onchocerciasis
DESCRIPTION
Onchocerciasis. (River Blindness). River Blindness, a parasitic disease, is the second leading infectious cause of blindness. . A Short History. 1975 : Fungus that produces chemical toxic to parasitic worms discovered in Japanese soil sample, from which scientists develop avermectins. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Onchocerciasis](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568163f4550346895dd57ca2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Onchocerciasis(River Blindness)
![Page 2: Onchocerciasis](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568163f4550346895dd57ca2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
River Blindness, a parasitic disease, is the second leading infectious cause of
blindness.
![Page 3: Onchocerciasis](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568163f4550346895dd57ca2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
A Short History
1875: John O’Neill first reports the presence of microfilaria in Onchocerciasis patients in Ghana
1893: Rudolf Leuckhart describes morphology of adult worms in subcutaneous nodules
1917: Rodolfo Robles publishes findings on a “new disease” which includes subcutaneous nodules, anterior ocular lesions, dermatitis, and microfilariae
1995: WHO establishes The African Program for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC)
1975: Fungus that produces chemical toxic to parasitic worms discovered in Japanese soil sample, from which scientists develop avermectins
2009: First evidence that Onchocerciasis can be eliminated with Ivermectin published in the journal Neglected Tropical Diseases
1987: Merck & Co agrees to donate Ivermectin to all countries where River Blindness is endemic
![Page 4: Onchocerciasis](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568163f4550346895dd57ca2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
River blindness is caused by a round worm, Onchocerca volvulus
-
![Page 5: Onchocerciasis](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568163f4550346895dd57ca2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
River blindness is transmitted to humans by the blackfly.
![Page 6: Onchocerciasis](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568163f4550346895dd57ca2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Life Cycle
![Page 7: Onchocerciasis](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568163f4550346895dd57ca2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Symptoms
RashesLesionsIntense itchingDepigmentation of the skinLymphadenitisGeneral debilitationSerious visual impairmentBlindness
![Page 8: Onchocerciasis](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568163f4550346895dd57ca2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
River Blindness primarily affects the tropics of Africa and the Americas
![Page 9: Onchocerciasis](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568163f4550346895dd57ca2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
•36 countries• 29 in sub-Saharan Africa• 6 in Latin America• Yemen
•120 million people at risk• 96 percent in Africa
•Estimated 18 million infected• 99 percent in Africa
99 percent of River Blindness cases occur in Africa
![Page 10: Onchocerciasis](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568163f4550346895dd57ca2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Ivermectin is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic that can be used to treat River Blindness
![Page 11: Onchocerciasis](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568163f4550346895dd57ca2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Ivermectin doesn’t kill adult worms, but prevents themfrom producing additional offspring
•Drug binds to and activates glutamate-gated chloride channels
•By activating channels, drug causes inhibitory postsynaptic potential
•Microfilaria experience paralysis and then death
![Page 12: Onchocerciasis](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568163f4550346895dd57ca2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
What is Being Done
APOC: African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (1995)
The Carter Center (1996)
IDP: Ivermectin Distribution Program (1989-1994)
Mectizan Donation Program (1987)
![Page 13: Onchocerciasis](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568163f4550346895dd57ca2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
APOC countries: Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda.
![Page 14: Onchocerciasis](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568163f4550346895dd57ca2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
http://www.who.int/blindness/partnerships/onchocerciasis_disease_information/en/index.html
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/217776-overview
http://www.irishhealth.com/article.html?id=285
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6753003.stm
http://www.stanford.edu/class/humbio103/ParaSites2006/Onchocerciasis/history%20of%20discovery.html
http://www.cartercenter.org/health/river_blindness/index.html
http://www.cartercenter.org/health/river_blindness/index.html
http://www.mectizan.org/onchocerciasis-maps
http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/html/frames/af/filariasis/body_Filariasis_o_volvulus.htm
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/224309-overview