SOMAP3 Project for Support in National Roll-out of

Sustainable Operation and Maintenance Programme

Ministry of Local Government and Housing (MLGH)

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

SOMAP 3 Office, Plot 2020 Church Road, P.O.Box 50027 Lusaka, Zambia Phone: +260-211-257374, Fax: +260-211-257375

MID TERM REPORT

ON

WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS AND MONITORING

THROUGH HANDPUMP REPLACEMENT TO PROPOSE STANDARDISED SPECIFICATIONS OF HAND PUMP WATER SUPPLY FACILITIES CONSIDERING THE WATER QUALITY

JANUARY 2013

SOMAP3 PROJECT FOR SUPPORT IN NATIONAL ROLL-OUT OF

SUSTAINABLE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PROGRAMME

CONTENTS

1. Background of the Project · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 1 2. Objectives of the Water Quality Analysis and Monitoring · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 2 2.1 Objectives · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 2 2.2 Scope of Works of the Study · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 2 2.3 Entire Schedule · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 3 2.4 Process of the Study · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 3 3. Location of the Study Area and Target Sites · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 5 3.1 Number of Sites per District · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 5 3.2 Target Sites of the Study · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 5 3.3 Location Map of the Target Area and Sites · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 6 4. Methodology and Procedures of the Study · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 8 4.1 Preparatory Meeting with DLAs · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 8 4.2 Procurement of Afridev Type Handpump · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 8 4.3 First Field Work: Preliminary Visit to the Target Sites · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 9 4.4 Inspection of the Equipment and Materials used in the Study ·· · · · · · · · · 9 4.5 Second Field Work · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 10 4.6 Third Field Work · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 12 4.7 Fourth Field Work · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 12 5. Results and Preliminary Analysis · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 13 5.1 First Field Work Water Quality Results · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 13 5.2 Second Field Work Water Quality Results · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 14 5.3 Third Field Work Water Quality Results ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 15 6. Preliminary Analysis and Remarks · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 16 6.1 Data Analysis of Results · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 16 6.2 Comments on the Results (Mid Term) · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 17 6.3 Recommendations (Mid Term) · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 17 ANNEXES Annex-1 Borehole depth, static water level and depth of installation of handpump Annex-2 Water quality results from Laboratory (up to second field work) Annex-3 Results of on-site water quality analysis (up to third field work) Annex-4 Condition of the removed India Mark-II handpumps Annex-5 Photographs of the field work

“This Mid Term Report covers the activities carried out from May/2012 up to December/2012. Final Report is expected to be prepared after completion of all the field activities and detailed data analysis, which is estimated to be around May 2013.”

17 January, 2013 SOMAP3 Team

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1. BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT The access rate to improved water supply in rural areas of Zambia is 46% while the access to improved sanitation is 43% as of 2008 (WHO and UNICEF JMP 2010). It is also estimated that up to 30% of existing water points in rural areas are not functioning (NRWSSP 2007). To address the key issues which have hindered provision of improved access to water and sanitation in rural areas, the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) launched the National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme (NRWSSP) in 2006. NRWSSP sets three specific objectives in the areas of water, sanitation, and capacity development as stated below to achieve provision of sustainable and equitable access to safe water supply and proper sanitation to rural population: z To increase and improve the number of functioning water supply facilities in rural areas through

systematic investments in new facilities and rehabilitation of existing facilities on basis of single comprehensive national RWSS programme;

z To increase and improve the number of proper sanitation facilities in rural areas through promotion of household latrine construction, health and hygiene education, and strategic demonstration facilities; and

z To improve the performance of the RWSS sub-sector in planning, implementation and operation and maintenance of RWSS facilities through policy and institutional reforms, capacity building, comprehensive and sustainable management information system and effective advocacy and communication.

The Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Component of NRWSSP was designed to contribute to achievement of the programme objectives mentioned above by ensuring the operational rate of the water supply facilities at 70-80% all the time. The core approach of the component is the SOMAP O&M mechanism and model which were developed and tested in two phases of the Sustainable Operation and Maintenance Project for Rural Water Supply (SOMAP1 and SOMAP2) implemented by the Ministry of Local Government and Housing (MLGH) with a technical cooperation by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). SOMAP 1 (2005-2007) defined five mechanisms required for proper O&M and developed a model to put those mechanisms in place. The SOMAP O&M model incorporates clarifications of roles and responsibilities of stakeholders, capacity building, sensitisation of community members and other elements. Pilot projects in Monze and Mumbwa had shown decrease of the downtime of hand pumps as a result of SOMAP 1. Furthermore, the SOMAP O&M model was adopted as the core element of O&M component of NRWSSP and was elaborated as the National Guidelines for Sustainable Operation and Maintenance of Hand Pumps in Rural Areas. Based on achievement of SOMAP 1, GRZ requested JICA to refine the SOMAP O&M model with necessary manuals and to disseminate the model to other districts. Output realised in SOMAP 2 includes refined O&M related manuals, establishment of O&M system employing SOMAP model in four districts in Central Province, and dissemination of the model to Northern, Copperbelt and Luapula provinces where other cooperating partners support rural water supply and sanitation. In SOMAP2 targeted areas, the operational rate of the water facilities was over 80%, accomplishing the objective of NRWSSP O&M component.

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GRZ further aims to nationally disseminate the SOMAP O&M model and to achieve the NRWSSP objective of 70% operational rate of water supply facilities in rural areas. GRZ requested JICA to support rollout and implementation of the O&M model to the districts where the model has not been introduced, as well as to support capacity development of human resources who are involved in the implementation of the O&M model. Responding to the request, JICA designed the Project for National Roll-out of Sustainable Operation and Maintenance Programme (SOMAP3) jointly with MLGH for implementation from October 2011 to February 2016. 2. OBJECTIVES OF THE WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS AND MONITORING 2.1 Objectives It has been observed that, in several areas of Zambia, groundwater drawn from hand pump water supply facilities contains considerable iron contents more than the guideline value (1.0mg/litter) set as the Zambian guideline standard. It is often reported that many communities has abandoned the boreholes with hand pump facilities because of the increased iron contents after starting the operation of the pump. Detail analysis and examination on the issue has not been made in a comprehensive manner although high iron content in boreholes has been one of the major concerns among stakeholders involved in rural water and sanitation sector in the country and it is assumed that low pH (acidic) of groundwater affects steel made parts of hand pumps so that water eventually contains considerable iron content. The water quality analysis and monitoring is conducted in order to assess relation between water quality with high iron content and steel made down hole components of hand pumps and whether utilisation of PVC pipes and stainless steel rods avoid the increment of iron content in the groundwater in boreholes. Findings from this experimental study will be utilised to provide technical options and propose standardised specification of hand pump, according to condition of groundwater qualities. The study is designed particularly to achieve the followings; 1) To identify reasons and/or causes that increase the iron content in the groundwater in boreholes

equipped with hand pump, 2) To recognise the effect of low pH (acidic) groundwater to steel made parts such as riser pipe,

connecting rods and cylinder of hand pump, and 3) To examine performance of Afridev hand pumps in corrosive groundwater environment. 2.2 Scope of Works of the Survey The required field work for this Study is basically performed by a Local Consultant in Joint Venture (JV) with local drilling company, which have experience on borehole cleaning. 1) Procurement of Afridev hand pump 2) Borehole cleaning by air-lift and replacement of existing India Mark II hand pumps by Afridev

hand pump at a total of 20 boreholes 3) Water quality analysis and monitoring at the water points mentioned above before and after

replacement of the hand pumps

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2.3 Entire Schedule The study is divided into two (2) stages as follows: 1st Stage (May – July 2012):

Up to completion of the 2nd Field Work. 2nd Stage (November 2012 – May 2013):

Up to completion of all the analysis and monitoring of the water quality. The estimated schedule of the entire study is shown in the next page. 2.4 Process of the Study The entire process of the study is described in the flow chart in the next page.

1st Field Work

2nd Field Work

1st STAG

E2nd STAG

E

Selection of 20 boreholes with India Mark-2 with high iron contents through consultation with DLAs and candidate communities

Water quality is analysed and immediately after, the India Mark-2 hand pumps on the target boreholes is removed.

1) Procurement of 20 sets of Afridev type handpump with connecting rods made of steel (average installation depth of intake=30m).2) Procurement of 20 sets of connecting rods made of stainless steel (30m/set).

Afridev hand pump with Stainless Steel connecting rods was installed and water quality analysed.

(After replacement of the hand pump, the water facility will be used by the communities.)

The boreholes is developed by air-lift for about 4 hours.

After approx. 4 months, monitoring of water quality were performed at 18 sites. At same time, replacement of the connecting rods of Afridev (Stainless

Steel made to steel made (GI) were carried out.

After approx. 4 months: water quality analysis at 18 sites and replacement of connecting rods from GI to Stainless Steel will be carried out.

(Estimated around April/2013)

Completion of Field Work and discussion on the results and findings

FLOW CHART FOR WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS AND MONITORING THROUGH REPLACEMENT OF HANDPUMP

Reporting including recommendations

Preliminary site visit,Water quality analysis

3rd Field Work

4th Field Work

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5

3. LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA AND TARGET SITES 3.1 Number of Sites per District The study is conducted at 20 existing boreholes fitted with India Mark II hand pump. The target water points are distributed in 11 districts in Luapula, Central, Copperbelt and Northwestern Provinces as listed below;

Province District No. of Target Water Points

1) Luapula (10 sites) Chiengi 1 Nchelenge 1 Kawambwa 2 Mwense 1 Mansa 2 Samfya 2 Milenge 1 2) Central (4 sites) Kapiri Mposhi 2 Serenje 2 3) Copperbelt (3 sites) Lufwanyama 3 4) Northwestern (3 sites) Kabompo 3

Total 20 The SOMAP 3 project team selected the target water points for the study based on review of the available data and information on existing boreholes in the districts and consultation with the District Local Authorities (DLA) as well as the communities where the target water points are located. The following conditions have been considered for selection of the target water points; 1) Water points representing variety of hydro-geological and geological characteristics in the target

area 2) Water points accessible with heavy vehicle and equipment, and located within the distance of not

more than 100km from the district centres 3) Consent of the user communities of the water points on implementation of the study 3.2 Target Sites of the Study Based on the above conditions and pre-selection of the suggested sites, finally the following 20 sites were selected as a target for the purpose of the Study.

6

District Site Name District Site Name Mansa Dominic Village Kabompo Chikenge Village

Chisongo(A) Village Likwava Village Mwense Musangu Fill. Station Kabulamema Orphanage Kawambwa Mapipo Village Lufwanyama Lombanya Village

Chinfuntu Village Mulemu Basic School Nchelenge Kashita Village Filando Area Chiengi Kasembe Village Kapiri Mposhi Sungamoyo Village Samfya Sashi Basic School Fwabi Village

Kalasa Mukoso RHC Serenje Chintakwa Village Milenge Misenga Health Post Kabamba Village 3.3 Location Map of the Target Area and Sites The location of the target water point is shown in next figure.

yokogis

7

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4. METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES OF THE STUDY The study for water quality analysis and monitoring through handpump replacement to propose standardised specifications of handpump water supply facilities considering groundwater quality, is conducted according to the following procedures. The entire Field Work is actually carried out by a Consultant (Local Consultant). 1st Stage of the Study (May – August 2012) 4.1 Preparatory Meeting with DLAs The Consultant visited the Provincial DHID in the provincial headquarters and DLAs in the target districts in which the study is being conducted. Meetings with the Provincial DHID Principal Engineer and DLAs were conducted between 11th and 15th June 2012. The purpose of the visit was to explain the purpose of the study and scope of works of the Consultant team before starting the field works at the target sites. � Target group: Provincial Principal Engineer for DHID, District Rural Water Supply and Sanitation

Unit (District RWSSU)/ Focal Point Person of each District Local Authority and other D-WASHE members

� Items which were explained are: ¾ Purpose of the study ¾ Scope of the study to be conducted, including procedures, entire schedule, and responsibilities

of the Consultant ¾ Target communities and water points to be surveyed in the district ¾ Participation of the district staff in the field works ¾ Communication with and reporting to the districts during the field works ¾ Handling of the existing hand pumps which were going to be removed from the boreholes

At the end of the meeting, the Consultant shall obtain an authorisation from each DLA on implementation of the study including replacement of the hand pump. The hand pumps that was removed from the target water points are kept at the District Council office. The Consultant is responsible for transportation of the removed hand pumps from the communities to the District Council office. 4.2 Procurement of Afridev Type Hand Pumps The Consultant procured the necessary hand pumps and materials, as specified below, to be used in the study. 1) Twenty (20) complete sets of Afridev type hand pumps - Average installation depth of the pump intake: 30m - Connecting rod: made of Stainless Steel - Standard tools sets for the daily maintenance, such as spanners - Standard spare parts sets

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2) Twenty (20) sets of connecting rods only - Material: made of Galvinized Steel - Total Length: 30m/borehole x 20 boreholes 4.3 First Field Work: Preliminary Visit to the Target Sites The SOMAP3 Project Team selected 20 sites which were reported to be with high iron content in the target districts, together with a staff from the respective DLAs and collect the following information through direct observations of the water facility and interview with V-WASHEs.

1) Ward, village name and name of water point 2) Organisation which funded the construction of the borehole 3) Year of construction of the borehole 4) Type of the hand pump installed on the borehole 5) Records of breakdown of the hand pump and repair works 6) Technical information of the borehole: coordinates of the water point, total depth, static water

level, availability of water in dry season 7) Conditions of the hand pump and any defects observed on the facility 8) Water quality (to be measured on site): pH, Electrical Conductivity, Temperature, Iron,

Alkalinity, Manganese, Chloride, odour, taste, colour (visual inspection) 9) Photographs of the target water point (pictures which covers the entire facility)

The Consultant checked the conditions of the water facility in the presence of V-WASHE members including caretakers. All the India Mark II hand pumps were in a good working condition but some were abandoned due to high iron content. 4.4 Inspection of the Equipment and Materials used in the Study After the First Field Work before mobilisation for the Second Field Work the SOMAP Project Team inspected all the equipment and materials procured or gathered by the Consultant for use in the study. The following equipment was inspected by SOMAP 3 Project Team member on 2nd July 2012 at WRC and China Gansu premises:

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List of Equipment / Tools for the Study Equipment Specification Quantity

1) Transportation 1. Cargo Truck: Trucks 2. Supervision: 4x4 Double Cab/ Vehicles

1

2

2) Compressor 1. Capacity of compressor: a. Air delivery: 20m3/min b. Working pressure: 7 Bars c. Engine output: 20KW d. Name of manufacturer and year

Denyo, Japan, 2000 2. Truck mounted or skid: Skid

1

3) Accessories for air-lift 1. 1 inch Diameter Poly pipe Air line 100m long.

1

4) Water quality analysis kit to be used at the site

1. HI 98129 meter – water proof pH/EC/TDS/temperature meters. 2. Lovibond MaxiDirect Photometer Parameters : a. Alkalinity, Total 5-500mg/l, b. Chloride, 0-5.0 c. Manganese, 0-0.03, 250 pack d. Iron 0.02-3.0 (can measure up to 78 parameters) 3. WAGTECH Iron Comparator Range 0 to >10mg/l

2

2

2

5) GPS Etrex Summit HC Garmin (Handheld) 2 6) Afridev hand pump Afridev Hand pumps

Stainless steel rods (Procured from Malawi)

20sets 20 x 30 m

7) Water Level Deeper 200m 2 8) Field Data Entry Stations HP Laptops 2 9) Sony digital camera 10 MP 2 4.5 Second Field Work After the above mentioned inspection, the Consultant mobilised to conduct field works at the target sites. The Consultant mobilised together with the staff from the respective DLAs and requested the V-WASHE members including caretakers to be present at the site during the field work. According to the TOR and Technical proposal submitted by the Consultant the following procedures were conducted:

1) Existing India Mark II hand pump was operated and an assessment on the condition of the hand pump including any defects, malfunctioning or damaged parts was conducted.

2) The following water quality analysis was performed after pumping water for more than 15 minutes:

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a) Parameters measured on site before removing an existing India Mark II hand pump:

pH, Electrical Conductivity, Temperature, Iron, Manganese, Alkalinity, Chloride, Odour, Taste, Colour (visual inspection)

b) Parameters measured at an official laboratory (for water samples collected before removing an existing India Mark II hand pump):

pH, Iron, Alkalinity, Lead, Zinc

3) The existing India Mark II hand pump was removed from the borehole. The water level and

depth of the borehole were measured. 4) Borehole cleaning was performed for approximately 4 hours until the water was clear using

air-lift tools. 5) The borehole was disinfected with “Chlorine”. The “Chlorine” mixture was made by mixing

of two 250 ml bottles of “Chlorine” (Sodium Hydrochloride solution 0.5% USP) thoroughly in 20 litres of clean water in a container and poured in the borehole.

6) The Afridev hand pump was installed on an adequate depth. The depth of installation and Static water level are shown in Annex-1. The connecting rods of the Afridev hand pump installed in this stage were Stainless Steel made.

7) After the installation of the Afridev hand pump a test operation was conducted on the hand pump for about one hour, and measuring the flow rate under constant stroke.

8) The following on site water quality analysis was performed after installation of Afridev hand pump with stainless steel rods.

a) Parameters measured on site after cleaning the borehole:

pH, Electrical Conductivity, Temperature, Iron, Manganese, Alkalinity, Chloride, Odour, Taste, Colour (visual inspection)

9) Training of the caretakers in V-WASHE or Local Area Pump menders in operation and

maintenance of Afridev hand pump was conducted during the installation of the hand pump. At the end of the installation the consultant obtained a signature of a representative of the V-WASHE on a document which the V-WASHE acknowledges that the water supply facility has been properly restored.

10) To all the V-WASHE were handed over two spanners and manual for daily maintenance and operation of the hand pump.

11) All the 20 sets of removed India Mark II hand pumps were taken to their respective DLAs. All the 20 water facilities were successfully cleaned and installed with Afridev hand pump without damage caused on the borehole and its appurtenant facilities. The second field work was conducted from 3rd July to 29th July 2012. Special Attention during the Installation of Afridev Pump The Consultant was requested to pay attention in the following points during the installation of Afridev hand pumps at the target sites: 1) Prior to commencement of the installation, conditions of the borehole interior, such as borehole

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depth and static water level, needed to be checked and recorded. 2) Check if the foundation/basement is durable enough to support the hand pump and the riser pipes

when those are filled with water. The pump shall be fixed with anchors to prevent vibrations and rotations.

3) The hand pump shall be fixed vertically to avoid bending and damaging the riser pipes and other mechanical parts of the hand pump. The installation procedures shall follow strictly the instructions from the manufacturer.

4) The Consultant shall calculate and recommend the adequate position (depth) of the pump intake based on the result of above mentioned inspection of the borehole. Basically, the intake position of the pump will be the same of the originally installed hand pump.

5) Special attention is required for the installation of PVC riser pipes of Afridev hand pump, mainly during its connection work. The Consultant shall verify the surface of the socket which needs to be clean, place the glue, and after the connection of the pipes, wait for the time recommended by the manufacturer of the material before installing inside the borehole.

2nd Stage of the Study (Nov. 2012 – May 2013) (on going) 4.6 Third Field Work The Third Field visit was conducted between 4th December 2012 and 23rd December 2012. As according to the study processes developed at the inception of the study, work carried out during the third field visit involved: i. On-site water quality analysis of the following parameters after pumping water for more than 15 minutes: a) Parameters to be measured on site during the

Third Field Work: pH, Electrical Conductivity, Temperature, Iron, Manganese, Alkalinity, Chloride, odour, taste, colour (visual inspection)

b) Parameters to be measured at an official laboratory (for water samples collected in the Third Field Work):

pH, Iron, Alkalinity, Zinc, Lead

ii. Replacement of AFRIDEV connecting rods (Stainless steel made to GI steel) iii. Conducted test operation of the hand pump for about 30 minutes. 4.7 Fourth Field Work The Fourth Field Work is expected to be implemented around April/2013, and the contents of the work are as follows:

1) Check the working conditions of the Afridev hand pump installed in the Study. 2) Operate the hand pump for about 15 minutes and make the water quality analysis.

a) Parameters to be measured on site during the Fourth Field Work:

pH, Electrical Conductivity, Temperature, Iron, Manganese, Alkalinity, Chloride, odour, taste, colour (visual inspection)

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b) Parameters to be measured at an official laboratory (for water samples collected in the Fourth Field Work):

pH, Iron, Alkalinity, Zinc, Lead

3) Change the Galvanized Steel rods to Stainless Steel. 5. RESULTS AND PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS 5.1 First Field Work Water Quality Results During the First Field Work only on-site water quality analysis was performed for the following parameters: Temperature, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Color, Taste, Odor, Iron, Manganese, Alkalinity and Chloride.

x Temperature: Generally the measured groundwater temperature varied within the range of 22 to 30.1ͼC. The lowest was recorded in Kapiri Mposhi district at Fwabi site and the highest was recorded at in Kawambwa district at Chinfuntu site.

x pH: A test of the acidity of water is pH, which is a measure of the hydrogen-ion concentration. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 indicates neutral water; greater than 7, the water is basic; less than 7, it is acidic. Water that is basic in combination with some chemical component and environmental condition can form scale; acidic water is generally corrosive. Recommended water for domestic use should have a pH between 5.5 and 9. All measured pH readings were less than 7 and varied from 5.56 to 6.89 suggesting fairly acidic conditions though within the drinking limit.

x Colour: The colour of groundwater is usually due to the colour of mineral content in water or dissolved substances. On most sites no colour could be observed or it was whitish except for Kalasa Chikoso RHC, Chinfuntu, Fwabi, Likwava and kabamba RHC were brown water was observed suggesting the presence of high iron levels.

x Taste: Just like Colour the taste of groundwater also suggests mineral content in water or dissolved substances / elements. The taste of water on most sites was rusty suggesting corrosion on the bottom part assembly components of the borehole.

x Odor: The odor of groundwater suggests mineral content and dissolved metals. Certain odor may be indicative of organic or non-organic contaminants that originate from municipal or industrial waste discharges or from natural sources. A metal odor is attributed to corrosion on the metal assembly, while odor of an egg suggests decomposed inorganic matter. Most sites had a metal odor except for Mapipo village where the water sample had no odor.

x Iron: Occurs naturally as a mineral from sediment and rocks or from mining, industrial waste, and corroding metal. On all sites except Mapipo village measured Iron values were greater than 1mg/l which is the acceptable drinking limit for Zambia Bureau. Most readings were greater than 10mg/l with a few varying between 1.89 to 7.5mg/l. This shows that all sites selected had problems of high iron levels.

x Chloride: May be associated with the presence of sodium in drinking water when present in high concentrations. Often from saltwater intrusion, mineral dissolution, industrial and domestic waste. The acceptable limit of Chloride according to Zambia Bureau standards is 250mg/l. All measured sites had Chloride values within the acceptable standard to as low as 0.5mg/l.

x Manganese: Occurs naturally as a mineral / trace element from sediment and rocks or from

14

mining and industrial waste. The acceptable limit of Manganese according to Zambia Bureau standards is 0.1mg/l – 0.5mg/l. The measured sites had manganese values within limits except for Kabulamema Falcon orphanage, Chisonga A and Kasembe villages were levels of 0.6 to 0.7mg/l were recorded.

x Alkalinity (CaCO3): The pH of groundwater controls which type of carbonate or silicate occurs in solution. In acidic solutions, H2CO3 is the dominant carbonate anion, followed by HCO3

-, then CO32- as solutions become more basic. A similar progression would be seen in

silicates from H2SiO3 to HSiO3- to SiO2- as solutions pass from acidic to basic. The carbonate

and silicate ions serve as strong bases.Alkalinity is defined as the net concentration of strong base in excess of strong acid with a pure CO2 - water system as a point of reference. It is controlled by pH and the concentrations of strong bases such as carbonate and silicate ions. Strong acids are not common in natural ground water. Their occurrence represents contamination from human activity. The solution of silicate and carbonate minerals does provide strong bases in solution in natural situations. Consequently, as ground water flows through an aquifer, it dissolves more carbonate and silicate minerals thereby increasing the alkalinity and the pH. Alkalinity is often related to hardness because the main source of alkalinity is usually from carbonate rocks (limestone) which is mostly CaCO3. According to Zambia Bureau standards the maximum acceptable limit of Alkalinity in drinking water is 500mg/l. All recorded readings were within the acceptable range. Low Alkalinity suggests low pH hence acidic water.

5.2 Second Field Work Water Quality Results During the Second Field Work, on-site water quality analysis was performed on two stages: before borehole cleaning and after borehole cleaning) for the following parameters: Temperature, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Colour, Taste, Odour, Iron, Manganese, Alkalinity and Chloride. Before Borehole cleaning samples were taken for laboratory analysis for the following parameters; pH, Iron, Alkalinity, Lead and Zinc. 5.2.1 On-site Water Quality Results Parameter Before Borehole Cleaning After Borehole Cleaning

Temperature Varied from 17ͼC to 29ͼC The temperature varies from 23.9ͼC to 39.9ͼC

Electrical Conductivity

EC varied from 34 to 375µS/cm EC to varied from 7 to 394 µS/cm

pH pH varied from 5.56 to 6.82

pH varied from 5.56 to 6.8

Alkalinity Alkalinity varied from 25 to 208 mg/l

Alkalinity varied from 15 to 198mg/l

Colour On most water points the colour of groundwater was brown

The colour became clear on most sites

Odour Metal odour on most sites No odour on most sites Iron Iron content was higher than

2mg/l Iron became less than 1mg/l

Manganese Varied from <0.1 to 1.1mg/l Varied from <0.1 to 2.2mg/l

15

Chloride Varied from <0.5 to 4.5mg/l Varied from <0.5 to 19.4mg/l 5.2.2. Laboratory Water Quality Results Two samples per site where collected for laboratory analysis in each stage of the Work. The result from the laboratory is presented in Annex-2. The following parameters were analysed in the laboratory: iron, pH, alkalinity, lead and Zinc.

x Iron: Unexpectedly the values of iron according to laboratory analysis were lower than 1mg/l on most communities. UNZA laboratory used a Spectro-photometer to perform the analysis for Total iron on the water samples. The Consultant utilised a combination of WAGTECH Comparator and Lovibond Photometer to perform the onsite water quality tests for Total Iron. The laboratory results however differ from the on-site results.

x Zinc: Found naturally in water, most frequently in areas where it is mined. Enters environment from industrial waste, metal plating, and plumbing, and is a major component of sludge. According to the Bureau standards for drinking water the acceptable limit of Zinc is 5mg/l. Results from the laboratory show that water on all sites is within drinking limits as all were less than 1mg/l.

x Lead: Enters environment from industry, mining, plumbing, gasoline, coal, and as a water additive. However the results from the laboratory show that negligible amount of Lead are present in groundwater as all results were within (less than 0.01mg/l) the maximum acceptable limit for Zambia Bureau of drinking standards of 0.05mg/l. Results on all sites were less than.

x pH: The pH readings from the laboratory analysis resembled the readings obtained on-site. The values varied from 5.22 to 6.10 suggesting acidic conditions on groundwater.

x Alkalinity (CaCO3): On most sites laboratory results show that on most sites alkalinity is significantly low (less than 80) suggesting acidic environment of groundwater.

5.3 Third Field Work Water Quality Results 5.3.1 On-site Water Quality Results The Third Field Work was conducted between 4th December 2012 and 23rd December 2012. As according to the study processes developed at the inception of the study, work carried out during the third field work involved:

i. On-site water quality analysis of the following parameters: pH, Electrical Conductivity, Temperature, Iron, Manganese, Alkalinity, Chloride, Odour, Taste, Colour (visual inspection).

ii. Laboratory water quality analysis of the following parameters: pH, Iron, Alkalinity, Lead, Zinc.

iii. Replacement of AFRIDEV connecting rods (Stainless steel made to GI steel made) All the on-site water quality analysis data (up to third field work) are shown in Annex-3. The average value of iron and pH in each stage of field work is shown in the following graph. It is clear that there is a considerable drop in the iron concentration after the borehole cleaning and change of material of handpump (corrosive to non-corrosive).

16

IM-2(Jul/2012) Afridev(Jul/2012) Afridev(Dec/2012)Fe(mg/l) 5.62 0.99 0.34pH 6.27 6.08 6.54

5.62

0.99

0.34

6.27

6.08

6.54

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

Variation of iron and pH in groundwater (average value)

Graph Variation of iron and pH in groundwater of the Study Sites (average value) 5.3.2 Laboratory Water Quality Results The results of the samples by the laboratory, are actually under analysis. 6. PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS AND REMARKS 6.1 Data Analysis of Results

x Temperature: Not much variation was observed on Temperature readings before and after borehole cleaning.

x pH: All measured pH readings were less than 7 and varied from 5.3 to 6.72 before and after borehole cleaning. Generally pH decreased with an average order of 1 after borehole cleaning, which is a decrease by 10 on the concentration of H+ ions. This shows that generally the environment on the target sites is acidic and corroded metals (i.e. iron) causes the pH to slightly rise.

x Electrical Conductivity (EC): EC Not much variation before and after borehole cleaning was observed showing that groundwater on the selected target sites is not saline.

x Colour: On most sites the colour changed from brown to no colour / clear. If the colour of water had remained brown, it would have suggested that the colour contribution is coming from the formation unlike corroded metals. Filando village is an exception as the water remained brown in colour even after borehole cleaning. Filando village water point is cased with steel casing, so even after borehole cleaning the water remained brown. Water on Chikenge village and Lombanya water point could not clear, this could be attributed to poor construction problem.

x Taste: The taste of water changed from Rusty to no taste after borehole cleaning suggesting that the rusty taste was being influenced by the corroded metals.

x Odor: At the end of borehole cleaning the water sample had no odor. Same interpretation as taste can be given to explain the change in the parameter.

x Iron: On all sites except Mapipo village measured Iron values were greater than 1mg/l before borehole cleaning and the levels went to less than 1mg/l after borehole cleaning. Filando, Lombanya in Lufwanyama and Chikenge in Kabompo whose water iron content remained high even after pump replacement exercise. This could be attributed to the steel casing at Filando, low borehole yield and probably poor borehole construction at Chikenge and for Lombanya, the yield was good but water could not clear by completion of airlifting period.

17

x Chloride: All measured sites had Chloride values within the acceptable standard. Generally the values of chloride decreased after borehole cleaning but in contrary increased after borehole cleaning on sites which had high iron content even after cleaning.

x Manganese: Manganese values also slightly decreased after borehole cleaning for most sites except for Kalasa community, Musangu station and Sungamoyo village whose values increased beyond the acceptable limit of Zambia Bureau. Manganese values on Filando, Lumbabya and Kabulamemma Ophanage sites remained above the acceptable limit even after borehole cleaning.

x Alkalinity (CaCO3): Like pH on most sites alkalinity slightly decreased after borehole cleaning. All recorded readings were within the acceptable range.

6.2 Comments on the Results (Mid Term)

1) It is observed that pH and Iron content on most of the boreholes decreased after cleaning the borehole and installation of Afridev hand pump with stainless steel rod.

2) Not much variation were observed on Manganese, Alkalinity, Chloride, Temperature and Electrical Conductivity after cleaning the borehole.

3) For all boreholes that high iron content after borehole cleaning had high readings of manganese beyond the ZABS standards for drinking. It is often observed from other studies that the presence of high levels of manganese in groundwater or wells often gives the rise to the growth of iron bacteria.

4) From the direct observations and interviews with community members, it was evident that most of the selected sites had been abandoned due to high Iron content in the water. It was also noted that at the time of water point construction and hand over, all water points had good quality of water and that the quality started becoming un-desirable a few months to one year after hand over.

5) At one site (Kabulamema Orphanage, Kabombo District), the concentration of iron remained at high level (5mg/l) even after borehole cleaning and replacement of handpump. Probably the iron comes from the geological formation. Therefore, we can say that not always the handpump material is the direct cause of the high iron contents in the groundwater.

6.3 Recommendations (Mid Term)

1) Lack of borehole information. It is necessary to request to each drilling company and/or consultant that are involved in groundwater development and borehole drilling, to keep detailed record of the drilled borehole. The minimum required data are, geological formation, borehole depth, static water level, dynamic water level, water quality analysis, depth of handpump, type of handpump, year of construction. Also, it is necessary to make an appropriate pumping test.

2) The Consultant recommends to submit the samples for Laboratory analysis within a week of sampling to improve the accuracy of laboratory analysis.

3) The Consultant advises the DLAs/DWASHE committees to mobilise the communities to form and keep the VWASHE committees active. It is suggested that during the Second Stage of Work another intense training for general maintenance of Afridev hand pumps be conducted. In this regard the District Focal Point Persons(FPP) need to notify all Area Pump Menders and VWASHE members to be ready and encouraged to avail during the training.

18

4) The Consultant strongly recommends that the FPP be encouraged to keep the Consultant updated on the state of the newly installed Afridev pumps so that prompt action can be taken in case of breakdown during the period between the 1st Stage and 2nd stage of the study.

* * * * *

ANNEXES

Sch

edul

e of

the

wat

er q

ualit

y an

alys

is a

nd m

onito

ring

thro

ugh

hand

pum

p re

plac

emen

t

Act

ivity

1st

ST

AG

E:

1) P

rocu

rem

ent o

f Afri

dev

Han

dpum

p

2) P

rocu

rem

ent o

f 20

sets

of G

alvi

nize

d

Ste

el (G

I) ro

ds fo

r Afri

dev

3) 1

st F

ield

Wor

k: P

relim

inar

y vi

sit

to

targ

et s

ites

20 s

ites

4) P

repa

ratio

n of

equ

ipm

ent,

pers

onne

l,

othe

r log

istic

s, e

tc.

4

5) In

spec

tion

of a

ll eq

uipm

ent a

nd

mat

eria

ls to

be

used

in th

e Su

rvey

6) 2

nd F

ield

Wor

k: W

ater

qua

lity

anal

ysis

,bo

reho

le c

lean

ing,

and

repl

acem

ent o

fha

ndpu

mp

(Indi

a M

ark-

II to

Afri

dev

with

PVC

rise

r pip

e an

d st

ainl

ess

stee

l rod

)

20 s

ites

2nd

ST

AG

E:

1) 3

rd F

ield

Wor

k: w

ater

qua

lity

anal

ysis

and

repl

acem

ent o

f the

con

nect

ing

rods

18 s

ites

(*1)

2) 4

th F

ield

Wor

k: w

ater

qua

lity

anal

ysis

,ch

eck

of h

and

pum

p co

nditi

ons

and

repl

ace

the

conn

ectin

g ro

ds (G

I to

Stai

nles

s S

teel

)

18 s

ites

(*1)

(*1)

The

num

ber o

f tar

get b

oreh

oles

wer

e re

duce

d fro

m 2

0 to

18

site

s, b

ecau

se in

2 b

oreh

oles

the

yiel

d is

ver

y lo

w a

nd it

was

diff

icul

t to

cont

inue

the

mon

itorin

g.

Augu

stM

ayS

epte

mbe

rO

ctob

erN

ovem

ber

In

this

Fie

ld W

ork,

all

the

stai

nles

s st

eel r

ods

wer

ere

plac

ed w

ith G

I rod

s.

Janu

ary

Febr

uary

2012

2013

Mar

chAp

ril

1st S

TAG

E2n

d S

TAG

E

Dec

embe

rM

ayJu

neJu

ly

yokogis

7

Ann

ex-1

Bo

reho

le d

epth

, sta

tic w

ater

leve

l and

dep

th o

f ins

talla

tion

of h

andp

ump

(dur

ing

the

seco

nd fi

eld

wor

k)

Latit

ude

(dd.

dddd

d)Lo

ngitu

de

(dd.

dddd

d)

Date

of

Inst

alla

tion

(dd-

mmm-

yy)

Dept

h of

Bo

reho

le

(mbg

l)

Stat

ic

Wat

er L

evel

(m

bgl)

Dept

h of

In

stal

latio

n (m

bgl)

No. o

f Ra

isin

g Pi

pes

Type

of

Rais

ing

Pipe

s

Type

of

Conn

ectin

g Ro

ds

Kalas

a Muk

oso

RHC

Samf

ya11

.8181

1 ͼ02

9.594

59ͼ

5-Ju

l-12

3.315

5SL

Stee

lSL

Stee

lSa

shi B

asic

Scho

olSa

mfya

10.79

233ͼ

029.5

8647ͼ

6-Ju

l-12

27.53

6.621

7SL

Stee

lSL

Stee

lCh

isong

oM

ansa

11.27

367 ͼ

029.1

1286ͼ

7-Ju

l-12

478.9

536

12SL

Stee

lSL

Stee

lDo

mini

c Villa

geM

ansa

11.92

520ͼ

028.7

4024ͼ

8-Ju

l-12

402.5

155

SL St

eel

SL St

eel

Mise

nga R

HCM

ileng

e11

.8990

9ͼ02

9.017

89ͼ

9-Ju

l-12

56.4

4.35

186

SL St

eel

SL St

eel

Mus

angu

Sta

tion

Mwe

nse

10.24

188ͼ

028.6

4985ͼ

10-Ju

l-12

4512

3311

SL St

eel

SL St

eel

Map

ipo

Kawa

mbwa

09.92

045ͼ

029.2

6050ͼ

11-Ju

l-12

65.6

921

7SL

Stee

lSL

Stee

lCh

infu

ntu

Kawa

mbwa

10.06

482ͼ

029.1

3363ͼ

12-Ju

l-12

9013

.827

9SL

Stee

lSL

Stee

lKa

shita

Nche

lenge

09.66

003ͼ

028.7

5488ͼ

13-Ju

l-12

43.5

918

6SL

Stee

lSL

Stee

lKa

semb

eCh

ienge

08.55

827ͼ

029.0

5352ͼ

14-Ju

l-12

62.2

1224

8SL

Stee

lSL

Stee

lKa

bamb

a RHC

Sere

nje

13.17

896ͼ

030.3

5607ͼ

17-Ju

l-12

625

279

SL St

eel

SL St

eel

Sund

ay N

temb

weSe

renj

e13

.4001

6ͼ02

3.818

85ͼ

18-Ju

l-12

46.8

7.818

6SL

Stee

lSL

Stee

lM

ulem

u ba

sic sc

hool

Lufw

anya

ma12

.8942

0 ͼ02

8.075

38ͼ

19-Ju

l-12

38.73

3.727

9SL

Stee

lSL

Stee

lFi

lando

Lufw

anya

ma12

.8491

5ͼ02

7.723

38ͼ

20-Ju

l-12

44.1

13.2

217

SL St

eel

SL St

eel

Lomb

anya

Lufw

anya

ma12

.8747

1 ͼ02

7.594

12ͼ

21-Ju

l-12

37.5

5.55

248

SL St

eel

SL St

eel

Kabu

lamem

a Orp

hana

geKa

bomp

o13

.8477

1ͼ02

4.017

55ͼ

23-Ju

l-12

66.5

20.4

3010

SL St

eel

SL St

eel

Chike

nge

Kabo

mpo

13.40

016ͼ

023.8

1885ͼ

24-Ju

l-12

7.816

.615

5SL

Stee

lSL

Stee

lLi

kwav

aKa

bomp

o13

.5698

0ͼ02

4.114

49ͼ

25-Ju

l-12

16.4

11.4

155

SL St

eel

SL St

eel

Sung

amoy

oKa

piri-

Mpo

shi

14.01

281ͼ

028.7

1474ͼ

27-Ju

l-12

39.4

7.25

3311

SL St

eel

SL St

eel

Fwab

iKa

piri-

Mpo

shi

14.27

153ͼ

028.2

3753ͼ

28-Ju

l-12

54.8

4.439

13SL

Stee

lSL

Stee

l

Nam

e of W

ater

poin

tNa

me o

f Di

stri

ct

Bore

hole

Det

ails

Deta

ils o

f Afr

idev

Inst

alla

tion

Annex-2 Laboratory Water Quality Analysis Results (up to 2nd field work)

Target site / Village Name

District Name Date of Sampling

(dd/mm/yy)

Date of Report

(dd/mm/yy)

Iron (mg/l)

pH Alkalinity (CaCO) (mg//l)

Lead (mg/l)

Zinc (mg/l)

Chikenge Kabompo 24/07/12 02/08/12 0.66 5.62 20 <0.01 0.024

Likwava Kabompo 25/07/12 02/08/12 0.68 5.28 56 <0.01 0.03

Kabulamema

Ophanage Kabompo 23/07/12 02/08/12 0.49 5.5 60 <0.01 0.038

Chintakwa Serenje 17/07/12 23/07/2012 0.33 6.07 30 <0.01 0.011

Kabamba Serenje 18/07/12 23/07/2012 2.29 5.83 52 <0.01 0.052

Sungamoyo Kapiri Mposhi 27/07/12 02/08/12 5.07 5.37 60 <0.01 0.033

Fwabi Kapiri Mposhi 28/07/12 02/08/12 8.44 5.75 58 <0.01 0.021

Lombanya Lufwanyama 21/07/12 02/08/12 0.40 5.61 34 <0.01 0.011

Mulemu Basic School

Lufwanyama 19/07/12 02/08/12 0.13 6.04 24 <0.01 0.012

Filando Area Lufwanyama 20/07/12 02/08/12 5.99 5.22 56 <0.01 0.002

Kasembe Chiengi 14/07/12 23/07/2012 0.14 5.54 34.00 <0.01 0.063

Kashita Village Nchelenge 13/07/12 23/07/2012 9.40 5.90 24.00 <0.01 0.053

Chimfuntu Kawambwa 12/07/12 23/07/2012 0.94 5.86 58.00 <0.01 0.022

Mapipo Kawambwa 11/07/12 23/07/2012 <0.01 5.78 168.00 <0.01 0.015

Musangu Station Mwense 10/07/12 23/07/2012 0.10 5.65 42.00 <0.01 0.08

Dominic Village Mansa 08/07/12 23/07/2012 2.76 5.83 58.00 <0.01 0.022

Chisongo (A) Mansa 07/07/12 23/07/2012 12.00 5.59 12.00 <0.01 0.212

Sashi Basic School

Samfya 06/07/12 23/07/2012 5.28 6.10 22.00 <0.01 0.19

Kalasa M. RHC Samfya 05/07/12 23/07/2012 4.69 5.83 32.00 <0.01 0.832

Misenga Health Post

Milenge 09/07/12 23/07/2012 <0.01 5.74 72.00 <0.01 0.111

ANNEX-3 On-site water quality analysis data (up to third field work)

- 2300 15TCU 5.5-8.0 1.0 0.1 250- - - - - 0.4 -

Kalasa Mukoso 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2009 2012/07/05 20.2 83 No color Rusty Metal 1st 6.20 >10 <0.1 129 <0.5RHC 2-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/05 24.8 40 No color No taste No odor 2nd 5.56 0.31 1.3 105 1.7

3rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/06 23.9 31 No color No taste No odor 3rd 6.19 0.50 0.1 19 1.3Sashi Basic 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2009 2012/07/06 18.0 79 Brown Rusty Metal 1st 6.45 >10 0.5 145 0.8School 2-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/06 25.1 46 No color No taste No odor 2nd 5.79 0.10 0.2 91 0.5

3rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/06 32.6 46 No color No taste No odor 3rd 6.30 0.00 <0.1 28 1.3Chisongo A 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2009 2012/07/07 19.2 42 Brown Rusty Metal 1st 6.02 >10 0.8 78 <0.5

2-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/07 24.3 60 No color No taste No odor 2nd 6.70 0.04 <0.1 33 <0.53rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/07 27.5 38 Brown No taste No odor 3rd 6.14 0.00 <0.1 25 <0.5

Dominic Chibale 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2009 2012/07/08 22.2 120 No color Rusty metal 1st 6.26 7.50 <0.1 189 1.42-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/08 26.9 105 No color No taste No odor 2nd 6.14 0.93 <0.1 60 <0.5

3rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/07 29.1 133 No color No taste No odor 3rd 6.01 0.00 <0.1 77 2.3Milenge Misenga Health 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2009 2012/07/09 29.0 181 Brown Rusty No odor 1st 6.40 7.50 <0.1 208 1.4

Post 2-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/09 39.9 115 No color No taste No odor 2nd 6.14 0.17 <0.1 173 <0.53rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/08 27.7 129 No color No taste No odor 3rd 6.50 0.00 0.7 80 2.1

Mwense Musangu Station 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2009 2012/07/10 25.5 126 No color Rusty Metal 1st 6.16 7.50 <0.1 142 4.52-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/10 25.5 133 Whitish No taste No odor 2nd 5.70 0.52 0.7 129 0.5

3rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/09 25.6 125 No color Mp taste No odor 3rd 6.15 0.00 <0.1 46 5.6Mapipo 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2009 2012/07/11 21.8 324 No color No taste No odor 1st 6.82 0.10 <0.1 170 4.7

2-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/11 25.0 330 No color No taste No odor 2nd 6.80 0.00 <0.1 196 <0.53rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/10 23.6 324 No color No taste No odor 3rd 6.68 0.00 <0.1 198 1.7

Chinfuntu 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2009 2012/07/12 23.2 183 No color Rusty Sulfury 1st 6.31 >10 <0.1 62 <0.52-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/12 24.7 172 No color No taste No odor 2nd 6.08 0.00 <0.1 67 <0.5

3rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/10 28.4 169 No color No taste No odor 3rd 6.80 0.00 <0.1 72 0.8Nchelenge Kashita 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2009 2012/07/13 25.5 47 No color Rusty metal 1st 5.56 >10 0.2 72 <0.5

2-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/13 26.7 7 No color No taste No odor 2nd 5.30 0.00 <0.1 15 <0.53rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/11 26.3 23 No color No taste No odor 3rd 6.05 0.00 <0.1 21 3.9

Chiengi Kasembe 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2009 2012/07/14 22.0 375 Brown Salty Metal 1st 5.70 7.00 0.4 35 >252-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/14 25.3 394 No color No taste No odor 2nd 5.90 0.00 0.4 43 >25

3rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/12 28.4 395 No color No taste No odor 3rd 6.44 0.00 0.9 54 <0.5Kabamba RHC 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2005 2012/07/17 19.8 109 Brown Rusty Metal 1st 6.72 7.50 0.3 64 <0.5

2-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/17 26.4 106 No color No taste No odor 2nd 6.65 0.10 <0.1 73 <0.53rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/05 29.8 303 No color No taste No odor 3rd 7.05 0.00 <0.1 62 <0.5

Sunday Ntembwe 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2005 2012/07/18 18.1 50 Brown Rusty Metal 1st 6.40 2.00 <0.1 26 <0.52-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/18 23.9 24 No color No taste No odor 2nd 6.00 0.00 <0.1 18 <0.5

3rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/05 25.9 44 No color No taste No odor 3rd 6.92 0.00 0.6 19 1.9Mulemu Basic 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2010 2012/07/19 17.2 34 No color Rusty Metal 1st 6.32 10.00 2.1 25 <0.5School 2-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/19 27.5 29 No color No taste No odor 2nd 6.05 0.00 <0.1 21 <0.5

3rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/16 26.2 91 No color No taste No odor 3rd 6.92 0.00 <0.1 17 1.2Filando Area 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2011 2012/07/20 20.3 90 Brown Rusty Metal 1st 6.08 >10 <0.1 67 <0.5

2-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/20 25.7 71 Brown No taste No odor 2nd 5.90 >10 1.3 58 <0.53rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/17 23.7 112 Brown Salty Metal 3rd 6.10 >10 1.0 64 2.1

Lombanya 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2011 2012/07/21 19.2 57 Brown Rusty Metal 1st 6.07 5.00 1.5 38 <0.52-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/21 25.2 183 Whitish No taste No odor 2nd 6.32 5.00 0.7 117 8.3

3rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/17 22.0 63 No color No taste No odor 3rd 7.00 0.00 1.3 14 <0.5Kabulamema 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2008 2012/07/23 24.6 207 No color Rusty Sufury 1st 6.47 5.00 1.1 103 3.0Orphanage 2-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/23 25.1 277 No color No taste No odor 2nd 6.09 2.00 0.8 141 4.2

3rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/19 24.6 207 No color Rusty Sulfury 3rd 6.47 5.00 1.1 103 3.0Chikenge 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2009 2012/07/24 22.2 55 Brown Rusty metal 1st 6.67 >10 0.2 26 0.5(Chief Kalunga) 2-After BH Cleaning IM-2(SS) 2012/07/24 28.6 149 Whitish No taste No odor 2nd 6.01 7.50 <0.1 36 19.4

3rd FW 3-Monitoring IM-2(SS) 2012/12/19 27.3 118 Whitish Rusty Metal 3rd 6.55 >10 <0.1 69 7.7Likwava 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2003 2012/07/25 21.3 107 No color Rusty Metal 1st 6.40 3.00 <0.5 58 0.8

2-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/25 24.3 118 No color No taste No odor 2nd 6.58 3.00 <0.1 54 <0.53rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/19 3rd

Sungamoyo 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2011 2012/07/27 23.0 131 Brown Rusty metal 1st 6.15 >10 <0.1 71 <0.52-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/27 24.2 85 Milky No taste No odor 2nd 5.95 1.09 2.2 65 <0.1

3rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/22 23.8 104 No color No taste No odor 3rd 7.47 0.00 <0.1 51 2.7Fwabi 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2011 2012/07/28 23.9 137 Brown Rusty metal 1st 6.30 >10 <0.1 87 <0.5

2-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/28 26.2 188 No color No Taste No odor 2nd 6.42 0.00 <0.1 110 <0.53rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/22 27.0 151 No color No taste No odor 3rd 6.37 0.00 <0.1 63 <0.5

mg/l

Type ofHandpump Remarks

Not possible to continue with thesurvey. Borehole with very low yield.

Changed IM-2(GI) to IM-2 (SS).Boreholewith high intrusion of sand. Very low yield.

The quality of borehole is good. The iron ofthe borehole comes from the formation.

The casing and screen of the borehole ismade of GI pipe isntead of PVC. Probablythe iron comes from the casing pipe.

mg/l

Alkalinity ChlorideEC Color Taste Odor IronBH DrillingYear

0C µS/cm

Target site /Village NameDistrict Name Sampled

Date Temp pHTiming of Water QualityAnalysis

2nd FW

2nd FW

2nd FW

2nd FieldWork(FW)

Manganese

mg/l mg/l

Samfya

Mansa

Kawambwa

WHO(health-based guideline value)Zambia Bureau of Standards

Serenje

Lufwanyama

Kabompo

Kapiri-Mposhi

ON-SITE ANALYSIS USING PORTABLE EQUIPMENT

2nd FW

2nd FW

2nd FW

2nd FW

2nd FW

2nd FW

2nd FW

2nd FW

2nd FW

2nd FW

2nd FW

2nd FW

2nd FW

2nd FW

2nd FW

2nd FW

Ann

ex-4

Con

ditio

n of

the

Rem

oved

Ind

ia M

ark-

II H

and

pum

ps

Cover bolt

Axle, washer, nut, check nut

Handle

Inspection Cover

Chain bolt & nut

Chain

Chain coupling

Guide bush

Connecting rod check nut

Head Assembly

Water tank Assembly

Spout

Bolt, nut, washer & chain nut

Stand assembly

Pump base (concrete)

Riser Pipe

Connecting rods

Rod centraliser

Plunger rod

Reducer cap (a)

Reducer cap (b)

Cylinder body

Piston seals

Valve seating

Foot Valve

No. of Raisng Pipes

Sockaway pit

Appron

Drainage line

Kala

sa

Muk

oso

RHC

Sam

fya

5-Ju

l-12

J Chi

besa

(D

FPP)

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okno

t ok

not

ok-

okok

okok

okok

ok5

okok

okRi

ser

pipe

s an

d Co

nnec

ting

rods

w

ere

rust

y.

Sash

i Bas

ic

Scho

olSa

mfy

a6-

Jul-1

2J C

hibe

sa

(DFP

P)ok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

not

okno

t ok

-ok

okok

okok

okok

7ok

okok

Rise

r pi

pes

wer

e ru

sty.

Con

nect

ing

rods

wer

e co

rrod

ed. S

oaka

way

pit

w

as b

lock

ed.

Chis

ongo

Man

sa7-

Jul-1

2Sw

ala

Mum

ba

(RW

SS A

sst)

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okno

t ok

not

ok-

okok

okok

okok

ok12

okok

okRi

ser

pipe

s w

ere

rust

y. C

onne

ctin

g ro

ds w

ere

corr

oded

.

Dom

inic

Vi

llag

eM

ansa

8-Ju

l-12

Swal

a M

umba

(R

WSS

Ass

t)ok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

-ok

okok

okok

okok

5ok

okok

No

ston

es w

ere

in th

e so

ak a

way

pit

.

Mis

enga

RH

CM

ileng

e9-

Jul-1

2Ku

shik

ila

Just

ine

(RW

SS O

fcr)

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

ok-

okok

okok

okok

ok6

okok

okN

o st

ones

wer

e in

the

soak

aw

ay p

it.

Mus

angu

St

atio

nM

wen

se10

-Jul-

12Ka

lam

a M

bulw

e (D

WAS

HE)

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okno

t ok

not

ok-

okok

okok

okok

ok11

okok

okRi

ser

pipe

s an

d Co

nnec

ting

rods

w

ere

rust

y. N

o st

ones

wer

e in

the

soak

aw

ay p

it.

Map

ipo

Kaw

ambw

a11

-Jul-

12

Banw

ell

Kapw

enge

(W

ork

Fore

man

)

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okno

t ok

ok-

okok

okno

t ok

okok

ok7

okok

not

ok

Four

Ris

er p

ipes

and

the

cyli

nder

bo

dy w

ere

rust

ed. N

o st

ones

wer

e in

th

e so

ak a

way

pit

. Dra

inan

ge h

ad a

cr

ack.

Chin

funt

uKa

wam

bwa

12-Ju

l-12

Banw

ell

Kapw

enge

(W

ork

Fore

man

)

okok

Not

ok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

not

okok

-ok

okok

okok

okok

9ok

okok

Han

dle

has

brok

en b

eari

ng. T

hree

co

nnec

ting

rods

wer

e ru

sted

. No

ston

es w

ere

in th

e so

ak a

way

pit

.

Kash

itaNc

hele

nge

13-Ju

l-12

T Ch

ilim

a (W

orks

Cl

erk)

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

Not

ok

okok

okok

not

okno

t ok

-ok

okok

okok

okok

6ok

okok

Two

Rise

r pip

es a

nd a

ll co

nnec

ting

ro

ds a

nd w

ater

tank

ass

embl

y w

ere

rust

ed. S

oakw

aya

pit h

ad n

o st

ones

an

d w

as le

akin

g at

one

sid

e.

Kase

mbe

Chie

nge

14-Ju

l-12

Urba

n Bw

alya

(In

tern

al

Audi

tor)

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

Not

ok

okok

okok

not

okno

t ok

-ok

okok

okok

okok

7ok

okok

Rise

r pi

pes

and

conn

ecti

ng ro

ds

wer

e he

avily

cor

rode

d an

d ru

sty.

The

cy

lind

er b

ody

and

wat

er ta

nk

asse

mbl

y w

ere

heav

ily

rust

ed.

Com

men

ts /

Def

ects

Obs

erve

d

Dat

e of

Ha

ndov

er t

o D

istr

ict C

ounc

il (d

d-m

mm

-yy)

Cond

itio

n of

Indi

a M

ark

II To

p Pa

rts (

OK

or N

ot O

K)Co

ndit

ion

of In

dia

Mar

k II

Bott

om P

arts

(OK

or

Not

OK)

Nam

e of

W

ater

poin

tN

ame

of

Dis

trict

Pum

p ha

nded

O

ver

To

(Pos

itio

n)

Cond

itio

n of

Bo

reho

le

App

ertm

ents

Cover bolt

Axle, washer, nut, check nut

Handle

Inspection Cover

Chain bolt & nut

Chain

Chain coupling

Guide bush

Connecting rod check nut

Head Assembly

Water tank Assembly

Spout

Bolt, nut, washer & chain nut

Stand assembly

Pump base (concrete)

Riser Pipe

Connecting rods

Rod centraliser

Plunger rod

Reducer cap (a)

Reducer cap (b)

Cylinder body

Piston seals

Valve seating

Foot Valve

No. of Raisng Pipes

Sockaway pit

Appron

Drainage lineKa

bam

ba

RHC

Sere

nje

17-J

ul-1

2M

wil

a Va

lent

ine

(FPP

)ok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

okok

not

okno

t ok

-ok

okok

not

okok

okok

9no

t ok

okok

One

Ris

er p

ipe

was

cor

rode

d an

d al

l w

ere

rust

y. C

onne

ctin

g ro

ds a

nd

cyli

nder

bod

y w

ere

rust

y. S

oaka

way

pi

t is

not w

ell m

aint

aine

d.

Sund

ay

Nte

mbw

eSe

renj

e18

-Jul

-12

Mw

ila

Vale

ntin

e (D

FPP)

okok

okok

okok

ok-

okok

okok

okok

okno

t ok

not

ok-

okok

okok

okok

ok6

not

okok

okRi

ser

pipe

s an

d Co

nnec

ting

rods

w

ere

rust

y. S

oaka

way

pit

is n

ot

cons

truc

ted

Mul

emu

basi

c sc

hool

Lufw

anya

ma

19-J

ul-1

2Is

abel

Ba

nda

(W&

S O

fcr)

okok

okok

okok

ok-

okok

okok

okok

okno

t ok

not

ok-

okok

okok

okok

ok9

not

okok

okRi

ser

pipe

s an

d Co

nnec

ting

rods

w

ere

rust

y. S

oaka

way

pit

is n

ot

cons

truc

ted

Fila

ndo

Lufw

anya

ma

20-J

ul-1

2Is

abel

Ba

nda

(W&

S O

fcr)

okok

okok

okok

ok-

okok

okok

okok

okno

t ok

not

ok-

okok

okno

t ok

okok

ok7

not

okok

not

ok

Rise

r pi

pes,

Con

nect

ing

rods

and

Cy

lind

er b

ody

wer

e ru

sted

. Dra

inag

e is

cra

cked

and

soa

kaw

ay p

it is

not

co

nstr

ucte

d

Lom

bany

aLu

fwan

yam

a21

-Jul

-12

Isab

el

Band

a (W

&S

Ofc

r)ok

okok

okok

okok

-ok

okok

okok

okok

not

okno

t ok

-ok

okok

okok

okok

8no

t ok

okok

Rise

r pi

pes

and

Conn

ecti

ng ro

ds

wer

e ru

sty.

Soa

kaw

ay p

it is

not

co

nstr

ucte

d

Kabu

lam

ema

Orp

hana

geKa

bom

po23

-Jul

-12

Osc

ar

Saph

iliny

a (A

sst

Dire

ctor

of

Wor

ks)

okok

okok

okok

ok-

okok

okok

okok

okok

ok-

okok

okok

okok

ok10

okok

okRi

ser

pipe

s an

d Co

nnec

ting

rods

w

ere

mad

e of

sta

inle

ss s

teel

. So

akaw

ay p

it is

not

con

stru

cted

Kabu

lam

ema

Orp

hana

geKa

bom

po24

-Jul

-12

Tito

Roc

ky

Mil

wey

i (D

FFP)

okok

okok

okok

ok-

okok

Not o

kok

okok

okno

t ok

not

ok-

okok

okok

okok

ok5

not

okok

okW

ater

Tan

k as

sem

bly,

Ris

er p

ipes

an

d Co

nnec

ting

rods

wer

e ru

sty.

So

akaw

ay p

it is

not

con

stru

cted

Likw

ava

Kabo

mpo

25-J

ul-1

2Ti

to R

ocky

M

ilw

eyi

(DFF

P)ok

okok

okok

okok

-ok

okok

okok

okno

t ok

okok

-ok

okok

Not

ok

okok

ok5

not

okok

okRi

ser

pipe

s, C

ylin

der b

ody

and

Conn

ecti

ng r

ods

wer

e ru

sty.

So

akaw

ay p

it is

not

con

stru

cted

Sung

amoy

oKa

piri

-Mpo

shi

27-J

ul-1

2Lo

vem

ore

Tem

bo

(DFF

P)ok

okok

okok

okok

-ok

okok

okok

okno

t ok

okok

-ok

okok

Not

ok

okok

ok11

not

okok

okSo

akaw

ay p

it is

not

con

stru

cted

Fwab

iKa

piri

-Mpo

shi

28-J

ul-1

2Lo

vem

ore

Tem

bo

(DFF

P)ok

okok

okok

okok

-ok

okok

okok

okno

t ok

okok

-ok

okok

Not

ok

okok

ok13

not

okok

okTh

ree

Rise

r pi

pes

wer

e ru

sty.

So

akaw

ay p

it is

not

con

stru

cted

Com

men

ts /

Def

ects

Obs

erve

d

Dat

e of

H

ando

ver

to

Dist

rict

Cou

ncil

(dd-

mm

m-y

y)

Cond

itio

n of

Indi

a M

ark

II To

p Pa

rts

(OK

or N

ot O

K)Co

ndit

ion

of In

dia

Mar

k II

Bott

om P

arts

(OK

or

Not

OK)

Nam

e of

W

ater

poin

tN

ame

of

Dis

tric

t

Pum

p ha

nded

O

ver

To

(Pos

ition

)

Cond

itio

n of

Bo

reho

le

Appe

rtm

ents

Sligthly corroded (Air lift for approx. 4 hours)

Prepartion of chlorine in a backet for desinfection Put chlorine into the boreholeof the borehole

Dismantling the existing India Mark-II handpump Condition of removed riser pipe. Pinhole caused by corrosion (India Mark-II)

Removed connecting rod from India Mark-II Borehole cleaning by Air-lift

Annex-5 Photographs of the Field Work

SECOND FIELD WORK (Borehole Cleaning and Replacement of Handpump)

Equipment for borehole cleaning Water Quality Analysis: Field kit for IronCompressor and other tools Water with Iron more than 10mg/l

Stainless Steel connecting rods There is no indication of corrosion

Steel made connecting rod were installed After re-assemblying all the Afridev handpump

(2012/December) the facilitiy were tested and handover to villagers.

Water quality analysis after installation of Afridev pump Test operation and removal of chlorine before(Iron contents is almost <0.2mg/l) handover to the community

THIRD FIELD WORK (Monitoring and replacement of Connecting Rod to GI made)

Open the pump head cover to remove the Removed Stainless Steel connecting rods.

Installation of Afridev hand pump Installation of Afridev hand pumpPVC made riser pipe PVC riser pipe and Stainless Steel Rod

Sligthly corroded (Air lift for approx. 4 hours)

Prepartion of chlorine in a backet for desinfection Put chlorine into the boreholeof the borehole

Dismantling the existing India Mark-II handpump Condition of removed riser pipe. Pinhole caused by corrosion (India Mark-II)

Removed connecting rod from India Mark-II Borehole cleaning by Air-lift

Annex-5 Photographs of the Field Work

SECOND FIELD WORK (Borehole Cleaning and Replacement of Handpump)

Equipment for borehole cleaning Water Quality Analysis: Field kit for IronCompressor and other tools Water with Iron more than 10mg/l

Stainless Steel connecting rods There is no indication of corrosion

Steel made connecting rod were installed After re-assemblying all the Afridev handpump

(2012/December) the facilitiy were tested and handover to villagers.

Water quality analysis after installation of Afridev pump Test operation and removal of chlorine before(Iron contents is almost <0.2mg/l) handover to the community

THIRD FIELD WORK (Monitoring and replacement of Connecting Rod to GI made)

Open the pump head cover to remove the Removed Stainless Steel connecting rods.

Installation of Afridev hand pump Installation of Afridev hand pumpPVC made riser pipe PVC riser pipe and Stainless Steel Rod