oil and gas exploration blocks in kenya

OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION BLOCKS IN KENYA

2017FACTSHEET

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This document has been published with the support from Norwegian Agency for development cooperation(NORAD) through support from WWF-Norway

Disclaimer: The views in the document do not necessarily reflect those of Norad or WWF-Norway.

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This document provides an atlas view and a brief summary of all protected areas (PAs) and world heritage sites (WHS) in Kenya that may directly or indirectly be threatened by actualisation of oil and gas explorations across Kenya’s landscape. The document does not dwell in detail on the environmental audit of such operations but rather considers simple spatial overlay analysis of oil blocks visa vie protected areas as an indicator of potential threat to biodiversity. Observations/ recommendation on management regimes as provided in table 1 and in different sections of the narrative were based on general qualitative assessment of potentially affected PAs or WHS and this was informed by: spatial analysis on extent of overlap and the corresponding number of PAs and WHS features affected; the IUCN category of such features and finally the ecosystem type in which these features fall i.e. marine or terrestrial.

A total of sixteen (16) awarded oil exploration blocks in Kenya covering approximately 142,023 km2 registered at least 13.4 % overlaps on key biodiversity areas equivalent to 19, 056 Km2 of Kenya’s PAs and WHS. Spatial overlay results noted that while terrestrial PAs and WHS may not be highly impacted due to their extensive coverage inland, majority of marine PAs were wholly overlapped by the Oil exploration blocks thereby making them more susceptible in the event of unsustainable exploration process. Further this analysis pointed to retention of status quo for oil blocks 9A, L14A and L19A which are not awarded yet due to the extensive coverage of their overlaps on key protected areas

Table 1: Showing the overlap area and percentages of individual Oil blocks on important biodiversity areas in Kenya

Oil Block Area Cover-age (Sqkm)

Area overlapping PA/WHS(Sqkm)

Overlap (%)

Ecosystem Management Recommendation

11A 8,221.14 340.9 4.2 Terrestrial retain ecological functions

10BA 15,872.83 1,210 7.6 Terrestrial retain ecological functions

12A 10,329.45 1,102.9 10.7 Terrestrial Highly sensitive Ecological zone

14T 17,301.11 2,645.1 15.3 Terrestrial Highly sensitive Ecological zone

12B 6,337.88 131.4 2.1 Terrestrial retain ecological functions

9 15,906.83 2,934.5 18.4 Terrestrial retain ecological functions

L2 11,770.81 316.62 2.7 Terrestrial retain ecological functions

L3 8,970.11 1,041.89 11.6 Terrestrial retain ecological functions

L14 11,092.74 2,019.8 18.2 Marine retain ecological functions

L4 5,705.23 1,038 18.1 Marine Ecologically and culturally significant area

L13 2,112.27 1,785.6 84.5 Terrestrial Ecologically and culturally significant area

L20 10,849.82 2,756.69 25.5 Terrestrial retain ecological functions

L6 1,606.9 581.2 36.2 Marine Highly sensitive Ecological zone



L18 3,536.13 292.4 8.3 Marine Ecologically and culturally significant area

TOTAL Awarded 142,023 19,056 13.4

9A 15,988.62 8771.1 54.9 Terrestrial Not Awarded

L14A 3,700.65 2337.6 63.2 Terrestrial Not Awarded

L19A 3,170.8 1223.6 38.6 Terrestrial Not Awarded

1. AN ATLAS ON INTERSECTIONS OF OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION BLOCKS ON IMPORTANT BIODIVERSITY AREAS IN KENYA

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Map 1: Showing Oil blocks that intersect Important Biodiversity Areas in Kenya

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Oil block 11A covering a total area of 11,950.06 square kilometers or 2.95 million square acres is an exploration contract awarded to Compania Espanola de Petroleos SA (CEPSA) operated in partnership with ERHC Energy Kenya Ltd 30%; National Oil Corp of Kenya 10%; Circle Oil & Gas Ltd 5%. To date, two basins, Tarach and Anam, in the eastern and western parts of the block respectively, have been identified. 12 drillable prospects have been mapped in the Tarach Basin alone. Volumetric calculations and risk analyses have been completed leading to a total mean resource estimate of 662 MMBO in the Tarach Basin. To date one well has been drilled the Tarach-1 well which according to ERHC SEC filings was classified as a dry well. In another statement to investors the company reported finding significant oil shows and highly-elevated gas readings at the Tarach-1 well located in Block 11A indicating the presence of a working petroleum system with the strong possibility of significant hydrocarbon generation The contract was awarded on 28th June, 2012 and will expire on 31st August, 2018.

The block overlaps 340.9sqkm of Leole National park categorized under IUCN management category VI whose primary management should focus on maintaining the associated biodiversity.

Oil block 10BA covering a total area of 15,872.83 Sqkm is an exploration contract awarded to Tullow Kenya BV operated in partnership with Africa Oil Kenya BV 25% and Maersk Oil & Gas A/S 25%. It lies in Turkana basin 100% onshore, the main hydrocarbons explored is oil and gas. The contract will expire on 1st April, 2018.

The oil block intercepts key biodiversity hotspots as outlined in table below. Specifically, IUCN category II protected areas like Sibiloi National Park which serves as a stopover for migrant waterfowl and a major breeding ground for Nile crocodile. A total of over 350 species of aquatic and terrestrial birds have been recorded around Lake Turkana region, it is therefore paramount that significant effort should be placed on biodiversity protection in these zones.

Name Designation IUCN Category Overlap Area Km2

Central Island National Park II 4.9

Leole National Park VI 317.1

Sibiloi National Park II 450.2

Lake Turkana National Park World Heritage Site Not Applicable 433.9

Block 10BA:

Block 11A:

Table 2: Outlining important biodiversity areas intercepted by block 10BA

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Block 12 A:

Oil block 12A covering a total area of 10,329.45Sqkm is an exploration contract awarded to Tullow Kenya BV operated in partnership with Delonex Energy Ltd 40% & Maersk Oil and Africa Oil Kenya BV (Awaiting Total buyout approval) 20%. It lies in Gregory Rift Basin 100% onshore, the main hydrocarbons explored is oil and gas. The contract will expire on 1st September, 2018. To date one well the Cheptuket 1 has been drilled which intercepted about 700 meters of oil shows.2D seismic is ongoing in the block as the operator Tullow Oil strives to identify more prospects. Table.. Outlines important biodiversity areas intercepted by block12A, key among them being Lake Bogoria classified at category II

NAME DESIG IUCN_CAT Overlap Area Km2

Lake Turkana National Parks World Heritage Site - 433.8

Lake Bogoria National Reserve II 100.4

Kerio Valley National Reserve VI 64.9

Kamnarok National Reserve - 85.6

Kessop, Kimojoch, Kipkabus, Kipkunurr, Mukombe, Perkerra, Saimo, Sogotio, Kapchemutwa, Kaptagat, Kamitok, Kabarak

Forest Reserves - 350.7

Lake Bogoria Ramsar Site, - 67.5

Table 3: Outlining important biodiversity areas intercepted by block12A,


Oil block 14T covering a total area of 17,301.11Sqkm is an exploration contract awarded to National Oil Corp of Kenya (NOCK). It lies in Gregory Rift Basin 100% onshore, the main hydrocarbons explored is oil and gas. The contract will expire on 1st September, 2018. To date 2D seismic acquisition is ongoing with preparations to drill a well in 2018 ongoing. Recently a farmer drilling for water at Kipeto in Kajiado hit a methane pocket at 200 meters signaling the block’s potential. Studies have since commenced at the area that could lead to more exploration.• World Heritage Sites: Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley encompassing Lake Nakuru and Lake Elementaita• Ramsar Site, Wetland of International Importance: including Lake Natron Basin, Lake Nakuru, Lake Bogoria, Lake Naivasha• National Reserve: Lake Bogoria• National Park: Lake Nakuru, Lake Longonot• Forest Reserves: Eastern Mau, Kikuyu Escarpment, Tinderet, Northern Tinderet, Mount Londiani, Londiani, Marmanet, Bahati,

Chemorogok, Eburu, Maji Mazuri, Menengai, Timboroa, Perkerra Catchment, Kilombe Hill, Metkei, Nakuru, Tinderet• Community Conservations: Elangata Wuas, Shompole

Block 14T

NAME DESIG IUCN_CAT Overlapped AreaKm2

Lake Bogoria National Reserve II 16.7

Lake Nakuru National Park II 191.6

Hell's Gate National Park II 66.9

Mt. Longonot National Park II 54.3

Wetlands Ramsar Sites - 484.3

Wildlife Sanctuaries(Lk Elementaita and Naivasha) Wildlife Sanctuaries - 27.8

Timboroa, Majimazuri etc Forest Reserves - 1259.9

Elangata Wuas, Shompole Community Conservancy - 315.6

Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley World Heritage Site - 228.0

Table 4: Outlining important biodiversity areas intercepted by block 14T

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Block 12B

Block 12B is an onshore block located on the eastern edge of Lake Victoria, it covers an area of 7,102.76 km2 and is delimited by Kisumu, Homa Bay and Kericho Counties in western Kenya (see Figure 1 below).The block envisaged to contain oil and Gas hydrocarbon, was awarded on 16th February, 2012 to Tullow Kenya BV (100% shareholding) as an ‘Exploration Contract ‘set to expire on 15th August, 2018.

Its former partner Swala Energy (Kenya) Ltd has since exited the block to concentrate on its Tanzania licenses.

The block completely overlaps Ruma and Ndere National parks which are categorized as IUCN level II protected area, more so the block is in close proximity to Kakamega national reserve and over 10 forest reserves which form critical terrestrial protected areas like Nandi, Tinderet, Transmara and South Western Mau forest reserves(see map). Land in and around the block is highly fragmented with major land-cover type being croplands consisting of numerous small holder farm lands /plots.

NAME DESIG IUCN_CAT Overlapped_area_Km2

Ruma National Park II 127.1

Ndere National Park II 4.3

Further, the block falls in an area envisaged to experience massive infrastructural developments in the medium term future including the proposed Northern corridor (railway and road), the Standard gauge railway (SGR), planned and existing high voltage electricity transmission networks, Sondu Miriu hydro power plant, airports (medium sized Kisumu international airport and small sized airports (Rusinga and Mfangano) , national level roads expansions among others. These developments coupled with oil and gas activities sum up obvious threats to socio, economic and environmental fabric in this zone and must be handled carefully using predefined socio, economic and environmental safeguards.

Table 5: Outlining important biodiversity areas intercepted by block 12B2

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Oil block 9 covering a total area of 15,906.83Sqkm is an exploration contract awarded to Africa Oil Kenya BV in partnership with Delonex Energy Ltd 50%. It lies in Ethiopian Plateau Basin 100% onshore, the main hydrocarbons explored is oil and gas. The contract which was awarded on 31st December, 2010 was set to expire on 30th June, 2017. The block largely traverses dry rangeland areas with very scarce vegetative cover, however it overlaps 2,934.5Km2 of Shura community conservancy representing over 70% of the conservancies total area estimated at 4,170.98km2

Block 9

Block L2 and Block L3

Oil block 9 covering a total area of 15,906.83Sqkm is an exploration contract awarded to Africa Oil Kenya BV in partnership with Delonex Energy Ltd 50%. Earlier JV partner Marathon Oil exited the block in 2016 and was replaced by Delonex Energy. It lies in Ethiopian Plateau Basin 100% onshore, the main hydrocarbons explored is oil and gas. To date two well s have been drilled including the Sala-1 gas discovery and the unsuccessful Sala-2 appraisal well. The contract which was awarded on 31st December, 2010 was set to expire on 30th June, 2017.

The block largely traverses dry rangeland areas with very scarce vegetative cover, however it overlaps 2,934.5Km2 of Shura community conservancy representing over 70% of the conservancies total area estimated at 4,170.98km2

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The two blocks completely overlap Arawale National Reserve (see table...). The reserve is a critical refuge for a range of wildlife species including four globally threatened species: hirola, Grevy’s zebra, East African wild dog and East African cheetah. A study commissioned by Terra Nuova in 2006 also showed signs of presence of the African bush elephant.

NAME DESIG IUCN_CAT Block Overlapped_area_Km2

Arawale National Reserve VI L3 314.82

Boni National Reserve - L3 727.07

Arawale National Reserve VI L2 316.62

Block L14, L4 and L13

Oil block L14 covering a total area of 11,092.74Sqkm is an exploration contract awarded to Lamu Oil & Gas, with the participating parties being First Bank LLC 50% and Edgo Energy 50%. It lies in Juba Basin 100% onshore, the main hydrocarbons explored is oil and gas. The contract which was awarded on July 5th, 2012 is set to expire on 31st December, 2018

Blocks L4 and L13 whose operations are currently Midway Resources through its local subsidiary Zarara Oil and Gas lie in the Juba/Lamu basin, of coastal Kenya. They are both onshore and off shore meaning they traverse both land, the coastal shelf and deep waters. Combined they cover an estimated area of 7817.5sqkm (L4 being the largest at 5,705.23 sqkm and L13 covering 2,112.27 sqkm). The main operator for both blocks is Zarara oil and Gas resources Ltd partnering with SOHI Gas Lamu ltd (for block L4), SOHI Gas Dodari Ltd (for block L13) and National Oil Corp of Kenya (for both blocks). The contract type for the two oil blocks is exploration. In Block L4 two seismic acquisition exercises how to date been completed with multiple leads identified. The planning for the drilling of a second well is ongoing. In Block L13 one well has been drilled with registered non commercial gas amounts.

The three exploration blocks overlap key biodiversity areas mainly protected areas and conservancies covering both the terrestrial and marine ecosystems as well as key forests harboring traditional, cultural and ecological significance. These areas which also act as important bird areas and world heritage sites include:

Table 6: Outlining important biodiversity areas intercepted by block L2 and L3

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*Protected areas:• Boni , Dodori , Tana River Primate National Reserves• Kiunga Marine Community Nature Reserve*Conservancies:• Awer community conservancy• Pate marine community conservancy• Hanshak-Nyongoro community conservancy• Ishaqbin Hirola Community conservancy• Ndera Community conservancy

Block L20

Oil block L20 covering a total area of 10,849.82Sqkm is an exploration contract awarded to Pacific Seaboard Investments Ltd in partnership with Milio who have 91.75% stake in PSI. It lies in Tanganyika Shield basin - 100% onshore, the main hydrocarbons explored is oil and gas. The contract which was awarded on July 1st, 2012 expired on September 1, 2015. The block overlaps 2,756.69Km2 of Tsavo East National park, any developments within this block should therefore consider environmental sensitivity of the Park life.

Table 7: Outlining important biodiversity areas intercepted by block L4,L14 & L13

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Oil block L6 covering a total area of 1,606.90Sqkm is an exploration contract awarded to Milio E&P (Kenya) Ltd in partnership with First Australian Resources Ltd 24% and Afrex Ltd 16%. It lies in Juba Basin onshore and offshore, the main hydrocarbons explored is Gas. The contract expired in May 31, 2016. The block overlaps two major community nature reserves: Hanshak Nyongoro and Lower Tana Delta.

FAR plans to carry out a 2D seismic acquisition after which it plans to drill 2 wells according to a presentation by the company at the Resources Rising Star Conference in 2015. Offshore the company has already identified two drill ready prospects Kifaru and Tembo with a projected potential of 170mbo and 327mbo respectively. Overall the block has the projected potential of 3.7BBO.

This year the company registered a force majeure event with the Ministry of Energy as a result of its inability to access land as well as security reasons for the planned 2D seismic dating back to 2015.

Block L6

NAME DESIG Environment Overlapped_area_Km2

Hanshak-Nyongoro Community Nature Reserve Land 64.7

Lower Tana Delta Conservation Trust Community Nature Reserve Shelf/Deepwater 10.6

Lower Tana Delta Conservation Trust Community Nature Reserve Land 505.9

Block L16Oil block L20 covering a total area of 10,849.82Sqkm is an exploration contract awarded to Pacific Seaboard Investments Ltd in partnership with Milio who have 91.75% stake in PSI. It lies in Tanganyika Shield basin - 100% onshore, the main hydrocarbons explored is oil and gas. The contract which was awarded on July 1st, 2012 expired on September 1, 2015. The block overlaps 2,756.69Km2 of Tsavo East National park, any developments within this block should therefore consider environmental sensitivity of the Park life.

NAME DESIG Environment Overlapped_area_Km2

Hanshak-Nyongoro Community Nature Reserve Land 64.7

Lower Tana Delta Conservation Trust Community Nature Reserve Shelf/Deepwater 10.6

Lower Tana Delta Conservation Trust Community Nature Reserve Land 505.9

Table 8: Outlining important biodiversity areas intercepted by block L6


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Block L16

Located largely in the coastal area of Malindi, Oil block L16 covering a total area of 3,640.12Sqkm is an exploration contract awarded to CAMAC Petroleum Ltd in partnership with National Oil Corp of Kenya (NOCK) 10%. It lies in Juba Basin and it is both off and onshore, the main hydrocarbons explored is oil and gas. The contract which was awarded on May 15, 2012 will expire on June 8, 2019. The block intersects biodiversity rich marine habitats and forest reserves Specifically 316 km2 overlap of Arabuko Sokoke , an indigenous forest which has 40 recorded mammal species including African Elephant, African Buffalo, African Civet, Caracal, Syke’s Monkeys, Yellow Baboons and Lesser Galago (or bushbaby). Some of Kenya’s rarest mammals are found here, including the Golden-rumped Elephant-shrew, Sokoke Bushy-tailed Mongoose and Ader’s Duiker. The forest has also recorded over 270 species of birds including several rare and endemic species, the Clarke’s Weaver is only found in Arabuko-Sokoke


Arabuko Sokoke Forest Reserve - 316.7

Watamu Marine National Park and Reserve - 43.2

Mallindi Marine National Park and Reserve II 170.8

Arabuko Sokoke National Park and Forest Reserve - 58.4


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Located in coastal county of Kwale, Oil block L19 covering a total area of 8,769.70Sqkm is an exploration contract awarded to Rift Energy. It lies in Juba Basin 100% onshore, the main hydrocarbons explored is oil and gas. The contract which was awarded on October 1, 2012 and has since expired will expire on September 30, 2018.

Prior to the expiry of the license in 2016 the operator had planned to drill a well in the block having identified four drill-ready prospects and 20+ additional leads with significant reserve potential and was in the final stages of completion of the Environmental Impact Assessments in the prospects.

There has been only one well drilled on Block L19 to date the Ria Kaluli 1 well was drilled off structure to a depth of 1,538 meters in 1962 and was plugged after encountering oil shows in the Karoo formation.

Rift Energy estimates the current resource reserve estimates for its four drill-ready prospects include a total mid-range recoverable resource reserve estimate of 856 MMBLS oil and 13.6 TCF gas.

The block overlaps important terrestrial forest ecosystems and key indigenous forests that hold high socio-cultural significance to the native communities. Specifically, 193 km2 of shimba hills national forest and reserve is overlapped, being a level II IUCN category of protected areas implies its utter ecological significance hence sensitivity assessments should target environmental and biodiversity integrity conservation/protection. Local stakeholder participation and sensitization is also a key concern that should be addressed before, during and after the exploration process to ensure limited socio-cultural conflict.

Block L19


Shimba Hills National and Forest Reserve II 193.1

Mailuganji Forest Reserve - 18.2

Gonja Forest Reserve - 3.1

Jombo Forest Reserve - 3.7

Marenji Forest Reserve - 11.1

Mkongani Forest Reserve - 24.0

Mrima Forest Reserve - 3.3

Mwachi Forest Reserve - 8.3

Kayas( Chonyi, Dzombo, Jibana, Kambe, Ribe) Indigenous forests (kaya) - 5.6


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Block L18

Located in coastal county of Mombasa, Oil block L18 covering a total area of 3,536.13Sqkm is an exploration contract awarded to Octant Energy Corp. It lies in Lamu Basin largely offshore with a small portion onshore, the main hydrocarbons explored is oil and gas. The contract which was awarded on January 1, 2008 will expire on October 24, 2012.Explorations in the block would highly impact the marine habitats if not executed while putting in place desired environmental safeguards since the block exclusively overlaps the existing and highly ecologically significant marine reserves like Kisite marine national park listed as IUCN category II and Mpunguti and Diani Chale marine national reserves listed as IUCN category IV of protecte areas. These park/reserves host key habitats like the mangroves, sea grass, coral rag forest islands and also double up as key breeding grounds for endemic marine animals like the dolphins, hawksbill turtles, humpback whales, shark wales, butterfly fish, snappers, trigger fish etc. and breeding migratory birds.


Kisite Marine National Park II 68.5

Mpunguti Marine National Reserve VI 25.9

Diani Chale Marine National Reserve VI 210.1

Buda Forest Reserve - 6.3

Gogoni Forest Reserve - 7.9


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Non Awarded Oil Blocks that Significantly Overlap Biodiversity Rich Areas

Located in Marsabit and Isiolo counties of Northen Kenya, Oil block 9A which can be explored for oil and gas potential covers total area of 15,988.62 Sqkm. The block which occurs in Anza Graben/Mozambique Belt/Ethiopian Plateau basin is NOT yet awarded to any prospective company. However approximately 55% of the block overlaps ecologically significant areas for example over 1,700km2 of Marsabit National reserve, proposed national park and forest reserve are overlapped within the block, as well as 5 community nature conservancies will be affected in the circumstances that oil exploration activities were to take place in the block without considerate measures to take care of both ecological and social aspects of the environment within.


Marsabit National Reserve II 1383.0

Marsabit National Park (proposed) II 146.1

Marsabit Forest Reserve Not Reported 147.6

Biliqo-Bulesa Community Nature Reserve Not Reported 1270.9

Jaldesa Community Nature Reserve Not Reported 524.6

Melako Community Nature Reserve Not Reported 2999.4

Songa Community Nature Reserve Not Reported 2299.5

Total 8771.1

Table 13: Outlining important biodiversity areas intercepted by block 9A

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Block 14 A and Block 19A

The two blocks 14A and 19A have not been awarded yet, however, as indicated by the map, over 60% of Block 14 A and just over 40% of Block 19A overlap Tsavo East and South Kitui national park. Tsavo national park classed as IUCN category II is a highly sensitive ecologically area, hence prevention of ecosystem disturbance is appropriate in this zones implying that the two blocks retain their status quo.

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1. Oil companies to reduce the flaring of gas from operations to the environment and identify opportunities to reuse captured gas

on-site or provide energy to local communities.

2. Involve community throughout the decision-making process. By having informed prior consent, the community are able to

provide informed decision while at the same time minimizing their expectation which promotes ownership of projects.

3. Integrate climate change considerations into the overall oil and gas development plans. The impact of climate change is felt

through prolong rain season, drought and famine affecting the people, biodiversity and ecosystems. The government has put in

place measures to combat climate change with the national determinant contribution and sustainable development goals. Oil and

gas being the major contributor of greenhouse gas emission, the petroleum sector has to be in line with other sectoral plans that

aim reduce emission, promote energy efficiency and socio-economic transformation economy.

4. To conserve and maintain the environmental sensitive areas and the services and products provided by the ecosystem to the

people, the oil companies should adhere to international best practices to safeguard on nature and the people and reduce on

emissions.

Recommendation

Oil and Gas Investments can boost long-term inclusive development, but if poorly managed, the investments will hinder sustainable growth. Sustainable investments therefor will seek to drive positive social and environmental impact alongside economic results implying responsible ventures that will take care of future generations by not destroying and/or depleting existing resources. Uncontrolled land uses and their associated drivers are the entry points to unsustainable investments.

To benefit from oil and gas developments for the current generation as well as the future generations, it’s paramount to limit the impacts of oil and gas on people, nature and climate. This will be achieve through improved governance in the sector, promoting environmental and social safeguards in the activities of the oil companies and promoting renewable energy through the supply chain of oil development, tap into opportunity to re-use on the capture gas onsite among others. Ultimately, as the resources are exploited, the affected ecosystem should maintain their integrity and provide the products and services to the people who depend on these products and services for their livelihoods.

Conclusion

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ReferencesArawale National Reserve, https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Arawale%20National%20Reserve (Accessed: 21/9/2017)

Boni Dodori Forest, https://www.zsl.org/protecting-the-boni-dodori-forest-kenya (Accessed on: 21/9/2017)

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment(ESIA) Study Report for the Proposed Gas Exploratory Drilling in Blocks L4 and L13 in Lamu County , Zarara Oil and Gas Ltd.

International Energy Agency, http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/media/weowebsite/2015/WEO2015_Factsheets.pdf accessed on 29 September 2016

Kenya Forest Service, http://www.kenyaforestservice.org/index.php/2016-04-25-20-16-21/2014-11-26-08-43-45/2014-11-26-08-56-51/arabuko-sokoke-forest-kenya(Accessed: 22/9/2017)

Kenya Land Conservation Trust, Environmental Easements http://kenyalandconservation.wildlifedirect.org/tag/environmental-easement/ accessed on 29 September 2016

Lamu County Government, http://lamu.go.ke/fisheries/(Accessed on: 20/9/2017)

IUCN Protected areas categories, https://www.iucn.org/theme/protected-areas/about/protected-areas-categories (Accessed on: 15 /9/2017)

WWF-SIGHT Integrating Spatial Data to Guide Land Use Planning, Policy and Investment, http://wwf-sight.org/access/ (Accessed on: 15 - 22/9/2017)

WWFKENYA.ORGWWF Kenya .:|:. The Mvuli, Mvuli Road, Westlands, Nairobi, Kenya .P.O. Box 62440 - 00200, Tel +254 20 387 7355 .:|:. [email protected] .:|:. wwf.panda.org/Kenya

Why we are here.

www.panda.org/cea

To stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment andto build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature.

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