ON PATHS LESS TRODDEN…

Excursions

in SAS/GRAPH®

and

PROC TABULATE

Presented by Aaron Rabushka

© Aaron Rabushka 2000

PART I:

PROC TABULATE

PROC TABULATE: GENERAL

• Powerful

• Tricky– has its own book:

• The SAS Guide to TABULATE

Processing

PROC TABULATE: GENERAL

• Often used as a big brother to PROC FREQ to display counts and sums that require more than two levels of nesting on a page

• Can aggregate any level of its elements’ detail – label formatting can help distinguish

aggregations of variables

PROC TABULATE:TYPES OF VARIABLES

Uses two kinds of variables:– classification variables

• CLASS statement

• can be either numeric or character variables

• can be grouped with a FORMAT statement

• default statistic is N

CODE EXAMPLE

PROC TABULATE DATA=HOLDOUT.AUDIT NOSEPS;

CLASS ZONE DAYNUM SYSID;

PROC TABULATE:TYPES OF VARIABLES

Uses two kinds of variables: – classification variables

• CLASS statement • can be either numeric or character variables

• can be grouped with a FORMAT statement • default statistic is N

– analysis variables• VAR statement

• must be numeric

• default statistic is SUM

CODE EXAMPLE

PROC TABULATE DATA=HOLDOUT.AUDIT NOSEPS;CLASS ZONE DAYNUM SYSID;

VAR CPUTIME EXCTIME;

PROC TABULATE:

INTERRELATING VARIABLES

• CONCATENATION– can concatenate variables and statistics to each

other in any dimension

• CROSSING (nesting)– reveals much of the power of PROC

TABULATE– can cross variables and statistics with each

other and also with formats

PROC TABULATE:DIMENSIONS OF DISPLAY

• Can aggregate and display the aggregations in three dimensions (in ascending order of necessity):– column– row– page

• Dimensional specifications are separated with commas and can be quite complex

CODE EXAMPLE

PROC TABULATE DATA=HOLDOUT.AUDIT;CLASS ZONE DAYNUM SYSID;VAR CPUTIME EXCTIME;

TABLES ZONE,DAYNUM*SYSID,N CPUTIME*SUM EXCTIME*SUM;

PROC TABULATE:DIMENSIONS OF DISPLAY

• Can aggregate in any dimension with ALL– can use labels to distinguish levels of

aggregation

CODE EXAMPLE

PROC TABULATE DATA=HOLDOUT.AUDIT NOSEPS;CLASS ZONE DAYNUM SYSID;VAR CPUTIME EXCTIME;

TABLES ZONE,(DAYNUM='DAY' ALL='ALL DAYS')*(SYSID ALL='ALL SYSTEMS'),N=‘NUMBER OF STEPS’*F=9. CPUTIME*SUM EXCTIME*SUM;

PROC TABULATE:DIMENSIONS OF DISPLAY

• Can aggregate in any dimension with ALL– can use labels to distinguish levels of

aggregation

• Can also group data over pages with a BY statement--works if there is no need to aggregate across BY groups

PROC TABULATE: AVAILABLE STATISTICS

• Can display many of the statistics available through PROC MEANS

• Percentages: PCTN (the percentage a cell comprises of a count) and PCTSUM (the percentage that a cell comprises of a sum)– it is IMPERATIVE and often tricky to use the

correct denominator! – wise to test on “easy” data before applying it to the

real data

CODE EXAMPLE

PROC TABULATE DATA=HOLDOUT.AUDIT;CLASS ZONE DAYNUM SYSID;VAR CPUTIME EXCTIME;

TABLES ZONE, (DAYNUM='DAY' ALL='ALL DAYS')*(SYSID ALL='ALL SYSTEMS'),N=‘NUMBER OF STEPS’*F=9.

PCTN<SYSID ALL> CPUTIME*(SUM PCTSUM<SYSID ALL>) EXCTIME*(SUM PCTSUM<SYSID ALL>);

PROC TABULATE:DOWNLOADING OUTPUT

• Transfer as text

• May help to eliminate cell separators with the NOSEPS and/or FORMCHAR – pro: this can make the output easier to work

with in a spreadsheet– con: this can make the output confusing to

interpret by obscuring inter-cell relationships

PROC TABULATE:LIMITATIONS

• Can consume large (perhaps excessive) amounts of CPU time

• Version 8 is the first to include an OUTput dataset

PART II:

SAS/GRAPH

SAS/GRAPH: OUTPUT

• Connects with output equipment using appropriate GOPTIONS and JCL

• Can print output directly from the mainframe or download to a PC and process with Adobe Acrobat®

• Can also output directly to Intranet/Internet

SAS/GRAPH: COORDINATES

SAS/GRAPH measures coordinates from the upper left corner of the page

SAS/GRAPH: TEXT

• Can control any text in the output– headings

– axes

– footnotes

– annotations

• Can control many aspects of text in the output– font

– color

– weight

– slant

SAS/GRAPH: ANNOTATIONS

• Add text to the outputs from SAS/GRAPH PROCs

• Stored in a SAS dataset that includes – text of the annotation – a value to link it to the input for the PROC– formatting information

SAS/GRAPH: COLORS

• Can control colors of many elements of output, including– text– figures– borders

• Realization is device-dependent--colors may show up differently on (e.g.,) monitors and printers

• SAS can assign a default sequence of colors, or programmers can select sequences that they want

SAS/GRAPH: COLORS

Can use several naming schemes:– SAS idiomatic color names

• eight pages of choices in the Version 6 manual

– RGB (RED/GREEN/BLUE) scheme– HLS (HUE/LIGHTNESS/SATURATION)

scheme– grey-scale scheme

SAS/GRAPH: PATTERNS

• SAS can assign a default sequence or programmers can determine a sequence

• Pattern designations other than SOLID and EMPTY depend on the direction and density of their lines and sometimes on the type of output

CODE EXAMPLE

* ASSIGN SOME PATTERNS AND COLORS;* SOLID FILLS: ;PATTERN1 VALUE=SOLID COLOR=PAB;PATTERN2 VALUE=SOLID COLOR=BLUE;PATTERN3 VALUE=SOLID COLOR=GREEN;* SLANTED LINES: ;PATTERN4 VALUE=L2 COLOR=DER;* CROSS-HATCHING: ;PATTERN5 VALUE=X4 COLOR=ORANGE;

SAS/GRAPH: AXES

• Can create individual definitions of axes, then assign them in SAS/GRAPH PROCs

• Similar to creating SAS TITLEs• Can assign attributes including length, scale,

color, tick-markings, and attributes of text• Vertical or horizontal status is assigned in the

PROCs rather than the AXIS definitions

CODE EXAMPLE

* AXIS DEFINITIONS;AXIS1 LABEL=('MAINFRAME PRINTERS' HEIGHT=3) VALUE=(HEIGHT=1) ORDER='TPK' '3800' 'PRT' 'PAYR' 'STP' 'OTH';

AXIS2 ORDER=(O TO &MAXPAGES BY 20000) LABEL=(' ') VALUE=(HEIGHT=1);

SAS/GRAPH: LEGENDS

• SAS/GRAPH has its own legend facility

• Can also use FOOTNOTEs as legends– can string SPECIAL-font K’s (case-sensitive)

together to produce color bands

CODE EXAMPLE

FOOTNOTE1 HEIGHT=1 BOX=3FONT=SPECIAL COLOR=VIR 'KKK 'FONT=SWISSB COLOR=BLACK 'TOPEKA 'FONT=SPECIAL COLOR=MOR 'KKK 'FONT=SWISSB COLOR=BLACK '3800 'FONT=SPECIAL COLOR=GREEN 'KKK 'FONT=SWISSB COLOR=BLACK 'OTHER';

SAS/GRAPH: THE G-PREFIX

• All SAS/GRAPH PROCs begin with G-

• Requires a special set of SAS options--GOPTIONS

SAS/GRAPH: PROC GSLIDE

Great for text screens

SAS/GRAPH: PROC GSLIDE

Great for text screens– every element may need an observation in an

ANNOTATE dataset

CODE EXAMPLE

*BUILD AN ANNOTATION DATASET FOR A SLIDE: ;

DATA NOTES; SET ALLDAY;*OUTPUT THE DATE: ;X = 40; Y = 55 - (_N_ * 5);FUNCTION='LABEL'; COLOR = 'BLACK'; STYLE = 'SWISSB';TEXT=PUT(DATE,WORDDATE18.);OUTPUT;

CODE EXAMPLE (cntd.)

* OUTPUT THE NUMBER OF PAGES: ;X=90; Y=55 - (_N_ - 5); FUNCTION='LABEL';IF COUNT >= 100000 THEN COLOR='RED'; ELSE COLOR='GREEN';

STYLE='SWISSB'; TEXT=PUT(COUNT,COMMA9.);OUTPUT;

CODE EXAMPLE (cntd.)

* TEXT SLIDE FROM THE PRECEDING ANNOTATIONS: ;

PROC GSLIDE ANNOTATE=NOTES GOUT=PANELS;

TITLE1 HEIGHT=3 'PAGES PRINTED, BY DAY';

–SAS/GRAPH: PROC GSLIDE

• Great for text screens – every element may need an observation in an ANNOTATE dataset

– also generates some graphics of its own (e.g., bar charts)

SAS/GRAPH: PROC GCHART

Provides many standard graphing capabilities:– star charts– block charts– pie charts

SAS/GRAPH: PROC GCHART

Provides many standard graphing capabilities:– star charts– block charts– pie charts– bar charts

SAS/GRAPH: PROC GCHART

BAR CHARTS– horizontal bars (HBAR)

SAS/GRAPH: PROC GCHART

BAR CHARTS– horizontal bars (HBAR)– vertical bars (VBAR)

CODE EXAMPLEPROC GCHART DATA=PRINTOUT;VBAR DEVNAME /

ANNOTATE=LABELS SUMVAR=PAGES

PATTERNID=MIDPOINT

AUTOREF MAXIS=AXIS1 RAXIS=AXIS2 CFRAME=LIGR COUTLINE=DAPB;

TITLE1 "PAGES PRINTED BY DEVICE FROM &FMDATE TO &TODATE";

FOOTNOTE1…

SAS/GRAPH: PROC GCHART

BAR CHARTS– horizontal bars (HBAR)– vertical bars (VBAR)– can group bars with a GROUP statement and

stack them with a SUBGROUP statement

SAS/GRAPH: PROC GCHART

Interesting use of the term “midpoint” to mean “category”– not used in its strict mathematical sense to

mean the half-way point between the two ends of a quantitative continuum

– can be used for any value, grouped or elemental, of a numeric or character variable

SAS/GRAPH: PROC GPLOT

Cannot connect valuesin PROC

GCHART-- need to use GPLOT

SAS/GRAPH: PROC GPLOT

• Can use SAS’s default symbols, or programmers can select which to use

• Can assign SYMBOL definitions comparably to AXIS or TITLE definitions

• Can use some pre-defined SAS symbols (e.g., DOT, SQUARE, DIAMOND) or can use letters, including their analogues in SPECIAL and MARKER fonts

SAS/GRAPH: PROC GPLOT

Joining symbols: INTERPOLATION options

– no joining required

SAS/GRAPH: PROC GPLOT

Joining symbols: INTERPOLATION options

– no joining required– lines (straight lines)

SAS/GRAPH: PROC GPLOT

Joining symbols: INTERPOLATION options

– no joining required – lines (straight lines)

– splines (curved lines)– needles

• join symbols to the x-axis rather than to each other• can be made to look like bars on a bar graph

CODE EXAMPLESYMBOL1 VALUE=NONE WIDTH=90 INTERPOL=NEEDLE

COLOR=RED; SYMBOL2 VALUE=N HEIGHT=2 FONT=MARKER INTERPOL=JOIN

COLOR=ORANGE; SYMBOL3 VALUE=O HEIGHT=2 FONT=MARKER INTERPOL=JOIN

COLOR=VIR; SYMBOL4 VALUE=P HEIGHT=2 FONT=MARKER INTERPOL=JOIN

COLOR=MOR; PROC GPLOT DATA=TRNSDATE GOUT=PANELS;

PLOT (PRT STP TOP _3800)*ENDDATE / HAXIS=AXIS1 VAXIS=AXIS2 OVERLAY;

TITLE1…; TITLE2…; FOOTNOTE1…;

SAS/GRAPH: PROC GPLOT

Several plots on a single graph– OVERLAY option: several plots keyed to a

single set of axes– PLOT2 option: one or more plots keyed to the

same x-axis as the first set of plots and to a second y-axis printed on the graph’s right

SAS/GRAPH: PROC GREPLAY

Great for presenting output from several SAS/GRAPH procedures as panels on a single page

SAS/GRAPH: PROC GREPLAY

Use a template partly generated through PROC GSLIDE and assigned in PROC GREPLAY

SAS/GRAPH: PROC GREPLAY

Requires an internal (to the SAS job) catalog of output from preceding procedures– created by GOUT (graph output) clauses in

preceding procedures

CODE EXAMPLE

PROC GSLIDE GOUT=PANELS; TITLE1 HEIGHT=3 "THREE PANELS ON A PAGE"; RUN;

SAS/GRAPH: PROC GREPLAY

Requires an interior (to the SAS job) catalog of output from preceding procedures– created by GOUT (graph output) clauses in

preceding procedures– referenced in GREPLAY with the IGOUT

(input graph output catalog)

CODE EXAMPLE

PROC GSLIDE GOUT=PANELS; TITLE1 HEIGHT=3 "THREE PANELS ON A PAGE"; RUN; PROC GREPLAY IGOUT=PANELS TC=TEMPCAT NOFS;

SAS/GRAPH: PROC GREPLAY

Need to assign proper co-ordinates for each corner of each panel

CODE EXAMPLE (cntd.)

* DEFINE A TEMPLATE;

TDEF THREEPAN DES='THREE PANELS'

/* PANEL 1--UPPER HALF */ 1/ LLX=0 LLY=50 ULX=0 ULY=95 URX=100

URY=95 LRX=100 LRY=50

/* PANEL 2--LOWER LEFT */ 2/ LLX=0 LLY=0 ULX=0 ULY=50

URX=50 URY=50 LRX=50 LRY=0

/* PANEL 3--LOWER RIGHT */ 3/ LLX=50 LLY=0 ULX=50 ULY=50 URX=100 URY=50 LRX=100 LRY=0

/* PANEL 4--FOR FRAMING THE REST */ 4/ LLX=0 LLY=0 ULX=0 ULY=100 LRX=100 LRY=0 URX=100 URY=100;

CODE EXAMPLE (cntd.)

* ASSIGN THE PRECEEDING TEMPLATE FOR USE.; TEMPLATE=THREEPAN;

* REPLAY PRECEDING OUTPUT INTO THE TEMPLATE'S PANELS.;

TREPLAY 1:GSLIDE 2:GCHART 3:GCHART1 4:GSLIDE1;

OUTPUT EXAMPLES SCANNED

BY MAURA SCHREIER-FLEMING

QUESTIONS?