olc term paper

7/29/2019 OLC Term Paper

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The LNM Institute of Information

Technology

OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS

By:

Ritika Modi (y09uc271)

Ritika Sharma (y09uc272)

Ruchi Bhatnagar (y09uc276)


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where 1,0 and 1,0 arc the mean and standard deviation of the mark and space data rails, D, is

the decision level, and erfc (x) is a form of the complementary error function given by:

where the approximation is nearly exact for x > 3. Here the 1,0 and 1,0 are not the physical

values in the eye, rather they are equivalent values used to fit the data for the purpose of

estimating Q.

For measurement of various parameters of our optical devices we use various tools. Some of

them are as follows:

1. Optical Vector Analyser(OVA)2. Optical BlackscatterReflectometer(OBR)3. Optical Time Domain Reflectometer(OTDR)4. Chromatic and Polarization mode desperssion(CD/PMD)

Optical Amplifier:

In order to transmit signals over long distances (>100 km) it is necessary to compensatefor attenuation losses within the fiber.

Initially this was accomplished with an optoelectronic module consisting of an opticalreceiver, regeneration and equalization system, and an optical transmitter to send the

data.

Several types of optical amplifiers have since been demonstrated to replace theOEelectronic regeneration systems.

These systems eliminate the need for E-O and O-E conversions.The general form of an optical amplifier:


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Some types of OAs that have been demonstrated include:

1. Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs)2. Fiber Raman and Brillouin amplifiers3. Rare earth doped fiber amplifiers (erbiumEDFA 1500 nm, praseodymiumPDFA

1300nm)

The most practical optical amplifiers to date include the SOA and EDFA types. So in this paper

we will be discussing these two

1.Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA)Similar to a laser cavity. Used as a discrete amplifiers. They can be integrated into arrays of

amplifying switching and gating devices. Finding application in all optical 3R-regenerationsystems

Characteristics of SOA types:

Polarization dependentrequire polarization maintaining fiber Relatively high gain ~20 dB Output saturation power 5-10 dBm Large BW Can operate at 800, 1300, and 1500 nm wavelength regions. Compact and easily integrated with other devices Can be integrated into arrays High noise figure and cross-talk levels due to nonlinear phenomenon such as 4-wave

mixing.

DISADVANTAGE

Limited in operation below 10 Gb/s. (Higher rates are possible with lower gain.)


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Semiconductor lasers have been developed for both pump wavelengths.10-20 mW of absorbed pump power at these wavelengths can produce 30-40 dB of

amplifier gain.

Pump Efficiencies of 11 dB/mW achieved at 980 nm. Pumping can also be performed at 820 and 670 nm with GaAlAs laser diodes. Pump efficiencies are lower but these lasers can be made with high output power.

Basic Characteristics:

Optical Gain Rare earth doped optical amplifiers work much like a laser. The primary difference is that they do not have a resonator. Amplification occurs primarily through the stimulated emission process. The medium is pumped until a population inversion state is achieved. Pump powers aretypically several 20-250 mW. An isolator is used to reduce reflections at the input to the

amplifier. A narrow band optical filter is used to reduce transmission of amplified

spontaneous emission frequency components.

The resultant optical gain depends both on the optical frequency and the local beamintensity within the amplifier section.


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Gain Spectrum and BW:

When not saturated (i.e. P/Ps


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However when placed in a glass host the spectrum is influenced both by the silica andany other dopants. This can result in inhomogeneous broadening contributions.

The combined homogeneous and inhomogeneous BW of EDFAs: ~ 30 nm

Amplification factor: Define as:

G = Pout

/Pin

Pout

is the amplifier output power and Pin

the input power of a CW input signal.

From the previous discussion of the laser the gain in optical power per length of gainmedium (z) with gain g is

The amplification factor after a length L of OAM (optical amplifier medium) is

Both g() and G() are a maximum when the frequency is at resonance = o

and decrease when the frequency is detuned from resonance.

However the amplifier factor(G) decreases much faster than the gain coefficient(g).


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The amplifier BW A

is defined as the FWHM of G()

wheregis the gain BW, and G

o= exp(g

oL).

The amplifier BW is smaller than the gain BW. The difference depends on the amplifiergain characteristics.

If Go= 10, = 0.656Ag

Gain Saturation:

G will start to decrease with an increase in optical power P. Since g() depends on theincident optical power when P P

S,

Assume that the incident frequency is tuned for peak gain ( = o)

With the conditions P(0) = Pinc

and P(L) = Pout

= GPinc

the large signal amplifier gain

decreases when Pout

Ps.

Output saturation power the optical power at which G is reduced to Go/2 (3 dB)

Typically Go=1000 (30 dB),

Amplifier Noise:

Spontaneous emission in the amplifier will degrade the SNR by adding to the noiseduring the amplification process.

SNR degradation is quantified through the amplifier noise figure Fn


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where the SNR is based on the electrical power after converting the optical signal to anelectrical current. Therefore Fnis referenced to the detection process and depends on

parameters such as detector bandwidth (Be) and thermal and shot noise.

Consider a simple case with an ideal detector with performance limited by shot noise . The amplifier has an amplification factor G (P

out= G P

in).

SNR of the input signal:

For most amplifiers Fn

> 3 dB and can be 6-8 dB

Characteristic plot of gain and noise figure for an erbium doped fiber amplifier pumped ~30 mWat 980 nm

Gain Equilization:The amplifiers have a wavelength-dependent gain; i.e., some wavelengths are amplified more

than others. A gain-flattening filter restores all wavelengths to approximately the same intensity.Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) operate in the 1530-1565 nm wavelength range.


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EDFA Gain Equalization

Gain equalization can be accomplished in several ways:

a. Thin film filters

b. Long period fiber gratingsc. Chirped fiber Bragg gratings

Conclusion:

Optical Amplifier (OA) is a highly versatile component that can be deployed for a widerange of amplification and routing.

The fast nonlinear characteristics of OAs are very attractive for a number of applicationssuch as optical signal processing, clock recovery, ultra fast optical timemultiplexing/demultiplexing, pulse shaping, optical routing, dispersion compensation and

wavelength conversion in WDM applications.

The minimal space requirements, integration capability, and strong potential for costreduction through scaled manufacturing processes will ensure that the OA plays anincreasingly important role in future advanced optical networks.

OAs are a cost-effective solution to implementing optical amplification in advancedoptical networking subsystems for core, metro, and ultimately access applications.


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References :

http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Optical_amplification

http://www.inphenix.com/pdfdoc/Application_Notes_for_SOAs.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_amplifier

http://photonicssociety.org/newsletters/oct07/margin_measurement.pdf

http://www.fiber-optics.info/articles/optical_amplifiers
http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Optical_amplificationhttp://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Optical_amplificationhttp://www.inphenix.com/pdfdoc/Application_Notes_for_SOAs.pdfhttp://www.inphenix.com/pdfdoc/Application_Notes_for_SOAs.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_amplifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_amplifierhttp://photonicssociety.org/newsletters/oct07/margin_measurement.pdfhttp://photonicssociety.org/newsletters/oct07/margin_measurement.pdfhttp://www.fiber-optics.info/articles/optical_amplifiershttp://www.fiber-optics.info/articles/optical_amplifiershttp://www.fiber-optics.info/articles/optical_amplifiershttp://photonicssociety.org/newsletters/oct07/margin_measurement.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_amplifierhttp://www.inphenix.com/pdfdoc/Application_Notes_for_SOAs.pdfhttp://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Optical_amplification

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