ro!it",is a solid piece of !aterialwhich is for!ed inthekidneysfro! !ineralsin urine.'idney stones typically leavethe body in the urine strea!, and a s!all stone !ay pass withoutcausin sy!pto!s.If stones row to suHcient si4e 2usually atleast !illi!eters 2.;E in33 they can cause blockae of


17/22

the ureter. This leads to pain, !ost co!!only beinnin inthe 0ankor lower back and often radiatin to theroin. This painis often known as renal colicand typically co!es in waves lastinE to J !inutes. Other associated sy!pto!s

include( nausea, vo!itin, fever, blood in the urine, pus in theurine, and painful urination. )lockae of the ureter cancause decreased kidney functionand dilation of the kidney.

Causes

'idney stones often have no denite, sinle cause, althouhseveral factors !ay increase your risk.


18/22

'idney stones for! when your urine contains !ore crystal1for!in substances K such as calciu!, o+alate and uric acid Kthan the 0uid in your urine can dilute. /t the sa!e ti!e, yoururine !ay lack substances that prevent crystals fro! stickin

toether, creatin an ideal environ!ent for kidney stones to for!.

Symptoms

/ kidney stone !ay not cause sy!pto!s until it !oves aroundwithin your kidney or passes into your ureter K the tubeconnectin the kidney and bladder. /t that point, you !aye+perience these sins and sy!pto!s(

Bevere pain in the side and back, below the ribs

=ain that spreads to the lower abdo!en and roin

=ain that co!es in waves and 0uctuates in intensity

=ain on urination

=ink, red or brown urine

Cloudy or foul1s!ellin urine

Nausea and vo!itin

=ersistent need to urinate

Urinatin !ore often than usual

Gever and chills if an infection is present

Urinatin s!all a!ounts of urine


19/22

Types of kidney stones

'nowin the type of kidney stone helps deter!ine the cause and!ay ive clues on how to reduce your risk of ettin !ore kidney

stones. Types of kidney stones include(

'a!ciu$ stones,9ost kidney stones are calciu! stones,

usually in the for! of calciu! o+alate. O+alate is a naturallyoccurrin substance found in food. Bo!e fruits and veetables,as well as nuts and chocolate, have hih o+alate levels. @ourliver also produces o+alate. Dietary factors, hih doses ofvita!in D, intestinal bypass surery and several !etabolicdisorders can increase the concentration of calciu! or o+alatein urine. Calciu! stones !ay also occur in the for! of calciu!

phosphate.

Stru%ite stones,Btruvite stones for! in response to an

infection, such as a urinary tract infection. These stones canrow $uickly and beco!e $uite lare, so!eti!es with fewsy!pto!s or little warnin.

+ric acid stones,Uric acid stones can for! in people who

don7t drink enouh 0uids or who lose too !uch 0uid, those who

eat a hih1protein diet, and those who have out. Certainenetic factors also !ay increase your risk of uric acid stones.

'ystine stones,These stones for! in people with a

hereditary disorder that causes the kidneys to e+crete too!uch of certain a!ino acids 2cystinuria3.

Ot"er stones,Other, rarer types of kidney stones also can

occur.

DIagnosis

!ood testin(,)lood tests !ay reveal too !uch calciu! or

uric acid in your blood. )lood test results help !onitor the


20/22

health of your kidneys and !ay lead your doctor to check forother !edical conditions.

+rine testin(,The EL1hour urine collection test !ay show

that you7re e+cretin too !any stone1for!in !inerals or toofew stone1preventin substances. Gor this test, your doctor !ayre$uest that you perfor! two urine collections over twoconsecutive days.

I$a(in(,I!ain tests !ay show kidney stones in your

urinary tract. Options rane fro! si!ple abdo!inal 1rays,which can !iss s!all kidney stones, to hih1speed or dualenery co!puteri4ed to!oraphy 2CT3 that !ay reveal eventiny stones.

Other i!ain options include an ultrasound, a noninvasivetest, and intravenous uroraphy, which involves in"ectin dyeinto an ar! vein and takin 1rays 2intravenous pyelora!3 orobtainin CT i!aes 2CT urora!3 as the dye travels throuhyour kidneys and bladder.

Ana!ysis o. passed stones,@ou !ay be asked to urinate

throuh a strainer to catch stones that you pass. ?ab analysiswill reveal the !akeup of your kidney stones. @our doctor uses

this infor!ation to deter!ine what7s causin your kidneystones and to for! a plan to prevent !ore kidney stones.

R6G6R6NC6B


21/22

;. ?ono et al., %arrison7s =rinciples of Internal 9edicine, ;


22/22

online assignment kidney diseases

Documents