on the edge? defensive strategies for roof perimeters

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters

Wilma Leung

Williams Engineering Canada

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters

Roof OverhangsRoof Overhangs Roof ParapetsRoof Parapets Environmental Barriers Environmental Barriers

at Roof Perimetersat Roof Perimeters Changes in Changes in

Environmental Loads Environmental Loads on Roof Perimeterson Roof Perimeters

An Integrative Design An Integrative Design ProcessProcess

OutlineOutlinePhoto Credit: Gord RajewskiPhoto Credit: Gord Rajewski


CantileveredCantilevered AppendagesAppendages Inconvenient DetailsInconvenient Details No Man’s Land ?No Man’s Land ? Confluence of Confluence of

Contradiction ?Contradiction ?

Roof Perimeters: Overhangs & ParapetsRoof Perimeters: Overhangs & Parapets

Photo Credit: Gord RajewskiPhoto Credit: Gord Rajewski


Frontline DefenseFrontline Defense Wind DamageWind Damage Snow DamageSnow Damage Ice DamageIce Damage

Deflect Rain & SnowDeflect Rain & Snow Control Solar RadiationControl Solar Radiation Support Support

GuttersGutters Walls Walls Slabs Slabs

ProtectProtect PeoplePeople Walls & OpeningsWalls & Openings Ground & FoundationGround & Foundation

Roof Perimeters: Overhangs & ParapetsRoof Perimeters: Overhangs & Parapets


Discipline-based Design Discipline-based Design PerspectivesPerspectives Overlaid ?Overlaid ? Optimized ? Optimized ?

Critical Early Stages of Critical Early Stages of Building DesignBuilding Design

IntegrateIntegrate Rain, Snow, IceRain, Snow, Ice Fire, Wind, DrainageFire, Wind, Drainage Durability, AirtightnessDurability, Airtightness Thermal SeparationThermal Separation Structural StabilityStructural Stability Environmental ChangesEnvironmental Changes

Roof Perimeters: Multidisciplinary Roof Perimeters: Multidisciplinary


Discipline-based Design Discipline-based Design PerspectivesPerspectives Overlaid ?Overlaid ? Optimized ? Optimized ?

Critical Early Stages of Critical Early Stages of Building DesignBuilding Design

IntegrateIntegrate Rain, Snow, IceRain, Snow, Ice Fire, Wind, DrainageFire, Wind, Drainage Durability, AirtightnessDurability, Airtightness Thermal SeparationThermal Separation Structural StabilityStructural Stability Environmental ChangesEnvironmental Changes

Roof Perimeters: Multidisciplinary Roof Perimeters: Multidisciplinary

“ “ If all you have is a If all you have is a

hammer, everything hammer, everything

looks like a nail.” looks like a nail.”

– – English ProverbEnglish Proverb


Vernacular & UniversalVernacular & Universal Control Indoor ClimateControl Indoor Climate Passive Solar StrategiesPassive Solar Strategies Protect from WetnessProtect from Wetness Evolved to incorporateEvolved to incorporate

Vented SoffitsVented Soffits Gutters Gutters

Roof OverhangsRoof Overhangs


Wildfire VulnerabilityWildfire Vulnerability Flame ImpingementFlame Impingement Ember ExposureEmber Exposure

Wildfire MitigationWildfire Mitigation Narrower OverhangsNarrower Overhangs Fewer JointsFewer Joints Screened Soffit VentsScreened Soffit Vents Choice of MaterialChoice of Material Removal of PlantsRemoval of Plants

Roof Overhangs: Potential ConflictsRoof Overhangs: Potential Conflicts

High Wind & Coastal AreasHigh Wind & Coastal Areas Intensified Wind SpeedsIntensified Wind Speeds Wind-driven RainWind-driven Rain Accelerated WeatheringAccelerated Weathering

Wind MitigationWind Mitigation Narrower OverhangsNarrower Overhangs


No Moisture ExhaustsNo Moisture Exhausts BoilersBoilers DryersDryers KitchensKitchens Bathrooms Bathrooms

Aggravated DamageAggravated Damage Moisture to AtticsMoisture to Attics Rapid Freeze-Thaw Rapid Freeze-Thaw

CyclingCycling Porous Material: Wood, Porous Material: Wood,

Stucco, Concrete, PaintStucco, Concrete, Paint Mildly Acidic EmissionsMildly Acidic Emissions Neighboring BuildingsNeighboring Buildings

Roof Overhangs: No Exhausts BelowRoof Overhangs: No Exhausts Below


Seldom Professionally Seldom Professionally DesignedDesigned

High Risk Impromptu High Risk Impromptu Gutter InstallationsGutter Installations On Eaves with No OverhangsOn Eaves with No Overhangs For Low-slope RoofsFor Low-slope Roofs Mounted on Walls & Mounted on Walls &

ParapetsParapets Ends butting against a Wall Ends butting against a Wall

or a Sloped Roof Underneathor a Sloped Roof Underneath Inadequate First DefenseInadequate First Defense

Flow ConcentrationFlow Concentration Wind UpliftWind Uplift

Roof Overhangs: EavestroughsRoof Overhangs: Eavestroughs


Gutters for Colder RegionsGutters for Colder Regions Overhang 12” with Drip Overhang 12” with Drip

Flashing; OrFlashing; Or Roof Edge Made Roof Edge Made

WaterproofedWaterproofed Lower Gutter Position on Lower Gutter Position on

FasciaFascia Avoid Damming of Ice or Avoid Damming of Ice or

SnowSnow Avoid Being Damaged by Ice Avoid Being Damaged by Ice

or Snowor Snow

Roof Overhangs: EavestroughsRoof Overhangs: Eavestroughs


Assessing HazardsAssessing Hazards Icicles Icicles Snow CornicesSnow Cornices Overhead CablesOverhead Cables Plumbing VentsPlumbing Vents

Gable Overhangs:Gable Overhangs: Safe Zone for Entrances, Safe Zone for Entrances,

Parking, Prized Plants …Parking, Prized Plants …Note: Slanted Gables are Note: Slanted Gables are

more similar to Eaves.more similar to Eaves.

Eave Overhangs: Falling Ice & SnowEave Overhangs: Falling Ice & Snow


Temporary FixTemporary Fix ““Beware of Falling Ice”Beware of Falling Ice” Heat Trace mayHeat Trace may

Create Path for Water Create Path for Water to Drainto Drain

Create More IciclesCreate More Icicles

MitigationMitigation Reduce Freeze-Thaw Reduce Freeze-Thaw

FactorsFactors Reduce Heat Loss into Reduce Heat Loss into

Attic, and onto RoofAttic, and onto Roof ““Cold Roof” StrategyCold Roof” Strategy

Eave Overhangs: Falling Ice & SnowEave Overhangs: Falling Ice & Snow



Prerequisites for Cold Prerequisites for Cold RoofsRoofs Well-insulated CeilingWell-insulated Ceiling Airtight Ceiling Airtight Ceiling

1 ½” - 5” High Air Space1 ½” - 5” High Air Space Eave Air Inlets to AvoidEave Air Inlets to Avoid

Warm Air SourcesWarm Air Sources Air Exhausts & Entrance Air Exhausts & Entrance

Doors Doors Façade with High Solar Façade with High Solar

Absorption MaterialAbsorption Material Stack EffectsStack Effects

Protects Roof in WinterProtects Roof in Winter Saves $ in SummerSaves $ in Summer

Eave Overhangs: Air Inlets for “Cold Roofs”Eave Overhangs: Air Inlets for “Cold Roofs”


Historically Promoted to Historically Promoted to Displace Wood OverhangsDisplace Wood Overhangs For Fire Protection BenefitsFor Fire Protection Benefits

Fire Resistant Unreinforced Fire Resistant Unreinforced Masonry Parapets Masonry Parapets Hazard for FirefightersHazard for Firefighters Hazard during EarthquakesHazard during Earthquakes

Main Functions Today Main Functions Today Proper Installation of Roof Proper Installation of Roof

Membranes and FlashingsMembranes and Flashings Protect Roof Assemblies Protect Roof Assemblies

from Wind Uplift, esp. at from Wind Uplift, esp. at Roof PerimetersRoof Perimeters

Guardrail, increasinglyGuardrail, increasingly

Roof ParapetsRoof Parapets


Parapets Higher than 1 m Parapets Higher than 1 m Significantly Reduce Significantly Reduce Wind Uplift on Flat RoofsWind Uplift on Flat Roofs Both Low- & High-RiseBoth Low- & High-Rise Esp. near Roof PerimetersEsp. near Roof Perimeters Marginal for Corner Marginal for Corner

Regions of Low-RiseRegions of Low-Rise Lower ParapetsLower Parapets

Significantly Increase Significantly Increase Local High Uplift Local High Uplift Pressures near Roof Pressures near Roof CornersCorners

Roof Parapets: Reducing Wind UpliftRoof Parapets: Reducing Wind Uplift



Scuppers up to 1 m Wide Scuppers up to 1 m Wide Installed near Roof Corners Installed near Roof Corners Effective for Corner Regions Effective for Corner Regions

of High-Riseof High-Rise

Short Section of Open Short Section of Open Guardrail in lieu of Parapet Guardrail in lieu of Parapet Effective for Corner RegionsEffective for Corner Regions

Low Parapets, based on Low Parapets, based on Wind Exposure & Design Wind Exposure & Design Wind SpeedWind Speed Can Prevent Blow-off of Roof Can Prevent Blow-off of Roof

Aggregate of Prescribed SizesAggregate of Prescribed Sizes

Roof Parapets: Reducing Wind UpliftRoof Parapets: Reducing Wind Uplift


Waterproofed Parapet Waterproofed Parapet of Adequate Height to of Adequate Height to Prevent Liabilities fromPrevent Liabilities from Drainage BlockageDrainage Blockage Roof OverflowRoof Overflow Melting of Drift IceMelting of Drift Ice

Roof Parapets: Adjoining BuildingRoof Parapets: Adjoining Building


Proper Installation of Roof Proper Installation of Roof Membranes and FlashingsMembranes and Flashings

Reduce Roof PenetrationsReduce Roof Penetrations Piping & Wiring to Emerge from Piping & Wiring to Emerge from

ParapetsParapets Provide Support to Roof GrillageProvide Support to Roof Grillage

Protect & Enable Sustainability Protect & Enable Sustainability Roof ServicesRoof Services Green Roofs Green Roofs

FM Global Property Loss FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheet 1-35Prevention Data Sheet 1-35

Height, Scupper, VegetationHeight, Scupper, Vegetation Biophilic / Food GardensBiophilic / Food Gardens Solar ArraysSolar Arrays

Roof Parapets: Multi-TaskingRoof Parapets: Multi-Tasking


Effectively ReduceEffectively Reduce Wall WettingWall Wetting Water InfiltrationWater Infiltration Staining on CladdingStaining on Cladding Damage to MasonryDamage to Masonry

Uncapped Concrete / Uncapped Concrete / Masonry Copings Masonry Copings Lack WaterproofingLack Waterproofing Exposed to Extremes of Exposed to Extremes of

Moistures & TemperatureMoistures & Temperature Slanted ParapetsSlanted Parapets

No Drip EdgesNo Drip Edges More StainingMore Staining

Roof Parapets: Cap Flashings & CopingsRoof Parapets: Cap Flashings & Copings


High Wind Damage High Wind Damage Initiated at Roof EdgesInitiated at Roof Edges Starting with Lifting of Cap Starting with Lifting of Cap

FlashingsFlashings Membrane DislodgementMembrane Dislodgement Flying DebrisFlying Debris Punctures & TearsPunctures & Tears

Vortex SuppressionVortex Suppression Innovative Aerodynamic Innovative Aerodynamic

Roof Edge DevicesRoof Edge Devices Minimize Vortex UpliftsMinimize Vortex Uplifts Under Full-Scale TestingUnder Full-Scale Testing Double Damage ThresholdDouble Damage Threshold Cost-EffectiveCost-Effective

Roof Parapets: Protecting Cap FlashingsRoof Parapets: Protecting Cap Flashings

Photo retrieved from http://www.professionalroofing.net Photo retrieved from http://www.professionalroofing.net


Durable ContinuityDurable Continuity Connects Exterior Walls Connects Exterior Walls

with Roof Assemblieswith Roof Assemblies Air BarrierAir Barrier Vapor BarrierVapor Barrier Weather BarrierWeather Barrier Thermal BarrierThermal Barrier

Intersection Intersection Avoidable StressesAvoidable Stresses

Thermal BridgingThermal Bridging Air LeakageAir Leakage

Roof Perimeters: Environment BarriersRoof Perimeters: Environment Barriers


Avoidable StressesAvoidable Stresses Thermal BridgingThermal Bridging Air LeakageAir Leakage

Brick Veneer ParapetBrick Veneer Parapet Freeze-Thaw Cycling Freeze-Thaw Cycling

Accelerates DeteriorationAccelerates Deterioration Worsened by Coping withWorsened by Coping with

Inadequate Inadequate WaterproofingWaterproofing

No Cross SlopeNo Cross Slope No Drip EdgeNo Drip Edge Hence Water Absorption Hence Water Absorption

& Freeze-Thaw Damage& Freeze-Thaw Damage

Roof Perimeters: Environment BarriersRoof Perimeters: Environment Barriers


The Source of Moisture The Source of Moisture Issues in Steel/Wood Issues in Steel/Wood BuildingsBuildings Improper Detailing e.g. Improper Detailing e.g.

Balloon FramingBalloon Framing Design Not Ready for Design Not Ready for

ConstructionConstruction Frost in AtticsFrost in Attics Ice-Damming Ice-Damming Efflorescence Efflorescence Spalling of Brick/MortarSpalling of Brick/Mortar Metal CorrosionMetal Corrosion

Allow to Dry OutAllow to Dry Out Durable MaterialDurable Material

Roof Perimeters: Air LeakageRoof Perimeters: Air Leakage



Protected from Severe Protected from Severe Thermal CyclingThermal Cycling

Prefer Placing Air Barrier Prefer Placing Air Barrier within Insulation or on within Insulation or on Steady Temperature Side of Steady Temperature Side of Insulation (if compatible with Insulation (if compatible with air permeance of material)air permeance of material)

Air Barrier at Roof Deck Level Air Barrier at Roof Deck Level for Curtain Wall Panelsfor Curtain Wall Panels

Structurally Supported to Structurally Supported to Withstand Stack EffectsWithstand Stack Effects

Roof Perimeters: Durable Air BarrierRoof Perimeters: Durable Air Barrier



Structural Designers Can Structural Designers Can Significantly Reduce Significantly Reduce Energy Consumption of Energy Consumption of BuildingsBuildings

Reduce Heat LossReduce Heat Loss Reduce Condensation on Reduce Condensation on

Interior Cold SpotsInterior Cold Spots Prevent MildewsPrevent Mildews Reduce Radiant Heat LossReduce Radiant Heat Loss

Raised Heel TrussesRaised Heel Trusses Provide Space for InsulationProvide Space for Insulation

Roof Perimeters: Thermal BridgingRoof Perimeters: Thermal Bridging


Reducing Thermal BridgingReducing Thermal Bridging Reduce Frequency of Penetration Reduce Frequency of Penetration

by Conductive Materialby Conductive Material Strengthen Structure Outside of Strengthen Structure Outside of

Insulation and Air BarrierInsulation and Air Barrier Reduce Need to Transfer Loading Reduce Need to Transfer Loading

Across Insulation and Air BarrierAcross Insulation and Air Barrier Use Lower Conductive Material Use Lower Conductive Material

FiberglassFiberglass Foam-glassFoam-glass High Strength FoamHigh Strength Foam Use Wood / Stainless Steel instead of Use Wood / Stainless Steel instead of

Carbon Steel when Structure Carbon Steel when Structure Penetrates Insulation or Air BarrierPenetrates Insulation or Air Barrier

Separating Separating Tempered Structural Core & FrameTempered Structural Core & Frame Exposed Structural Fins & ShellsExposed Structural Fins & Shells

Roof Perimeters: Thermal BridgingRoof Perimeters: Thermal Bridging



Intermittent Connections, Intermittent Connections, Not Continuous Not Continuous

R R Stainless Steel Stainless Steel = 3 = 3 x x R R Carbon SteelCarbon Steel

R R Stainless Steel Stainless Steel = 12 = 12 xx R R AluminumAluminum

R R Wood Wood = 400 = 400 xx R R Carbon SteelCarbon Steel

Structural StabilityStructural Stability Capacity for Lateral Capacity for Lateral

ResistanceResistance

Roof Perimeters: Possible ConfigurationsRoof Perimeters: Possible Configurations


Roof Perimeters: Possible ConfigurationsRoof Perimeters: Possible Configurations


Design based on Historical Climate DataDesign based on Historical Climate Data Will Past Extremes Represent Future Conditions ?Will Past Extremes Represent Future Conditions ? Currently Projected ChangesCurrently Projected Changes

More Intense PrecipitationMore Intense Precipitation Increased Summer DryingIncreased Summer Drying Intensified Peak WindsIntensified Peak Winds

Higher Frequency of Damage Thresholds Being Higher Frequency of Damage Thresholds Being ExceededExceeded

Roof Perimeters Critical in Roof Perimeters Critical in Protecting Roofs & Walls Against Wind & Storm EventsProtecting Roofs & Walls Against Wind & Storm Events Mitigating Wildfire & Earthquake DamagesMitigating Wildfire & Earthquake Damages

Roof Perimeters: Changing Environmental LoadsRoof Perimeters: Changing Environmental Loads


If Building Envelope Fails If Building Envelope Fails During a StormDuring a Storm

Damage to Contents Likely 2 to 9 Damage to Contents Likely 2 to 9 times Building Repair Costtimes Building Repair Cost

Disasters Trigger Sequence Disasters Trigger Sequence of Financial Events for of Financial Events for Insurers & Reinsurers Insurers & Reinsurers Supply of Reinsurance May Supply of Reinsurance May

DwindleDwindle



2 Main Concerns for Building Envelope2 Main Concerns for Building EnvelopeDurability of Building Envelope Fabric to Weather Durability of Building Envelope Fabric to Weather Additional Environmental StressesAdditional Environmental Stresses

More Frequent Freeze-Thaw Cycles in Colder RegionsMore Frequent Freeze-Thaw Cycles in Colder Regions Potentially Increased Atmospheric Chemical DepositionPotentially Increased Atmospheric Chemical Deposition Initially Increasing UV LevelsInitially Increasing UV Levels Changes to Precipitation RegimesChanges to Precipitation Regimes

Impact of Weathering Over Time on Building Impact of Weathering Over Time on Building Envelope’s Envelope’s

DurabilityDurability Resilience to Extremes Resilience to Extremes

Increasingly Critical to Increasingly Critical to Resist WindResist Wind Prevent Moisture EntryPrevent Moisture Entry



Building Envelopes Adapt byBuilding Envelopes Adapt by Preventative MaintenancePreventative Maintenance Better Material Formulation Better Material Formulation Changes in Engineering PracticeChanges in Engineering Practice

More DurableMore Durable Greater ResilienceGreater Resilience

Parapets & Overhangs Parapets & Overhangs Increasingly Important inIncreasingly Important in Protecting Roof Equipment & Protecting Roof Equipment &

SurfacesSurfaces Prolonging Life of Vulnerable Prolonging Life of Vulnerable

Claddings, and hence Buildings Claddings, and hence Buildings Protecting Heritage Buildings Protecting Heritage Buildings

with Effective Water Shedding & with Effective Water Shedding & Waterproofing MeasuresWaterproofing Measures



Identify Performance NeedsIdentify Performance Needs Apply Building Science ThinkingApply Building Science Thinking Develop & Coordinate Design Develop & Coordinate Design

ConfigurationsConfigurations Integrating Performance NeedsIntegrating Performance Needs

Adequately Develop Adequately Develop Construction Details Construction Details

Meeting All Performance NeedsMeeting All Performance Needs

An Integrative Design Process An Integrative Design Process


Without Building Without Building Science Thinking At Science Thinking At Early Stages of DesignEarly Stages of Design Future Roof Perimeter Future Roof Perimeter

Issues can Expect to be Issues can Expect to be Challenging Challenging

Snap Decisions Leading Snap Decisions Leading to Increased Workload to Increased Workload and Expenses for and Expenses for Building Operations & Building Operations & MaintenanceMaintenance

Less Durable BuildingLess Durable Building Missed Prevention of Missed Prevention of

Hazards & NuisanceHazards & Nuisance

An Integrative Design ProcessAn Integrative Design Process



An Optimal, Cost-Effective, Safe An Optimal, Cost-Effective, Safe & Durable Design& Durable Design Unlikely Arrived at by ChanceUnlikely Arrived at by Chance Unlikely Guided Solely by Minimum Unlikely Guided Solely by Minimum

Code and Legal Requirements Code and Legal Requirements Maximizing Real Estate ValueMaximizing Real Estate Value

Range of Considerations Available to Range of Considerations Available to AssistAssist

Rising Real Estate Value of RoofsRising Real Estate Value of Roofs An Integrative Design ProcessAn Integrative Design Process

Highest Degree of Accountability for Highest Degree of Accountability for Holistic Property ValueHolistic Property Value

Begins with Owner’s Project Begins with Owner’s Project RequirementsRequirements

Verifications at Building’s Verifications at Building’s CommissioningCommissioning



An Expressive Atrium An Expressive Atrium Roof & Canopy Roof & Canopy

Largely Eliminated Largely Eliminated Nuisance of Rain, Snow Nuisance of Rain, Snow and Iceand Ice

Improved Usability of Improved Usability of Outdoor & Indoor Outdoor & Indoor SpaceSpace

Sheds Water & Snow Sheds Water & Snow onto Parapeted Roof of onto Parapeted Roof of CarportCarport



Building Science Thinking must be present at the early stages of Building Science Thinking must be present at the early stages of

building projects when geometries determining the performance building projects when geometries determining the performance

of roof perimeters would likely be defined.of roof perimeters would likely be defined.

ConclusionConclusion


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Thank You

Wilma Leung

Williams Engineering Canada
