oilfield scale management: fundamentals to field filefast 7 proposal oilfield scale management:...
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FAST 7 Proposal
OILFIELD SCALE MANAGEMENT:
FUNDAMENTALS TO FIELDDuration: 1 April 2019 – 31 March 2022
Eric Mackay, Ken Sorbie
& Anne Neville
Flow Assurance & Scale Team: Scale Workshop
Treetops Hotel, Aberdeen, 29 January 2019
Co-Is: Mike Singleton, Lorraine Boak, Oscar Vazquez, Thibaut Charpentier
Researchers: Oleg Ishkov, Alexander Graham, Duarte Silva, Alan Beteta
2
OILFIELD SCALE MANAGEMENT: FUNDAMENTALS TO FIELD
THEME 1: Scale Inhibition Performance and Retention
Mechanisms (Lead – Ken Sorbie)
THEME 2: Reservoir Geochemical Modelling and
Squeeze Modelling (Lead Eric Mackay)
THEME 3: Effect of Solid Surface on Scale Deposition
and Inhibition (Lead Anne Neville)
FAST 7* Joint Industry Programme
*Items new to FAST 7 identified in red throughout rest of presentation
3
THEME 1: Scale Inhibition Performance and
Retention Mechanisms1. SCALE INHIBITOR COUPLED ADSORPTION/PRECIPITATION:
Modelling of coupled Adsorption/Precipitation experiments and
field SI squeeze treatments.
Adsorption Precipitation
Coupled Г/П area
26.67pv 12.1pv
Equilibrium PPTN & ADS
Kinetic PPTN. Case
NO ADSORPTION
~50pv
Kinetic PPTN. Case
EQUILIBRIUM
ADSORPTION
4
THEME 1: Scale Inhibition Performance and
Retention Mechanisms2. SCALE PREDICTION – EQUILIBRIUM AND KINETICS: Building on
the FAST Scale Prediction code to develop a new state-of-the-art
software package - ScαleFAST .
Attributes
+ ID : Enum CompID+ c : Double+ MM : Double+ n : Double+ m : Double+ A : AiAjAkAw
Constructor
+ New(Enum CompID, MM := Double)
Attributes
+ IsAi : Boolean+ IsAj : Boolean+ IsAk : Boolean+ IsAw : Boolean+ Index : Integer+ M : Double + AjReaction : Reaction
Attributes
+ Component : Component+ StoiCoef : Double
Attributes
+ Therm : Double+ Stoic : Double
Attributes
+ Equation : String+ ReagentsAndProductsList
: List (Of ReactionUnit)+ Keq : K_Equilibrium+ InputForm : Boolean
ReagentsAnd
ProductsList
Keq
AjReaction(for Aj components only)
A
Component
1
3
5
7
9
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
SR (C
aCO
3)
p (bar)
T = 80 °CQv = 1000 m3/d
SR kineticSR thermodynamic
OH-
OIL
Many oil components+ Gas (C1, C2, C3)+ CO2
+H2S
GAS
CARBONATE ROCK(CaCO3)
5
THEME 1: Scale Inhibition Performance and
Retention Mechanisms3. CARBONATE RESERVOIRS: The transport, geochemistry,
adsorption/ precipitation and modelling of SI treatments in
carbonate reservoirs.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
pH
Final [SI], ppm
VS-Co Initial
0g Calcite
5g Calcite
10g Calcite
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Ap
pa
ren
t A
dso
rpti
on
, m
g S
I/g
ro
ck
Final [SI], ppm
5g Calcite, VS-Co
10g Calcite, VS-Co
6
THEME 1: Scale Inhibition Performance and
Retention Mechanisms4. MUTUAL SOLVENTS: The role of mutual solvents in scale inhibitor
squeeze treatments. This topic was introduced in FAST 6 and 1 PhD
has been completed on phase behaviour. The work will concentrate
on mutual solvent propagation and impact on inhibitor retention.
Results: MS Pre-Flush Saturation Changes
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
C/C
o
PV
Increasing PV availableto Main Treatment
100% Oil
@ Sor
Initial MTBreakthrough
MTAfter 5PV
MTAfter 10PV
Post Treatment
PV consistent after Post Flush
0
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
0 200 400 600 800 1000
[SI]
(p
pm
)
PV
No MS Pre-Flush
<1ppm at ~350PV
MS Pre-Flush
<1ppm at ~800PV
MS Pre-Flush Sample Images
0.09 0.26 0.43 0.60 0.78 0.95 1.12 1.29 1.46 1.64PV
Rig Dead Volume
(Brine)Displaced
BrineMS/Crude/Brine
7
THEME 1: Scale Inhibition Performance and
Retention Mechanisms5. SCALE FORMATION IN EOR PROCESSES: This was first introduced
in FAST 6 and has several parts, including impact of EOR polymer
on SI retention and on inhibition efficiency, and may include further
work on silicates arising during ASP flooding.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
SI C
on
cen
trat
ion
(p
pm
)
Pore Volume Injected
Competitive AdsorptionImpact of Polymer Preflush
5% DETPMP in SWSI Postflush
SI Basecase
With Polymer Preflush
If MIC is 2.5ppm
DETPMP Only @ 91PVs
Polymer Preflush @ 51PVs
1713
30
81
10097
511
15
41
95
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
4 8 10 20 35 50
% In
hib
itio
n E
ffic
ien
cy
Scale Inhibitor (ppm)
Inhibition Efficiency of pH Neutral DETPMP with 500ppm HPAM60:40% NSSW : FW @ pH 5.5 and 70oC
2 hr
22 hr
Impact on Inhibition EfficiencyDETPMP + HPAM
MIC = >90% IE2hr MIC: 35ppm22hr MIC: 35ppm
8
THEME 1: Scale Inhibition Performance and
Retention Mechanisms6. SULPHIDE SCALE STUDIES: Experimental and modelling studies of
sulphide scale formation and prevention including FeS, ZnS/PbS.
Carbonate system
Sulphide system
Precipitation/dissolution
Reactions
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
[Fe
], [
Zn],
[P
b],
mg
/L
pH
Exp.Fe2+ Pre.Fe2+
Compound Ksp
FeS5.08E-21 (1.29E-19 *
correction factor)
19
X solution
Scale Inhibitor
Sulphide
solution
XS
2 h 24 hICP
Analysis
9
OILFIELD SCALE MANAGEMENT: FUNDAMENTALS TO FIELD
THEME 1: Scale Inhibition Performance and Retention
Mechanisms (Lead – Ken Sorbie)
THEME 2: Reservoir Geochemical Modelling and
Squeeze Modelling (Lead Eric Mackay)
THEME 3: Effect of Solid Surface on Scale Deposition
and Inhibition (Lead Anne Neville)
FAST 7* Joint Industry Programme
*Items new to FAST 7 identified in red throughout rest of presentation
10
THEME 2: Reservoir Geochemical Modelling
and Squeeze Modelling7. SQUEEZE MODEL DEVELOPMENT: SQUEEZE will be developed to
include extended optimisation, precipitation, and MS preflushes.
𝒊 𝒏 𝒊𝑨
𝒊 ⟶ 𝒏 𝒊𝑨 𝒊
𝒊
𝑴𝒈
𝒊 𝒏 𝒊𝑨
𝒊 ⟶ 𝑴𝒈 𝒏 𝒊𝑨 𝒊
𝒊
0
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
0 200 400 600 800 1000
[SI]
(p
pm
)
PV
No MS Pre-Flush
<1ppm at ~350PV
MS Pre-Flush
<1ppm at ~800PV
11
THEME 2: Reservoir Geochemical Modelling
and Squeeze Modelling8. COUPLING OF ScαleFAST PREDICTION MODEL TO PVT CODES
AND FLOW MODELS: Coupling to research and commercial PVT
models and to flow models at reservoir, wellbore and pore scales. Composition after pseudoisation
Component Mole fraction (%)
CO2 8.24
N2+C1 51.66
C2-C4 14.63
iC5-C10 9.56
C11-C14 4.58
C15-C20 11.33
Total 100
12
THEME 2: Reservoir Geochemical Modelling
and Squeeze Modelling9. RESERVOIR SCALE MODELLING OF EOR PROCESSES: Impact on
scale management of CO2 WAG and chemical EOR (polymer, ASP,
altered brine) and application to field cases.
INJTR
PRODN0 100 200 300 400 500
0 100 200 300 400 500
-40
0-3
00
-20
0-1
00
0
-40
0-3
00
-20
0-1
00
0
0.00
0.17
0.35
0.52
0.69
0.87
1.04
1.21
1.39
1.56
1.73
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
Ca
lcit
e ch
an
ge (
ton
nes
)
Time
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
L7
L8
L9
H2O ↔ OH- + H+
CO2 (aq) + H2O ↔ H+ + HCO3-
HCO3- ↔ H+ + CO3
2-
CaCO3(s) ↔ Ca2+ + CO32-
13
THEME 2: Reservoir Geochemical Modelling
and Squeeze Modelling10. RESERVOIR BRINE ANALYSIS: Analysis of produced brine
compositions from many reservoirs using data supplied by
sponsors to understand chemical EOR and scale risk.
Calculated Injection Water fractions in the produced
brine using the Reacting Ions toolkit (SPE
141400PA)
14
THEME 2: Reservoir Geochemical Modelling
and Squeeze Modelling11. SCALE MANAGEMENT DURING UNCONVENTIONAL PRODUCTION:
Field data analysis and modelling of scale formation in
unconventional oil and gas developments, and design of inhibition.
15
THEME 2: Reservoir Geochemical Modelling
and Squeeze Modelling12. KNOWLDEGE TRANSFER OF SCALING AND FLOW PROCESSES:
3D micromodel printing, visualisation and modelling of reactive
transport, Formation and Produced Waters Atlas, and dScale.
dScale.orgFormation and Produced Waters Atlas
3D printing and visualisation
16
OILFIELD SCALE MANAGEMENT: FUNDAMENTALS TO FIELD
THEME 1: Scale Inhibition Performance and Retention
Mechanisms (Lead – Ken Sorbie)
THEME 2: Reservoir Geochemical Modelling and
Squeeze Modelling (Lead Eric Mackay)
THEME 3: Effect of Solid Surface on Scale Deposition
and Inhibition (Lead Anne Neville)
FAST 7* Joint Industry Programme
*Items new to FAST 7 identified in red throughout rest of presentation
17
THEME 3: Effect of Solid Surface on Scale
Deposition and Inhibition13. SURFACE SCALE IN MULTI-PHASE CONDITIONS: Experimental
studies to evaluate the challenges in surface scale inhibition in oil/water
systems
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Po
lym
orp
h m
ole
%
Time (min)
Calcite
Vaterite
Aragonite
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Po
lym
orp
h m
ole
%
Time (min)
Vaterite
Calcite
Aragonite
0% oil
content
23% oil
content
• Understand how oil affects deposition and precipitation
• Interactions between inhibitor and oil
• Techniques; cryo SEM, FBRM
18
THEME 3: Effect of Solid Surface on Scale
Deposition and Inhibition14. SURFACE DEPOSITION STUDIES: Studies of scale deposition on
surfaces – how this differs from bulk scale formation, kinetics, and how
surfaces can be engineered to reduce scale
• Induction time
• Growth rates
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝐴 𝐵
𝑇3 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑆𝑅 2
Growth rate dm/dt as a function of flow,
roughness, surface energy, SR, T etc
19
20
Report to all FAST Steering Meetings
1. Scale during CO2 EOR
CNPq and Galp – Hydra Rodrigues
2. Scale during ASP Flooding
PDO – Mandhr Al Kalbani
3. Surface studies
University of Leeds/FAST Loubna Gargoum
4. Surface studies
University of Leeds/FAST Kabir Raheem
Report to some FAST Steering Meetings
5. Dispersion free simulation of reservoir scaling
Energi Simulation / HWU / ETP - Masoud Ghaderi
Existing PhD Studentships
21
Report to all FAST Steering Meetings
1. Automatic Optimisation of Squeeze Treatment Designs
OGIC / James Watt scholarship - Vahid Azari
2. Mutual Solvents
CONACYT (Mexico) scholarship - Hugo Sanchez
3. Experimental / modelling BaSO4 reaction kinetics
DHRTC scholarship - Hamid Rafiee
4. Sulphide Inhibition
Saudi Aramco scholarship - TBC
Report to some FAST Steering Meetings
5. Visualisation of Pore Scale Reactive Flow
EPSRC - Alexandros Dimou
6. Multiscale Reactive Flow ModellingJames Watt scholarship - Ebuka David
New Externally Funded PhD Studentships
22
New PhDs if Funding Available in FAST7
1. Silicate scaling
2. Scale management during polymer EOR
3. Unconventionals
4. Inhibition mechanisms
5. Scale formation under extreme conditions
6. Others?
Two other companies expressed interest in funding scholarships
23
Major Deliverables
1. Report sections and presentations
2. Publications and theses
3. SQUEEZE 11++
4. HW Scale Prediction Code (ScaleFAST)
5. Book on Oilfield Scale
6. Online Formation and Produced Water Atlas
7. Technical notes and methods
8. dScale Knowledge Transfer portal
9. Sponsor staff training and consultancy
10. Link to FASTrac (later – Mike Singleton)
24
Book on Oilfield Scale
1. Introduction
2. Mineral Scale Formation and Prediction
3. Scale Dissolvers
4. Scale Inhibitors and How They Work
5. Inhibitor Transport and Retention in Porous Media
6. Scale Inhibitor Squeeze Treatments
7. Squeeze Design and Optimisation
8. Impact of Reservoir on Scale Prediction and Prevention
9. Sample Preservation and Inhibitor Analysis
10. Designing a Field Treatment and Testing Programme
11. Field Case Studies
25
Online Formation and Produced Water Atlas
Database populated with data from operators with support of OGA
Stewardship
Sections on collection and use of data:
• Sample preservation
• Sample quality control
• Overall synthesis for basin
• Identification of end member brine compositions
• Comparison of supplied formation water compositions and those interpreted from
produced water data
• Scale prediction
• History matching of reservoir simulation model with well rates and compositions as
matching parameters
• Derivation of Cation Exchange Capacities from field data
• Updating of thermodynamic equilibrium parameters for field conditions
• Updating of kinetic rate parameters for production conditions
• Implications for water management during unconventional production
• Impact of brine composition on carbon storage
• Implications of brine composition on chemical EOR prospects
26
Ticket Price and Budget
£20,000
£25,000
£30,000
£35,000
£40,000
£45,000
£50,000
1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019
tick
et p
rice
year
Actual ticket price
Today's prices
£0
£500,000
£1,000,000
£1,500,000
£2,000,000
£2,500,000
£3,000,000
£3,500,000
1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019
pro
ject
va
lue
year
Total project value
Today's prices
Ticket price Project budget
£48,500 per annum for three-year term
Seeking 18 sponsors
Current FAST 6 Sponsors