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CHAPTER - N -

CRITICAL REVIEW OF PROFESSIONAL

SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION IN KERALA

The f i s t objective of the present research is to make a critical review of

professional social work education as offered in different parts of Kerala. This chapter

aims to provide a birds eye view of professional socila workeducation as it is offered

in different parts of the state. At the time of this research work there wereonly five

centers in Kerala offerring professional social work education i.e., Rajagiri College

of Social sciences, Kalamassery; Loyola College of Social Sciences, Sreekaryam,

Trivandrum; V i a i a College, Trichur adn two centers of Sree Sankaracharya

IJniversity of Sanskrit, one at Kalady in Ernakulam District and the other at Payyannur

in Kannur District. Of late nearly 15 centers more have been started offening masters

degree in professional social work education. The order followed in this chapter is

as follows.

1. Institutional Profile

2. Faculty Profile

3. Curriculum Profile

4. Student Enrichment and Cuniculum Enrichment Programs

,- .). Critical Review

Profile of the Professional Social Work Insitutions in Kerala

Institutes are the crucial places where a student gets molded into a professional.

Social work institutes must ideally be offering a variety of experiences in t e r n of

knowledge and practice to facilitate an attitudinal change in the aspirants towards

making them -agents for change. In the process many institutional aspects assume

significance.

Following is a brief description of the present state of affairs with respect

to the institutes for social work in Kerala.

Profile of Institutions & Teachers

1. Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, ~alamassery

Name & Address

Telephone / e-mail / web site if any

Year of establishment of social work department

Name of the university to which

institution is affiliated

Course offered under social work

department

Rajagiri college of social sciences

Kalamassery, Ernakulam, Kerala

Mahatma Gandhi university

Kottayam

B.S.W. M.S.W.,PGDAHS

Master of social work

Bachelor of social work

Post graduate diploma in

Administration of human service

organizations

Aided 1 self-finance M.S.W., PGDAHS - Aided

B.S.W - Self-finance

Total number of seats for each course in social work department 1. M.S.W - 25

2. B.S.W - 40

3. PGDAHS - 30

Total intake per year

Mode Of selection

Minimum eligibility for admission

Male I female ratio

Specializations offered

Entrance, GD, Interview

1.M.S.W. - 50% for arts, 55% for science

2. B.S.W - 50% for plus two

3. PGDAHS- 45% for graduation

1. Community development 2. Medical & Psychiatric

3. Family & Child welfare

Number of seats in each specialization Changes as per need

Placement percentage 95%

Placement percentage in government 5 - 10%

Placement percentage in voluntary organizations 90%

Details of Faculty

Name Present Sturus Qualifications Exposures

Dr. Antony Kariyil Principal MA;Ph.D; with several international

(At the time of exposures& author of a

this study) book

Dr. Varghese.K.Varghese Selection grade MA; MSW; with several international

(HOD at the DSD; Ph.D. exposures& author of a

time of this study) book

Dr.V.J.Kochutressia selection grade MA, MSW, with several international

Ph.D. exposures& author of a

book

Dr. Mary Venus Senior lecturer; M.A.; Ph.D. withseveral international Present HOD exposures & author of

a book.

Dr. Joseph.LInjodey Senior lecturer; M.A; Ph.D. with severalinternational Present Principal exposures

Mr.T.O.Poulose Senior lecturer; M.S.W; LL.B; with severalinternational M.B.A.; D.S.D exposures

Dr. Pauline D'cuhna Senior lecturer M.S.W; Ph.D

Sr.Lissy Lecturer MSW; M.Phil

Fr. Prasanth Palackappilly Lecturer M.A

2. Loyola college of Social Sciences, Trivandrum

Name & Address Loyola college of social sciences

Sreekariyam, Trivandrum, Kerala

Telephone I e-mail I web site if any

Year of establishment of social work department 1964

Name of the university to which institution is affiliated Kerala university

Course offered under social M.S.W. work department Master of social work

Aided rself-finance Aided

Total number of seats for each course in social work department M.S.W - 25

Total intake per year 25

Mode of selection Enuance, GD, Interview

Minimum eligibility for admission 1.M.S.W. - 50% for arts , 55% for science

Male I female ratio 311

Specializations offered 1. Medical & Psychiatric

2. Community Development


Placement percentage 95%


Placement percentage in voluntary organizations

Details of Faculty

1. Dr. Helen Selection Grade Lecturer Principal

2. Mrs. Ushakumari Selection Grade Lecturer

3. Prof. T.S Thomas Selection Grade Lecturer

4. Fr.Joy Selection Grade Lecturer

5. Mr. J0seph.K.D Senior Lecturer

3. V i a l a College, Trichur

Name & Address

Telephone I e-mail I web site if any

Year of establishment ofsocial work department

Name of the university to which institution is affiliated

Course offered under social work department

Aided I self-finance

Total number of seats for each course in social work department


Mode of selection


Vinala college

Trichur, Kerala

Calicut university

M.S.W.

Master of social work

Aided

M.S.W - 15

15


1.M.S.W. - 50% for arts , 55% for science

Male I female ratio


Female only

1. Medical& Psychiatric

2. Community development

3. Administration of human

service organizations


Placement percentage 95 %



Details of Faculty

1. Dr.Lissy Joseph Head of the mpartment M.A, M.S.W; Ph.D

2. Dr.Asha.E?Rao Senior Lecturer M.S.W; Ph.D

3. Dr. Jaya Cherian Senior Lecturer M.S.W; Ph.D

4. Mrs. Mini Senior Lecturer M.S.W

4. Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, Kalady

Name & Address Sree Sankaracharya Sanskrit university

Kalady, Kerala

Telephone I e-mail I web site if any IrC!

Year of establishment of social work department 1995

Name of the university to which institution is affiliated Course offered under social Work department

Aided l self-finance

Total number of seats for each course in social work deparunent


Mode of selection


Male 1 female ratio


Number of seats in each specialization

Placement percentage

Placement percentage in government


University department M.S.W. Master of social work

Aided


1.M.S.W. - 50% for arts , 55% for science

3:l

1. Medical& Psychiatric

2. Community . development

3. Administration of human

service organizations

Changes as per need

95%

5 - 10%

Details of Faculty

Name Name and present status qualifications& year of joining exposures

Jose Antony 1995 Lecturer (on contract) MSW; Ph.D

Sophy Jacob 1997 Lecturer (on contract) MSW

Shee1amma.R 1997 Lecturer (on contract) MSW

Baiju.PV 1999 Lecturer (on contract) MSW

Seena Abraham 2000 Lecturer (on contract) MS W

Anitha.A. 2001 Lecturer (on contract) MSW

Rincy Sebastian 2001. Lecturer (on contract) MSW

Sheena Mathew 2001 Lecturer (on contract) MSW

Santhoshkumar 1997 Lecturer (on contract) MSW

Udayabanu A.K. 2000 Lecturer (on contract) MSW

'Pable showing Levels of Training

S1.No.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Name of institution

Rajagiri college

Loyolacollege

V i a l a college

Sree Sankaracharya University

Courses offered

Masters Degree; Ph.D; Bachelors

Degree; Post Graduate Diploma

Masters Degree

Masters Degree

Masters Degree

As the table shows out of the four institutes which comes under the purview

of this study except in the Rajagiri college only Masters level programme is offered.

Rajagiri is the oniy center having Ph.D; Bachelors Degree and Post Graduate Diploma

in social work. Professional social workeducation in Kerala generally starts at masters

level. The f i s t level of specialization is offered at masters level and then at Ph.D

level. The result is that many basic and pre- professional social science subjects of

study are included at masters level which ought to be covered at much lower levels.

The second UGC review committee has suggested that it is better to complete

much of social work education at a lower level in the educational ladder pointing to

the need for introducing more bachelor's programs and other training programs.

Table.4.1

Table showing Pattern of Affiliation

Name of University

Mahatma Gandhi

University

Kerala University

Calicut University

Sree Sankaracharya

Sanskrit University

Pattern of Affiliation

Affiliated to state

university

Affiliated to state

university

Affiliated to state

university

University Department

SI.No.

1.

2.

3.

4.

-

Name of institution

Rajagiri college

Loyola college

Vimala c d k g e

Sree Sankaracharya

University

As regards pattern of affiliation 3 institutes are affiliated to state universities

whereas one is a university department. Out of the three affiliated colleges both

Loyola college of social sciences and Rajagiri college of social sciences are primarly

known as social work institutes with primary focus in social work as against Vimala

college or Sree Sankaracharya University where social work is one among many

departments.

The second UGC review committee asks to reconsider the general tendency

for mixing up other courses with social work education as it tends to dilute the

academic atmosphere bringing down the value of social work values. The committee

feels that the prevailing culture within the institute assumes a lot of significance

towards facilitating an attitudinal change in the students.

Geographically the institutes are evenly distributed with one in the north,

one in the south and two in the center part of the state of Kerala. One center of Sree

Sankaracharya University is in the northern end which is at Payyannur in Malabar.

There is also a urban- ~ r a l balance regarding location of these institutes. Loyola

college and Vimala college are in corporation areas; Rajagiri college in the

municipality and the two centers of the Sree Sankaracharya University are located

in panchayats.

The second UGC review committee has observed regional balance as one of

the important aspect to make social work education more relevant to the social needs.

The report emphasizes the need to provide proper ~ r a l exposure as majority lives in

rural areas.

'Table.4.2

'Table showing Selection Procedures

All the institutes in Kerala follows more or less the same admission

procedtires. But not much effort is seen to orient aspirants towards the program in

general. After the selection some efforts are seen in one of the institutes to prepare

the aspirants for the course before the commencement of the actual corse by way of

providing Remedial program, Bridge course, Social sensitization programs

ctc.Remedia1 program generally include mining in basic English, communication

skills, public speaking, popular theatre etc. Bride program include basic accountancy,

general economics, basic human psychology to fi the gap of pre-professional courses.

Social sensitization programs are like rural camp, calypso training etc.

The second UGC review committee observes that generally no efforts are

made by social work institutes to assess the motivation of the students or to study

their personality characteristics which would go a long way in assessing their

suitability for the profession. If institutions could think of some imaginative pre-

admission procedures to orient aspirants towards the program in general, candidates

with better aptitude and motivated aspirants can be attracted. In many institutions a

good majority of students join professional socialwork education program simply

because that becomes their only choice.

Selection Procedures

Entrance Test; GD; Interview




- SI.No.

1.

2.

:3.

4.

Name of institute

Rajagiri college

Loyola college

Vimala college


Table showing student enrichment programs

certificate courses, Guest Lectures, Semina

Study tours, Conferences

Guest Lectures, Seminars, Study tours,

Conferences


Conferences


I .

2.

:3.

4.

1 I university 1 Conferences

Type of programs SI.No

Rajagiri college

Loyola college

V i a l a college

Sree Sankaracharya

As many of the current topics do not find a place in the social work cuniculam,

schools of social work try to compensate the inadequacy by arranging talks by experts

and practitioners on current topics, organizing periodical seminars on emerging social

themes, having consultations with organizations working on social realities etc. Only

one of the institute offer certificate programs on topics like child rights, gender

sensitivity, popular theatre etc as a method of incorporating current topics in the

training of students.

The council on social work education as well as the second UGC review

committee has mentioned the need for incorporationg such current topics in to social

work training by some mechanism. The social work cuniculam should be enriched,

the committee says, by in a way responsive to societal needs. The review committee

observed that even after sixty years syllabus is yet to be designed as attempts are

always to try to fit in the existing curricula to the prevailing conditions.

I I

Name of institute

Table.4.4

Table showing Nature of Extension Programs

Out of the four institute of professional social work education in Kerala only

one institute is more than one type of program to train social work trainees. Skill Lab

include community centers, day care centers, training centers and family council

ling centers which acts as skill lab for students. Live Labs are extension departments

headed by trained professional social workers working in the areas of community

sponsorship. Child rights, adoption, tralning community leaders, taking up research

projects etc. Students are continuously involved in the activities of these departments

throughout their training period. Moreover field work of professional

Social work students is routed through these live labs so that supervision is done by

trained practitioners.

Type of programs

Community projects, Skill Labs, Live Labs,

Psychology Labs

Community projects

Community projects

Community projects

SI.No

1.

2.

3.

4.

Name of institute

Rajagiri college

Loyola college

Vimala college

Sree Sankaracharya

-University

The table brings out the quality of social work teachers in Kerala. Out of the

four institute two institute have comparatively better faculties in terms of experience

but only one school can claim to have academically competent faculty. In the university

centers all faculties am on contract basis with consolidated payment package resulting

in continuous change of faculty members which is likely to affect the quality of

training given to students of those centers.

The knowledge as well as the attitude and values teachers reflect, observed

the second UGC review committee, great significance in the learning process. The

report pointed out the main shortcomings of social work teachers in general.

1. Teachers mostly rely on old text book material or journals for their teaching.

Efforts for updating themselves with latest issues and concepts and integrating

them into teaching hardly take place.

2. Many of the teachers do not get involved with work in the field and th9s

handicaps them in generation of new knowledge based on their own experience

Table showing qualification and experience of faculty members

No. of faculty

with more than 10 yrs

7

5

I

0

No. of Ph.DIMphil

5

0

2

1

S1.No

Y .

2.

3.

4.

Name of institute

Rajagiri college

Loyola college

Vimala college

Sree Sankaracharya

University

in concrete situations of practice.

3. Educators do not maintain continuing interaction with practitioners or social

activists which in turn limits their insights into field realities.

Table.4.6

Table showing specializations

The table shows that only one of the institute offer specializations different

from other three institutes. New specializations like Rural institutions and Agriculture;

Social work with weaker sections; Social work with special groups; Welfare of the

backward classes Social research and statistics; Tribal welfare etc are not available

in the state of Kerala.

The hard core realities of society like poverty, deprivation, unemployment,

illiteracy, mal-nutrition, scarcity of drinking water, insanitation, non-availability of

adequate shelter, discrimination. gender inequality, environmental degradation,


Community development; Medical and

psychiarric social work Family andchild welfare.

Personnel management; Correctional

adminiswtion, Medical and psychiamc social work

Community developmen$ Medical and

psychiatric social work Family andchild welfare.;

Community development; Medical and

psychiaaic social workFamily and child welfare

S1 No - I .

2.

3.

4.

.

Name of institute

Rajagiri college

Loyola college

V i a c o l l e g e

S m Sankaracharya University

population explosion, exploitation of consumers, neglect and abuse of children, youth

and aged, debt bondage, sexual deviance, inter community clashes . intercaste strives,

atrocities against SUST, terrorism, AIDS, corruption, broken family issues, suicide,

problems of people with differential ability, dowry, child maniage, child rights etc (

CSWE 2001) are not adequately touched or taught in the present specializations.

These topics should find a place in the social work cunicularn either by introducing

new specializations or incorporating such areas in professional social work education

system by some mechanism by each social work institute.

Pt-oiessional Social work education has failed to develop specializations suite

to the changing times and social changes. Majority of social work institutions offer

specializations wherein students do not take up necessarily take up employment in

the area of their specialization either because of non-availability of jobs in the

respective fields or he feels ill equipped in his own area, observed Armaity Desai in

her book on 'Social Work Education in India - Retrospct and Prospect' (1987).

Social workers identify more with their specializations than with social welfare and

social work practice, comments ASWI in Social Work Education and Social Work

Practice in India.

Table.4.7

Table showing NAAC accreditation status

. Out of the four institutes three has got Five Star status from National

Assessment and Accreditation Council which is a very good indication that the se

institute has got high potential with its infrastructure and man power to provide

quality social work education. Professional social work education institutions in

Kerala can take pride in this recognition and try to rise themselves to bench mark

themselves at a National standard. The NPLAC team make assessment on the following

aspects.

1 Infrastructure

2 Teaching

3 Co and Extra curricular Activities

4 Health Protection

5 Alumini Association

6 Research & Publication

NAAC Accreditation Status

Five Star Plus

Five Star

Five Star

Not yet accredited

SI.No

1.

2.

3.

4. .

Name of institute

Rajagiri college

Loyola college

V i a l a college


Curriculam Profile The following table gives a brief description of papers taught in professional social work education program in various institutions in Kerala.

1" semester

Rajagiri College Sanskrit University Loyola College V i a l a College

History, philosophy Philosophy of social work History & philosophy History, philosophy and fields of social workwork of Social Work and fields of social work

Sociology for social work Methods & fields of social Sociology & economics for Sociology for social work work Social work

Social economics Social work tenets in Sanskrit Psychology for social work Social economics

Human growth & Indian society & social Social casework& group Human growth & Development problems work Development

Work with individuals Human growth & Behavior N A Work with individuals

Work with Communities N A N A Work with Communities

I . -- 100 --.

2"d semester 1 --- -

\L'--' vr rc k i t h groups Soc:al case work Theory & practice of Counseling

Counseling Social group work Administration of '

Human service oganisations

Abno~nial psychology Community organization & Community organization & Social action legislation

Soc~ai work research Social work reseuch Social work research & Statistics

Statist~cs for soclal work Soc~al legislation N A

Soclai analysis & srrateglrs NA Of soc~al change

Adm~n~strat~on of human Statistical methods for N A Seivice organizat~ons social research

Social legislation Social welfare N A Administration

Partic~patory program NA N A 'I rliielil Plannlns & M a n . g

Genatr~c soc~al work N A NA

3rd semester

Work with groups

Counseling

Abnormal psychology

Social work research

Statistics for social work

Social analysis & strategies Of social change

Administration of human Service organizations

Social legislation

Participatory program Planning & Management

Geriatric social work

4" semester I Social psychology Counseling - theory

And practice

Developinent comlnun~cation Project planning And implementation

N A Social psychology

N A Development communication

( Social work in education N A N A Social work in education I Total number of common papers taught

The above table very clearly shows the lack of consensus among schools of social work in Kerala on what is to be taught in professional

social work education. The big difference between the number and types of common papers ranging from 19 to 8 shows the difference in the quan-

tum of input given for a professional course at masters level. The same is seen in the number and type of specialization papers offered in various

schools of social work within the state of Kerala

Total number of specialization papers taught

Vimala College

4

4

4

N A

Loyola College

5 5 5

5

Sanskrit Universty

4 4 4

NA

~ o m m u n i t y ' ~ e v e 1 o ~ e m e n t Family and Child Welfare

Medical and Psychiatric

Social Work

Personnel Management

(More details in rlnnexure-5 ) -

Rajagiri College

4

4

4

N A

Critical review

At the time of the data collection of this study there were only four institutes

in Kerala offering professional social work education. Off late several institutes have

started professional social work education. The following is a brief profile of institutes

offering professional social work education and a critical review of professional

social work education as offered in different parts of Kerala.

1. At present there are 19 institutions offering professional social work education

in Kerala. All institutes except the Rajagiri college of social sciences,

Kalamassery offer masters degree program only. Rajagiri college offers

bachelor's degree (B.S.W.) and diploma program (PGDAHS).

2. Except for Sanskrit university all other colleges are affiliated to state

universities. In Sanskrit university social work education department is a

university department.

3. It may be observed that professional social work education starts at a higher

level than the basic degree course. Much of the professional social work

education should be completed at a lower level in the educational ladder so

that specializations would be deeper and with professional nature at masters

level or Ph.D. level. This brings out the need for starting bachelor level program

and other training programs in professional social work field.

4. All the institutes of professiona! social work education coming under the

purview of this study are located in urban centers though many of the institutions

started off late are in rural sector. I f professional social work education is to

become more relevant, the regional imbalance in the location of institutions

offering professional social work education is to be corrected.

5. Many of the professional social work departments in many colleges started

off late have been established without ensuring the basic infrastructure of trained

and experienced staff 1 field work facilities which may result in lowering the

overall standard of professional social work education in the state though the

institutes coming under this research stand as exceptions in this regard.

Existence and possibilities of field settings and organizations for field work is

ari important factor in training professional social workers. But institutes

thinking of starting professional social work education are not seriously taken

this factor.

6 . Lack of strong professional bodies to set norms and basic standards to a

profession is another key factor. The existing professional bodies are either

inactive or the involvement of professional social work educational institutions

in these bodies is negligible.

7. No institutes in Kerala in general have any pre- admission activities to orient

the aspirants towards the program. More over no efforts are being made to

asses the motivation of the students or to theirpersonality characteristics which

would go a long way in assessing their suitability for the profession. Rajagiri

college of social sciences may be projected as an exception to this. This institute

conducts presentations in aU parts of India on professional social work education

and its scope and possibilities with the intention of attracting students from all

parts of India and as a result this institute h a s the largest number of students

from other state of India and from abroad.

8. Among all the four institutes coming under this study except for Rajagiri

college of social sciences, extension programs are only name sake and are

being run for charitable purposes than as unitsof study for the students. In this

context it is worth mentioning the Rajagiri model.

Attempts are always to fit the existing cumcula to the emerging concerns

instead bf building the cumcula based on identification of problems faced in society

and the tasks to be undertaken and then locating the subject matter to suit the tasks to

be. performed. The theoretical base rooted in western culture and the lack of culture

based modification makes the application of theory irrelevant bringing down the

effectiveness of practice. In specialization programs there is no agreement as to the

number of specializations or the number of papers to be offered. There is no consensus

as to what constitute a generic program. Majority of institutes offer specializations

whereas the students do not necessarily take up a job in the area of their specialization.

This might mean training a person for a specific field making him ill-equipped to

take up a job in another field. The selection of subject matter follows a set pattern

without any attempt to integrate new topics or relevant issues corresponding to local

needs or on a wider perspective. This does not help the students to acquire knowledge

pertaining to the needs of the time or future concerns and leave them grossly unaware

of important issues they are going to face in their current field practice or in their

future operations. The social work cumcula tends to be more in terms of information

accumulation and transmission using the vaditional methods of teaching. Lack of

integration of creative and activity based methods of learning makes the education

pattern largely ineffective in initiating and promoting the capacity of the students for

self-learning and realizing their own creativity.

Though extension programs and demonsaation projects like community

centers, family welfare agencies, foster care etc have been organized in some of the

institutes, majority do not have any such programs which can act as skill labs for the

students. The institutes of social work education should set up extension / community

outreach programs which should be action - oriented, around particular problems.

This will allow opportunities.for the students to put in to practice their knowledge

and skill. The social work institutes should also take up training for para-professional

frontline workers. The social work educational institutions should be alert to the

emerging social issues and should be prompt in analyzing and responding to them.

The social worker is very often called upon to organize people, formulate

plans of action for them and mobilize resources to implement them. He is sometimes

the only person working towards coordinating several activities. All programs need

not appear to be supportive of the main goal. Planning, coordinating and organizing

functions which do not lend themselves to much coordination is the unenviable task

of the social worker. Making meaning out of an apparently meaningless situation

can be seen an opportunity or as a dead end. The professional social worker is one

who posses the attitude and aptitude to lend meaning and content to such a situation.

In any educational process, the educator or teacher becomes the role model

and hidher actions are under the constant scrutiny by the student community. The

knowledge, attitude and values they reflect assume great significance in the learning

process. The social work education system in India has failed to find or produce an

adequate number of educators who have succeeded in molding students into workers

who act as advocates for social change on behalf of the less fortunate and

underprivileged. Most teachers rely only on text book material for teaching. Lack of

field involvement, lack of regular interaction with practitioners and lack of enough

research by faculty tells upon the consequent poor attitude of the students during and

after training.

It is universally accepted for any profession, its professional status is largely

determined by the extend to which it exhibits the characteristics of professionalism.

For any profession training form the basis for practice, as this is what moulds an

individual into a professional making him / her distinct from others. So if the social

work profession has failed to make strong footing India, it can be attributed to the

failure of education system to bring about the expected standards of performance in

its students to meet the need of the time. This in turn calls for a radical change in the

social work education system.

Ithas been a matter of great concern for educators as well as practitioners for

quite some time and there is a growing consensus that the need of the hour is to

develop a pattern responsive to the social realities. In the Indian context this would

mean producing workers who can act as agents for social change in a developmental

milieu with a heightened sense of commitment and social consciousness.

Rajagiri model

Rajagiri college of social sciences. Kalamassery has made a substantial

difference by introducing and establishing the concept of live-labs for student practice

and training. The live- labs are separate social work units undercommunity extension

program with large number of community projects catering to the needs of the

various sections of society in different parts of Kerala. They are all community

partnership efforts. Social work students are sent for their field work through these

live-labs headed by professional and experienced practitioners dealing with all type

of current community issues like poverty, unemployment, broken family issues, child

abuse, geriatric problems, drug abuse and alcoholism, noh- institutional Foster care

and sponsorship, rehabilitation of various categories of displaced and deprived etc.

As these live-labs are located within the campus the practitioners gets actively

involved in the training of students and continuous contact with practitioners and

community issues students automatically get exposed to the current issues and this

results in skill enhancement to deal with current social issues. In other schools of

social work the extension departments do not remain as units of training but instead

for charitable purposes or for social work thrust.

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