Mrs. Allister Lim RochstadMst. Env. Engineer

Water waster water and hazardous waste

TuffChem Environmental Services Pte. Ltd.,

Singapore

The impact of waste discharge on ecological system in offshore oil and

gas activity

1

World of O&G resources

Source: quietmike.org

2

WORLD RESOURCES OF

SHALE OIL & GAS

SOURCE: EIA/ARI 2013 3

Major oil and gas giant field in

Middle east

4

Our planet’s population will continue to grown and

between 2010 and 2025, global population will grow by

more than 1.1 Billion people. Now about 6B which

means would expect about 7 billion by 2025.

Global demand for liquid hydrocarbons will continue to

grow annually by 1.2% on average and will , and

estimate, reach 105mb/d by 2025 -fuel and hi-tech

5

Population increase demand of

hydrocarbon will increase

6

Environment Registration

GLOBAL LEVEL

UNCLOS, 82 (Framework for all activities at sea)

London, 72 (Framework Prev.

Poll. Dumping)

Marpol, 73/78 (Rules Prev. Poll. Ships,

Incl. surveillance)

OPRC, 90 (Framework

Poll. Prep. & Response)

REGIONAL LEVEL

Bonn/Copenhagen (Rules Poll. Prep. &

Response, Incl. surveillance)

Helsinki/Barcelona

(Rules Prev. Poll. Prep. & Response)

surveillance)

OSPAR (Rules Prev. Dumping

& Offshore discharges)

Implementation at national & EU level

Arctic circle -example

7

reviews the current state of the science regarding oil spill

response and environmental assessment in the Arctic region north of the Bering Strait, with emphasis on the potential impacts in U.S. waters.

This report describes the unique ecosystems and environment of the Arctic and makes recommendations to provide an effective response effort in these challenging conditions.

According to the report, a full range of proven oil spill response technologies is needed in order to minimize the impacts on people and sensitive ecosystems.

This report identifies key oil spill research priorities, critical data and monitoring needs, mitigation strategies, and important operational and logistical issues

API Feb 1,2012 - Spill

response in the arctic

Offshore -01

8

U.S. Arctic waters north of the Bering Strait and west

of the Canadian border encompass a vast area that

is usually ice covered for much of the year, but is

increasingly experiencing longer periods and larger

areas of open water due to climate change.

Sparsely inhabited with a wide variety of

ecosystems found nowhere else, this region is

vulnerable to damage from human activities. As

oil and gas, shipping, and tourism activities

increase, the possibilities of an oil spill also

increase. http://www.marineinsight.com/shipping-news/responding-oil-spills-u-s-arctic-marine-environment/

9

API Feb 1,2012 Spill response in the arctic

Offshore -02

Spill response on Arctic Offshore –Feb 2, 2012

Covers response on:

Airborne particulars

In-Situ burning control

Physical and chemical dispersion of oil

Containment and Recovery

Shoreline Protections and clean up

10

API Feb 1, 2012 Spill response in the arctic

Offshore -03

In the nutshell they are talking about:

Protecting the environment

Protecting the life of eco-system and endanger

species

Preventing toxic discharge.

11

Objectives of the document

Construction –cleaning and commissioning

Geological and geophysical survey (seismic survey, test

drilling)

Exploration (rig emplacement, drilling, plugging the well

and others)

Development and productions Platform emplacement,

pipe laying, drilling, hydrocarbon extraction, separation,

and transportation, well and pipeline maintenance )

Decommissioning (disassembling, structure removal)

Source of Waste discharge

12

Biosphere – impact to environment, human and species

Atmospheric: -toxic gas emission

Aquatic : - reduce aquatic microorganism, species, and flora

Terrestrial : soil erosion, coastal degradation

Human, socio-economical and Cultural

13

Impact of waste

Mostly localized

Occasionally oceanic over flow

14

Impact of waste

discharge

Drilling : - Drilling fluids, cutting and well treatment

chemical

Produced Water contaminated with oil and chemical (from production platform)

Exploration –seismic disturbance

offshore oil rigs – process, wash and drainage water

Sanitary waste and refuse.

Offshore pipelines

Spill and leakage

Cooling water

Accidental discharge (consequence of blowout, damage of pipelines, discharges due to flaring.

Common source of waste

15

Oil based -OBM

Water base WBM

Synthetic (SBM)

16

Drilling Mud/fluids

Usage :

1. lubrication and cooling of drill bit and pipe.

2. Remove cuttings from bottom of the oil well and help to prevent blowouts by acting as sealants.

There are different types of drilling muds used in oil drilling operations, all released toxic chemicals, heavy metals, (mercury, benzene, arsenic, toluene) that can affect marine life, is just the limit of toxicity, although current DM are more environmental friendly.

Drilling muds account to the larges inventory discharge in the offshore activities.

Effect of Drilling fluid -01

17

1996 US Dept. Interior Minerals Management

Services:-

Study of 3 rigs in the Gulf Of Mexico reveal that sediments within a few hundred feet of the rigs contained mercury level many time higher than base level in the Gulf of Mexico sediments.

Data showed indicated shrimps and fish caught beneath and near by the rigs contained mercury, which scientists attributed to mercury contamination in and around the rigs to drilling muds .

Fishes and shrimp could enter the human food supply and threatens public health.

Mercury contamination is now on of the most talk about business in decommissioning and shutdown cleaning process.

Gulf of Mexico Mercury from

drilling mud

18

NADFs –non-aqueous drilling fluids.

New technical challenges in offshore drilling have led to the

requirement of drilling fluids which exceed those of water based

fluids. Such as:

Directional drilling and Extended reach drilling require

higher lubricity, stability at high temp and well-bored stability.

In 2012 companies discharged 20523 tons of NADF

into the sea these include Group 1 (diesel and

conventional mineral oil) and Group 2 (low toxicity

mineral oil) (OGP data series report 2012e Nov, 2013)

Drilling –drilling fluid discharge -02

19

G-01 -Earlier NADFs use diesel or crude oil as base

fluid, (more toxic)

G-02 - Later –mineral oils

G-03 More recently – use low toxicity mineral oil

based fluids, refined mineral oils and synthetic fluids

(ester, paraffin and olefins)

These fluid are less toxic due to reduced concentration

of aromatics compounds and are less persistent in the

environment.

Drilling fluids -03

20

REGULATED BY:

EPA the discharge WBMs

1. discharge is a lot at the well site provided they pass

the mysid shrimp toxicity test [LC50 for 30,000ppm

suspended particulate phase.

2. Free of crude and diesel oil contaminants

3. Benthic toxicity of muds and crude oil contamination

(API and NOIA(national Ocean industry Ass)

SBM –SYNTHETIC FLUIDS -04 (-01)

21

Made from:

alpha olefin [LAOs], isomerized olefins [Ios]

Polyalphaolefins [PAOs] and ester.

SBMS is used as invert emulsion based muds.

Low toxicity provides :

Improve worker safety

Reduces environmental hazards

Lessen fugitive emission of PAH [polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]

Synthetic fluid-04 (02)

22

Water Based muds & Cutting

Affect benthic organisms through smothering to a

distance of 25 meter from discharge

Affect species diversity to 100 meter from discharge

Oil Based muds & Cutting

Effect benthic organisms through elevated

hydrocarbon levels up to 800 meter from discharge.

23

Impact Ocean discharge

These are fluid trapped underground and brought up with oil and gas,

these contains it own toxic brew of benzene, arsenic, lead, toluene and other radioactive pollution.

It is the most significant discharge in E&P operations. It is measure by the amount of oil in waster.

2012- average centration of oil in PW was 6.8mg/L onshore and 14.1 mg/L . (expressed in term of oil production : - there are 7 tons of oil in every 1,00,000 tons of hydrocarbon produced.

According to OGP report, the average concentration of oil in produced water discharged increased 14% in 2012 in comparison to 2011

Average Quantity of discharged per unit of hydrocarbon production increased by 10%.

Effect of Production water

24

Constituents may include: inorganic salts, heavy metals, solids, production chemicals, hydrocarbons, benzene, PAHs and sometime radioactive material (NORM).

Impact is highly depend on quantity, the components, the receiving environment and its dispersion characteristics.

An average oil and gas exploration well spews roughly 50 tons of nitrogen oxides, 13 tons of carbon monoxide, 6 tons of sulfur oxides and 5 tons of VOC (Volatile organic compound)

25

Impact – produced water

Surveys require ship tow with air gun that emit

thousands of high-DB explosive impulses to map the seafloor. 1. Sounds, vibrations have killed fish eggs and larvae, and

impair hearing of fishes –

2. Making them vulnerable to predators, disrupt the displace important migratory patterns, pushing marine life away from suitable habitats such as foraging, mating, spawning, and migratory corridors (MMS.2008, Beaufort Sea and Chukchi Sea Planning Areas: Oil & Gas

leads sales)

3. It also implicated in whale beaching and stranding incidents. (Heldebrand,JohnA :Impacts of anthropogenic Sound”)

Seismic

surveys/exploration

26

Sources

Flaring, venting, and purging gases

Combustion process - turbine and engine operation

Fluids processing and fugitive losses (from pumps,

pipe etcs).

Type of gas: Sulfur dioxide, Nitric oxide, Nitrogen

dioxide, Volatile organic compound, Green house gas

–CO2, Methane, carbon monoxide

Gaseous emissions

27

Flaring and oil leaks are dangerous to birds. Birds

may incinerated by the flare and bird killed from the

oil pollution.

These are the primary sources of CO2 emission from

production operation.

Flaring, venting and combustion

28

Methane -1991 – 26 x 106 tons = 10% of global emission

Nox, CO, Sox from North sea – less then 1% of the emission

generated within EU.

VOC =less then 2% of the total EU emissions.

World resource Institute

“gas emission from E&P”

29

change of habitation, food, nutrient supplies,

breeding areas

Migration routes

Vulnerability to predator or changes in herbivore

grazing pattern

Soil disturbance and removal of vegetation

Erosion and siltation will impact on ecological

integrity, may lead to indirect effects by upsetting

nutrient balances and microbial activity in the soil.

Ecological impact -01

30

If not controlled, a potential long-term effect is loss of

habitat which affects both fauna and flora.

Reduces food chain for all involved including

humans.

Toxicity of fisheries will in parallel pass on to human

when consumed.

May induce changes in species composition and

primary production cycles.

31

Ecological impact -02

Reduce , Reuse , and recycle

Offshore discharge

Re-injection

Onshore treatment and/or disposal.

SUMMARY

Typical waste management

options

32

Reduce, reuse and recycle

33

recycle

Source ; Offshore drilling and Env Protection : Gaurina=medimurec Nediljka et al

34

Offshore disposal options

Offshore Disposal

Explore Discharge Options

Explore Offshore Injection Disposal Options

Onshore Facillities Avaible?

YES NO

Commercial Disposal Appropriate?

Build Infrastructure

YES NO

Explore Commercial Disposal Option

35

Framework of parameter for disposal options

ECONOMIC OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL

Immediate costs Safety Air emissions from drilling and

supporting operations

$/m3 for disposal Human health

issues/chemical exposure

Power requirements

Energy cost Processing rate Reduction in volume of waste

Maintenance cost Mechanical reliability By-products of process

Labor cost Size and portability of

unit (s)

Compliance with regulations

Equipment cost Space availability Receiving physical environment

Transportation costs Energy requirements Marine species potentially at risk

Disposal costs of end

products

Condition of end

products

Potential environmental stressors

Future liabilities Method of disposal after

processing

Removal of hydrocarbons, heavy

metals and salts from solids and water

Weather conditions Risk for spills

Availability of

appropriate

facilities/infrastructure

Environmental issues at onshore site

including potential impact to ground

and surface water

36

Enviroment. registration

GLOBAL LEVEL

UNCLOS, 82 (Framework for all activities at sea)

London, 72 (Framework Prev.

Poll. Dumping)

Marpol, 73/78 (Rules Prev. Poll. Ships,

Incl. surveillance)

OPRC, 90 (Framework

Poll. Prep. & Response)

REGIONAL LEVEL

Bonn/Copenhagen (Rules Poll. Prep. &

Response, Incl. surveillance)

Helsinki/Barcelona

(Rules Prev. Poll. Prep. & Response)

surveillance)

OSPAR (Rules Prev. Dumping

& Offshore discharges)

Implementation at national & EU level

Appropriate international and national laws,

regulations and guidelines

Legislation with clearly defined responsibilities and

appropriate liabilities

Enforceable standards for operations

Appropriate monitoring procedures and protocol

Performance reporting's

Adequately funded and motivated enforcement

authorities.

37

Regulatory frame work-02

Existence of adequate consultation and appeal

procedures and

Appropriate sanctions and political will for their

enforcement.

38

Regulatory frame work-02

Montreal Protocol of the Vienna convention

Basel convention

Convention of Migratory Species

Framework Convention on Climate Change

Bio diversity Convention

UN Law of the Sea

MARPOL

Regional Sea Conventions (Barcelona, OSPAR, Kuwait, etcs.

International and regional

frame works

39

Some important international environmental conventions

40

Governance from Int’l bodies, convention

Legal basis

Discharge in Sea

WBF & Cuttings SBF

Cuttings Oily Cuttings

Produced Water

(Oil in Water

Limit)

OSPAR

Convention[8]

(North Sea countries)

Discharge allowed

under PARCOM 1 mg/kg 1 mg/kg

40 mg/l now

30 mg/l by 2006

Baltic Sea

Convention and

HELCOM[4]

standards

Discharge allowed

based on

HELCOM

Recommendation

No. 95/1

Not

determined

HELCOM

Recommendation

No. 95/1

15 mg/l max;

40 mg/l if BAT

cannot achieve 15

mg/l

KUWAIT

Convention and

Protocols

(Red Sea region)

Discharge allowed

based on UNEP:

Kuwait Protocol

on protection from

Pollution[6]

Not

determined

Discharge

allowed under

Kuwait Protocol

on a case by case

basis

40 mg/l

100 mg/l max

Barcelona

Convention and

Protocols

(Mediterranean

countries)

Discharge allowed

under Barcelona

Protocol[2]

Not

determined 100 g/kg

40 mg/l

100 mg/l max

Industry guidelines on environment

Common legislation that may apply.

Infrastructures needed for environmental protection

EMS

41

others

Ingredients for SuccessThe success of our industry as whole more than everwill require:• Investment in people and technology• Superior management and deployment of capital• Highest standards of Health, Safety and Environment• Social Responsibility and Ethics as part of theBusiness Model

25

MILLS Increasingdemand for steel, rigs,

supplies

MONEY$20 trillion until 2030IEA Energy Outlook

MINDSRapidly aging HR base,

42

UN Global Compact PrinciplesThe WPC supports the 10 principles for business sustainability of the United NationsGlobal Compact. There are 183 oil and gas participants, including most majors, largeindependents, national companies and services companies.

The WPC supports the 10 principles for business sustainability of the United Nations Global Compact.

Human Rights•Principle 1: Businesses should support and respect the protection of internationally proclaimed humanrights; and•Principle 2: make sure that they are not complicit in human rights abuses.

Labour•Principle 3: Businesses should uphold the freedom of association and the effective recognition of theright to collective bargaining;•Principle 4: the elimination of all forms of forced and compulsory labour;•Principle 5: the effective abolition of child labour; and•Principle 6: the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation.

Environment•Principle 7: Businesses should support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges;•Principle 8: undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility; and•Principle 9: encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies.Anti-Corruption•Principle 10: Businesses should work against corruption in all its forms, including extortion and bribery.43