ohms law

Ohm's law magic triangle

Ohms law, defines the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. The amount of current in a circuit in directly proportional to the amount of voltage applied and inversely proportional to the amount of resistance. Expressed mathematically.

By : Sundas S

habbir

Ohm’s LawOhm’s Law

WhereWhere:: I = current (amperes, I = current (amperes, A)A)

E = voltage E = voltage (volts, V)(volts, V)

R = resistance R = resistance (ohms, (ohms, ))

RE

I

4.3 - Plotting Ohm’s Law4.3 - Plotting Ohm’s Law

Voltage measured in volts, symbolized by the letters "E" or "V".

Current measured in amps, symbolized by the letter "I".

Resistance measured in ohms, symbolized by the letter "R".

If you know E and I, and wish to determine R, just eliminate R from the picture and see what's left:

If you know E and R, and wish to determine I, eliminate I and see what's left:

if you know I and R, and wish to determine E, eliminate E and see what's left:

Let's see how these equations might work to help us analyze simple circuits:

If we know the values of any two of the three quantities (voltage, current, and resistance) in this circuit, we can use Ohm's Law to determine the third.

calculate the amount of current (I) calculate the amount of current (I) in a circuit, given values of voltage (E) and resistance (R):

calculate the amount of resistance (R) in a circuit, given values of voltage (E) and current (I):

calculate the amount of voltage supplied by a battery, given values of current (I) and resistance (R):

• Example #1Example #1

• Find the current of an electrical circuit Find the current of an electrical circuit that has resistance of 50 Ohms and that has resistance of 50 Ohms and voltage supply of 5 Volts.voltage supply of 5 Volts.

• Solution:Solution:

• VV = 5V = 5V

• RR = 50Ω = 50Ω

• II = = V / RV / R = 5V / 50Ω = 0.1A = 100mA = 5V / 50Ω = 0.1A = 100mA

• Example #2Example #2

• Find the resistance of an electrical Find the resistance of an electrical circuit that has voltage supply of 10 circuit that has voltage supply of 10 Volts and current of 5mA.Volts and current of 5mA.


• VV = 10V = 10V

• II = 5mA = 0.005A = 5mA = 0.005A

• RR = = V / IV / I = 10V / 0.005A = 2000Ω = = 10V / 0.005A = 2000Ω = 2kΩ2kΩ

Electric PowerElectric Power The unit of electric power is the watt (W).one watt of power The unit of electric power is the watt (W).one watt of power

equals the work done in one second by one volt of potential equals the work done in one second by one volt of potential difference in moving one coulomb of charge.difference in moving one coulomb of charge.

Power is an indication of how much work (the Power is an indication of how much work (the conversion of energy from one form to another) conversion of energy from one form to another) can be done in a specific amount of time; that is, a can be done in a specific amount of time; that is, a raterate of doing work. of doing work.

Power in watt = volt x amperes. Power in watt = volt x amperes. P = V x I ,I = P/ V , V = P / IP = V x I ,I = P/ V , V = P / I

t

WP second / joule 1 (W)Watt 1

Example of powerExample of power

Energy (Energy (WW) lost or gained by any ) lost or gained by any system is determined by:system is determined by:

W =W = PtPt

Since power is measured in watts (or Since power is measured in watts (or joules per second) and time in joules per second) and time in seconds, the unit of energy is the seconds, the unit of energy is the wattsecondwattsecond (Ws) or (Ws) or joulejoule (J) (J)

The force or pressure behind electricity

• Electric power definitionElectric power definition

• The electric power P is equal to the The electric power P is equal to the energy consumption E divided by the energy consumption E divided by the consumption time t:consumption time t:

• Watt definitionWatt definition

• Watt is the unit of Watt is the unit of power (symbol: W).

• The watt unit is named after James The watt unit is named after James Watt, the inventor of the steam engine.Watt, the inventor of the steam engine.

• One watt is defined as the energy One watt is defined as the energy consumption rate of one joule per consumption rate of one joule per second.second.

http://www.rapidtables.com/electric/electric_power.htm

• 1W = 1J / 1s1W = 1J / 1s

• One watt is also defined as the One watt is also defined as the current flow of one ampere with current flow of one ampere with voltage of one volt.voltage of one volt.

• 1W = 1V × 1A 1W = 1V × 1A

• P is the electric power in watt (W).P is the electric power in watt (W).

• E is the energy consumption in joule E is the energy consumption in joule (J).(J).

• t is the time in seconds (s).t is the time in seconds (s).

• ExampleExample

• Find the electric power of an Find the electric power of an electrical circuit that consumes 120 electrical circuit that consumes 120 joules for 20 seconds.joules for 20 seconds.


• EE = 120J = 120J

• tt = 20s = 20s

• PP = = EE / / tt = 120J / 20s = 6W = 120J / 20s = 6W

• Electric power calculationElectric power calculation• The power formula can be used in The power formula can be used in

three ways:three ways:• P= v x I OR P =IP= v x I OR P =I22 x R OR x R OR

P = V P = V22 / R / R• P is the electric power in watt (W).P is the electric power in watt (W).• V is the voltage in volts (V).V is the voltage in volts (V).• I is the current in amps (A).I is the current in amps (A).• R is the resistance in ohms (ΩR is the resistance in ohms (Ω• I= P/V I= P/V • V= P/IV= P/I

• Example 1Example 1: A toaster takes 10 A : A toaster takes 10 A from the 120v power line. How much from the 120v power line. How much power is used ?power is used ?

• Ans : P=V x I = 120v x 10 AAns : P=V x I = 120v x 10 A

• P=1200WP=1200W

• Exam 2Exam 2: how much current flows in : how much current flows in the filament of a 300 w bulb the filament of a 300 w bulb connected to the 120v power line?connected to the 120v power line?

• Ans : I=P / V = 300w/120vAns : I=P / V = 300w/120v

• I= 2.5 AI= 2.5 A

• Multiple Units:Multiple Units:

• The basic units –ampere ,volt and The basic units –ampere ,volt and ohm practical values in most electric ohm practical values in most electric power circuits, but in many electronics power circuits, but in many electronics application these units are either too application these units are either too small or too big. Such as 2000k ohm small or too big. Such as 2000k ohm resister value or 2000 v and 5 mA . resister value or 2000 v and 5 mA .

• Example1: the I of 8 mA flows through Example1: the I of 8 mA flows through a 5 k ohms R. how much is the IR a 5 k ohms R. how much is the IR Voltage: Voltage:

• Answer: Answer: V= IR 8 V= IR 8 x10x10-3-3 x 5 xx 5 x101033 = 8 x 5= 8 x 5

• V=40 vV=40 v

• Example 2: How much current is produced Example 2: How much current is produced by 60 v across 12k ohms ?by 60 v across 12k ohms ?

Answer : I = V/R 60/12 x 10Answer : I = V/R 60/12 x 1033

I = 5 x 10I = 5 x 10 3 3 =5 mA =5 mA

• Test point Question?,Test point Question?, 200w , 0.83A 1.8kw200w , 0.83A 1.8kw,,

1 An electric heater takes 15 A from the 120 1 An electric heater takes 15 A from the 120 V power line .Calculate the Amount of V power line .Calculate the Amount of power used.power used.

2 How much is the load current for 100 W 2 How much is the load current for 100 W bulb connected to the 120 V power line?bulb connected to the 120 V power line?

3 How many watts is the power of 200 J/S 3 How many watts is the power of 200 J/S equal to?equal to?

• Voltage DividerVoltage Divider

• Voltage divider rule finds the voltage Voltage divider rule finds the voltage over a load in electrical circuit, when over a load in electrical circuit, when the loads are connected in series.the loads are connected in series.

• Voltage divider rule for DC circuitVoltage divider rule for DC circuit

• Voltage divider calculatorVoltage divider calculator

• Voltage divider rule for DC circuitVoltage divider rule for DC circuit

For a DC circuit with constant voltage source VT and resistors in

series, the voltage drop Vi in

resistor Ri is given by the formula:

• VVi - voltage drop in resistor Ri in volts i - voltage drop in resistor Ri in volts [V].[V].

• VTVT - the equivalent voltage source or - the equivalent voltage source or voltage drop in volts [V].voltage drop in volts [V].

• RRi - resistance of resistor i - resistance of resistor RRi in ohms [Ω].i in ohms [Ω].

• RR1 - resistance of resistor 1 - resistance of resistor RR1 in ohms 1 in ohms [Ω].[Ω].



Example1.Voltage source of VT=30V is connected to

resistors in series, R1=30Ω, R2=40Ω.

Find the voltage drop on resistor R2?

V2 = VT × R2 / (R1+R2) = 30V × 40Ω / (30Ω+40Ω) = 17.14V

• Example2.Example2.

• Voltage source of VT=100V is connected Voltage source of VT=100V is connected to resistors in series, R1=50kΩ, R2=30kΩ, to resistors in series, R1=50kΩ, R2=30kΩ, R3=20k Ω.R3=20k Ω.

• Find the voltage drop on resistor R1,R2,R3. Find the voltage drop on resistor R1,R2,R3.

V3 Fine R3 volt dropV3=R3/RT x VT= 20/100 X 200 V

V3=40 V


V2=60 V


V1=100 V.

The sum of V1,V2,V3 in series is 100+60+40=200v which is equal to VT

Method of IR Drops:

V1=I x R1 =2mA x 50 kΩ= 100 v.V2=I x R2 =2mA x 30 kΩ= 60 v.V3=I x R3 =22mA x 20 kΩ= 40 v.

Series voltage divider with voltage taps.

voltage at tap point C.

vc=R4/RT X VT =1 kΩ /20 kΩ X 24V

VC= 1.2 V.

Voltage at tap pint B.VB=R3+R4/RT x VT =1.5 kΩ +1 kΩ / 20 kΩ x 24v VB= 3V.

Voltage at tap pint A.VA=R2+R3+R4/RT x VT =7.5kΩ +1.5 kΩ +1 kΩ / 20 kΩ x

24v VA= 12.6V.

Current Divider with two parallel resistances.It is often necessary to find the individual branch currents in a bank from the resistances and IT , but without knowing the voltage across the bank this problem can be solved by using the fact that currents divide inversely as the branch resistances. such as show in example:

Current divider with two branch resistances each branch I is inversely proportional to its R. the

small R has more I.Calculation: I1 =R2/R1+R2 x IT

I1 = 4/2+4 x30 I1 = 20 A

Calculation: for other branch I2 =R1/R1+R2 x IT I2 = 2/2+4 =30

I2 = 10 A

ohms law

Technology

volts v

watt w

watt unit

resistance r

energythe electric power

power formula

v rv r

electric powerelectric