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Oklahoma Parent-Taught Driver’s Education

Behind-the-Wheel Training Guide

Provided by

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1.0 Preface

1.1 Welcome

Hello and welcome to Safe2Drive’s Behind-the-Wheel Training Guide! We are here to assist you in teaching your teen to drive safely.

Congratulations on making a commitment to be involved in your teen’s driver’s education. We’ve known for a long time that parents make a difference in their teens’ driving behavior. Research has shown that the chances of a teen being involved in a crash are reduced by one-third when parents take an active role in helping their teens learn to drive. Getting and staying involved in your child’s driver training is a great approach to ensuring his safety on the roads.

We are not going to scare you with descriptions of horrible tragedies or a lot of mind-numbing statistics. Instead, we present only one fact: Driving is the leading cause of teen deaths in America (Figure 1) by a wide margin. The first year of driving is the most dangerous. Our goal is to give you the tools you need to teach your child the correct driving priorities, and hopefully give them the best possible start in the driving world.

Figure 1 – Traffic Crashes Cause Most Teen Deaths

If you are feeling overwhelmed by this responsibility, we encourage you not to worry! We will help you break this down step-by-step. We will guide you through each day of teaching your teen to drive. This guide provides training exercises for the entire 55 hours of behind-the-wheel training required for your teen to fulfill Oklahoma’s requirements.

1.2 How to Use This Guide

Think of this behind-the-wheel training guide as a step-by-step resource for teaching your teen to drive. There are 12 lessons in all, and this is the first. The first two lessons can be completed anytime, but the remaining lessons only can be completed once your teen has a permit.

1.2.1 Lesson by Lesson

Each lesson is intended to build on information from the previous lesson. Therefore, you should complete each lesson in sequence.

Motor Vehicle Crashes1

Homicide2

Suicide3

Medical Conditions4

Leading Cause of Teen Deaths

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1.2.2 Number of Hours

Each lesson is assigned an approximate number of hours that you should spend on it. However, this is a general guide. You can spend more or less time on a lesson as you see fit. Keep in mind, Oklahoma requires a minimum of 55 hours behind the wheel, 10 of which must be at night (Figure 2). Safe2Drive actually recommends more practice, and considers 100 hours a better number.

Figure 2 – Oklahoma Requires 55 Hours

1.2.3 Print Each Lesson

You, the parent, should read this entire guide before getting started. It is not important that you understand everything right away. There will be plenty of time to understand things as you dive into each lesson.

The best place to learn how to drive is on the road. Therefore, print the pages for each lesson and carry them with you in the car. We purposely have created this document in large type to make reading in the car easy. Teens, of course, cannot read the book while driving. Therefore, they should study it ahead of time. Parents should help teens through each lesson while holding the pages in their hands.

1.2.4 Parent | Teen Sections

Certain parts of each lesson are intended for parents, while the other parts are intended for teens. These will be marked clearly. The parent should read and understand both sections.

1.2.5 Requirements for Parents

As your teen’s driving instructor, it’s very important for you to comply with the law at all times. This means you must:

1) Be the one who teaches your teen;

2) Have a valid driver’s license;

3) Not have more than five points on your driving record; and

4) Not have a DUI on your record.

1.2.6 Automatic or Manual Transmission

Oklahoma Behind-the-Wheel Required Hours

A total of 55 hours is required (including day and night).

55 Hours

10 hours of night driving must be included as part of the 55..

10 Hours Night

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This guide can be used with a car that has either a manual or automatic transmission. We provide instructions for the proper use of both.

Because nearly nine out of 10 cars on the road today have automatic transmissions, our emphasis is on how to handle those cars. However, we include instructions in each section for manual transmissions.

We strongly encourage parents or guardians to use an automatic transmission to train young drivers, because we want the emphasis of instruction on gaining experience with proper driving behaviors, especially identifying hazards, rather than the mechanics of handling a clutch. Manual transmissions require teens to multitask, which can lead to distractions. This compromises a teen’s ability to focus on important driving behavior techniques.

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2.0 Getting Started

2.1 Instructional Guide

This lesson introduces pre-drive tasks, such as approaching the vehicle, entry, occupant protection, symbols and devices, and starting, and post-drive tasks. We also will cover basic vehicle maneuvers, such as starting, moving, steering, and turning.

2.1.1 Lesson Summary

Discuss and demonstrate each skill listed on the checklist with your teen. Be thorough and repeat any information your teen does not understand. Next, ask your teen to demonstrate these skills. Demonstrate each item on the checklist one by one. Do not move on to the second item until he is comfortable with the first. Make notes on strengths and weaknesses and address these. Finally, have your teen practice each of these skills until you determine that the skills have been mastered.

2.1.2 Training Environment

For training, use a no-traffic environment, such as an empty parking lot. Make sure you choose a location large enough to practice all the necessary maneuvers. This lesson should be conducted in full daylight. The starting position of the car should be in a parking space with the front of the car facing outward. In other words, you should back into a parking space, place the car in park, turn off the engine, and exchange places with your teen.

There are plenty of parking lots around. Think about using:

1) An office building after hours;

2) A shopping mall early in the morning;

3) A church during a weekday; or

4) A school parking lot.

A parking lot with several rows of parking spaces is helpful, because it allows you and your teen to move in a continuous pattern. Empty parking lots are ideal, because they offer plenty of space as well as defined areas. They are forgiving when it comes to driving errors.

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Figure 3 – Empty Parking Lot

2.1.3 Goals

1) Your teen will learn correct vehicle approach, entry, start, and post-drive tasks.

2) Your teen will gain an understanding of vehicle symbols and devices.

3) Your teen will learn the importance of seat belts.

2.1.4 Note to the Parent

Emphasize the proper way to approach a vehicle, such as checking behind the tires before entering. Pay close attention to safe starting practices, such as buckling up before turning on the ignition, checking mirrors, and looking left and right before moving forward. The safe backing up practices introduced in the next lesson will build on the good searching habits developed in this first lesson.

In this lesson, the vehicle should move slowly around the lot. The emphasis is on the word “slowly.” The speed hardly should be more than the vehicle moves on its own.

After your teen gains skill and confidence doing these tasks in an empty parking lot, you may move your teen to a driveway. Make sure the teen feels confident and is performing well before you introduce him to pulling out of a driveway and into a street with other vehicles.

2.1.5 Time Requirements

We recommend that this lesson be conducted in five one-hour sessions. Do not allow your teen to move on to more complex driving environments until he has mastered these skills in a no-traffic environment. If you finish the checklists in the first hour, start from the beginning the next time your teen drives. Do this as many times as necessary until the five hours are completed.

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2.2 Preparation Phase

Before you begin behind-the-wheel training, your teen should go through the following list to prepare. You will be required to demonstrate some skills for your teen.

1) Practice pre-drive tasks, including pre-start and post-drive procedures before and after entering the vehicle (see the checklists). Instructor should observe.

2) Review the vehicle owner’s manual for information on pre-drive tasks, including pre-start and pre-drive maintenance procedures before and after entering the vehicle.

3) Know how to use occupant protection and restraint systems (seat belts), and use them while driving or riding in any vehicle.

4) Review the owner’s manual for information on utilizing occupant protection (airbags) and restraint systems (seat belts).

5) Identify all seat belts and airbags in the vehicle.

6) Observe the proper way to fasten and wear a seat belt.

7) Observe the instructor using vehicle symbols and devices, and review your observations with the instructor.

8) Review the vehicle owner’s manual for information on symbols and devices.

9) Observe the instructor as he starts the car, checks mirrors, looks left and right, puts the car in forward gear, and moves forward. Review your observations with your instructor.

10) Review the vehicle owner’s manual for information on operating and controlling the vehicle.

11) Observe the instructor while he demonstrates post-drive tasks, including stopping, engine shutdown, post-drive maintenance, exiting the vehicle (including a visual check to make sure all passengers, especially children and animals, are out of the vehicle), and securing procedures.

12) Review the vehicle owner’s manual for information on post-drive tasks.

2.3 Checklists

2.3.1 Pre-Drive Tasks

Vehicle Approach

Bring your Oklahoma learner’s license into the vehicle with you.

Approach the vehicle with keys in hand.

Search around the vehicle for debris, obstacles, potholes, or fluid leaking from the vehicle.

Check the vehicle for body damage and the condition of lights and windows.

Check the condition of the tires (proper inflation, tread condition).

Check for small children and animals.

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Vehicle Entry

Unlock the doors.

Load all personal belongings into the trunk or back of vehicle (purse, book bag, sports equipment, etc.).

Enter the driver’s seat and re-lock the doors.

Adjust your seat position so your foot can reach the pedals properly.

Adjust the steering column and foot pedals so that you are positioned at least 10 inches from the steering wheel.

Adjust the head restraint (top of head restraint should be positioned higher than the ears).

Put the key in the ignition.

Place your right foot on the brake (foot should be able to pivot easily to the accelerator pedal).

The teen should leave his cell phone at home, or secured in a bag in the back seat or the trunk. If the phone is in the car, make sure the sound is turned off.

Occupant Protection

Secure your seat belt before turning on the vehicle (lap belt should reach across top of thighs and shoulder belt across the middle of the chest).

Check all passengers for seat belt use.

Check that all passengers are seated at least 10 inches from an airbag.

Be able to identify the location of all airbags in the vehicle.

Use proper hand position on the steering wheel (9:00 and 3:00).

Driving Posture

Adjust your seat to a comfortable position where you can reach the pedals easily with a clear view of the road.

Sit up straight and face forward.

Put nothing on the passenger seat that could fall to the floor and distract you.

Make sure your seat belt is fastened correctly.

Use the proper hand position on the steering wheel. Imagine the steering wheel is a clock. Your left hand should be between 9:00 and 10:30, and your right hand between 2:00 and 4:00.

Never drive with your elbow on the window. This hinders your control over the vehicle.

2.3.2 Start Tasks

Symbols and Devices

Turn the key one click and wait for the vehicle system lights to come on.

Check the vehicle symbols and warnings on the dashboard (alert and warning symbols).

Identify and understand all vehicle symbols and warnings on the dashboard.

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Locate the vehicle control devices.

Identify what each vehicle control device is used for (control, information, safety, communication, convenience, and/or comfort).

Adjust the rearview mirror for a full view of the rear window.

Adjust the right and left side-view mirrors for a maximum view to each side. The side of the vehicle should not be reflected in the side-view mirror.

Look over your right and left shoulders for a full view of the operating space around your vehicle.

Starting Tasks

Make sure the car is in park, and place your foot on the brake.

Start the engine by turning the key in the ignition until the engine turns over.

Allow the engine to idle briefly.

Check the dashboard symbols and devices again.

Look into the rearview mirror, side-view mirrors, and over both shoulders for a good view of the vehicle’s operating space from the front, sides, and rear.

Identify the operating space around the vehicle, both seen and unseen.

Adjust the comfort controls before driving forward (air vents, etc.). Do not do this while the vehicle is moving.

Starting Tasks (Manual Transmission)

Make sure the car is in park and the parking brake is set.

Press the clutch pedal to the floor with your left foot.

Put the gear-shift lever in neutral.

Start the engine by turning the key.

Check the dashboard symbols and devices again (this time for warnings).




2.3.3 Vehicle Operation and Control Tasks

Before Driving Forward

Press the brake with your foot.

Release the parking brake.

For automatic transmissions, move the gear level to Drive.

For manual transmissions, press the clutch to the floor (while the other foot is on the brake). Move the gear-shift lever to first.

With your foot still on the brake, check traffic ahead and to the sides of you. Simulate this when there is no real traffic.

Check the rearview and side-view mirrors.

Look over your right and left shoulders to check both blind spots.

Keep your hands in the proper position on the steering wheel (9:00 and 3:00).

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Signal your intention to pull out or enter the lane (no need if you are moving forward in an empty parking lot).

Check your mirrors again.

Movement

Choose a target location at the far end of the parking lot. This is where your car should end up.

With the turn signal still on, check for “traffic” (This is a simulation, and there should be no traffic).

For automatic transmissions, take your foot off the brake and allow the car to slowly pull out into the road when the way is clear. You should not need to use the accelerator pedal yet.

For manual transmissions, take your foot off the brake, accelerate gently, and release the clutch slowly to the friction point. Hold the clutch slowly at the friction point until the vehicle starts to move. Allow the car to slowly pull out onto the road when the way is clear. Continue gradual acceleration and let the clutch up all the way.

Point the vehicle in the direction of the targeted area.

Gradually let up on the foot brake and allow the vehicle to move forward smoothly.

Accelerate gently by pressing on the accelerator (gas) pedal. Keep your heel on the floor.

Manage smooth steering and “lane placement” (another simulation as there probably are not lanes in the parking lot.) Drive in a straight line toward the targeted area.

Look ahead and to the sides of the vehicle.

Acceleration

Accelerate smoothly with your heel on the floor and your toes pushing the accelerator pedal.

Add speed by pushing slightly harder on the accelerator pedal.

Let up slightly on the gas pedal to begin slowing down.

For manual transmissions, the speeds in the parking lot should never require shifting into second gear.

Search Techniques

Search ahead along your path of travel.

Identify your line of sight along the center of your path of travel.

Look ahead 15 to 25 seconds.

Search ahead and to the side of the roadway for obstructions, traffic, pedestrians or other hazards (In a parking lot, this should be simulated).

Check the dashboard often for speed and warning lights.

Check the rearview and side mirrors again.

Check your blind spots.

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Deceleration, Braking and Stopping

Look ahead to the targeted area.

Prepare to stop by placing your foot on the brake pedal in plenty of time.

Apply the brake with steady, even pressure.

For manual transmissions, press the clutch pedal to the floor.

Hold steady pressure on the brake until the vehicle comes to a smooth stop.

The vehicle should be stopped fully, so that it is not moving any more.

Your foot should remain on the brake.

2.3.4 Post-Drive Tasks

Exiting

After coming to a complete stop, keep your foot on the brake pedal.

Shift the gear to Park.

Engage the parking brake (emergency brake).

Remove your foot from the brake pedal.

For manual transmissions, release the clutch.

Turn off the lights and any vehicle accessories, such as air conditioning and windshield wipers. Close the windows.

Turn off the ignition by turning the key to the locked position.

Remove the key from the ignition.

Unbuckle your seat belt and tell the passenger it’s safe to do so.

Search the mirrors and your blind spots for hazards before exiting the vehicle.

Lock the vehicle after exiting.

Make sure the teen has spent at least five one-hour practice sessions on this lesson before continuing.

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3.0 Backing


This lesson introduces the teen to reversing the vehicle. Your teen will continue practicing the starting and movement tasks learned in the previous lesson.


The parent should discuss and demonstrate each skill listed on the checklist. Be thorough and repeat any information the teen does not seem to understand. Next, ask the teen to demonstrate these skills. Follow each checklist one by one. Do not have the teen move on to the second checklist until he is comfortable with the first. Make notes on the teen’s weaknesses and strengths and address these. Finally, the teen will practice each of these skills until the parent determines that the skills have been mastered.


For the training, use a no-traffic environment, such as an empty parking lot. Make sure you choose a location large enough for the teen to practice all the necessary maneuvers. This lesson should be conducted in full daylight.

3.1.3 Goals

1) To practice reversing, braking, stopping, and to demonstrate proper stopping distances and basic search techniques, such as using the rearview and side mirrors and using a space management system.

2) To continue practicing vehicle approach, entry, start, post-drive tasks, and others from the first lesson.


Continue to emphasize practices from the first lesson. Many of the safe driving practices introduced in this course build upon good search practices. To be a good, safe driver, your teen must learn to look ahead, check the rearview and side mirrors frequently, search the road and sides of the roadway ahead, and check the dashboard for speed and warnings. It is best to form a habit of doing this from the beginning, especially in a low-risk environment like a parking lot.


We recommend that this lesson be conducted in five one-hour sessions. Do not allow your teen to move on to more complex driving environments until he has mastered these skills in a no-traffic environment.

3.2 Observational Phase

Time Suggestion: One hour

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Before beginning Lesson Two on backing up, your teen should go through the following list to prepare. You will be required to demonstrate some skills for your teen.

1) Have your teen demonstrate the proper pre-drive tasks, including pre-start and pre-drive maintenance procedures, before and after entering the vehicle (see Lesson One checklists). Briefly review the checklists from the first lesson.

2) Your teen should observe you while you perform various vehicle operation and control tasks to reverse and back up, steer while reversing, move forward, steer (straight, right, and left), and stop at various speeds.

3) Have the teen share his observations with you.

4) Talk to your teen about watching carefully for animals and small children behind the vehicle. Explain what the “blind zone” is: the area behind your vehicle where children and animals are hard to see. This blind zone is larger than most people think and has been called the “killing zone.” It is very important that your teen realizes how important it is to look in all three mirrors and completely over both shoulders before backing up. Just because the back of the vehicle was clear before he got in the car, does not mean it still is clear once the car is running. In the U.S., at least 50 children are backed over every week. In a large pickup truck, the blind zone area is up to eight feet in the front and 50 feet in the back!

3.3 Checklists

3.3.1 Pre-Drive Tasks

Position the vehicle in a parking spot from which your teen can practice backing up and steering while reversing. This should be in a no-traffic environment, such as a parking lot, in full daylight.

Before Beginning

Bring your Oklahoma learner’s permit into the car with you.

Observe all entry and pre-drive tasks from the first lesson (including seat belt use).

Check behind the vehicle for small animals, children, and debris before entering.

Adjust the rearview mirror for a full view out of the rear window.

Adjust the right and left side-view mirrors for a maximum view of the sides (sides of the vehicle should not be visible in the side-view mirror).

Look over your right and left shoulders for a full view of what is around the vehicle.

Starting Tasks

Make sure the car is in park, and place your foot on the brake.

Start the engine by turning the key in the ignition until the engine turns over.

Allow the engine to idle briefly.

Check dashboard symbols and devices.


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Be able to identify and explain what the operating space is around the vehicle, both seen and unseen.

Starting Tasks (Manual Transmission)

Make sure the car is in park and the parking brake is set.

Press the clutch pedal to the floor with your left foot.

Put the gear-shift lever in neutral.

Start the engine by turning the key.

Check the dashboard symbols and devices again (this time for warnings).

Look into the rearview mirror, side-view mirrors and over both shoulders for a good view of the vehicle’s operating space from the front, sides, and rear.



Before Driving Backward

Press the brake with your foot.

Release the parking brake.

For automatic transmissions, move the gear level to Reverse.

For manual transmissions, press the clutch to the floor (while the other foot is on the brake). Move the gear-shift lever to Reverse.

With your foot still on the brake, check traffic behind and to the sides of you. Simulate this when there is no real traffic.

With your foot still on brake, check the rearview and side-view mirrors again.

Look over your right and left shoulders to check both blind spots again.

Demonstrate proper hand position on the steering wheel (9:00 and 3:00).

Check the mirrors again.

Turn to look over your right shoulder while backing up.

3.3.2 Reversing

With your foot on the brake, shift the vehicle into reverse.

To look behind you while backing up, twist your body to the right, put your right hand on the top or back of the passenger seat, and look over your right shoulder through the rear window. DO NOT USE JUST YOUR MIRRORS.

Keep your left hand on the top of the steering wheel.

For automatic transmissions, take your foot off the brake and allow the car to reverse slowly. You should not need to use the accelerator pedal yet.

For manual transmissions, take your foot off the brake, accelerate gently, and release the clutch slowly to the friction point. Hold the clutch slowly at the friction point until the vehicle starts to move. Allow the car to reverse slowly. Continue gradual acceleration and let the clutch up all the way.

Steer in the direction you want the back of the vehicle to turn. Turn the steering wheel to the right if you want the back of the vehicle to go right, and vice versa.

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When turning in reverse, leave enough room for the front of the vehicle. Don’t hit another object with the front of the vehicle.

Keep your eyes on your path of travel.

For manual transmissions, slowly depress the brake pedal and come to a controlled stop.

For automatic transmissions, slowly depress the brake pedal and press the clutch down. Come to a controlled stop.

Turn to the front and look forward only after stopping fully.

3.3.3 Turning while Reversing

These should be practiced while moving the car in reverse.

Before turning, check your mirrors and blind spots, and check for traffic, pedestrians, or other objects in the path of travel (behind on both the left and right).

Signal your intention to turn right or left. Signal left if the back of the vehicle will move left, and signal right if the back of the vehicle will move right.

Search for traffic in all directions (there should be no traffic in the parking lot, so simulate this).

Turn your body to the right, put your right hand on the top or back of the passenger seat, and look over your right shoulder through the rear window. Keep your left hand on the steering wheel.

Maintain careful speed while turning.

Use hand-over-hand steering.

If you are turning the back of the vehicle left, turn the wheel to the left. If you are turning the back of the vehicle to the right, turn the wheel to the right.

Right Turn in Reverse

Signal your intention to turn right.

Look right and left.

Look at the targeted area behind you (where the vehicle should end up after turning).

Accelerate slowly into the turn.

Turn the steering wheel to the right to turn the rear of the vehicle to the right.



Maintain visibility over your right shoulder the entire time you are backing up.

Maintain smooth, even acceleration and vehicle position control.

Accelerate gently halfway through the turn.

Return the steering wheel to its original position once the turn is complete (with smooth motion, no jerking or sudden movements).

Recheck your mirrors and blind spots to establish vehicle operating space and lane position.

Left Turn in Reverse

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Check right and left before turning.

Look over your left shoulder while turning, and in the left mirror.

Make sure your left-turn signal is on.

Look through the turn to the left, to the targeted area behind you (where the vehicle should end up).

Back up and turn slowly.

Accelerate gently halfway through the turn.

Return the steering wheel to its original position once the turn is complete.

Recheck all your mirrors and blind spots to establish vehicle operating space and lane position.

The following are repeated from Lesson One. Make sure your teen continues to practice these tasks along with the new ones.

3.3.4 Search Techniques

Search ahead along your path of travel.

Identify your line of sight along the center of your path of travel.

Look ahead 15 to 25 seconds.

Search ahead and to the side of the roadway for obstructions, traffic, pedestrians or other hazards (In a parking lot this should be simulated).

Check the dashboard often for speed and warning lights.

Check the rearview and side mirrors again.


3.3.5 Exiting

After coming to a complete stop, keep your foot on the brake pedal.

Shift the gear to Park.

Engage the parking brake (emergency brake).

Remove your foot from the brake pedal.

For manual transmissions, release the clutch.

Turn off the lights and any vehicle accessories, such as air conditioning and windshield wipers. Close the windows.

Turn off the ignition by turning the key to the locked position.

Remove the key from the ignition.

Unbuckle your seat belt and tell the passenger it’s safe to do so.

Search the mirrors and your blind spots for hazards before exiting the vehicle.

Lock the vehicle after exiting.

Check this box once your teen has mastered each of these tasks and is ready to move on to the next lesson. Make sure the teen has spent at least five one-hour practice sessions on this lesson.

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4.0 Parking


This lesson teaches your teen the ins and outs of parking, parallel parking, and parking on hills. The first few times your teen practices these skills, they should be done in low-traffic areas. Basic parking maneuvers can be practiced in a parking lot. When your teen is ready to begin parallel parking and parking on hills, choose a quiet street with very little traffic. Neighborhood streets work well for parallel parking.


In this lesson, you will train your teen to park in a parking lot, parallel park, and park on hills.


Two training environments are necessary for this lesson:

1) An empty parking lot with parking spaces and a curb to use while practicing parallel parking; and

2) A low-traffic street on a hill.

4.1.3 Goals

At the end of this lesson, your teen will know how to park in parking spaces, along the curb, and on a hill. He should gain experience and confidence practicing parking the vehicle in a variety of locations.

4.1.4 Note to Parent

When choosing a location for this lesson, make sure you pick a wide, low-traffic street. Drive to the hill location if necessary, and then let your teen take over to park.

4.1.5 Time Required

We recommend this lesson be conducted during five one-hour sessions. The first two hours should be conducted in a parking lot or on a neighborhood street. Once the teen has gained confidence and is parking well, move on to parking on hills. Practice this for one to two hours. Spend the last hour practicing all three in a variety of locations.

Do not allow your teen to move on to more complex driving environments until he has mastered these skills in a low-traffic environment.

4.2 Observational Guide


With the driving parent behind the wheel, the teen should observe and comment on the following:

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1) Observe a variety of parking spots: parking lots, street parking, driveways, parallel parking, small lots in front of shops, parking garages, etc.

2) Observe the instructor as he parks the vehicle in each of these locations.

3) Discuss the steps for parking with the instructor. What different steps are required for different parking locations?

4) Watch the instructor park on a hill. What are the challenges involved with parking on a hill? Which way should the wheels be pointed, and why? What are the steps for parking on a hill?

5) Observe a disabled parking stall. The teen should be able to identify the sign and blue lines of the parking spot. What does the law say about parking in a disabled parking stall without a permit? Notice the area next to the disabled parking spot; it has diagonal blue stripes. You may not stop or park your vehicle in this area; it is a loading zone for disabled vehicles.

6) Watch as the instructor parks in the driveway or garage. What special steps are important for parking in the driveway? What steps should you observe when backing out?

7) Drive around and observe parking signs. Can you find a do not park sign? How about signs restricting the times when you may park along the street? Find at least five different types of signs and talk about what they mean.

4.3 Checklists

4.3.1 Parking Lot

Perpendicular Parking

Signal your intention to park.

Slow down appropriately before parking.

Position the vehicle with plenty of space to pull into the parking space without hitting another vehicle.

Use reference points as clues for when to turn into the parking spot. For example, watch for the white line closest to the front of the vehicle to become visible, and then begin to turn in.

Steer into the space and position the vehicle in the center between both lines.

Check the back and sides to avoid hitting another vehicle.

Stop when the vehicle is parallel with other parked vehicles.

Exit the vehicle carefully, so as not to hit another vehicle with your car door.

Lock the vehicle and exit to the rear.

Angled Parking (may also apply to the street parking section below)

Signal your intention to park in plenty of time.

Slow down appropriately before parking.

Move forward until the parking space line closest to the vehicle is visible clearly.

Turn the wheel smoothly and enter the space (without jerky movements).

Park the vehicle in the center of the spot and straighten the wheels.

Stop before the curb.

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Activate the parking brake (emergency brake).

When leaving the parking space, give the right-of-way to traffic already on the road.

Wait for a large gap in traffic.

Search the roadway for pedestrians as well as traffic.

With your foot on the brake, release the parking brake and shift the gears into reverse.

Slowly reverse straight back.

Watch the reference points on the front of the vehicle for clues on when to turn. For example, when the front of the vehicle passes the rear bumper of the vehicle on the left, you should begin turning the wheel to the right.

Keep your eyes to the rear of the vehicle, watching traffic.

Back smoothly into the lane.

Brake and straighten the wheels.

Change the vehicle gear to Drive and accelerate smoothly to the proper speed according to the law and driving conditions.

4.3.2 Street Parking

Parallel Parking

This can be practiced in the parking lot first.

Look for a space at least one-and-a-half times the length of the vehicle.

Signal your intention to park by braking slowly and turning on the right-turn signal.

Watch traffic to the front and rear.

Position the vehicle to the right of the vehicle in front of you, leaving about three feet of space between.

Come to a smooth and controlled stop.

With your foot on the brake, shift gears into reverse.

Back up, turning the wheel sharply to the right.

Search the rearview mirror for traffic.

Stop backing up to the right when the center doorpost lines up with the back left corner of the vehicle on the right.

Straighten the wheels and back up slowly until the right front corner of the vehicle lines up with the left rear corner of the vehicle in front of you.

Watch the reference points on your front corners to keep from hitting the vehicle ahead of you.

Stop and turn the wheel to the left as far as it will go.

Back up slowly until your vehicle is two feet from the vehicle behind you

Keep searching the rearview mirror while backing up.

With your foot still on the brake, switch gears to drive.

Move forward smoothly until the vehicle has equal space in front and behind.

Shift to park and set the parking brake.

Check over your shoulder before opening the door, looking for bicycles and pedestrians.

Exit and lock the vehicle.

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Exiting a Parallel Parking Space

With your foot on the brake, start the engine and activate your turn signal.

Shift gears into reverse.

Search traffic for a large opening.

Check your blind spot by looking over your shoulder.

Back up slowly until the vehicle is within inches of the vehicle behind you.

With your foot on the brake, shift gears to drive.

Turn the vehicle sharply to the left if entering the lane on the left, or right if entering lane on the right.

Release the brake and slowly enter the lane.

Watch the reference points on your front corners to avoid hitting the rear bumper of the vehicle ahead of you.

Steer around the rear bumper of the vehicle ahead of you.

Straighten the wheels to line up with the lane of traffic.

Adjust your speed to the flow of traffic and continue carefully searching traffic.

4.3.3 Parking on a Hill

Parking Uphill with a Curb

Position the vehicle parallel to the curb.

Leave 12 inches of space between your vehicle and the curb.

Turn the wheels sharply away from the curb.

Shift gears into neutral, and allow the wheels to roll back until the tires touch the curb.

Set the parking brake before exiting.

Parking Uphill without a Curb

Position the vehicle parallel to the curb.

Leave 12 inches of space between your vehicle and the curb.

Turn the wheels sharply toward the edge of the road.

Move forward, and stop at the edge of the road.


Parking Downhill With or Without a Curb

Position the vehicle parallel to the curb (or edge of road).

Leave 12 inches of space between vehicle and the curb or edge.

Turn your wheels sharply toward the edge of the road.

Move forward and stop when the wheels touch the curb or edge of the road.


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4.3.4 Where not to Park

Go over these with your teen and answer any questions. Make sure he understands these restrictions.

You may NOT park:

On the roadway side of any vehicle stopped or parked at the edge or curb of a street.

On a sidewalk.

Within an intersection.

Between a safety zone and adjacent curb, or within 30 feet of a place on the curb immediately opposite the end of a safety zone.

Alongside or opposite of any street excavation or obstruction if stopping, standing, or parking would obstruct traffic.

Upon a bridge or other elevated structure on a highway, or within a highway tunnel.

On any railroad track.

At any place where an official sign prohibits stopping.

In front of a public or private driveway.

Within 15 feet of a fire hydrant.

Within 20 feet of a crosswalk at an intersection or corner.

Within 30 feet upon the approach to any flashing signal, stop sign, yield sign, or other traffic control signal located at the side of a roadway.

Within 20 feet of the driveway entrance to any fire station, and on the opposite side of the street within 75 feet of the entrance to any fire station.

Within 50 feet of the nearest guardrail of a railroad crossing.

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5.0 Turning Techniques


By this point, your teen has limited experience on neighborhood or low-traffic streets. We now will move on to turning techniques. These will be practiced in a parking lot and on neighborhood streets. Lesson Four will include two-point and three-point turns, U-turns, and hand-over-hand and hand-to-hand turning.


In this lesson, you will train your teen to use hand-over-hand and hand-to-hand turning and to perform two- and three-point turns and U-turns on low-traffic streets.


Two training environments are necessary for this lesson:

1) We suggest a residential area with very little traffic for practicing two- and three-point turns as well as U-turns. This area should have wide streets or dead-ends wide enough to conduct two- and three- point turns.

2) An empty parking lot to practice hand-to-hand and hand-over-hand turning.

5.1.3 Goals

At the end of this lesson, your teen will be comfortable steering the vehicle with hand-to-hand or hand-over-hand turning, and know how and when to use turnabout maneuvers to reverse direction.

5.1.4 Note to Parent

Begin this lesson in a parking lot. After one or two hours of practice in an empty lot, you may move to neighborhood or low-traffic streets. Make sure you pick a location with wide streets and plenty of places for turnabout maneuvers. Driveways on residential or rural streets work well for this lesson, as do side streets. Judge your teen’s comfort level, and choose your location accordingly. This lesson will build on skills we already have covered.

5.1.5 Time Required

We recommend this lesson be conducted during five one-hour sessions. Do not allow your teen to move on to more complex driving environments until he has mastered these skills in a low-traffic environment.


Time Suggestion: 15-30 minutes

With the driving parent behind the wheel, the teen should watch him perform:

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1) Hand-over-hand steering;

2) Hand-to-hand steering;

3) A two-point turn;

4) A three-point turn;

5) A U-turn;

6) Turning around in the parking lot using these turns; and

7) Turning around on a street using these turns.

Note: Please see the pictures below for instructions on these steering techniques.

Figure 4 – Hand-Over-Hand Steering

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Figure 5 – Hand-To-Hand Steering

Figure 6 – Two-Point Turn

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Figure 7 – Three-Point Turn

Figure 8 – U-Turn

5.3 Checklists

5.3.1 Steering Techniques

In the parking lot

Hand-over-hand steering: Practice turning the vehicle left, right, and around to reverse direction.

Hand-to-hand steering: Practice turning left, right, and around to reverse direction.

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Practice both techniques at various speeds. The teen should begin to feel the difference when turning at higher speeds versus low speeds.

Practice accelerating through the turn: Approach the turn at a low speed, then accelerate (gently) halfway through.

Straighten the vehicle after the turn.

The teen should track the path of travel through the turn to the targeted area (where the vehicle should end up).

On a neighborhood street

Use steering techniques to pull into a driveway.

Pull out of the driveway.

Practice turning onto neighborhood side streets with little-to-no traffic.

Use steering techniques to drive around a cul-de-sac.

Parking

Use steering techniques to parallel park against the curb.

Use steering techniques to park in a forward or angled parking space.

5.3.2 Turnabout Maneuvers

Turning Precautions

Before turning, check the mirrors and blind spots, and check for traffic, pedestrians, or other objects in the path of travel (Even if you are in a parking lot with no traffic, have the teen simulate this as if there are traffic and pedestrians).

Signal to turn right or left.

Search the “intersection” for traffic in all directions (There should be no traffic in the parking lot, so simulate this with your teen).

Reduce speed before turning (approx. 10 mph for safe turning).

Use the proper steering technique for smooth turning (see checklists above).

Practice the following turns (details in the checklists below)

Demonstrate a U-turn while pulling out from a perpendicular line or curb (using hand-over-hand steering).

Demonstrate a two-point turn (using hand-over-hand steering).

Demonstrate a three-point turn (using hand-over-hand steering).

Practice parallel parking along a perpendicular line or curb.

Practice parking in a forward parking spot.

Two-Point Turn

Practice this using a driveway.

Drive just past the driveway and stop.

Shift the vehicle into reverse.

Check the rearview and side-view mirrors for vehicles, pedestrians, and obstacles before backing up.

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Activate your turn signal.

Check your blind spot over your shoulder.

Back slowly into the driveway.

Stop and shift the vehicle into drive.


Look left and right for traffic, pedestrians, and other obstacles.

Drive out into the street going in the opposite of your original direction.

Three-point Turn

Check for traffic and pedestrians.

Position the vehicle to the right of the roadway.

Check the mirrors and blind spots before turning.

Signal and turn the wheel hard to the left.

Accelerate gently until the vehicle is facing the left curb.

Check the mirrors and blind spots again before reversing.

Shift the vehicle into reverse.

Turn the wheel hard to the right and back up to the opposite curb.

Stop before hitting the curb.

Shift the vehicle into drive.

Check the mirrors for traffic before pulling forward.

Pull forward into the right lane, driving in the opposite of your original direction.

U-Turn

Scan the road ahead.

Look for signs prohibiting a U-turn.

Activate your left-turn signal.

Position your vehicle to the right side of the left lane (if there is no lane—in the parking lot, for example—simulate this step).

Wait for a safe gap in traffic.

Turn the wheel sharply all the way to the left and accelerate slowly into the turn.

Once the vehicle has turned around 180 degrees, straighten the wheels and check the mirrors for traffic to the rear and sides.

Position the vehicle in the center of the proper lane and join the flow of traffic.

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6.0 Left and Right Turns


This lesson introduces the teen to making left and right turns on streets in a variety of driving environments.

Before practicing these turns, the teen should spend some time practicing the skills from previous lessons. These include starting tasks, backing up, parking, and turnabout maneuvers. This is your teen’s chance to gain more experience sharing the road with other drivers and pedestrians. Make sure your teen is proficient in the skills listed above before moving on to the checklists in this lesson. Review the steering techniques from Lesson Four, and complete all checklists from Lesson Five.

Once you have completed Lesson Five, your teen will move to intersections. Intersections are more complex driving environments, so the teen must demonstrate aptitude in the skills learned in this lesson before moving on to Lesson Six.


You will teach your teen how to make left and right turns onto a variety of low-to-moderately trafficked streets. The teen should gain experience and confidence sharing the road with other users.


This lesson should be conducted in full daylight on city or neighborhood streets with low-to-moderate traffic. Choose a location where your teen can practice making left and right turns onto a variety of streets. This location should offer opportunities for your teen to make turns at two-way and four-way stop signs. No signaled intersections should be used for this lesson.

6.1.3 Goals

1) To practice and gain confidence making left and right turns; and

2) To gain experience sharing the roadway with other users (drivers, pedestrians, motorcyclists, etc.).


Depending upon the location you choose, your teen may begin driving on the open road in this lesson. There may be times when high numbers of other cars are on the road with your teen driver. We encourage you to maintain a calm and confident attitude with your teen, especially if he becomes nervous. You are setting the stage for further driving practice. If your teen becomes too nervous to drive safely, move your practice back to an empty parking lot or neighborhood street and try the open road again later. There is no limit on how long you can practice these skills before moving on to the next lesson, merely a minimum time limit of five hours. We suggest practicing these skills for the first two hours in a parking lot and/or on neighborhood streets before moving on to the open road and stop signs. Good luck! You both will do great.

Please make sure your teen continues to use the proper starting tasks listed in Lesson One.

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We recommend that this lesson be conducted in five one-hour sessions. Do not allow your teen to move on to more complex driving environments until he has mastered these skills in a no-traffic environment.

6.2 Observational Phase

Time Suggestion: 15-30 minutes

Demonstrate these left and right turns before your teen takes control of the wheel:

1) Left turn from a neighborhood street onto a two- or four-lane road;

2) Right turn from a neighborhood street onto a two- or four-lane road;

3) Left turn into a parking lot;

4) Right turn into a parking lot;

5) Left turn out of a parking lot onto the street;

6) Right turn out of a parking lot onto the street;

7) Left turn at a stop sign (both two- and four-way stops); and

8) Right turn at a stop sign (both two- and four-way stops).

6.3 Checklists

6.3.1 Practicing Turns

Start by practicing these in a parking lot or on a neighborhood street, then move to a two- or four-lane road. Make sure the teen uses the proper turning techniques learned in Lesson Four.

Turning Precautions

Before turning, check the mirrors and blind spots for traffic, pedestrians, or other objects in the path of travel.

Position the vehicle in the correct lane.


Search the intersection for traffic in all directions.

Reduce your speed before turning (approx. 10 mph for safe turning).

Use the proper steering technique for smooth turning (see checklists in Lesson Four).

Right Turn

Activate your right-turn signal.

Position the vehicle approximately four feet from the curb (if there is no curb for reference in the parking lot, simulate).

Look right and left.

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Look through the turn to the targeted area (where the vehicle should end up after turning).

Accelerate slowly into the turn.

Begin turning the steering wheel at the corner of the intersection.

Accelerate gently halfway into the turn.


Check the blind spots.

Steer into the far right lane.

Maintain smooth, even acceleration and vehicle position control.

Return the steering wheel to its original position once the turn is complete (smooth motion, no jerking or sudden movements).

Recheck the mirrors and blind spots to establish vehicle operating space and lane position.

Left Turn

Look right and left before turning.

Make sure your left-turn signal is on.

Look through the turn to the left, to the targeted area (where the vehicle should end up).

Accelerate slowly.

Begin to turn left when the wheels are even with the corner of the intersection. (Since there is no intersection in the parking lot, simulate).

Steer into the nearest (far left) lane.

Accelerate gently halfway into the turn.

Return the steering wheel to its original position when turn is complete.

Recheck all mirrors and blind spots to establish vehicle operating space and lane position.

6.3.2 Locations

Now, practice these steps for left and right turns in the following locations:

Left turn from a neighborhood street onto a two- or four-lane road

Right turn from a neighborhood street onto a two- or four-lane road

Left turn into a parking lot

Right turn into a parking lot

Left turn out of a parking lot onto the street

Right turn out of a parking lot onto the street

Left turn at a stop sign (both two- and four-way stops)

Right turn at a stop sign (both two- and four-way stops)

Turning Left onto a Multilane Road from a Parking Lot or Side Street

From a full stop, search traffic for a safe opening to the left and right.

Check ahead in the rearview and side-view mirrors.

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Engage the left-turn signal.

Search the path of travel.

When traffic is clear, accelerate and turn into the lane closest to the center lane.

Check the rearview mirror for traffic.

Position the vehicle in the center of the lane and accelerate to the flow of traffic.

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7.0 Intersections


This lesson introduces the teen to controlled intersections. Controlled intersections present higher risks than our previous driving tasks, so we ask that you spend time demonstrating these skills to your teen ahead of time. Go through the checklists with your teen ahead of time, as well, and discuss how to manage these intersections at different times of day. Make sure your teen is prepared well and well rested.


You will teach your teen how to travel safely through a variety of intersections. The teen will become more experienced in sharing the road with other users.


Use multilane roads with low to moderate traffic levels. Begin with low-traffic areas, and only move to areas with higher traffic when your teen is ready. This lesson requires at least one complex intersection. Do not practice these skills during rush hour.

7.1.3 Goals

This lesson has two goals:

1) The teen will gain experience and confidence in travelling through intersections, while using safe and legal driving practices.

2) The teen will begin using a space management system to provide a safe space between his vehicle and others on the roadway.


This lesson requires various levels of traffic flow and volume. We suggest going through the checklist first in low traffic and then moving on to moderate traffic. Use a familiar roadway when introducing the teen to an area with higher traffic flow and volume. Be aware of how the time of day may affect the roads you choose for this lesson.

7.1.5 Time Requirement

We recommend this lesson be conducted during three one-hour sessions during daylight hours, and two one-hour sessions at night. Do not allow your teen to move on to more complex driving environments until he has mastered these skills in a low-traffic environment.



Demonstrate the following before your teen takes the wheel:

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1) Drive through an intersection during a green light.

2) Stop for a red light.

3) Turn right on a green light.

4) Turn right after stopping for a red light.

5) Turn left from a left-hand turn lane.

6) Turn left from a shared left/straight lane.

7) Turn left on a protected green arrow.

8) Turn left on an unprotected green light while oncoming traffic also has a green light.

We also suggest you review the following with the teen before beginning:

7.2.1 Using a Space Management System

1) Watch the roadway ahead at all times.

2) Maintain good speed control within the speed limit and with the flow of traffic.

3) Position the vehicle in the center of the lane.

4) Alter your lane position to avoid hazards, if necessary. By way of example: If another vehicle is driving too close to your right-hand side, move to the left of your lane to compensate.

5) Maintain a safe following distance of three seconds in perfect conditions (more in poor conditions).

6) Always use your turn signal.

7) Tap on the brakes to signal your intent to slow down.

8) Actively search the roadway and maintain good visual and mental attention at all times.

9) Search your mirrors for side conflicts.

10) Create space for merging vehicles.

11) Accept and give the right-of-way properly.

12) Perform commentary driving while using a space management system.

7.3 Checklists

7.3.1 Taking Precautions

Practicing Turns

Before taking your teen through an intersection, review turning techniques in a neighborhood or parking lot.

Traffic Controls

Be able to recognize signs, signals, and road markings well ahead of an intersection.

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Identify the type of intersection.

Actively search all sides of an intersection while approaching.

Adjust your speed according to posted limits.

Before entering an intersection, look left, right, and left again.

Observe others to determine if they intend to follow traffic control signs and signals.

Compensate for other roadway users who are not following.

Turning Precautions

Before turning, check the mirrors and blind spots, and check for traffic, pedestrians, or other objects in the path of travel.

Position the vehicle in the correct lane.

Signal your intention to turn right or left.

Search the intersection for traffic in all directions.

Reduce your speed before turning (approx. 10 mph for safe turning).

Use the proper steering technique for smooth turning (see checklists in Lesson Four).

Communication

Activate your turn signal in plenty of time before turning or changing lanes.

Tap on the brakes ahead of time before stopping.

Make no sudden movements.

Brake gently and conduct controlled stops.

Use hand signals when necessary.

Utilize eye contact and hand gestures when necessary to relay your intentions to other drivers or pedestrians.

Following Distance

Demonstrate a three-second following distance in perfect conditions.

Demonstrate a four-second following distance in poor conditions.

Maintain a safe distance from the vehicle ahead.

Understand when to increase your following distance (such as when following an erratic driver or during inclement weather).

Leave a safe stopping zone ahead of the vehicle of at least four or five seconds.

7.3.2 Intersections

Approaching Controlled Intersections with Multiple Lanes

Search the intersection for traffic controls, pedestrians, and other users.

Check the blind spots before changing lanes.

Signal your intention to turn or change lanes well ahead of time.

Wait for a safe gap in traffic to change lanes.

Be able to identify multiple turn lanes and road markings.

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Actively search ahead, to the sides, and to the rear.

Watch the traffic control signal and anticipate when it will change.

Watch cross traffic before entering an intersection on a green light.

Drive Straight Through an Intersection

Reduce your speed slightly while approaching the green light.

Cover the brake with your foot; be prepared to stop if necessary.

Visually search the approaching lanes of traffic and look for signs that someone might run a red light.

Give the right-of-way to vehicles, pedestrians, and through traffic.

Do not try to “beat” a yellow light.

Maintain lane position without weaving.

Drive straight through the intersection and end up in the same lane on the other side. Do not change lanes in the intersection.

Turn Right on Green

Reduce your speed while approaching the intersection.

Approach the intersection in the right lane, or move into the right-turn lane in plenty of time before the intersection.

Activate your right-turn signal at least 100 feet before the intersection.

Slow down to an appropriate turning speed.

Stay to the right side of the lane while approaching the curb.

Check traffic in all directions while approaching.

Give the right-of-way to vehicles, pedestrians, and through traffic

Double-check traffic approaching from the left before turning. Look for drivers who may run a red light.

Check over your right shoulder before turning. Check the curb to make sure no pedestrians are preparing to enter the street.

Wait for pedestrians to cross completely.

Use hand-over-hand steering to make the right turn.

End your turn in the right lane.

Maintain steady speed while making the turn (no jerking or unnecessary stopping).

Begin to accelerate smoothly while finishing the turn.

Continue accelerating smoothly until a safe speed is reached.

Turn Left on Green


Approach the intersection in the left lane, or move into the left-turn lane in plenty of time before the intersection.

Activate left-turn signal at least 100 feet before the intersection.

Slow down to an appropriate turning speed.

Stay to the left side of the lane while approaching the curb.

Check traffic in all directions while approaching.


Double-check oncoming traffic and traffic approaching from the left before turning. Look for drivers who may run a red light.

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PROTECTED LEFT: When turning on the green arrow, oncoming traffic has a red light. The teen should watch carefully to make sure no oncoming cars run the red light.

UNPROTECTED LEFT: When turning on a green light without an arrow, cars in the oncoming lane also have a green light. The teen should wait for a safe gap in oncoming traffic before turning green. The teen is permitted to drive partway into the intersection before making the turn, but only if the turn can be completed before the light turns red. Encourage the teen to wait behind the white limit line until he is able to turn.

Check to make sure no pedestrians are preparing to enter the street.

Wait for pedestrians to cross completely.

Use smooth steering to make the left turn.

End your turn in the leftmost lane.

Maintain steady speed while making the turn (no jerking or unnecessary stopping).

Begin to accelerate smoothly while finishing the turn.

Continue accelerating smoothly until a safe speed is reached.

Approaching a Red Light

Look ahead toward the intersection to identify a red light.


Maintain your position in the lane. Do not change lanes unnecessarily.

Slow down to a smooth stop behind the white limit line.

Look for and identify pedestrians waiting to cross the road.


When the light turns red, double-check for pedestrians before proceeding. Make sure to check for approaching cars that may run a red light.

Accelerate smoothly through the intersection until a reaching a safe speed.

Do not change lanes in the intersection.

End up in the same lane on the other side of the intersection.

U-turn at an Intersection

Approach the intersection in the left lane, or left-turning lane if one is provided.

Activate your turn signal at least 100 feet from the intersection.

Identify posted signs that either forbid or permit U-turns. Do not make a U-turn if they are forbidden.

GREEN ARROW or U-ARROW: This means the teen is making a protected U-turn. Follow the special instructions for making a protected left turn.

GREEN LIGHT (ROUND) ONLY: This means the teen is making an unprotected U-turn. Follow the special instructions for making an unprotected left turn.

Watch for drivers who may run a red light.

Check for pedestrians who may cross the street.

Give the right-of-way to vehicles, pedestrians, and through traffic

Use hand-over-hand steering to complete the turn.

Maintain a safe, steady speed while turning.

Straighten the vehicle to end up centered in the lane.

You may finish the U-turn in any lane, provided no other vehicle is cut off or put in danger.

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Accelerate smoothly to a safe and legal speed.

7.3.3 Other Roadway Users

Identify other roadway users, including vulnerable users, such as pedestrians, bicyclists, and construction workers.

Give extra room to bicyclists and pedestrians.

Slow when bicyclists, pedestrians, and children are near.

Identify roadway users who may not be mentally, emotionally, or physically prepared (such as children, disabled persons, or any other person who may not be prepared fully for dealing with vehicle traffic).

Compensate for roadway users who may not be prepared for dealing with vehicle traffic by slowing down and giving them extra room.

Watch for school zone signs and respond appropriately.

Obey construction signs (slow down to the correct speed).

Actively search the roadway when other roadway users are present.

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8.0 Changing Lanes and Passing


This lesson provides your teen with practice changing lanes and passing other vehicles. As the teen gains confidence, you should move on to high-traffic areas.


You will teach the teen how to complete these key driving maneuvers:

1) Changing lanes, and

2) Passing.


We suggest using a variety of multilane roads and intersections with moderate to complex risk. These skills also should be practiced in heavy traffic. The areas we suggest for this are: busy city roads, complex intersections, curves and hills, railroad grade crossings, and a low-traffic area in which to practice passing.

8.1.3 Goals

The goal of this lesson is to practice these skills while driving in moderate to complex risk environments:

1) Lane changes;

2) Communicating with other drivers;

3) Passing; and

4) Being passed.


Do not allow your teen to progress to driving in heavy traffic volume unless the previous lessons have been completed and you are confident he is ready for the added risk.


We recommend this lesson be conducted during three one-hour sessions during daylight hours, and two one-hour sessions at night.



With the driving parent behind the wheel, the teen should observe and comment on the following:

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1) Watch as the driver communicates with others: signaling, hand signals (if necessary), tapping on brakes, eye contact, etc.

2) Observe other drivers as they merge with heavy traffic, approach intersections, navigate railroad crossings ,and exit traffic.

3) Observe other drivers as they make lane changes using lateral maneuvers (merging to the left or right) in heavy traffic.

4) Observe other drivers as they pass other vehicles in minimal-risk environments. This may be simulated or real.

8.3 Checklists

Practice these on low-traffic roads first, and then move on to areas with more traffic once the teen has gained skill and confidence.

8.3.1 Changing Lanes

Be aware of the vehicle’s operating space.

Be aware of when other vehicles are approaching.

Search ahead, to the sides, and to the rear of the vehicle.

Wait for a safe gap in the traffic of the lane you want to enter.

Check the mirrors and your blind spots (S.M.O.G.).

Activate your turn signal in plenty of time.

Search again before moving into the other lane.

Check your blind spots again.

Steer gently into the desired lane, straightening and adjusting your position after the lane change is complete.

Adjust to the flow of traffic in the lane.

Disengage the turn signal.

8.3.2 Communication

Activate your turn signal in plenty of time before turning or changing lanes.

Tap on your brakes before stopping.

Do not make sudden movements.

Brake gently and make controlled stops.

Use hand signals when necessary.

Utilize eye contact and hand gestures when necessary to relay your intentions to other drivers or pedestrians.

8.3.3 Passing

This section should be covered in a low-traffic location before moving on to moderate or heavy traffic. These may be simulated or real when you begin. As the teen gains experience, move on to the roadway and progress toward areas with higher traffic.

Identify passing and no-passing lane markings and signs.

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Determine a safe gap in traffic for passing.

Search for oncoming traffic and other obstacles.

Check all your mirrors.

Look over shoulders to check the blind spots.


Check your blind spots again.

Steer smoothly into the other lane and pass the vehicle.

Search the lane ahead for traffic or obstacles.

Check your rearview mirror for the headlights or license plate of the passed vehicle.

Signal your intention to steer back into the lane.

Check your side mirror and blind spots carefully before steering right.

Steer smoothly into right lane.

Straighten your wheels and adjust your speed.

Cancel your turn signal.

8.3.4 Being Passed

When being passed:

Adjust your lane position to the right side of your lane.

Maintain your speed. Do not speed up.

After being passed, slow down to increase the following distance if necessary.

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9.0 Expressway Driving


This lesson introduces your teen to driving on the expressway.


You will teach the teen how to perform these key driving maneuvers:

1) Entering the freeway;

2) Driving on the freeway and maintaining a safe following distance; and

3) Exiting the freeway.


We suggest using an expressway with an interchange during a low-traffic time. This is a moderate to complex driving environment. Select a familiar location outside of rush hour.

9.1.3 Goals

The goal of this lesson is to practice these skills while driving on an expressway:

1) Advanced searching;

2) Time and speed management;

3) Space management;

4) Merging;

5) Exiting;

6) Communication;

7) Managing distractions; and

8) Multitasking performances.


During this lesson, your teen may begin driving at high speeds of approximately 65 mph. Your teen should not progress to this lesson until the previous lessons have been completed and you are confident he is ready for the challenge of expressway driving.


We recommend this lesson be conducted during three one-hour sessions during daylight hours, and two one-hour sessions at night. The teen should not move on to more complex driving environments until he has mastered these skills in a low-traffic environment.

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Time Suggestion: 30 minutes

The parent should demonstrate the following before continuing to the checklists:

1) Identify events that distract a driver and others on the road (pedestrians included), and discuss. Some examples of these may be debris on the road, pedestrians, billboards, weather, speeding vehicles, honking, etc.

2) Observe other drivers executing multitasking performances on the expressway and discuss. Multitasking performances may be:

a) Changing lanes while searching the roadway;

b) Signaling while maintaining good lane placement;

c) Maintaining speed while maintaining smooth control of the vehicle; and/or

d) Reading road signs while maintaining good following distances.

3) Observe other drivers entering or exiting the expressway.

9.3 Checklists

9.3.1 Merging onto an Expressway

Identify expressway signs well ahead of on-ramp.

Search the on-ramp and road ahead for traffic or hazards.

Enter the on-ramp acceleration lane while scanning ahead, to the sides, and to the rear.

Accelerate to the flow of traffic on the expressway.

Search the traffic for a safe gap to merge.

Manage your speed and timing to arrive at the gap in traffic.

Signal your intentions.

Check the gap again, and search your mirrors and blind spots.

Maintain your speed.

Steer smoothly into the lane to merge.

Turn off your signal.

Straighten the wheels and center the vehicle in the lane.

Check your mirrors again.

Adjust your speed to the flow of traffic.

9.3.2 Expressway Driving

Maintain visual and mental attention.

Actively search the roadway 20-30 seconds ahead.

Search the immediate path of travel four to 15 seconds ahead.

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Continuously search your mirrors and be aware of the surrounding traffic.

Manage space around the vehicle using the principles of a space management system.

Never cross solid yellow or white lines.

Drive at a safe speed (according to the posted speed limit/flow of traffic/roadway conditions).

Identify drivers who are speeding, weaving, or following too closely.

Do not travel in a “pack” of vehicles; leave space around the vehicle.

Check your mirrors and blind spots before changing lanes.

Steer smoothly to change lanes.

Communicate your intention to change lanes.

Travel in the appropriate lane.

Maintain at least a three- to four-second following distance.

Avoid traveling in another vehicle’s blind spots, or behind large trucks, where your vehicle cannot be seen by the driver.

Adjust your speed and position based on traffic flow and volume.

Adjust your speed and position for greater visibility (to open up line of sight).

Pass with an adequate cushion of space.

Maintain a steady speed (no speeding up and then slowing down repeatedly for no reason).

Prepare for your exit from the expressway by changing to the correct lane in plenty of time.

Do not cut across traffic; instead, travel one lane at a time.

9.3.3 Exiting the Expressway

Prepare to exit by searching for signs and entering the appropriate lane in advance.

Signal your intention to exit half a mile from the off-ramp.

Check your mirrors carefully.

Exit smoothly, and slow down to the speed posted on the off-ramp.

Search the off-ramp ahead for hazards or stopped traffic.

Maintain a safe distance from vehicles in front and behind.

9.3.4 Managing Distractions in Moderate to Complex Driving Environments

Talk with your teens about how to manage distractions on the expressway. It is best to discuss these before or after the teen drives on the expressway, rather than while he is behind the wheel. Cover the following topics:

Focus on maintaining space management and following distances as a way to fight distraction.

Maintain a clear line of sight to keep your mind from wandering.

Concentrate on maintaining your lane position.

Check your speed often.

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Communicate your intentions clearly.

Adhere to the rules of right-of-way.

Identify distracted behavior in other drivers and compensate by falling back or changing lanes.

Avoid unnecessary distractions while driving, such as cell phone use, text messaging, eating or drinking, tuning the radio, and adjusting the air.

Keep your eyes from focusing too long on distractions along the side of the road, such as billboards or pedestrians.

Identify distractions through commentary driving.

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10.0 Right-of-Way


We are nearing completion for behind-the-wheel training! It’s time to focus on fine-tuning your teen’s defensive driving skills. As your teen gains experience and begins driving on more complex roadways, defensive driving becomes a vital part of training. This lesson provides your teen with more time to practice observing the rules of right-of-way.


Please discuss the rules of right-of-way with your teen before the lesson begins. Take some time before your teen gets behind the wheel to demonstrate yielding the right-of-way to other vehicles. Be thorough and repeat any information the teen does not seem to understand.


You may use a variety of environments for this lesson: residential streets, city streets, intersections, railroad crossings, four-lane highways, the expressway, etc. Your teen should be gaining confidence and skill on all roadways. There is no such thing as too much practice with the rules of right-of-way!

10.1.3 Goals

The goals of this behind-the-wheel lesson are to:

1) Practice observing right-of-way rules;

2) Practice communication skills (signals, lights, brakes);

3) Review the checklists from other lessons; and

4) Gain more experience in a variety of driving environments.


This is a good time to go over the checklists from the other lessons. If your teen struggled with a particular section in another lesson, go over it again now. We have provided five hours of training for Lesson Nine, so you have the time to fine-tune important skills. Take more time if needed. Make sure your teen adheres to the rules of right-of-way on every roadway and at every intersection.

10.1.5 Time Required

We recommend using three one-hour sessions during daylight hours, and two one-hour sessions at night to complete this lesson.

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10.2 The Rules of Right-of-Way

10.2.1 On Roads

1) On single- or two-lane roads, yield the right-of-way to traffic on roads with more lanes.

2) When driving on an unpaved road, yield to vehicles on a paved roadway.

3) On a road with multiple lanes in the same direction, a vehicle entering from the right must yield to a vehicle entering the same lane from a lane to the left.

10.2.2 Highways

1) Yield to vehicles entering the highway.

2) Yield to vehicles exiting the highway.

10.2.3 Uncontrolled intersections

1) If you arrive at the same time, yield to the vehicle on your right.

2) At a T-intersection, yield to through traffic on the intersecting road.

10.2.4 Controlled Intersections

1) Obey all signs and signals at controlled intersections.

10.2.5 Private Roads and Driveways

1) When exiting a private road or driveway, stop before the sidewalk. Yield to vehicles on the roadway and pedestrians on the sidewalk.

10.2.6 Turning Left

1) When turning at an intersection, yield to drivers travelling straight through the intersection if they do not have a stop sign or red light.

10.2.7 Railroad Crossings

1) Always yield the right-of-way to an approaching train! You must stop between 15 to 50 feet of the tracks if a train is approaching.

10.3 Observing the Rules of Right-of-Way

Your teen should practice yielding the right-of way in the following locations. Make sure this is done according to the rules of right-of-way, while taking traffic conditions into account, and without affecting the flow of traffic. Please remind your teen to yield to pedestrians as well as other vehicles! Observe the right-of-way:

1) At a four-way stop;

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2) A T-intersection;

3) Turning left at an intersection;

4) Turning right at an intersection;

5) From a gravel or dirt road onto a paved roadway;

6) At an intersection with traffic control signals;

7) A traffic circle (if available);

8) A one-way road;

9) At a two-way road with multiple lanes traveling in each direction;

10) At railroad tracks; and

11) While entering or exiting the highway or expressway.

10.4 Checklists

10.4.1 Right-of-Way Rules

Yield to traffic at an uncontrolled intersection.

Yield to traffic already on the expressway when you are entering.

Yield to vehicles that move to the right lane to exit the expressway.

Yield to a vehicle on the right if you arrive simultaneously at the intersection.

Yield to vehicles on the throughway when you arrive at a T-intersection.

Obey signs and signals at controlled intersections.

Stop before the sidewalk when exiting a driveway or private road.

Yield to vehicles and pedestrians when entering the road from a driveway.

Yield to vehicles traveling straight through when you are turning left.

Stop 15 to 50 feet before railroad tracks. Obey all signs.

Turn off your signal.

Straighten your wheels and center your vehicle in the lane.

Check the mirrors again.

Adjust your speed to the flow of traffic.

10.4.2 Observing Rules

Yield the right-of-way at a four-way stop when cars arrive simultaneously.

Yield the right-of-way at a T-intersection if you are on the throughway.

Yield the right-of-way to through traffic when you are turning left.

Yield the right-of-way to through traffic when you are turning right.

Yield the right-of-way to through traffic when entering a paved road from a side road.

Obey the signals at a controlled intersection.

Obey the traffic patterns in a traffic circle.

Obey the traffic patterns on a one-way road.

Stay right on the expressway, except when passing.

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11.0 Braking and Accelerating


This lesson provides your teen with the chance to practice braking and accelerating skills. Practice in an off-street location with no traffic.


You will teach the teen how to perform these key braking maneuvers:

1) Smooth braking;

2) Threshold braking;

3) Acceleration; and

4) Handling skids.


This lesson should be completed in an empty parking lot or similar off-street location with no traffic or pedestrians.

11.1.3 Goals

The goal of this lesson is to give your teen additional practice with safe braking and accelerating techniques. The following skills will be addressed:

1) Smooth braking;

2) Threshold braking;

3) Compensating for traction loss and skids; and

4) Acceleration.


These activities only should be performed in safe conditions. These are designed to improve the skills of a novice driver who has completed the rest of our training lessons. Demonstrate these skills before requiring the teen to perform them.


We recommend this lesson be conducted during five one-hour sessions.

11.1.6 Observations

There are no observations required before starting this lesson.

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11.2 Braking

11.2.1 Braking and Stopping

1) Look ahead to the target area.

2) Prepare to stop by placing your foot on the brake pedal in plenty of time.

3) Apply the brake with steady, even pressure.

4) The vehicle should not jerk or pulse as you brake.

5) Hold steady pressure on the brake until the vehicle comes to a smooth stop.

6) The vehicle should be stopped fully; it should not be rolling forward.

7) Your foot should remain on the brake.

11.2.2 Tapping the Brakes

1) Practice tapping the brakes to warn the car behind you that you will be slowing down or stopping.

2) Tap the brake lightly, enough to activate the brake light without causing the vehicle to jerk.

11.2.3 Braking in Wet Weather

If possible, practice these skills in an empty parking lot during wet weather. If not, discuss these points and simulate wet conditions.

1) Focus your attention at least 20 to 30 seconds ahead of your vehicle.

2) Cover the brake with your foot as if you are preparing to stop.

3) Do not brake suddenly in a skid.

4) Practice using the threshold braking method (below).

Threshold Braking to Avoid a Skid

1) Position your vehicle with a long stretch of open space ahead.

2) Search the area to make sure it is clear of other vehicles and pedestrians.

3) Accelerate to 10 mph.

4) Pivot your foot from the accelerator to the brake as quickly as possible.

5) Press the brake firmly, as hard as possible, slightly releasing the pressure at the last second.

6) Release the brake (slightly) to prevent skidding and maintain vehicle balance.

7) Check your rearview mirror for (imaginary) traffic in the rear.

8) Stabilize the vehicle and continue driving.

Compensating for Traction Loss

This should be a simulation. You should not purposefully lose traction.

1) Hold the wheel securely to maintain control of the vehicle.

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2) Accelerate slowly to avoid spinning out as a result of traction loss to the back wheels.

3) Maneuver the vehicle back to the center of the lane.

4) Accelerate to the appropriate speed.

5) Travel carefully to avoid losing traction again.

Compensating for Skids

This should be a simulation. You should not purposefully skid your vehicle.

1) Do not slam on the brakes during a skid.

2) Take your foot off the gas pedal.

3) Turn the steering wheel in the direction of the skid.

4) As you regain control, gently straighten the steering wheel.

5) Accelerate to the appropriate speed.

11.2.4 Avoiding Collisions

Maintain a three-second following distance in perfect conditions, and increase to four or more seconds in poor conditions.

1) Watch the vehicles ahead of you for brake lights.

2) Shift your foot to cover the brake pedal as soon as you see brake lights ahead.

3) Watch for a shrinking distance between you and the vehicle ahead of you.

4) Watch for stopped vehicles on the shoulder.

5) Look for problems that might develop on the roadway ahead of you so you have time to react.

6) Preserve the space cushion around your vehicle.

Avoid Being Hit From Behind

If someone is following too closely behind you:

1) Flash your brake lights if braking will not cause a collision.

2) Slow down and encourage the driver behind you to pass.

3) Change lanes if necessary.

4) If these steps do not work, pull over and let the tailgating driver pass.

5) If you pull over, keep your doors locked and stay in a location where other people are present. At night, pull into a well-lit area.

6) Do not provoke an aggressive driver.

Minimize the Impact of a Collision

1) Sit upright while driving.

2) Use your seat belt properly.

3) Steer to avoid colliding head-on.

4) Face forward, look straight ahead, and sit against the back of the seat.

5) Hold your hands in the 9:00 and 3:00 position, and keep your wrists straight.

6) Always sit at least 10 inches from the airbag.

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7) Make sure the headrest sits just above your ears.

8) Brake quickly if a collision is imminent.

9) Avoid side impacts by steering.

11.2.5 Accelerating

Acceleration Practice

1) Choose a target location at the far end of the parking lot.

2) Point your vehicle in the direction of the targeted area by steering.

3) Gradually let up on the foot brake and allow the vehicle to move forward.

4) Accelerate gently by pressing on the accelerator (gas) pedal.

5) Press the gas pedal smoothly, without jerking the vehicle.

6) Continue accelerating smoothly with your heel on floor while the ball of your foot pushes the gas pedal.

7) Add gas by pushing slightly harder to accelerate faster.

8) Let up on the gas pedal slightly to begin slowing down.

11.3 Checklists

11.3.1 Braking and Stopping

Perform all of the steps to brake smoothly to a full stop.

Tap your brakes to warn the car behind you.

Perform all of the steps to execute a threshold braking maneuver.

Simulate overcoming traction loss.

Simulate overcoming skids.

Maintain a safe following speed (three seconds in good weather).

Verbalize the steps to minimize a collision impact.

Practice accelerating.

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12.0 Reducing Risk


This lesson introduces your teen to risk management skills that are important for safe driving in all driving environments. This lesson will give your teen a chance to practice the skills he already has and will introduce him to commentary driving.


In this lesson, your teen learns to apply risk management skills, such as ‘Predict, Analyze, and Minimize’ to his driving. It also emphasizes using a space management system to protect the driver from unnecessary risk on the road. We will provide checklists for managing other risk factors, such as fatigue and aggressive driving.


Use these checklists on any roads at any time. By this point, your teen has travelled on all types of roads at all times of day. You may practice these skills during the day or at night.

12.1.3 Goals

This lesson has two goals:

1) To gain more experience with safe, legal, and risk-reducing driving practices; and

2) To help your teen understand how to use a space management system to provide a safe space between his vehicle and others on the roadway.


This lesson requires various levels of traffic flow and traffic volume. We suggest going through the checklist first in low traffic volume and flow and then moving on to moderate. If possible, use a familiar roadway when introducing your teen to an area with higher traffic flow and volume. Be aware of how the time of day may affect the roads you choose for this lesson.


We recommend this lesson be conducted during three one-hour sessions during daylight hours, and two one-hour sessions at night. Do not allow your teen to move on to more complex driving environments until he has mastered these skills in a low-traffic environment.


Time Suggestion: 30 minutes

With the instructor behind the wheel, the teen should:

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1) Observe other drivers as they predict, analyze, and minimize risk factors, and discuss with the instructor.

2) Perform commentary driving out loud as the instructor drives.

3) Observe other drivers as they take or give the right-of-way, and discuss with the instructor.

4) Observe other drivers and vulnerable roadway users as they use a space management system to manage such things as: vehicle operating space, line of sight, path of travel, lane placement, right-of-way, following interval, vehicle speed, and communication. Discuss with the instructor.

12.3 Checklists

12.3.1 Eliminating Risk Factors

Utilize “Predict, Analyze, and Minimize” to minimize risk.

Actively search the roadway while driving.

Take action to avoid risks on the road before the situation becomes hazardous.

Maintain visual and mental attention.

Recognize risky behavior in other drivers, such as speeding or following too closely.

Compensate for the risky behavior of other roadway users (e.g., dropping back from a speeding driver, changing lanes and watching the roadway ahead carefully for signs of a collision or other hazard).

Drive within the speed limit and with the flow of traffic.

Adjust your lane position when necessary to minimize risk.

Use appropriate communication (such as signals) to minimize risk.

Follow all the rules of right-of-way.

Use commentary driving throughout the lesson.

12.3.2 Following Distance

Know when to increase following distance, such as when:

Traction and visibility are reduced

Following large trucks or vehicles

Following a motorcycle

A driver behind you is trying to pass

When stopped on a hill or incline

When the driver in front seems distracted or impaired

12.3.3 Traffic Controls

Recognize signs, signals, and road markings well ahead of an intersection.

Identify the type of intersection.

Actively search the intersection while approaching.

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Adjust your speed according to speed limit changes.

Scan all sides of an intersection.

Before entering an intersection, look left, right, and left again.

Observe others to determine if they intend to follow traffic control signs and signals.

Compensate for other roadway users who are not following directions.

12.3.4 Controlled Intersections with Multiple Lanes

Search the intersection for traffic controls, pedestrians, and other users.

Check your blind spots before changing lanes.

Activate your turn signal in plenty of time.

Wait for a safe gap in traffic to change lanes.

Identify multiple turn lanes and road markings.

Actively search ahead, to the sides, and to the rear.

Watch the signal and anticipate when it will change.

Watch cross traffic before entering the intersection on a green light.

12.3.5 Maintaining Good Visibility

If a large vehicle blocks your visibility, drop back or reposition your vehicle in the lane for a clear, unobstructed view ahead.

Avoid travelling in the blind spots of other vehicles, especially large trucks.

12.3.6 Fatigue

Maintain visual attention to combat fatigue.

Actively search the roadway to engage mental attention.

Do not zone out.

Do not focus or stare at only one spot on the road ahead.

Understand the importance of never driving while fatigued or drowsy.

Be able to discuss and identify the signs of fatigue in other drivers (such as swerving, erratic movement, and slow driving).

Be able to discuss and identify signs of fatigue in other roadway users, such as anyone on the road without the protection of a vehicle (swaying while walking, riding a bike erratically, etc.).

12.3.7 Aggressive Driving

Never demonstrate aggression or anger while driving the vehicle.

Never use angry hand signals at other drivers.

Do not speak angrily from the driver’s seat. Keep your emotions under control.

Know when to stop driving if angry or upset.

Travel a safe distance behind other vehicles.

Drive in the appropriate lane.

Observe right-of-way rules (do not demand right-of-way, give it willingly).

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Be able to identify aggressive driving in other drivers (tailgating, changing lanes frequently, honking, hand gestures, etc.).

Be able to identify aggressiveness in vulnerable roadway users (motorcyclists, farm equipment, pedestrians, road and construction workers, and bicyclists).

Compensate for aggressiveness in other roadway users by keeping your distance, following all laws and rules of right-of-way, and never responding to aggressive behavior with the same.

Congratulations! This completes this portion of your behind-the-wheel training.

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