old world slavery - bowdoin collegeprael/239/l1.pdf · old world slavery • “old world...

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Old World Slavery “Old World Slavery” natal alienation belonging in vs. belonging to African diaspora Maghreb Sahara Desert sahel Nilotic Sudan rainforest Ghana Mali (Melle) Songrai (Songhay) TransSahara slave trade intercommunication zone

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Page 1: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •

Old World Slavery

• “Old World Slavery”• natal alienation• belonging in vs. belonging to• African diaspora• Maghreb• Sahara Desert• sahel• Nilotic Sudan• rainforest• Ghana• Mali (Melle)• Songrai (Songhay)• Trans‐Sahara slave trade• intercommunication zone

Page 2: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •
Page 3: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •
Page 4: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •
Page 5: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •
Page 6: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •
Page 7: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •
Page 8: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •
Page 9: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •
Page 10: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •
Page 11: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •
Page 12: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •
Page 13: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •
Page 14: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •
Page 15: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •
Page 16: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •
Page 17: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •
Page 18: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •
Page 19: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •
Page 20: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •
Page 21: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •
Page 22: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •
Page 23: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •

What is “slavery”?

• Phillip Curtin:  A slave is “a person over whom another person holds certain rights, which are, in turn, transferable to a third party in return for payment.”

Page 24: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •

Patterson’s definition of slavery

• "Slavery is the permanent, violent domination of natally alienated and generally dishonored persons.“

• Permanent• Violent domination• Natal alienation• Dishonor

• Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death

Page 25: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •

What is “slavery”?

• Natal alienation:  slaves are sundered from the networks of kin, society, and culture that give them meaning

• Social death:  slaves become “unpersons” –have no social meaning; become an extension of the will of the master

• A general definition applicable across time and space?

Page 26: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •

Meir and Kopytoff

• Western model of "slavery"– Slave = commodity to be bought, sold, inherited

– "Chattel" = something possessed as private property

– a completely separate and degraded "caste"

– antithesis of "slavery" is "freedom"

Page 27: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •

Meir and Kopytoff

• Problem for European observers– Was African slavery benign?  Were its slaves "happier"?

– "there clearly were persons in these societies who had been bought or captured . . . and subsequently incorporated on a basis different from those born into them. . . . [But] many of them seemed to live and work just as their so‐called masters did," etc. (5)

Page 28: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •

Meir and Kopytoff

• What is at stake?  – How we understand and present "African" slavery.  Did African enslave each other?  Does this exonerate European slave traders who merely purchased people already enslaved?  Does it still, if African slavery was benign?

Page 29: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •

Meir and Kopytoff

• "Rights in persons"– Social groups are "corporate bodies," lineage groups, clans.

– In a social system, obligations owed by people to each other, not necessarily equitably.

– (People can be important sources of wealth —more important than land.  People contribute to the material and spiritual wealth of a social group.  This is why it can be important to incorporate outsiders.)

– There are many ways to barter rights in persons, such as marriage, or the sale of pawns (slaves)

Page 30: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •

Belongs inBelongs to

Belonging in v. belonging to

incorporation

Page 31: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •

Meir and Kopytoff

• “While all social systems in the world can be analyzed in terms of such rights, Africa stands out par excellence in the legal precision, the multiplicity of detail and variation, and the degree of cultural explicitness in the handling of such rights” (11).

Page 32: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •

Meir and Kopytoff

• “to say that what makes a person a ‘slave’ is the fact that he is ‘property’ is to say, in effect:  ‘A slave is a person over whom certain (unspecified) rights are exercised.’ This does not tell us what rights are involved nor how they differ from the rights of a kin group over its ordinary members”(11).

Page 33: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •

Meir and Kopytoff

• “African societies were receptive to all opportunities for bringing outsiders into their midst as dependents and retainers” (14).

Page 34: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •

Meir and Kopytoff

• “an element of compulsion”• “the change was usually drastic and total” (14)• “temporary limbo”• “state of marginality”• “he has lost his old social identity and not yet acquired a new one”

• “simply not a person”• “problem of the slave as a resident ‘stranger’”• “including the stranger while continuing to treat him as a stranger” (15)

Page 35: old world slavery - Bowdoin Collegeprael/239/L1.pdf · Old World Slavery • “Old World Slavery” • natal alienation • belonging in vs. belonging to • African diaspora •

Meir and Kopytoff

• “But the insider in most traditional societies of Africa was not an autonomous individual.  His full citizenship derived from belonging to a kin group, usually corporate, which was the fundamental social, legal, political, and ritual protective unit”(17).