on the move edexcel gce geography as unit 1 update powerpoint presentation with notes january 2011
TRANSCRIPT
ON THE MOVEEdexcel GCE Geography AS Unit 1 update
PowerPoint presentation with notesJanuary 2011
On the Move: changing EU migration trends
• On the Move: changing EU migration trends
• Compulsory case study: eastern EU to the UK
• Compulsory case study: UK to Mediterranean
• The wider context: migration into Europe
• Answering exam questions on migration
PowerPoint outline
On the Move: changing EU migration trends
Specification content
Enquiry question: How is migration changing the face of the EU?
What students need to learn Suggested teaching
Key movements within Europe include:A study of post-accession labour flows from eastern Europe.A case study of retirement flows to Mediterranean locations.
Researching and explaining the movements of Polish and other workers to the UK, and Britons retiring to Spain.
Key migrations into Europe at an international scale, contrasting recent and earlier post-colonial flows.
Developing an awareness of the cultural-economic linkages between European countries and the wider world.
The economic, social, environmental and political consequences of these movements and the issues and reactions they create.
Weighing up the consequences such as nationalism, culture, religion, citizenship and policy.
On the Move: changing EU migration trends
The eastern EU nations have been
source regions for migration since 2004The UK and
Mediterranean coastline
countries are host nations
for EU migration
Compulsory case study: eastern EU to the UK
• The EU post-accession migration turned into the largest
mass migration to the UK in its history.
• April 2004 – Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Lithuania,
Latvia, Hungary and Czech Republic joined the EU.
• Since then, Bulgaria and Romania have also joined.
• This is a diffuse migration, with migrants travelling to
peripheral parts of the UK, not just urban core areas.
Background
Compulsory case study: eastern EU to the UK
Recent trends (1)
Immigration fell in the 3rd and 4th quarters of 2008 when the global credit
crunch hit the UK economy
Combined with rising return
migration (due to fewer jobs), this meant a
net loss at the end of 2009
Compulsory case study: eastern EU to the UK
• There were 1.4 million eastern European migrants living in
the UK at the start of 2008.
• As many as half of these A8 migrants have since returned
home, leaving perhaps only 700,000 in the UK.
• Improved conditions in Poland pull many home – while the
poor economic prospects of the UK are now a push factor.
• Migration rules are due to be relaxed in Germany which may
attract more eastern Europeans currently living in the UK.
Recent trends (2)
Compulsory case study: eastern EU to the UK
Economic impacts (UK)
Compulsory case study: eastern EU to the UK
Economic impacts (UK)
Compulsory case study: eastern EU to the UK
Demographic impacts (UK)
Migration looks set to be the
largest growth factor for the UK in the next
25 years
Natural increase is also higher than it used to be -
because many EU migrants are of child-bearing age and have a
high fertility rate
Compulsory case study: UK to Mediterranean
Background
Three large countries with a Mediterranean
coastline – they are all host nations
for high numbers of “sun-seeker”
migrants
Compulsory case study: UK to Mediterranean
• Spain has been badly affected by the global economic turndown.
• Millions of properties are unsold and values have crashed.
• Changing exchange rates have meant that the Pound now buys fewer Euros than ten years ago.
• As a result, the Mediterranean has become a slightly less attractive destination for retiring Brits.
Recent trends
The wider context: migration into Europe
• Increasingly common request by Year 12 students
• Centre driven policy• The GCSE specification
was written with these students in mind
Background
This graph gives an indication of who comes to the UK
and whether they work or are
studying e.g. 80% of Australian
migrants were working in 2010
Look at how much change is non-EU in origin (light blue-grey colour) - many are students
The wider context: migration into Europe
• Continuous migration has occurred into western Europe and more specifically the UK since 1945. This has generated a multi-ethnic society.
• Often this is post-colonial migration: in the UK, migrants came from ex-colonies that included India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and parts of the Caribbean.
• In the UK, many young people today describe themselves as being “British Asian” – their identity is partly rooted in Europe, but partly in Asia too.
• But recently, politicians have questioned the level of integration of ethnic minority communities such as some Asian communities in UK cities like Bradford, Leeds and Leicester, as well as many London Boroughs.
• .
Multicultural challenge (1)
MP Jack Straw says such clothing, as worn by a
minority of Muslim women, is a "visible
statement of separation and of difference" in the
UK.
He asks women visiting his office to consider
removing it
"I started wearing a hijab properly about 15
years ago. I've worked in social work for over 20
years. Wearing the hijab is part of my identity. I like looking smart, I like
looking good.”
Saleha Islam is head of London-based NSPCC Asian Child Protection
Helpline
The wider context: migration into Europe
Multicultural challenge (2)
“The hijab is part of a spiritual journey. You try and wear clothes which are part and parcel of your spiritual life."
Sarah Joseph is the London Editor of Emel,
the Muslim lifestyle magazine and is a hijab
wearer
Clothing worn by a minority of British Muslim women sometimes
includes the hijab (a headscarf that covers the head and neck) and the
niqab (a face veil)
The wider context: migration into Europe
The last Labour government phased in a point system between 2008 and 2010, designed to help control immigration by checking that economic migrants possess the skills that the UK economy actually is short of, and needs.
• Tier 1 - Highly skilled individuals• Tier 2 - Skilled workers with a firm job offer, needed to fill
specific gaps in the United Kingdom workforce • Tier 3 - Low-skilled workers fill temporary labour shortages • Tier 4 - Students • Tier 5 - Temporary workers who are allowed to work in the
United Kingdom for a limited period of time
Political reaction (1)
The wider context: migration into Europe
• The new (2010) coalition government announced it would be “tough” on migration by cutting net migration to below 100,000.
• But it ran into trouble when business leaders announced that a cap on visas for skilled workers – set at 24,100 – was not enough.
• Business bosses think that this will threaten the UK’s role as a global hub – and Indian, Chinese and Brazilian TNCs will be unimpressed that they cannot transfer more staff to the UK.
• It is becoming harder for government to look tough on migration because fewer Brits are leaving due to the weak pound and fewer opportunities overseas due to the global recession. This means that net migration figure may rise even if fewer immigrants arrive!
Political reaction (2)
The wider context: migration into Europe
• Foreigners with a student visa are the largest group of migrants that enter the UK each year.
• Universities rely heavily on the high fees paid by foreign students.
• Higher tuition fees for UK home students may reduce this dependency in future years.
The student issue (1)
The wider context: migration into Europe
The student issue (2)
Nearly one third of this
university's income comes from fees paid
by non-EU students
Answering examination questions on migration May 2010
This is a good Section A response that would score full marks: it uses
precise examples and answers directly using clear language
Answering examination questions on migration Jan 2010
Now try to attempt part (a) for homework
using Figure 10 and some of the
information contained in
this presentation
• Figures (c) Financial Times• Photographs (c) sean_the_postman & S. Oakes