One country’s domination over the political, economic and social life of another country

The “new” imperialism occurred especially from 1800-1914.

Reasons for imperialism:

1. need for raw materials 2. need for new markets 3. nationalism 4. investment opportunities “white man’s burden”/Christianize/socialize

White Man’s Burden Written by Rudyard Kipling (British)

Originally published in February 1899

Justifies imperialism as a noble enterprise

Black Man’s Burden

African Americans, among many others, objected to the notion of the “white man’s burden.”

Who were the imperial powers/”mother countries”? European countries (primarily)

Where did they extend their imperial empire?

Africa, Asia, Latin America

What do you think the Industrial Revolution had to do with helping to bring about the Age of Imperialism?

Main imperial forms:

Colony: territory ruled directly; European settlers desired farmland, minerals, etc.

Protectorate: kept its own government but foreign officials guided its policies

Sphere of influence: region where an imperialist power held exclusive investment or trading rights

Positives of Imperialism

New constitutions formed in some countries

Protection by the mother country (sometimes in times of war)

Increased standard for education, schools were built

Introduced to better technology and production techniques

Foreign Loans (could be + or -) Built roads, railroads, infrastructure

Negatives of Imperialism No stable government (violence with overthrowing, struggle for power)

Exploitation of resources (ex. Peru, Spain takes precious metals)

Oppression of the people Indigenous peoples have less control over politics and economy

No stable economy after independence No idea how to rule afterward Destruction of culture (including language, religion)

Imperialism

“The sun never sets on the British Empire”

Imperialism in China Substance which opened China to trade

Opium War (1839-1842) ”unequal treaties”

Treaty of Nanjing France, Germany, Denmark, Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, Austria-Hungary, the US and Japan later conducted similar unequal treaties

Extraterritoriality – British subjects not subject to Chinese laws

dismantling of the tribute system releasing Korea, Vietnam, Burma/Myanmar

Spheres of influence

Role of “Open Door Policy” http://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/310849?terms=Open+Door+Policy

Rebellions Taiping (1850-1864) almost dismantled the Qing/Manchu rule since 1644

Boxer Rebellion/put down by 6 of the 8 “Great” Powers (not Austria, Italy)

Taiping Rebellion

Attempts at reform: Self-Strengthening Movement (1860+)

Confucian values with stable agriculture

modern shipyards, railroads, weapons, steel industry

academics for scientific knowledge Hundred Days Reforms (1898)

1912 Qing collapse

Imperialism in Japan

Problems: Tokugawa weak, famine, foreign pressures for increased trade

Role of Matthew Perry (1853) “Unequal treaties” with 5 nations

Opened Japanese ports to foreign commerce, deprived the government of control over tariffs, and granted foreigners extraterritorial rights

Revolt unseated the shogun and “restored” 15-year-old emperor Meiji to power

Meiji Restoration/reforms Feudal structure since 1185 ended, constitutional monarchy with legislature, freedom of movement/end to “closed country” policies, railroads, factories

Copied navy from _____ Copied army from _____ Revised tax structure from grain to fixed-money

modern currency system postal networks, telegraph networks growing population provided cheap labor refrained from foreign loans improved literacy

7th Great Power

Sino-Japanese War: Formosa/Taiwan, Korea

Russo-Japanese War: Manchuria/Port Arthur

Imperialism in India Role of British/French East India Companies Mughal decline “The brightest jewel in the British crown” Why were Indians not successful in resisting the British? Lack of unity/nationalism Hindu vs. Muslim

Use of sepoys/Sepoy Rebellion Advantages to India Hunger problems switching from wheat to cotton

Central Asia & Southeast Asia “Great Game” between Russia and Britain, especially

In East Indies: Spices (coffee, pepper, cinnamon, sugar, indigo, tea, tin, copper, ebony/teak/hardwood trees)

The Dutch/the Netherlands (Dutch East India Company)

In Philippines: US from Spain

In Burma/Myanmar: Britain

In Malaya: Britain

In Indochina: Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia/Kampuchea (France)

Significance of Thailand/Siam: Independent – buffer zone between British and French control

Australia: Britain

Imperialism in Africa “dark continent” Race for conquest

Berlin Conference 1884-1885 (14 European countries, US, no Africans)

7 European countries carve up Africa David Livingstone/Henry Stanley: Belgian Congo

Rhodesia British discovery of diamonds and gold Dutch Boers/Afrikaners/Zulu (Afrikaners mainly Dutch, German, French)

Egypt

2 countries remained free: Liberia: for freed slaves; later, Marcus Garvey “back to Africa” in 1920s

Ethiopia: British, French, Italian interest/role of Menelik II

Imperialism in Latin America US role:

Monroe Doctrine Spanish-American War in 1898: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines

“Roosevelt Corollary” Neo-colonialism

ECONOMIC Role of US and Britain

“For the first time in human history, the world became in many ways a single unit.” - McKay