of international conference on new trends in fitness

Of International conference on New Trends in Fitness Health and Sports science 2014 Of International conference on New Trends in Fitness Health and Sports science 2014 at Osmania University, Hyderabad, India.at Osmania University, Hyderabad, India.

GLIMPSESGLIMPSES

Dr.Kaukab AzeemEditor-in-Chief, IJFPHIG

Faculty, Physical Education DepartmentKing Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals

Saudi Arabia

Email : [email protected]

CHIEF PATRON

Prof. Syed Ahmed Hashmi Former first principal PG College of Physical Education,Osmania University,

Hyderabad, India, and Goodwill Ambassador for USA.

PATRON Prof. Grace Helina Vice Chancellor, Tamil Nadu Physical Education and Sports University, Chennai, India

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Dr. Syed Farooq Kamal India Prof. Sadiq Alhayek Jordan

Dr.K.Kamalakkannan India Dr.Leyla Rad Iran

Dr. J. Suganthi India Dr .Mohammed M. Ahmed U.S.A

Prof. S Bakhtiar Choudhary India Dr.Abdulhameed Al Ameer Saudi Arabia

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Table of Content

Sl.no Title’s Page no’s

1 The push-ups Kaukab AZEEM* 1 2 Approach distance, speed, and jumping power in relation to running long jump

performance. Gil M. Ebardo* 5

3 Strengthening exercises for lower back in middle aged women with low back pain. Rajalakshmi* G, Dany Rajan**

10

4 Comparison of Body composition among different Level of Students Bhavani* Ahilan**

13

5 Physical Activity Induced Changes on Membarane MDA and Superoxide Dismutase among Middle Aged Men K. Sreedhar

18

6 AAnnaallyyssiiss ooff SSeelleecctteedd BBiioo--mmoottoorr vvaarriiaabblleess aammoonngg PPrrooffeessssiioonnaall aanndd NNoonn PPrrooffeessssiioonnaall WWoommeenn VVoolllleeyybbaallll PPllaayyeerrss.. R.Ramya*, S. Indira**

25

7 Comparative Study on Flexibility and Cardio Vascular Endurance of Elite Kho-Kho and Kabaddi Players in Kerala. Mettilda Thomas*

31

8 Effect of aerobic exercise on muscular endurance and flexibility of university women. Rupendra Farswan*K.Tirumourougane**

35

9 Effects of Different Modes of Yoga Practice on Percentage of Body Fat and Biochemical Variables . S. Ananth*, S. Chidambara Raja**

38

10 Effect of Yogic Practices on Selected Physical Fitness Parameters among University Male Students.

P. Lakshman Naik* Aditya Kumar Das** P.K.Subramaniam***

44

11 Influence of Varied Intensity of Walking on Selected Physical Variables among Middle Aged Men. J. Karthikeyan*

48

12 Relationship of Physical Fitness, Anthropometric Variables and Body Composition Factors of Parallel Bars Performance in Men Artistic Gymnastics Arif Ali Khan*, Srinivasa. R**

53

13 Influence of Sports Participation on Physical, Psychological and Socio-Psychological Aspects of Sports in India. S Muniraju1 R Nagesha2

58

14 Impact of Different Modes of Circuit Training on Anaerobic Power of Adolescent Boys. Martin Babu Panackal1 George Abraham2

66

15 A Study on Movement Speed of Male Basketball Players. M.A.Bari, FerojSayyed

71

16 Effect of Aerobic Exercises on Vital Capacity and Body Mass Index of Adults. Rajkumar.P.Malipatil* Savitri.S.Patil**

75

17 Plyometric helps Jump further and Run Faster: Theoretical Consideration and Application. Abdul latif Shaikh* Arun F Shinde**

83

18 Effect of play therapy on kinesthetic perception and coordinative abilities of mentally retarded students. Abdul Rafeeque T.C*

86

19

Human values through sports: a review and its implications for school children Varghese C Antony1 V. Lawrence Graykumar2 Jossen C Antony3 Deependra Yadav4 Vivek Kumar Jaiswal5

90

20 Construction of Electronic Digital Equipment to Assess the Performance of Selected Standard Track Events. V.Ravi kumar*

100

21 Effect of Stationary and Moving Circuit Training on Selected Bio-Motor Variables among Women Sprinters. R. Selvarani* S. Indira**

108

22 Evaluation of physical fitness and energy balance among selected sportspersons of Coimbatore District.

K Mahalakshmi Sangeetha*, Lalitha Ramaswamy** Jisna* PK

115

23 Analysis of the changes in selected motor fitness components with concurrent strength and plyometric training. R.S Varma* M.Kavitha

123

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ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games

Volume: 2, No: 1, Jan 2015- June 2015

CHIEF EDITOR COLOUM

Exercise Technique This column of exercise and Technique Facilitates about proper Exercise

method to Optimize Performance and safety

The Push –up Kaukab AZEEM, M.com, M.Ped, MPhil, Ph.D Faculty, Physical Education Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Saudi Arabia

ABSTRACT Push-ups are a basic exercise used in athletic training or during physical education classes or commonly in military physical training. The push-up is a multi joint upper body exercise that can increase the upper body muscular push strength, shoulder strength, and performance of activities demanding high level of relative strength. Pushups are one of the basic and most common exercises for the human body. Pushups are great exercise for the chest, and also help tremendously for shaping and defining abs, triceps, shoulders and torso. Push-ups exercise and its variations can be progressed, regressed, and performed throughout a training year. This column provides a detailed description and figures of the proper technique for a push-up exercise. Key words: Strength, Joint, Push-up, Technique

TYPE OF EXERCISE

A push-up is a common calisthenics exercise performed in a prone position by extending and lowering the arms alternatively. Push-ups are a basic exercise used in athletic training or during physical education classes or commonly in military physical training. Push-ups is a multi joint upper body exercise that can improve an athlete’s overall upper body performance especially anterior shoulder strength, stability and ability to produce high forces during pushing activities, such as gymnastics,

MUSCLES USED The pectoral muscles, triceps, and anterior deltoids, with ancillary benefits to the rest of the deltoids, serratus, anterior , coracobrachialis and the midsection as a whole.

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BENEFITS OF PUSH –UPS

Pushups can be performed at home without the expensive exercise equipment, which can save your money on a gym membership.

Pushups exercise on a regular basis will strengthen, tone up the muscles and build major muscles, which can make daily activities easier and also improves sports performance.

Pushups also strengthen your core muscles, specifically ones rectus abdominus and transversus abdominis.

Pushups exercise stimulates the metabolism and blood circulation, allowing you to burn more calories throughout the rest of your workout.

Pushups provide better results than many similar exercises. Athletes who include pushups in their workout routine find that they are able to reach their fitness goals more easily than those following workouts that rely on other methods.

Research studies had shown that performing pushups can help increase testosterone levels, reducing risk of developing osteoporosis.

Pushups increased metabolic rate. Pushups use a large number of muscles at the same time; also your legs get into the action. A muscular activity means that your heart must work hard to pump blood to your working muscles, which also causes by increasing your breathing rate.

A set of pushups will raise your metabolic rate while you are doing them and as you recover afterward, all of which intern contribute to healthy weight loss

PROPER EXECUTION

Proper way of performing pushups is by placing yourself in a horizontal position balancing on both the hands and toes while facing down, with arms extended, hands shoulder, width or more apart, and feet touching or slightly apart. This movement is excellent for the pictorials major and the triceps brachii.

• Inhale and bend the elbows to bring the rib cage close to the ground without arching the low back excessively.

• Push back up to complete arm extension and exhale at the end of the each movement.

PUSH UP TYPES

• There are two versions of the pushup mainly; the normal base (wide pushup) and the narrow pushup.

• The normal base push-up requires you to place your hands on the floor, a little wider than shoulder-width apart.

• The narrow pushup will have you placing your hands on the floor forming a diamond shape with your fingers, in line with your head.

• Each version of push-up produces related movements in shoulders and elbows, but the wide pushup gives you a greater range of motion.

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PUSH UP PHASES

• There are two phases of the pushup movement:

• Pushing Phase • Lowering Phase

PUSHING PHASE

During the pushing stage, motions are occurring at the elbow, shoulder and scapular joints. In the elbow, extension occurs, powered mainly by the triceps brachia muscle. In the shoulder joint, horizontal adduction occurs. This motion occurs when the upper arms move horizontally toward the midline of the body. The pectoralis major, deltoids, biceps and coracobrachialis muscles contract during horizontal adduction. At the scapular joint, scapular abduction occurs during the pushing phase. In this fashion that your scapulae move forward as they round the back of the ribcage, a motion also known as protraction. The serratus anterior and pectoral minor muscles power protraction

LOWERING PHASE

During the lowering phase, the same muscles that work in the pushing phase are active, but this time eccentrically. For an example, in the elbow, flexion occurs as you lower your body, but with the triceps eccentrically allowing this motion. In the shoulder joint, horizontal abduction occurs, eccentrically controlled by the pectoral major, deltoid, biceps and coracobrachialis muscles. At the scapula, scapular adduction, or retraction, occurs, which the serratus anterior and pectoral minor eccentrically control.

EXPLORING ELBOW JOINT

There are number of complex muscles and tendons that allow your elbow to move, and these are connected to three bones. The humerus bone of the upper arm joins with the radius laterally and the ulna medially bones of the forearm to form an elbow joint. The troclea of the humerus attaches to the ulna, and the capitulum of the humerus attached to the head of the radius. The joints are lubricated by a large bursa sack that allows the muscle to interact with the joint so that it doesn’t lead to damage or cause any pain.

EXPLORING SHOULDER JOINT

Shoulder joint is consisted of two separate joints. The first joint is called the glenohumeral, where the upper arm bone fits into the shoulder blade and second is called acromioclavicular and is formed by the meeting of the collarbone with the shoulder blade. The joints are held together by ligaments and muscles, but it is susceptible to dislocation due to sudden twist or movements of the arm.

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Ratings for Men (Full Push Ups), based on Age

SCORING: Here are the age-adjusted standards based on guidelines published by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM):

20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+ Excellent > 54 > 44 > 39 > 34 > 29 Good 45-54 35-44 30-39 25-34 20-29 Average 35-44 24-34 20-29 15-24 10-19 Poor 20-34 15-24 12-19 8-14 5-9 Very Poor < 20 < 15 < 12 < 8 < 5 Try to retest yourself every 4-8 weeks.

RECCOMENDATION for children by National Strength & Conditioning Association (NSCA)

Exercise Sets X reps Push –ups 1-3 sets x 10- 20 reps

Acknowledgement

The Author thanks the authorities of King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, and the subjects for the help in completion of this study.

References

• American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM).

• Ellenbecker TS and Davies GT. Closed kinetic chain Exercise: A comprehensive guide to multiple joint Exercise Champaign IL Human kinetics 2001, 1-5: 27-31.

• Frederic Delavier. Strength Training Anatomy Third Edition, pg:76

• LaChance PF and Hortobagyi T. Influence of cadence on muscular performance during push-up and pull-up exercise J Strength Cond Res 8: 78-80, 1994.

• MensHealth.com

• Steven J. Fleck, William J. Kraemer (2013), Designing resistance training program, fourth edition .pg 367.

• http://www.joint-pain-expert.net/elbow-anatomy.html

• http://www.orthopedicsurgerybook.com/shoulder-surgery-pain-treatment.php

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Approach Distance, Speed, and Jumping Power in Relation to Running Long Jump Performance

GIL M. EBARDO College of Sports Physical Education and Recreation, Mindanao State University,

Marawi City – Philippines

ABSTRACT Different kinematic parameters such as approach distance, speed, and jumping power are the selected factors to improve running long jump performance. The main objective of this study was to determine the corresponding effects of approach distance, speed, and jumping power [the independent variables] on the overall running long jump performance [the dependent variable] and could the height and the weight[the moderating variables (MV)] influence both the independent variables [IVs] and the dependent variable [DV] in male senior high school students. This study included 55 males from Mindanao State University-Integrated Laboratory School [MSU-ILS], Marawi City. The samples were selected from the senior Physical Education classes [Athletics] composed of 3 sections. For 1 semester duration [almost 5 months] of attendance, the students participated in the training for conditioning, the acquisition of skills, and the practical exams of the different events prescribed for the subject including running long jump. At a critical value of 0.27 [CV = 0.27], the results reveal that weighthas significantly relationship to speed [r = 0.27] and jumping power [r = 0.31] while height showed no significant relationship to both the IVs and DV [rs< 0.27]. Further analyses disposed significant relationship between approach distance [r = 0.73], speed [r = 0.70], and jumping power [r = 0.66] and the running long jump performance.

Keywords: Approach distance, speed, jumping power, running long jump performance

INTRODUCTION

The running long jump had developed over the years. It is the oldest jumping event practiced at the ancient Olympic games as part of the pentathlon and identified as one of the most natural and simple events in track and field (Burrett,1974). Despite its simplicity which is to run down a runway, consistently hit the board, takeoff and land, there are still questions on:

1. What is the ideal distance of approach to be considered as run-up? 2. What is the right speed to be developed in the runway? 3. And what is the most appropriate vertical speed that should be executed at the takeoff

board so that running long jump performance could be maximized?

The approach is between 30 to 40 meters and is progressively accelerated [Ballesteros, 1984]. The approach run is the most important part in long jump technique [Burrett, 1974].It may begin with a gradual acceleration rather than from an explosive start. Explosive start may cause an excessive force in the run way that may weaken the jumper during takeoff. Similarly, Weltzer [1958] stressed that one of the primary laws of long jump is to gain as much speed on the runway as possibly controlled for a proper takeoff. Whether the start is gradually accelerated or an explosive one, the main object of the run is to gain maximum speed if possible. Casady [1973] emphasized that successful long jump must develop speed for takeoff.

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Speed therefore, is a prerequisite to successful long jumping. Bowerman and Freeman [1991] revealed that long jumpers are sprinters first and jumpers second as it is the belief that slow runners will be slow on the runway. Though long jumpers may not as fast as the best sprinters, they will not be likely to be for behind, because long jumper has to be a sprinter too.

To run down a runway requires speed that will influence the horizontal push on the jumper at takeoff. To maximize the horizontal push, the jumper must develop the speed max on the runway prior to takeoff [Wetzler, 1958]. At the instant of takeoff, the momentum is responsible in pushing the jumper forward to cover a distance [long jump performance]. Momentum is the product of mass and velocity [horizontal speed] of the body [Sears, et. al., 1987]. According to Gambetta [1981], the horizontal speed contributed more or less two parts, while lifting [vertical speed] contributed more or less one part to long jump performance.

Hay [1993] believed that the flight of the jumper is determined by the ideal combination of the horizontal speed in the run-up and the vertical speed gained at takeoff. According to Northrip, Logan, and McKinney [1983], in running long jump the jumper must compromise between achieving a high trajectory and which will give him a long time in the air and maintaining an accelerated horizontal speed and will carry him as far as possible linearly during the flight time. Howsoever, lifting [jumping power] at takeoff pushes the jumper upward so as to have vertical speed and will determine the span of time the jumper stays on air during flight before landing [Gambetta, 1981]. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the selected kinematic factors of approach distance, speed (horizontal), and jumping power (vertical speed) and the running long performance.

METHOD

Samples The research was conducted on the sample of 55 PE athletics class students, all males and composed of 3 sections [section A = 15, section B = 20, and section C = 20]. The range and the corresponding mean were: body height154-182 [167.91cm], body mass36.8-65.5 [51.34kg], approach distance 20-45 [27.91m], speed 5.29-7.71 [6.10 m/s], jumping power 40-73 [56.39 cm , and running long jump performance 2.53-5.00 [3.81 m].The principal of the high school department of the MSU-ILS approved the conduct of the study likewise with teacher-in-charge and the samples involved. The tests were part of their practical exam, so all the samples cooperated and participated in the different tests with all their abilities. All measurements and tests were conducted within the confines of the university and during physical education classes by the researcher himself with the aid of the trained research assistants. Procedures The body height was measured with a wall meter and the body mass was measured with a calibrated weighing scale. The samples took part in a standardized protocol consisting of a vertical jump test and a sprint test that were only a fraction of the fitness test and part of the course requirements.

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The jump test was conducted using the Sargent Jump Test. The test monitors the development of the sample’s leg power. The sample then chalks the end of his fingertips. He stands side onto the wall, keeping both feet remaining in contact with the ground, reaches up as high as possible with one hand and marks the wall with the tips of the fingers [M1]. From a static position, the sample jumps as high as possible and marks the wall with the chalk on his fingers [M2]. Oneassistant measures the distance between M1 and M2and another one records the jump. The sample repeats the test 3 times [Catapang, 2000]. The sprint tests were performed on a standard 8 lanes track oval with line-marks on the starting and the finish of the 50 meter distance and 8 samples were to run at a time because 1 exclusive timekeeper was assigned per sample. The time keeping was synchronized with the smoke of the starting gun when fired. However, before the start of the test, some assistants were assigned to take charge of the warm-up and dynamic stretching exercises [Catapang, 2000].

The running long jump performance [1 of the practical exams of the course] was performed in the long jump area located inside the oval. Where samples established their respective distance of approach took series of trials and then fixed the final approach distance [that the assistants measured using the measuring tape]. Every sample was given 3 jumps and the longest jump was included for statistical analyses. The running long jump performance was the measured distance from the nearest break of the jumper on the landing pit to the inside edge of the takeoff board [Ballesteros, 1984].

Statistical Analyses The samples were described in according to included variables of the study. They were described using frequency and percentage distribution and the mean. The Pearson r was utilized in identifying the relationship existed between the correlated variables. The coefficient of determination [r2] was reinforced to provide the percentage contribution of a certain variable to the correlated one. The level of significance was set to α=0.05 at SD=0.01, the computed critical value (CV) was 0.27 [de Jesus, 1993].

RESULTS

The deliberation concerning the sample’s profile was sequenced according to: range, greatest percentage distribution (with the corresponding class interval), mean and cumulative percentage distribution above the mean. The demographic profiles of the samples were: Height 154-182 cm, 36.36% (163.34-168.00 cm), 58.18%, and 167.91 cm;Weight 36.8-65.5 kg, 32.73% (46.37-51.15), 50.91%, and 51.34 kg;Approach distance 20- 45 m, 43.64% (28.34-32.50), 56.37%, and 27.91m;Speed 5.29-7.71 m/s, 38.18% (6.1-6.5), 50.90%, and 6.1 m/s; Jumping power 40-73 cm, 40.00% (51.00-56.50 cm), 38.18%, and 56.39 cm; and Running long jump performance 2.53-5.00, 41.82% (3.77-4.17), 54.53%, and 3.81 m.

The relationships between variables were segregated into three:Relationships between the moderating variables and the independent variables; Relationships between the moderating

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variables and the dependent variable; andRelationships between the independent variables and the dependent variable. At n=55 and α=0.05, the CV=0.27 [de Jesus, 1993].

Relationships between the moderating variables and the independent variables

The moderating variable of height was not significantly related to approach distance (r=0.26), speed (r=0.19) and jumping power (r=0.18). But the moderating variable of weight (mass) was significantly correlated to speed (r=0.27) and jumping power (r=0.31) but not to approach distance (r=0.23)

Relationships between the moderating variables and the dependent variable

The moderating variables of height (r=0.22) and weight (r=0.22) were not significantly related to the dependent variable of running long jump performance. Relationships between the independent variables the dependent variable The independent variables of approach distance (r=0.73), speed (r=0.70), and jumping power (r=0.66) were all significantly related to running long jump performance.

DISCUSSION The shortest sample was 154 cm and the highest was 182 cm. The highest percentage distribution was 36.36% and contained within the interval 163.34-168.00 cm. 58.18% were above the mean height of 167.91 cm which connotes that more samples were considered tall.

The lightest sample weighed 36.8 kg while the heaviest was 65.5 kg. The highest percentage distribution of the samples’weights was 32.73% enclosed by the class interval 46.37-51.15 kg. 50.91% were above the average weight of 51.34 kg. This is just an indication that the samples were more likely equal in terms short and tall distribution.

The shortest approach being exercised was 20m with the longest of 45m. More samples (43.64%) were using distances between 28.34m-32.50m but 56.37% or more used approach distances greater than 27.91m (mean).5.29m/s was the slowest speed demonstrated but the fastest was 7.71 m/s. However many of the samples’ speeds range from 6.1-6.5 m/s. But generally, the distribution of the speeds were nearly the same (50.90% were above the mean speed of 6.1 m/s.

The shortest vertical jump was 40cm and the highest was 73cm. From 51.00-56.50 cm jumps, 40% of the samples were enclosed. Howsoever, only 38.18% jumped high so many jumped poorly.

The performances of the samples in long jump ranges from 2.53m (the shortest) up to 5.00m (the longest0. Where 41.82% were grouped in the interval 3.77-4.17. But more (54.53%) of the samples jumped above the average long jump performance (3.81m).

The paired moderating variables (MV) versus independent variables (IV), only weight (mass) was significantly related to speed (r=0.27) and jumping power (r=0.31). Since r values were all positive, the relationships were linear and meant that heavier samples ran faster and

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jumped higher. Reinforcing statistical tool of r2, weight contributed 7.29% to speed (r2=0.0729) and 9.61% to jumping power (r2=0.0961).

Height (r=0.22) and weight (0.22) were both not significantly correlated to the running long jump performance. Meaning, similar running long jump performances were shown by the short and tall or by the light and heavy samples.

Approach distance (r=0.73), speed (r=0.70), and jumping power (r=0.66) are linearly related to the running long jump performance. Those samples using longer approach distances, ran faster, and jumped higher demonstrated better running long jump performances. Furthermore; approach distance (r2=o.5329) shared 53.29%, speed (r2=0.49) contributed 49%, and jumping power (r2=0.4356) influenced 43.56% of the running long jump performance.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Special thanks to my adviser, panel members, brods and sis, mama, family, and to

numerous individuals who in many ways contributed for the realization of this paper. REFERENCES

1. Alexander, R.H. et al (1973). Phy Edu Activities Handbook. 3rd edition. Boston: Allyn Bacon. 2. Asperilla, Jose (1990). Dynamic Physics. Revised ed. Manila: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. 3. Ballesteros, Jose Manuel (1984). I.A.A.F: A Basic Coaching Manual. Knightsbridge, London:

Matshallarts Print Services. 4. Bowerman, William J. and W.H Freeman (1991). High Performance Training for Track and

Field. 2nd ed. Illinois: Leisure Press. 5. Casady, Donald R. (1991). Sports Activities for Men. New York: Mac Millan Co. 6. Catapang, Jose (2000). Manual on Physical Fitness. Quezon City: Sports Psychology Training,

Consultancy, and Research Center. 7. Clarke, Harris and D.H. Clarke (1987). Application to Physical Education. 6th Edition. New

Jersey : Prentice Hall Inc. 8. De Jesus, Belen et al (1993). Guidebook on Thesis Writing. Manila: Phoenix Press, Inc. 9. Hay, James G. (1993). The Biomechanics of Sports Techniques. 4th ed. USA: Prentice Hall, Inc. 10. Jensen, Clayne R. and G.H. Schultz (1977).Applied Kinesiology. 2nded. New York: McGraw-Hill. 11. Johnson, Barry I. and J.K. Nelson (1979). Practical for Measurement for Evaluation in Physical

Education. 3rd ed. Minnesota: Burgess Publishing Co. 12. Kreighbaum, Ellen and K. Barthels (1985). Biomechanics:A Qualitative Approach for Studying

Human Movement. 2nd ed. USA: Burgess Publishing Company 13. Northrip, John et al (1985). Analysis of Sports Motion. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm C. Brown Co. 14. Reyes,Flordeliza C(1996). Applied Basic Statistics. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. 15. Runyon, R.P. and A. Haber (1998). Fundamentals of Behavior Statistics. 6thed. New York:

Newberry Award Records, Inc. 16. Sears, Zemansky and Young (1987). University Physics. 7thed. 17. Weltzer,Frank (1958). Coaching High School Track and Field. 3rded. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. 18. Webster’s Dictionary (2000). International Edition. New York: J.G. Ferguson Publishing Co.

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Strengthening Exercises for Lower Back in Middle Aged Women with Low Back Pain

*Rajalakshmi. G, ** DanyRajan *Sports Officer, Alliance University, Bangalore, **GEMS, OOW, Dubai

ABSTRACT Physical exercise is one of the most widely used methods for the rehabilitation of individuals with low back pain. The primary goals of treating chronic pain with physical exercise are to improve muscle strength, to maintain or improve flexibility, to heal tissue lesions and to promote spinal segment stability. 80% of the population will experience some form of back pain at some point during their lifetime. The objectives of the study were to investigate the effects of strengthening exercises for lower back in middle aged women with low back pain. All person aged 30 through 55 years (N=30) were involved in a six week of strengthening exercises after the physiotherapy session. Before and after the investigation period few strengthening exercises were assessed by few tests and they were asked to grade their pain level. The result of the control group unchanged whereas the experimental group were shown significant improvement in their back strength. It is concluded that middle aged women can improve their general strength as well they can take care of their back by doing the selected strengthening exercises for as short a period as 6 weeks. This might prove to be of great value in improving back strength and thereby preventing back pain in middle aged and old age people. Strengthening should become the part of regular training regimen for the middle aged women for their healthy life. Key Words: physical activity, strengthening exercises, lower back.

INTRODUCTION

WOMEN AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Physical activity is defined by the World Health Organisation as ‘any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy expenditure’. Physical activity is a gendered issue because the context of women’s lives can impact on their ability to participate in regular physical activity. Many women find it hard to find the time to exercise due to the demands of parenting and lack of time, money or motivation. However, there are lots of ways one can incorporate exercise into their weekly schedule. A few minor changes to the daily lifestyle can also increase ones physical activity level.

BACK PAIN

Back pain is a very common complaint. Back pain is the most common cause of inactivity in the 45 and older age group.Backache is second only to headache as a common medical complaint.Even though back pain can affect people of any age, it is significantly more common among adults aged between 35 and 55 years. Experts say that back pain is associated with the way our bones, muscles and ligaments in our backs work together. Pain in the lower back may be linked to the bony lumbar spine, discs between the vertebrae, ligaments around the spine and discs, spinal cord and nerves, lower back muscles, abdomen and pelvic internal organs, and the skin around the lumbar area. Back pain can also be the result of some everyday activity or poor posture. Exercise - regular exercise helps build strength as well as keeping your body weight down. Experts say that low-impact aerobic activities are best.

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

The purpose of the study was to find out the effects back strengthening exercisesamong middle aged women with low back pain.

OBJECTIVE:

1. This study will help to identify the proper exercises for a healthy living of middle aged women by doing the strengthening exercises regularly.

2. This study will also be help to recover from lower back pain complaint. 3. This study may throw light on developing the fitness level for the health concern and also

for the physically active life. DELIMITATION

1. The study was delimited to 30 women who are at mostly sedentary women. 2. The age of the subjects selected for this study ranged between 30-55 years. The study was confined to the following parameters.

DEPENDENT VARIABLE 1. Lateral musculature test 2. Core stability test 3. Flexor Endurance test 4. Back extensors test

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

1. Experimental group- Back strengthening exercises 2. Control group- No training 3.

METHODOLOGY The purpose of the study was to find out the effects of back strengthening exercises

among middle aged women with low back pain. To achieve the purpose of the study 30 middle aged women were selected. They were selected based on their previous history of their health conditions. They are also asked to fill up the questionnaire which contains questions which measures their severity of their back pain in percentage.

SELECTION OF THE VARIABLES The investigator reviewed a number of research journals, magazines and books on the

strengthening exercises for this study. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

The subjects were selected for this study through the random group design consisting of pre and post test 30 middle aged women having slight low back pain were selected. The group was assigned as an Experimental group and control group.

1. Experimental group – back strengthening exercises 2. Control group – No training

Prior to the experiment, core strength were tested through using few strengthening exercises. After the experimental period of six weeks post test were conducted and the data were collected. Statistical technique: The collected data were analyzed using ‘t’ ratio to find out the effects of back strengthening exercises among middle aged women with low back pain.

12



CONCLUSION

Within the limitations of the study, the following conclusions were drawn. i. There was a significant improvement on core stability due to selected strengthening

exercises. ii. There was a significant improvement in the strength of hip flexors and extensors

muscle strength due to back strengthening exercises. iii. There was a significant change on their back pain.

Overall the back strengthening exercises was more effective on the significant changes on back strength among middle aged women with low back pain.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The findings of this study proved that there was significant improvement due to back strengthening on muscular strength among middle aged women with low back pain. It is recommended that including strengthening exercises into regular training regimen will help the middle aged women to improve their physical fitness for their healthy life.

REFERENCES

1. Bentsen H, Lindgärde F, Manthorpe R. The effect of dynamic strength back exercise and/or a home training program in 57-year-old women with chronic low back pain: results of a prospective randomized study with a 3-year follow up period. Spine.1997 ;22:1494–1500.

2. Klaber Moffett J, Torgerson D, Bell-Syer S, et al. Randomised controlled trial of exercise for low back pain: clinical outcomes, costs, and preferences.BMJ.1999 ;319:279–283.

3. Rainville J, Hartigan C, Martinez E, et al. Exercise as a treatment for chronic low back pain. Spine J.2004 ;4:106–115

4. Goldby L. Exercise for low back pain. Br J TherRehabil.1996 ;3:612–616. 5. The Physician and sportsmedicine (Impact Factor: 1.34). 09/1997; 25(9):126-33.

DOI: 10.3810/psm.1997.09.1516 6. http://www.who.int/en/ 7. http://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/everyone/getactive/barriers.html 8. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172943.php 9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3164419/ 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22135712 11. https://www.mylifestages.org/health/back/back_pain_prevention.page

13



Comparison of Body composition among different Level of Students

Bhavani Ahilan Sr.Lecturer, Sports Science Unit,University of Jaffna, SRILANKA

Abstract

Body composition is defined as the proportion of fat, muscle, and bone in the body. It is usually given as a ratio of lean mass to fatty mass. Body composition will normally be expressed as either a percentage of fat or as a percentage of lean body mass.The study was designed to compare the body composition of different level of students (School, College, and University). To achieve the purpose of the study 1500 subjects were selected in this study (School-500, College-500, and University-500). The age of the subjects ranged for school students between 14-17 years, College 18-21 years, and University 22-25 years. In this study one of health related physical fitness variablenamely body composition (Percent Body Fat) is selected as criterion variable. Selected variable is tested by following standardized test of sum of skin fold site. One way analysis of variance was applied to find out whether there was any significant difference on body composition among different level of Students. The level of significance was fixed at 0.05, if the obtained F ratio is significant, Scheffe’s post hoc test was applied to find out the means difference. The results of the study show that there was a significant difference among the students on body composition. Further it reveals that, between the different levels of students body composition shows significant difference. It is concluded that school boys were having significantly more per cent body fat than the College and University Students. Prior to adolescence per cent body fat was increases because of to meet out the bio-logical needs.

Key Words: - Health related physical fitness, Body Composition, Percent Body Fat, Skin Fold thickness,

INTRODUCTION

Growth and maturation are biologic processes, while development is a behavioral process. These processes interact to influence the individual’s self-esteem, body image, and perceived competence.

An excess of fat in the body is unhealthy because, it requires more energy for movement and may reflect a diet high in saturated fat. Furthermore, it is believed that obesity contributes to degenerative diseases such as high blood pressure and atherosclerosis. Obesity can also in psychological maladjustments, and it also may shorten life. A balance between calorie intake and calorie expenditure is necessary to maintain proper body fat content. Exercise is effective as one way to control body fat. Increase in fat deposition is the result of increased lipoprotein lipase activity in these areas. This enzyme is considered the gatekeeper for storing fat in adipose tissue. Lipoprotein lipase is produced in the fat cells (adipocytes) but is bound to the walls of the capillaries where it exerts its influence on the chylomicrons, which are the major transporters of triglycerides in the blood. When lipoprotein lipase activity in any area of the body is high, chylomicrons are trapped and their triglycerides are hydrolyzed and transported in to the adipocytes in that area for storage.

Health practitioners universally agree that too much body fat is a serious health risk. Problems such as hypertension, elevated blood lipids (fats and cholesterol), diabetes mellitus,

14



cardiovascular disease, respiratory dysfunction, gall bladder disease, and some joint diseases are all related to obesity. Also, some research suggests that excessive accumulation of fat at specific body sites may be an important health risk factor (Wilmore, Buskirk, DiGirolamo, & Lohman, 1986). For instance, it appears that extra fat around the abdomen and waist is associated with higher risk of diabetes, heart disease, and hyperlipidemia. Individuals who accumulate a lot of fat around the waist (apple-shaped) are worse off than those who tend to accumulate fat in the thighs and buttocks (pear-shaped). The apple-shaped pattern of fat deposition is more commonly seen in men; whereas women tend to be pear-shaped.

The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) has defined health related physical fitness as “a state characterized by an ability to perform daily activities with vigor and a demonstration of traits and capacities that are associated with low risk of premature development of the hypo kinetic diseases (i.e, those associated with physical inactivity)” (Nieman 1998). Health related physical fitness is concerned with the development of those qualities that offer protection against disease and frequently are associated with physical activity (Bucher, 1987). Health-related physical fitness is typically defined as including cardio respiratory endurance, body composition, muscular strength and endurance, and flexibility (American College of Sports Medicine 1995).

Body Composition: Body composition refers to the relative percentage of muscle, fat, bone and other tissue of which the body is composed (Corbin, 1994). The following variables were also included. Fat Free Mass: Fat free mass refers to the weight of the nonfat tissues of the body (Howly, 1997). Percent Body Fat: Percentage of the total weight composed of fat tissue, calculated by dividing fat mass by total weight (Howly, 1997). Lean Body Mass: Lean body mass refers to weight of fat –free tissues and essential, life-sustaining lipids (Howly, 1997). Body Mass Index:Measure of the relationship between height and weight; calculated by dividing the weight in kilogram by height in meters squared (Howly, 1997).

AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to compare the body composition (percent body fat) among different level of students.

METHOD Sampling Technique: -The sampling procedure used in this study is large distribution of random population.Selection of Subjects: -The study was designed to compare the body composition (Percent body fat) of different level of Students (School, College, and University). To achieve the purpose of the study 1500 subjects were selected in this study (School-500, College-500, and University-500). The age of the subjects ranged for school students between 14-17 years, college 18-21 years, and University 22-25 years. Selection of variable: In this study one of health related physical fitness variable namely body composition (Percent Body Fat) is selected as criterion variable. Selected variable is tested by standardized test of sum of three skin fold site with Skin fold Caliper. Statistical technique: -One way analysis of variance was applied to find out whether there was any significant difference on body composition (percent body fat) among

15



different level of Students. The level of significance was fixed at 0.05, if the obtained F ratio is significant, Scheffe’s post hoc test was applied to find out the means difference.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

TABLE I, ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE ON BODY COMPOSITION (PERCENT BODY FAT) AMONG DIFFERENT LEVEL OF STUDENTS

*Significant at 0.05 level (Table value 2.99)

TABLE II, SCHEFFE’S POST HOC TEST FOR SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE AMONG DIFFERENT LEVEL OF STUDENTS ON BODY COMPOSITION (PERCENT BODY

FAT).

Scho

ol

Col

lege

Uni

vers

ity

Mea

n di

ffer

ence

CI

Means

2.18 2.16 0.02

0.0011 2.18 1.97 0.21

2.16 1.97 0.29

The result of the study shows that there was a significant difference among the students on body composition. Further it reveals that, between the different levels of students body composition shows significant difference.

DISCUSSION

The result of the investigation shows that school boys were having significantly more per cent body fat than the College and University Students. Prior to adolescence per cent body fat was increases because of to meet out the bio-logical needs.

This health related physical fitness component is selected to the make-up of the body in terms of muscle, bone, fat and other elements. In respect to physical fitness, it particularly refers to the percentage of fat in the body as it relates to the fat force content. Skinfold thickness provides regional information on subcutaneous fat accumulation at specific body sites. Advances

Source of variation

Degree of freedom

Sum of Scores

Mean sum of scores

F ratio

Between group

2 543.27 234.23

43.22* Within group 1447 18305.64

1.25

16



in technology have provided noninvasive methods for estimating bone mineral, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue (Garrett, 2000).

Body fat plays a key role in energy storage and metabolic homeostasis along with thermoregulation. The range of total body fat associated with optimum health is 8-24 per cent in males and 21-35 per cent in females (Gallagher,et al 2000 , Laquatra,2004).However, levels may be in lower range for active individuals and elite athletes (Laquatra, 2004).

An excess of fat in the body is unhealthy because, it requires more energy for movement and may reflect a diet high in saturated fat. Furthermore, it is believed that obesity contributes to degenerative diseases such as high blood pressure and atherosclerosis. Obesity can also in psychological maladjustments, and it also may shorten life. A balance between calorie intake and calorie expenditure is necessary to maintain proper body fat content. Exercise is effective as one way to control body fat.

Increase in fat deposition is the result of increased lipoprotein lipase activity in these areas. This enzyme is considered the gatekeeper for storing fat in adipose tissue. Lipoprotein lipase is produced in the fat cells (adipocytes) but is bound to the walls of the capillaries where it exerts its influence on the chylomicrons, which are the major transporters of triglycerides in the blood. When lipoprotein lipase activity in any area of the body is high, chylomicrons are trapped and their triglycerides are hydrolyzed and transported in to the adipocytes in that area for storage.

The reduction in lean body mass parallels the reductions in plasma proteins, particularly the rapid-turnover proteins that have been used to assess protein nutritional status. Retinol binding protein and prealbumin have been observed to decrease after 7 and 12 weeks, respectively, of the competitive season in high-school wrestlers who reduced their body weight by 6.6% repeatedly over the season (Horswill and Parks,1990).These observations were confirmed in another study that reported a 22% reduction in prealbumin in high –school wrestlers who had repeatedly reduced body weight by 7.4% over the competitive season and were measured at a time when their body weight was 3.8% lower than in the early season .These findings support that the protein nutritional status of these athletes is diminished if not compromised with weight reduction, even when the average protein meets the RDA during the period of weight loss (Roemmich& Sinning,1996).

Implication

1. Body composition of the school boys (pre-adolescent) would be reduced by encouraging them to participate in regular physical education classes.

2. Scientifically designed exercises will be introduced to these people and regular home based or regional wise physical fitness program will be organized.

3. Physical education will be introduced as one of the curriculum subject in all levels of education.

17



References

1. American College of Sports Medicine, (1995). ACSM'sguidelines to exercise testing and prescription, 5thedn. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 49-85, 110-150.

2. Bucher, Charles.A and Wuest, Deborah. A. (1987). Foundation of Physical and Sports. (10thed), Saints Louis. Times Mirror/Mosby College Publishing, 8.

3. Corbin, C.B. (1994). Concepts of physical fitness with laboratories. United States of America, WCB Brown & benchmark, 148.

4. Gallagher, D., Heymsfield, S B., Heo, M.,et al .(2000).Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index. Am J ClinNutr ,72, 694-701.

5. Garrett, E. Williams &Kirkendall, Donald.T. (2000). Exercise and Sport Science, Lippincott Williams &Wilkins-a Wolterskluwer company, U.S.A., 330.

6. Horswill C., parks. Roemmich J. (1990).Changes in the protein nutritional status of adolescent wrestlers Med Sci Sports Exerc.599-604

7. Howly, Edward T., and Franks, B.Dan. (1997), Health Fitness Instructor’s Hand book. (3rd edition), United States of America: Human Kinetics. 23 and 167.

8. LaquatraI.(2004).Nutrition for weight management. In:Mahan LK,Escott-Stump S, editors.Krause’s food, nutrition & diet therapy. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders , 558-93.

9. LaquatraI.(2004). Nutrition for weight management. In: Mahan LK, Escott-Stump S, editors.Krause’s food, nutrition & diet therapy. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders , 558-93.

10. Nieman, David .C. (1998). The Exercise health Connection. United States of America, Human Kinetics, 04, 06, 07, 08 and 10.

11. Roemmich, JN.(1996).Sport-Seasonal changes in body composition, growth, power Med.17,92-99.

12. Wilmore, J. H., Buskirk, E. R., DiGirolamo, M., &Lohman, T. G. (1986). Body composition: A round table. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 14(3), 144-162. Nieman, David .C. (1998). The Exercise health Connection. United States of America, Human Kinetics, 04, 06, 07, 08 and 10.

18



Physical Activity Induced Changes on Membarane MDA and Superoxide Dismutase among Middle Aged Men

K. Sreedhar Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai

University, Annamalainagar-608002, Tamil Nadu.

ABSTRACT The balance between beneficial and potentially harmful effects of exercises is of much importance especially when we age. Over the past few decades, free radicals, highly reactive and thereby destructive molecules, are known increasingly for their importance to human health and disease. Many common and life threatening human diseases, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cancer, have free radical reactions as an underlying mechanism of injury. To find out the relationship between physical activity and oxidative stress during aging, twenty middle aged male subjects were selected and equally assigned to experimental (10) and control group (10) after physical examination and medical checkup. Both the groups were tested before and after a session of exercise (12 min run/walk) to assess the exercise induced changes on the selected dependent variables of Membrane MDA (MMDA) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD), which are the markers of antioxidants on two occasions before the start of the training and after 12 weeks of training. The experimental group underwent low intensity aerobic training for twelve weeks and the control group was kept sedentary. The independent variables were classified into (1) exercise (twelve minute run/walk) and (2) the regular aerobic training given by the investigator for twelve weeks. The data were statistically analyzed by ANCOVA. Exercise induced level of Membrane MDA (MMDA) has increased and no significant changes were observed in the case of Superoxide dismutase (SOD). The resting levels of Membrane MDA (MMDA) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) show no significant variation and these shows that there is no influence of training on Membrane MDA (MMDA) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD). Key words: Training, Membrane, Superoxide, Physical activity

INTRODUCTION

Physical activity on a regular basis confer significant protection against a number of chronic age-related disease, including non insulin dependent diabetes (Hughes et al., 1995), hypertension (Dengel et al., 1998), and osteoporosis (Evans, 1999). When prescribed appropriately, regular training is effective in improving balance, strength, and flexibility thereby helping the prevention of falls and rehabilitation of orthopedic injuries (McMurdo et al., 1997). Skeletal muscle, the primary organ for locomotion, undergoes age-associated deterioration in size, structure, and function. Recent research reveals that oxidative stress is an important etiology for sarcopenia. The level of oxidative stress imposed on aging muscle is influenced by two fundamental biological processes namely the increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and age-associated changes in antioxidant defense. Over the past few decades, free radicals, highly reactive and thereby destructive molecules, are known increasingly for their importance to human health and disease. Many common and life threatening human diseases, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, cancer, and aging, have free radical reactions as an underlying mechanism of injury. Because our body is continuously exposed to free radicals and other ROS, from both external sources (sunlight, other forms of radiation, pollution) and generated

19



endogenously, ROS-mediated tissue injury is a final common pathway for a number of disease processes. Increased aerobic metabolism during exercise causes an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in favour of the oxidants, potentially leading to damage, which is termed 'oxidative stress'. Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the antioxidant (AOX) and pro-oxidant processes that occur in metabolism; an imbalance that causes excessive production of free radicals and taxes the systemic AOX defenses (Elsayed, 2001). When free radical generation exceeds antioxidant defense capacity of the body, it causes lipid peroxidation. Activity of Creatine Kinase (CK), Malonedialdehyde (MDA) Membrane and Malonedialdehyde (MMDA) are indiMMDAive of lipid peroxidation. Antioxidant enzyme are present and active at an intracellular level, and it has been shown that an acute bout of exercise increases their activities in skeletal muscle, heart, and liver with a threshold and magnitude of activation that differs among enzymes, tissues (Ji LL et al., 1998), and type of exercise in young and aging organisms (Navarro and Sancez, 1998).There is a substantial lack of data regarding the effect of acute or chronic exercise in aging animal or humans. Scientific evidence available, however, suggests that an acute bout of eccentric exercise may cause more severe oxidative injury to muscles in aged men (Meydani and Evans, 1993) than in young animals and human subjects. In order to prevent oxidative stress, the body contains a large number of non enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants that either prevent ROS formation or scavenge radical species. The elderly who are physically active benefit from exercise-induced adaptation in cellular antioxidant defense systems. Improved muscle mechanics, strength, and endurance make them less vulnerable to acute injury and chronic inflammation. Regular exercise seems to decrease the incidence of a wide range of ROS-associated diseases, including heart disease, type II diabetes, rheumatic arthritis, Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, and certain cancers. The preventive effect of regular exercise, at least in part, is due to oxidative stress-induced adaptation. The oxidative challenge-related adaptive process of exercise is probably not just dependent upon the generated level of ROS but primarily on the increase in antioxidant and housekeeping enzyme activities, which involves the oxidative damage repair enzymes. The failure in adaptation is particularly notable in older individuals. Our skeletal muscles become smaller and weaker as we age. This loss of muscle bulk results in a reduced capacity to generate force and results the ability to undertake everyday tasks.

METHOD

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of aerobic training on changes in selected markers of oxidative stress among middle aged men. The study was conducted on 20 middle aged male subjects and the number of subjects in the control group and the experimental group were limited to ten each. The study was confined to the following dependent variables; Membrane MDA (MMDA) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) which were estimated before the commencement and after completion of training for twelve weeks under two conditions; at rest and immediately after exercise (twelve minute run). The independent variables were classified into (1) exercise (twelve minute run/walk) and (2) the regular aerobic training given by the investigator for twelve weeks. 10 ml of venous blood sample was collected from each individual (first pre test). After blood collection the subjects were asked to run or walk for twelve minutes and immediately after the run or walk 10 ml of venous blood was again drawn (first post test). The same procedure was repeated after the twelve weeks of aerobic training (second pre and post tests). Membrane MDA (MMDA) was estimated from plasma and Superoxide dismutase (SOD)

20



was estimated in Hemolysate. The training protocol was planned keeping in the mind the subject’s age, fitness level, the environmental and climatic conditions. The duration of the training sessions varied with progress of the training program. At the start of the program it was 30 min and at end of the program it was 55 min per session. This includes a 5 min warm up and flexibility routine and a 5 min warm down phase. So excluding this 10 min the duration of training session ranged from 20 min through 45 min during the 12 weeks periods of experimentation.

RESULT TABLE-I; EXERCISE-INDUCED CHANGES AND THE EFFECT OF TRAINING ON MEMBRANE MDA

(MMDA) AND SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (SOD) (MMDA is measured in n mol of Malonedialdehyde/ml plasma and SOD is measured in Unit/mg of Hb)

MEMBRANE MDA (MMDA) EXPERIMENTAL

GROUP CONTROL

GROUP ‘F’ BEFORE EXERCISE

AFTER EXERCISE

BEFORE EXERCISE

AFTER EXERCISE

BEFORE TRAINING

MEAN 2.70 2.83 2.69 2.82 SD ±0.22 ±0.23 ±0.22 ±0.21

t - RATIO 11.27 20.13 MEAN

DIFFERENCE MEAN 0.14 0.14 0.00 SD ±0.04 ±0.02

AFTER TRAINING

MEAN 2.68 2.79 2.70 2.84 SD ±0.19 ±0.19 ±0.22 ±0.23

t - RATIO 13.47 16.20 MEAN

DIFFERENCE MEAN 0.15 0.14 84.22* SD ±0.01 ±0.03

ADJ MEAN DIFFERENCE 0.16 0.12 22.80*

SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (SOD) EXPERIMENTAL

GROUP CONTROL

GROUP ‘F’ BEFORE EXERCISE

AFTER EXERCISE

BEFORE EXERCISE

AFTER EXERCISE

BEFORE TRAINING

MEAN 2.29 2.48 2.29 2.45 SD ± 0.15 ±0.17 ±0.15 ±0.16

t - RATIO 24.86 61.50 MEAN

DIFFERENCE MEAN 0.19 0.16 7.70* SD ±0.02 ±0.01

AFTER TRAINING

MEAN 2.34 2.59 2.31 2.48 SD ±0.17 ±0.23 ±0.05 ±0.16

t - RATIO 5.31 41.31 MEAN

DIFFERENCE MEAN 0.25 0.17 2.86 SD ±0.14 ±0.01

ADJ MEAN DIFFERENCE 0.18 0.17 3.92

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence

21



TABLE-II RESULT OF THE PAIRED ‘T’ TEST FOR MEMBRANE MDA (MMDA) AND SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE

(SOD)

(Level of GSH is measured in mg/dl plasma) MEMBRANE MDA (MMDA)

Experimental group at rest

Before training After training ‘t’

2.70±0.22

2.68±0.19 0.516

SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (SOD)

Experimental group at rest

Before training After training ‘t’

2.29±0.15

2.34±0.17 0.913

*Significant at 0.5 level of confidence. Table value of ‘t’ required for significance at df 9 is 2.26

DISCUSSION

MMDAALASE (MMDA)

The level of MMDA before commencement of training for the experimental group at rest

and immediately after exercise shows a significant difference (2.70±0.22 Vs 2.83 ± 0.23: p>0.05)

with a mean difference of 0.14 ± 0.04 which shows that in the case of the experimental group, the

level of MMDA had increased due to exercise. The level of MMDA before commencement of

training for the control group at rest and immediately after exercise shows a significant difference

(2.69±0.22 Vs 2.82 ± 0.21: p>0.05) with a mean difference of 0.14±0.02 which shows that the

level of MMDA of the control group had increased due to exercise. The level of MMDA at the

end of training for the experimental group at rest and immediately after exercise shows a

significant difference (2.68±0.19 Vs 2.73 ± 0.19: p>0.05) with a mean difference of

0.15±0.01which shows that the level of MMDA of the experimental group had increased due to

exercise. The level of MMDA at the end of training for the control group at rest and immediately

after exercise shows a significant difference (2.70 ±0.22 Vs 2.84 ± 0.23: p>0.05) with a mean

difference of 0.14±0.03 which shows that the level of MMDA of the control group had increased

due to exercise.

The exercise induced change in the levels of MMDA of experimental group and control

group was analyzed further using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to know whether there

22



was any significant difference between the two groups due to exercise from the mean difference

values of pre and post exercise MMDA values. The resultant ‘F’ ratio for the mean difference of

experimental and control group before training was 0.00 which was not significant at 0.05 level

of confidence. This indicates that no significant difference existed between the control group and

the experimental group in the MMDA level before commencement of training. The exercise -

induced rise in the level of MMDA after training for the experimental group and the control

group resulted in a ‘F’ ratio of 84.22 and it was significant at .05 level of confidence. In order to

understand the effect of training on exercise induced oxidative stress with regard to MMDA, the

initial mean differences (before commencement of training) between the control group and the

experimental group were nullified and the final changes in the level of MMDA after training were

adjusted using analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA). The adjusted mean for the experimental

group was 0.16 and control group was 0.12 with an ‘F’ ratio of 22.80, which was significant at

.05 level of confidence.

In order to understand whether adaptation has occurred due to training data on MMDA of

the experimental group at resting state before and after training were analyzed using paired ‘t’

test. Level of MMDA of the experimental group at resting state before training was 2.70 ±0.22

and after twelve weeks of training was 2.68±0.19. The obtained ‘t’ value of 0.52 was not

significant at .05 level of confidence. This indicates that the given twelve weeks of training has

not resulted in significantly altering the resting state blood level of MMDA of the experimental

group.

SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (SOD)

The level of SOD before commencement of training for the experimental group at rest and

immediately after exercise shows a significant difference (2.29±0.15 Vs 2.48 ± 0.17: p>0.05)

with a mean difference of 0.19 ± 0.02 which shows that in the case of the experimental group, the

level of SOD had increased due to exercise. The level of SOD before commencement of training

for the control group at rest and immediately after exercise shows a significant difference

(2.29±0.15 Vs 2.45 ± 0.16: p>0.05) with a mean difference of 0.16±0.01 which shows that the

level of SOD of the control group had increased due to exercise. The level of SOD at the end of

training for the experimental group at rest and immediately after exercise shows a significant

difference (2.34±0.17 Vs 2.59 ± 0.23: p>0.05) with a mean difference of 0.25±0.15 which shows

that the level of SOD of the experimental group had increased due to exercise. The level of SOD

23



at the end of training for the control group at rest and immediately after exercise shows a

significant difference (2.31 ±0.15 Vs 2.48 ± 0.16: p>0.05) with a mean difference of 0.17±0.01

which shows that the level of SOD of the control group had increased by due to exercise.

The exercise induced change in the levels of SOD of experimental group and control

group have been analyzed further using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to know whether

there was any significant difference between the two groups due to exercise from the mean

difference values of pre and post exercise SOD values. The resultant ‘F’ ratio for the mean

difference of experimental and control group before training was 7.70 which was significant at

0.05 level of confidence. This indicates that significant difference existed between the control

group and the experimental group in the SOD level before commencement of training. The

exercise induced rise in the level of SOD after training for the experimental group and the control

group resulted in a ‘F’ ratio of 2.86 and it was not significant at .05 level of confidence. In order

to understand the effect of training on exercise induced oxidative stress with regard to SOD, the

initial mean differences (before commencement of training) between the control group and the

experimental group were nullified and the final changes in the level of SOD after training were

adjusted using analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA). The adjusted mean for the experimental

group was 0.18 and control group was 0.17 with an ‘F’ ratio of 3.92, which was not significant at

.05 level of confidence. In order to understand whether adaptation has occurred due to training

data on SOD of the experimental group at resting state before and after training were analyzed

using paired ‘t’ test. Level of SOD of the experimental group at resting state before training was

2.29 ±0.15 and after twelve weeks of training was 2.34±0.17. The obtained ‘t’ value of 0.913 was

not significant at .05 level of confidence. This indicates that the given twelve weeks of training

has not significantly altered the resting state blood level of SOD in the experimental group.

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of the study it was concluded that the exercise induced level of

Membrane MDA (MMDA) has increased and no significant changes were observed in the case

of Superoxide dismutase (SOD). The resting levels of Membrane MDA (MMDA) and

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) shows no significant variation and this shows that there is no

influence of training on Membrane MDA (MMDA) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD).

24



REFERENCE

1. Dengel, D.R., Hagberg, J.M., Pratley, R.E., Rogus, E.M., Goldberg, A.P. (1998). Improvements in blood pressure, glucose metabolism, and lipoprotein lipids after aerobic exercise plus weight loss in obese, hypertensive middle-aged men. Metabolism; 47:1075 - 1082.

2. Elsayed, NM. (2001). Antioxidant mobilization in response to oxidative stress: a dynamic environmental-nutritional interaction. Nutrition 17,828-834.

3. Evans WJ. Exercise training guidelines for the elderly. Med Sci sports Exerc 1999; 31:12-17.

4. Ji LL. Leeuwenburgh C, Leichtweis S, Gore M, Fiebig R, Hollander J Bejma J. Oxidative stress and aging. Role of exercise and its influence on antioxidants systems. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 854: 102-17.

5. Mc Murdo, M.E.T., Mole, P.A., Paterson, C.R. (1997). Controlled trial of weight bearing exercise in older women in relation to bone density and falls. Br Med J; 314: 569.

6. Meydani M, Evans WJ. Free radicals, exercise, and aging, In: Yu Bp (ed). Free Radicals in Aging. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1993: 183-204.

7. Navarro-Arevalo A, Sancez-del-Pino MJ. Age and exercise-related changes in lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase activity in liver and soleus muscle tissues of rats. 1998; 104: 91-102.

8. Navarro-Arevalo, A., Sancez-del-Pino, M.J.(1998). Age and exercise-related changes in lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase activity in liver and soleus muscle tissues of rats. Mech Ageing Dev; 104: 91-102.

25



AAnnaallyyssiiss ooff SSeelleecctteedd BBiioo--mmoottoorr vvaarriiaabblleess aammoonngg PPrrooffeessssiioonnaall aanndd NNoonn PPrrooffeessssiioonnaall WWoommeenn VVoolllleeyybbaallll PPllaayyeerrss

R.Ramya Physical Training Instructor, Bharathi Women’s College, Chennai – 600 108

S. Indira Director of Physical Education, JBAS College for Women, Chennai – 600 018

ABSTRACT Volleyball is considered to be both a competitive and leisurely activity, it can be played by school teams, professional athletes and families enjoying a day at the beach. A workout involving volleyball is an effective way to burn calories. The aim of this study is to analysis the differences on selected biomotor variables among professional and non professional women volleyball players. Professional women volleyball players (N=30); university level non professional players (N=30) and collegiate level non professional players (N=30) were randomly selected and measured of their biomotor abilities agility, leg strength and flexibility. The results showed that the subjects mean differences on biomotor variables agility and leg strength were significantly differed based on their level of competitions. The professional players’ were stood at first followed by university level non professional players and then by collegiate level non professional players. However, it was found that there was no significant difference between professional and non professional volleyball players on flexibility even though the means values of professional players stood first followed by university and collegiate level non professional volleyball players. It was concluded that a well structured training programme can improve biomotor abilities needed for optimum level of performance in volleyball and non professional players may also given well structured training for improving their overall playing abilities in volleyball. Key Words: Biomotor abilities, agility, leg strength, flexibility, professional volleyball players, non professional volleyball players.

INTRODUCTION

Volleyball is a team sport that requires great skill. The game is considered to be both a

competitive and leisurely activity, it can be played by school teams, professional athletes and

families enjoying a day at the beach. A workout involving volleyball is an effective way to burn

calories. Approximately 20 minutes of volleyball consumes up to 126 calories. Over a twelve

month period given 20 minutes of volleyball per day, that would add up to a total of 45,990

calories (or thirteen pounds of body fat) burned per year. Volleyball also develops key upper

body muscles (especially the arms), improves sprint speed and agility due to the quick changes

of pace and direction, and improves overall flexibility. Volleyball places a large number of

demands on the technical and physical skills of a player. During the course of play, players are

required to serve, pass, set, attack, block and dig the ball. Playing volleyball requires

flexibility, good balance, upper and lower body strength and speed in order to be played

26



effectively. Volleyball serves and smashes result in very fast ball speed, so players also need to

be quick to get to the right position to return or pass the ball for this purpose speed is required.

In volleyball agility means getting into the right place at the right time to play a shot. Players

often have to dodge, duck and dive to make successful plays and the better their agility, the

better they will be able to do this. Power is the ability to generate strength at high speeds and is

very important in volleyball. Volleyball net is 10 feet high, so players need leg power to be able

to jump high enough to block and smash the ball during play. Hitting the ball with plenty of heat

requires upper body power. Squatting or lunging down low to return volleyball requires limber

limbs -- properly called flexibility. Tight muscles do not stretch readily and, if stretched too

quickly or too far, may become injured. Flexible muscles are more elastic and capable of greater

ranges of movement. Flexibility is developed by stretching, particularly developmental stretches

held for 30 seconds or longer. Volleyball matches are usually played to the best of 21 points,

and that can take some time if the teams are closely matched. To play continuously for an

extended period of time requires good muscular, aerobic and mental endurance.

A well-structured volleyball training program can increase explosive power, vertical

jump height, stamina and speed and agility around the court. Skill training alone, such as

practicing spikes, won't develop the physical traits necessary to play to the athlete's full

potential (Gabbett T, et al. (2006)) Volleyball players have exceptional lower body power and

perform well in the vertical jump test. Power in the legs is needed to jump explosively off the

ground in order to spike, block, set and dive.( Smith DJ, et al. (1992) The repetitive nature of

jumping movements makes power endurance an important outcome of training and the length

of games and sets places a significant demand on strength endurance (Bompa, TO (1999) .

Power and strength endurance are more important than aerobic endurance, although at elite

levels, volleyball players have moderate to high values for aerobic power (Fleck SJ, et al.

(1985) . Ikeda Mariko et.al (2004) reported that it is well known that athletes participating in

different sports vary in physique and physical fitness. They compared women handball,

basketball and volleyball players and found differences between these players because of the

differences in game they played. Angyán L, (2007) examined the relationship between body

balancing functions and body characteristics, motor abilities and reaction time concluded that

increase in BMI, back muscle strength and endurance capacity is associated with better postural

stability.. Sheppard et.al. (2008) examined the potential strength, power, and anthropometric

27



contributors to vertical jump performances that are considered specific to volleyball success

and clearly demonstrated that in an elite population of volleyball players, stretch-shortening

cycle performance and the ability to tolerate high stretch loads, as in the depth jump, is critical

to performance in the jumps associated with volleyball performance.

The above theoretical foundations proved that biomotor abilities, agility, strength and

flexibility contribute for the optimum level of volleyball playing ability. However, because of

different levels of the players participating, their training schedules and time spent on training

are bound to differ among volleyball players. This study is devoted to compare selected bio

motor abilities of professional and non professional women volleyball players.

METHOD

For the purpose of the study women volleyball players who have been recruited by

leading state and private organizations because of their achievements in volleyball and being

retained by the organization mainly to participate in volleyball at national and international

level competitions are considered as professional volleyball players for this study. And 30

professional women volleyball players were selected from Kerala State Electricity Board

(KSEB), Central Railway and Southern Railway. The women volleyball players who have

been representing their University were considered as non professional university level

volleyball players. And 30 University level women volleyball players were selected from SRM

University, University of Madras and Vel’s Technological University, Chennai. Women

volleyball players who were represented their colleges at inter – collegiate level competitions

were considered as non professional inter collegiate level volleyball players. And 30 inter

collegiate level players, were selected from JBAS College for Women and MOP Vaishnav

College for Women, Chennai. All the subjects selected were in the age group between 19 to 28

years. The subjects were tested of their bio-motor abilities agility, strength and flexibility using

standard tests as as listed in Table I.

28



Table I, Showing the Variables, Tests and Unit of Measurements for the Study

S.No Variables Tests Unit of Measurement

1 Agility 4 x 10 M Shuttle Run In seconds

2 Leg Strength Vertical Jump Test In Centimeters

3 Flexibility Sit & Reach Test In Centimeters

STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES

The collected data was subjected to statistical treatment using the following statistical techniques.

1. Descriptive statistics was used to determine the normative status of the data collected. 2. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significance of differences

among selected groups.

3. When significant results were obtained, post hoc analysis (Scheffe’s test) was used to determine the significance between paired means of the groups. In all cases 0.05 level was fixed to test significance.


The collected data on selected bio motor abilities of professional, non professional university

(NPU) and non professional collegiate level (NPC) was tested for significance using ANOVA

for each variable separately. To test the hypothesis significant level of 0.05 level was fixed.

That is, if the obtained F value was lesser than the required value to be significant, the null

hypothesis was accepted. And if they obtained F value was greater than the required value to

be significant, the null hypothesis was rejected.

Table II shows the results of ANOVA on selected bio motor variables and Table III

shows the results of post hoc analysis for variables of significant results.

Tab II: ANOVA Results on Selected Bio Motor Variables among Professional and Non Professional Women Volleyball players

Results on Bio Motor Variable – AGILITY PROFES-

SIONAL NPU LEVEL

NPC LEVEL

Source of Variance

Sum of Squares

Df Mean Square

F

Mean 16.82 17.12 17.58 Between 8.83 2 4.41

29



Within 40.52 87 0.47 9.48 Results on Bio Motor Variable – LEG STRENGTH

Mean 48.13

40.70

36.20 Between 2179 2 1090 31.89Within 2973 87 34

Results on Bio Motor Variable – FLEXIBILITY

Mean 15.13

14.55

13.37 Between 48.46 2 24.23 1.40 Within 1501.88 87 17.26

NPU : Non Professional University NPC : Non Professional Collegiate * Significant Table Value Required df (2,87) F0.05 3.10 Tab III: Showing Multiple Comparisons of Scheffe’s Post Hoc Analysis

Comparisons on Agility MEANS OF Mean

Difference Required C I

Professional NPU Level NPC Level 16.82 17.12 0.30 0.44 16.82 17.58 0.76* 0.44

17.12 17.58 0.46* 0.44 Comparisons on Leg Strength

48.13 40.70 7.43* 3.76 48.13 36.20 11.93* 3.76

40.70 36.20 4.50* 3.76 *Significant at 0.05 level.

The results showed that the subjects mean differences on bio-motor variables agility

and leg strength were significantly differed based on their level of competitions. The

professional players’ were stood at first followed by university level non professional players

and then by collegiate level non professional players. However, it was found that there was no

significant difference between professional and non professional volleyball players on

flexibility even though the means values of professional players stood first followed by

university and collegiate level non professional volleyball players.

The findings of this study are in agreement with the findings of Sheppard et.al. (2008) who

found strength and power in elite volleyball players through their training improves leg power.

Ikeda Mariko et.al (2004) found differences between players because of the differences in game

they played. This may be because of the fact that a well-structured volleyball training program

can increase explosive power, vertical jump height, stamina and speed and agility around the

court (Gabbett T, et al. (2006). And the findings of this study that professional women

volleyball players were significantly better than non professional players (university and

30



collegiate levels) as the professional players have well structured volleyball training program

than non professional players.

CONCLUSION

It was concluded that well structured training program can improve bio-motor abilities

needed for optimum level of performance in volleyball and non professional players may also

given well structured training for improving their overall playing abilities in volleyball.

References

1. Angyán L, et.al. (2007), “Reproduction of reaching movements to memorized targets in

the lack of visual control.”, Acta Physiol Hung. 94(3):179-82

2. Bompa, TO (1999). Periodization training for sports. Champaign: IL, Human Kinetics

3. Fleck SJ, et al. (1985) “Physical and physiological characteristics of elite women

volleyball players.” Can J Appl Sport Sci. Sep;10(3):122-6

4. Gabbett T, et al. (2006). “Changes in skill and physical fitness following training in

talent-identified volleyball players”. J Strength Cond Res. Feb;20(1):29-35

5. Ikeda, Mariko (2004), “Physique and Motor Performance of College Women Handball

Players”, https://qir.kyushu-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2324/10775/1/ p033.pdf

6. Sheppard et.al. (2008), “Relative importance of strength, power, and anthropometric

measures to jump performance of elite volleyball players.”, J Strength Cond

Res. 22(3):758-65

7. Smith DJ, et al. (1992) “Physical, physiological and performance differences between

Canadian national team and universiade volleyball players”. J Sports Sci. Apr;10(2):131-8

31



Comparative Study on Flexibility and Cardio Vascular Endurance of Elite Kho-Kho and Kabaddi Players in Kerala

Mettilda Thomas *PhD Research Scholar, Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education, Thiruvanathapuram, Kerala.

Abstract The purpose of the study was to compare flexibility and cardio vascular endurance capacity of

elite Kho-Kho and Kabaddi players in Kerala. 50 Female elite Kho-Kho and Kabaddi players were selected from Kerala state as subjects for this study. They all are either national medallist or national participated players. The age groups of the subject were from 18- 25 years. For measuring flexibility and cardio vascular endurance, sit and research and beep test was used respectively. The result shows that there was no significant difference in flexibility of Kho-Kho and Kabaddi payers. But in cardio vascular endurance capacity have shows significant difference. Compare to Kabaddi players, Kho-Kho players shows high in cardio vascular capacity. The aim of the study is to enable the players, coaches, physical educators and well wishers to know the capacities and weakness of the players and thereby help them to improve further performance on related traits. And also for the notice of SAI, sports council and public for encouraging these types of Indian traditional sports (like provide scientific training, hostels facilities, provide more tournaments and motivation etc).

Key words: flexibility, cardio vascular endurance, Kho-Kho, Kabaddi

INTRODUCTION

Good health is the barometer of a person’s well being. It comes from the inner balance of

the body, mind, and spirit. Physical education and sports sciences have always been for

promotion and improvement of health and physical fitness through muscular activities.

Enthusiasm for sports and physical fitness is growing in our country. The governments, and

some voluntary sports organizations, are adopting various measures to make people aware of the

importance of physical fitness. Fitness is a condition in which an individual has sufficient energy

to avoid fatigue and enjoy life. The game of Kabaddi and Kho-Kho are typical Indian major

games and played throughout the country especially in rural area. Both Kabaddi and Kho-Kho

can be played in a small area and practically no equipment is necessary. Kho-Kho is an outdoor

strenuous but healthy and interesting game. Kabaddi is an aggressive and heavy contact game.

Compare to Kabaddi, Kho-Kho is less aggressive and light contact game. Kho-Kho and Kabaddi

players are differing with each other in their skills, techniques and strategies.

Physical fitness is the ability perform daily task vigorously and alertly, with energy left

over for enjoying leisure – time activities and meeting emergency demands. Cardiovascular

fitness is the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen-rich blood to the working muscle

32



tissues and the ability of the muscles to use oxygen to produce energy for movement. This type

of fitness is a health-related component of physical fitness that is brought about by sustained

physical activity. A person’s ability to deliver oxygen to the working muscles is affected by

many physiological parameters, including heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and maximal

oxygen consumption. Flexibility is another physical fitness component. It is needed to perform

everyday activities with relative ease. Flexibility tends to deteriorate with age, often due to a

sedentary lifestyle. Without adequate flexibility, daily activities become more difficult to

perform. Over time, we create body movements and posture habits that can lead to reduced

mobility of joints and compromised body positions. Staying active and stretching regularly help

prevent this loss of mobility, which ensures independence as we age. Being flexible significantly

reduces the chance of experiencing occasional and chronic back pain. Flexibility is basically the

range of motion at a particular joint. One common rationale for increasing range of motion at a

joint is to prevent injury from overextension of the joint, such as a pulled muscle. Our body is

our valued possession and good health is our prime asset.

METHOD

To achieve the purpose of the study 25 Kabaddi and 25 Kho-Kho elite female players

were selected from Kerala. They all are either national medallist or national participated players,

their age ranged from 18 to25 years. Purpose of the study was to compare flexibility and cardio

vascular endurance between Kho-Kho and Kabaddi female players. Before conducting the test,

test procedure was explained to the subjects. Sit and reach test and beep test were used for

assessing the flexibility and cardio vascular endurance. The data analyzed by the ‘t’ test.


Analysis of the data on flexibility between Kho-Kho and Kabaddi players

Table:1, Mean, Standard Deviation and ‘t’ test on sit & reach test of Kho-Kho and Kabaddi players.

Group Mean S.D T- Test

Kho-Kho 19.204 2.17 0.913 ns

Kabaddi 18.512 3.113

ns: not significant

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Richard A PerformancTodd HargrSingh RaspKabaddi, KJournal of Phttp://wwwflexibility http://wwwhttp://en.wi

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35



Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Muscular Endurance and Flexibility of University Women

RupendraFarswan*K.Tirumourougane** Ph.D. Scholar, Pondicherry University.

Abstract

The purpose of the study is to assess the effect of aerobic exercise on flexibility and muscular endurance of university women students after 12 weeks training program. Students were selected as subjects from L.N.U.P.E Gwalior. The subject were divided randomly into two groups namely one control and one experimental groups consisting of fifteen subjects in each group. Experimental group were given 12 weeks aerobic training and control group were not allowed to participate in the training program. The training program was given for three days in a week from 4.00pm to 5.00pm. Pretest and post test was conducted and the data was computed statistically by using (ANOVA) to find out the significant changes. The result revealed that the experimental group has significant effect on muscular endurance and flexibility after 12 weeks aerobic training when compared to the control group. Keywords: Aerobic exercises, Flexibility, Muscular endurance, Physical exercise.

INTRODUCTION

Physical exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness. It is performed for various reasons including strengthening muscles cardiovascular system and enhancing athletic skills, weight loss or maintenance, as well as for the purpose of enjoyment.

Endurance is the ability to perform repetitive, moderate to high intensity movement for a prolonged period of time. Aerobic endurance improves the function of the heart, lungs and blood vessels and is associated with a low risk of premature death from all causes, most specifically cardiovascular disease. Functions of daily life that become easier include walking, shopping, sightseeing, recreational & sport activities.

Flexibility exercises stretch and lengthen the muscles of the body. Activities such as stretching help to improve joint flexibility and keep muscles limber. The goal is to improve the range of motion which can reduce the chance of injury.

METHOD The study was conducted on 30 university women students (15 in experimental and 15 in control group) and their ages between 17 -23 years. Group A underwent aerobics exercise and group B did not involve in the training program. Muscular endurance and flexibility were tested and the data was analyzed by applying ANOVA to find out the significant difference at0.05 level of significance.

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38



Effects of Different Modes of Yoga Practice on Percentage of Body Fat and Biochemical Variables

S. ANANTH, Ph.D., Scholar and S. CHIDAMBARA RAJA, Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai University.

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the present study was to find out the effect of different modes of yoga practice

on percentage of body fat and bio-chemical variables among middle aged men. For this purpose, forty five middle aged men residing around Kumbakonam town, Thanjavur district, Tamilnadu, were selected as subjects. The age of the subjects were ranged from 40 to 45 years. They were divided into three equal groups, each group consisted of fifteen subjects, in which experimental group - I underwent Bihar School of yoga practice, experimental group - II underwent B.K.S. Iyengar yoga practice and group - III acted as control that did not participate in any special activities apart from their regular curricular activities. The training period for the study was six days (Monday to Saturday) in a week for twelve weeks. Prior and after the experimental period, the subjects were tested on percentage of body fat, high density lipoprotein and total cholesterol. Percentage of body fat was assessed by applying the Deurenberg et al formula. High density lipoprotein and total cholesterol were tested after taking 5 ml of blood samples by venous puncture method, by using Boehringer Mannheim Kit Method. The Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was applied to find out any significant difference between the experimental groups and control group on selected criterion variables. The result of the study shows that the Bihar School of Yoga practice group and B.K.S. Iyengar Yoga practice group were decreased the total cholesterol, percentage of body fat and increased the high density lipoprotein significantly. It was concluded from the results of the study that Bihar School of Yoga practice and B.K.S. Iyengar Yoga practice has bring positive changes in percentage of body fat, high density lipoprotein and total cholesterol as compare to the control group. Moreover it was also concluded that there was no significant difference was found between the experimental groups in all criterion variables. Key words: Bihar School of Yoga and B.K.S. Iyengar Yoga, Breath holding time, high density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, Boehringer Mannheim kit method, ANCOVA.

INTRODUCTION

Yoga is one of the most ancient cultural heritages of India. The word yoga in

Sanskrit means “to unite”, and so yoga can be said to connote a unitive discipline. In this

sense, it is an exercise in moral and mental cultivation that generates good health (arogya),

contributes to longevity (chirayu), and the total intrinsic discipline culminates into positive

and perennial happiness and peace.[1] Yoga is one of the orthodox systems of Indian

philosophy. It was collated, coordinated and systematized by Patanjali in his classical

work, the Yoga Sutras, which consists of 185 terse aphorisms. Yoga is a complete science

of life that originated in India many thousands of years ago. It is the oldest system of

personal development in the world, encompassing body, mind and spirit. [2]

Bihar School of Yoga (Swami Satyananda Saraswati) is a type of yoga which

integrates intellect, emotion and action: the head, heart and hands. Known as Satyananda

39



Yoga or Bihar Yoga (the School lies in Bihar in India), the system embraces many

different philosophies and encourages students to examine the very essence of their being

and make gradual changes to improve their awareness. Satyananda Yoga is considered

truly holistic and suitable for everyone.[3] Iyengar Yoga, named after and developed by

B.K.S. Iyengar, is a form of Hatha Yoga that has an emphasis on detail, precision and

alignment in the performance of posture (asana) and breath control (pranayama).[4]

Recent scientific studies of the effects of yoga and meditation on health validates

its ability to improve virtually every aspect of our functioning—brain function, hormonal

function, sleep, mood, balance, etc. More active practices followed by relaxing ones lead to

deeper relaxation than relaxing practices alone, documented by research from Swami

Vivekananda yoga research foundation near Bangalore city and possibility of

neuroplasticity bringing about changes in the hypo-pituitary–pancreatic axis.[5] The

improvement in the lipid levels after yoga could be due to increased hepatic lipase and

lipoprotein lipase at cellular level, which affects the metabolism of lipoprotein and thus

increase uptake of triglycerides by adipose tissues.[6,7] Direct stimulation of the pancreas

by the postures can rejuvenate its capacity to produce insulin.[8] Regeneration of

pancreatic beta cells could occur by yoga exercises that promote blood circulation in the

region of the pancreas and yoga asanas that stimulate the meridian of pancreas also could

assist in some diabetic patients.[9] Pranayama practices, stretches the lung tissue producing

inhibitory signals from action of slowly adapting receptors and hyperpolarizing currents.

These inhibitory signals coming from cardio-respiratory region involving vagi are believed

to synchronize neural elements in the brain leading to changes in the autonomic nervous

system; and a resultant condition characterized by reduced metabolism and

parasympathetic dominance.[10]

METHOD

Thirty middle aged men residing around Kumbakonam town, Tanjavur district,

Tamilnadu were selected as subjects. The age of the subjects were ranged from 18 to 23

years. The selected subjects were divided into three equal groups, each group consisted of

ten subjects, in which group - I (n = 15) underwent Bihar School of Yoga practice,

experimental group - II (n = 15) underwent B.K.S. Iyengar Yoga practice and group - III (n

= 15) acted as control, which did not participate in any special activities apart from their

40



regular curricular activities. Different modes of yoga practices were conducted six days

(Monday to Saturday) per week for twelve weeks. The researcher consulted with the yoga

experts and selected the following variables as criterion variables: 1. percentage of body

fat, 2. high density lipoprotein and 3.total cholesterol. Percentage of body fat was assessed

by applying the Deurenberg et al[11] formula, high density lipoprotein and total

cholesterol were assessed by using the Boehringer Mannheim Kit method. For the purpose

of collection of data the subjects were asked to report at early morning, one day prior and

one day after experimental period, in fasting condition. 5 ml of blood was collected from

each subject by venous puncture method and the blood thus collected was stored in small

bottles for pre and post-test for measuring the high density lipoprotein and cholesterol.

Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was applied to find out the significant

difference if any, among the experimental groups and control group on selected criterion

variables separately. In all the cases, .05 level of confidence was fixed to test the

significance, which was considered as appropriate. After applying the analysis of

covariance, the result of this study shows that there was a significant increase in breath

holding time, decrease in total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein levels.

RESULTS

The data collected on percentage of body fat, high density lipoprotein and

cholesterol among experimental and control groups were analyses and the results were

presented in Table – I.

41



Table - I

ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE ON SELECTED CRITERION VARIABLES AMONG EXERCISE GROUPS AND CONTROL GROUP

Variable Name Group Name Bihar School of Yoga Practice

Group

B.K.S. Iyengar Yoga Practice

Group

Control Group ‘F’ Ratio

Percentage of body fat (in percentage)

Pre-test Mean ± S.D 26.66 ± 3.12 25.98 ± 2.414 26.0 ± 2.48 0.313

Post-test Mean ± S.D. 25.90 ± 2.96 25.13 ± 2.53 26.58 ± 2.42 1.126

Adj. Post-test Mean 25.467 25.358 26.795 65.691*

High Density Lipoprotein

(mg/dl)

Pre-test Mean ± S.D 45.07 ± 2.463 44.53 ± 3.021 44.87 ± 2.95 0.137

Post-test Mean ± S.D. 47.60 ± 2.772 46.80 ± 3.189 44.00 ± 2.80 6.253*


Total Cholesterol

(mg/dl)

Pre-test Mean ± S.D 191.53 ± 6.39 192.27 ± 6.029 192.47 ± 5.04 0.106

Post-test Mean ± S.D. 188.80 ± 6.33 190.13 ± 6.034 192.53 ± 6.36 1.532


*Significant .05 level of confidence. (The table values required for significance at .05 level of confidence with df 2 and 42 and 2 and 41 were 3.22 and 3.21 respectively).

Table – I shows that pre and post test means ‘f ratio of Bihar School of Yoga practice

group, B.KS Iyengar practice group and control group on percentage of body fat were 0.313 and

1.26, which is insignificant at 0.05 level of confidence. The adjusted post test mean ‘f’ ratio

value of experimental groups and control group was 65.691, which was significant at 0.05 level

of confidence. The pre and post test means ‘f ratio of Bihar School of Yoga practice group, B.KS

Iyengar practice group and control group on HDL were 0.137, which is insignificant and 6.253,

which is significant at 0.05 level of confidence. The adjusted post test mean ‘f’ ratio value of

experimental groups and control group was 77.42, which was significant at 0.05 level of

confidence. The pre and post test means ‘f ratio of yogasana practice group, aerobic exercise

group and control group on total cholesterol were 0.106 and 1.532 which is insignificant at 0.05

42



level of confidence. The adjusted post test mean ‘f’ ratio value of experimental groups and

control group was 20472, which was significant at 0.05 level of confidence.

Table – II, Scheffĕ S Test for the Difference Between the Adjusted Post-Test Mean of Selected Criterion Variables

Adjusted Post-test Mean on Resting Pulse Rate

Yogasana Practice Group

Aerobic Exercise Group

Control Group Mean Difference Confidence

interval at .05 level

25.467 26.795 1.328* 0.3540697

25.467 25.358 0.109 0.3540697

25.358 26.795 1.437* 0.3540697

Adjusted Post-test Mean on High Density Lipoproteins Yogasana

Practice Group Aerobic Exercise

Group Control Group Mean Difference Confidence


47.357 47.088 0.269 0.7395837

47.357 43.956 3.401* 0.7395837

47.088 43.956 3.132* 0.7395837

Adjusted Post-test Mean on Total Cholesterol Yogasana

Practice Group Aerobic Exercise

Group Control Group Mean Difference Confidence


189.350 189.957 0.607 1.16883531

189.350 192.160 2.81* 1.16883531

189.957 192.160 2.203* 1.16883531

* Significant at .05 level of confidence.

Table – II shows that the Scheffĕ S Test for the difference between adjusted post-test

mean on percentage of body fat of Bihar School of Yoga practice group and control group

(1.328) and BKS Inyengar Yoga Practice group and control group (1.437), which were

significant at .05 level of confidence. There was a significant difference on high density

lipoproteins between Bihar School of Yoga practice group and control group (3.401) and BKS

Inyengar Yoga Practice group and control group (3.132) and also there was a significant

difference on total cholesterol between Bihar School of Yoga practice group and control group

43



(2.81) and BKS Inyengar Yoga Practice group and control group (2.203) which was significant

at 0.05 level of confidence after the respective training program.

CONCLUSION

The experimental groups such as, Bihar School of Yoga practice group and B.K.S.

Iyengar Yoga practice group have achieved a significant improvement in selected criterion

variables such as percentage of body fat, high density lipoprotein and a significant reduction in

total cholesterol when compared with the control group. It was also found that there was no

significant difference was found between the Bihar School of Yoga practice group and B.K.S.

Iyengar Yoga practice group on selected criterion variables.

Reference

1. Retrieved from http://hinduism.about.com/bl-yoga-define.htmon on 24-04-2012.) 2. Swami Vishnu Devananda, The Sivananda Companion to Yoga, (New York: Fireside

Book, Simon and Schuster, 2000), p. 10. 3. Retrieved from http://samsaramindandbody.com/different-types-yoga-classes-ultimate-

guide 4. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyengar_Yoga on 22-7-2014. 5. McCall T. The Scientific Basis of Yoga Therapy. [Accessed Jun 16, 2012]. at

http://www.yogajournal.com/for_teachers/2016 . 6. Delmonte MM. Biochemical indices associated with meditation practice: A literature

review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1985;9:557–61. [PubMed] 7. Tulpule TH, Shah HM, Shah SJ, Haveliwala HK. Yogic exercises in the management of

ischaemic heart disease. Indian Heart J. 1971;23:259–64. [PubMed] 8. Ramaiah SA. Yoga Therapy for Diabetes: Washington, D.C. Study, International

Conference on Traditional Medicine, 1986, Madras. Madras, India: Published by Siddha Medical Board, Govt. of Tamil Nadu;

9. Yogalink. A community service donated by samyama yoga. [Accessed Jul 9, 2012]. at http://www.yogalink.com.au .

10. Jerath RJ, Edry VA, Barnes VA, Jerath V. “Physiology of Long Pranayamic Breathing: Neural Respiratory Elements May Provide A Mechanism that Explains How Slow Breathing Shifts the Autonomic Nervous System”, Med Hypotheses. 2006;67:566–71. [PubMed]

11. Retrieved from http://www.halls.md/bmi/fat.htm on 15-08-2012.

44



Effect of Yogic Practices on Selected Physical Fitness Parameters among University Male Students

P. Lakshman Naik1 Aditya Kumar Das2 P.K.Subramaniam3

1&2Ph.D Scholars, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Pondicherry University 3Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Pondicherry University

ABSTRACT The present study was undertaken to analyze the effect of yogic practices on selected physical fitness parameter among university male students. The investigator has selected 60 hostel students at random from Pondicherry University, their age ranged from 18-25 years. The subjects chosen for the study were divided into three equal groups and designated as experimental group ‘A’ experimental group ‘B’ and control group ‘C’. Asana alone were given to group ‘A’ Asana along with Pranayama and Meditation were given to group ‘B’. The control group ‘C’ was restricted to participate in any of the yogic practices. The yogic practices were given for a period of ten weeks. The obtained data’s were analyzed by Analysis of Covariance and which was further subject of Scheffe’s Post hoc test, wherever the F-Ratio was found significant, practicing Asanas and the combined practice of Asana, Pranayama and Meditation has significantly increased the abdominal muscular endurance and hip flexibility. Keywords: Yogic Practices, Physical, Muscular endurance, Hip Flexibility

INTRODUCTION

Physical education concern with the anatomical aspect of the physique with its physiological reactions for a given activity. The ultimate aim of which is to enjoy a good health and optimum fitness. Yoga is harmonious and provides a multi dimensional development and it has now become an adjunct to physical education. In modern competition world, people are always affiliated by physical, physiological and psychological problems which lead to several complications. it is a known fact that a regular practice of physical exercise as well as yogic exercise relaxes the body and the mind considerably and brings down the physical and mental strain. Statement of the Problems: The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of yogic practices on selected physical fitness parameter among university male students. Hypotheses: It was hypotheses that of yogic practice asanas and combined practice of asana, pranayama and meditation would significantly improve the muscular strength and endurance and flexibility.

METHOD

Investigator selected 60 hostel students at random from Pondicherry University, their age

ranged from 18-25 years. They were divided into three equal groups experimental group A,

experimental group B and control group C. Each group consisted of twenty boys. Asanas were

given to experimental group A. Asanas along with pranayama and meditation were given to

45



group B, and control group C was not allowed to participate in any of the yogic practice. Yogic

practices were given 6 days for a week for a period of ten weeks. The subjects were tested on the

selected physical fitness parameters at the beginning (pre-test) and at the end of the experimental

period (Post-test). To measure the selected physical fitness parameters the following tests were

chosen abdominal muscular endurance (Sit- Ups) and hip flexibility (Sit and reach test) because

of their simplicity and availability of necessary facilities, instruments and equipments. The

collected data were analyzed by analysis of covariance. The obtained ‘F’ ratio was found to be

significant Scheffe’s post hoc test was used to assess the significant difference between the

adjusted paired mean.

Table 1: Analysis of covariance on muscular endurance (Bent Knee sit-Ups) of Scores of experimental group “A”, experimental group “B” and control group “C” Experimental

Group ‘A Experimental Group ‘B’

Control group

Sources of variance

Sum of square

df Mean square

‘F’ ratio

Pre-test Mean

32.65

32.85

32.55

B w

0.93 5308

2 57

0.47 93.12

0.00

Post-test Mean

43.30

39.30

33.20

B W

1034.80 5121.60

2 57

517.40 89.95

5.7*

Adjusted Post-test Mean.65

43.33

39.14

33.33

B W

1009.51 227.64

2 56

504.76 4.07

124*

*significant at 0.05 level (Table value required for significance at 0.05level with df 2 and 57 and 2 and 56 are 3.16)

It was observed from that table -1 that there is no significant difference in pre test

(F=0.00 < 3.16) at 0.05 level of confidence level. It also observed, however the training effects are clearly evident in post test (F= 5.75 > 3.16) at 0.05 level and in adjusted post test (F=124.17 > 3.16) at 0.05 level respectively. It clearly indicated that the experimental groups showed significantly higher improvement than the control group.

Table 2: Scheffe’s test for the difference between the adjusted post test paired means of muscular endurance

Experimental Group ‘A

Experimental Group ‘B’

Control group

MD CD

43.33 39.14 4.19* 1.61

43.33 - 33.33 10.00*

- 39.14 33.33 5.81* *Significant at 0.05 level.

46



The table shows that there is a significant difference among three groups in abdominal muscular strength & endurance in favor of experimental groups. It was also observed that asana alone group is better than the asana along with meditation and pranayama group.

Figure 1 : Mean score of pre test, post test and Adjusted post test of Experimental group ‘A’, Experimental group ‘B’ and control group (CG) on muscular endurance

Table 3: Analysis of covariance on hip flexibility (Sit and reach test) of Scores of experimental group “A”, experimental group “B” and control group “C”



Control group

Sources of variance

Sum of square

df Mean square

‘F’ ratio

Pre-test Mean

29.25

27.95

26.75

B w

62.53

2632.45

2

57

31.27 46.18

0.67

Post-test Mean

34.65

30.70

27.40

B W

527.03

2471.55

2

57

263.52 43.36

6.0*

Adjusted Post-test Mean.65

33.43

30.73

28.58

B W

230.93 48.75

2

56

115.46

0.87

132.6*

*significant at 0.05 level, (Table value required for significance at 0.05level with df 2 and 57 and 2 and 56 are 3.16)

Table 3 indicates that no significant differences existed between the pre-test means of the three

groups, but the obtained ‘F’ ration for the post-test mean is found to be higher than the table

value 3.16 for 2 and 57 degrees of freedom. The adjusted post-test mean of the groups also

found to be is found to be higher than the table value 3.16 for 2 and 56 degrees of freedom

significant at 0.05 level of confidence. Since the obtained ‘F’ ratio is found significant,

Scheffe’s test is used a post-hoc test.

0

10

20

30

40

50

Experimental group 'A'

Experimental group 'B'

Control group

Pre‐test

Post‐test

Adjusted post‐test

47



Table 4: Scheffe’s test for the difference between the adjusted post tests paired means of flexibility



Control group

MD CD

33.43 30.73

2.70*

0.74 33.43 - 28.53 4.85*

- 30.73 28.53 2.15*

*Significant at 0.05 level. The table shows that there is a significant difference among three groups in flexibility in favor of experimental groups; it was also observed that asana group is better than the

asana along with meditation and pranayama group.

Figure 2: Mean score of pre test, post test and Adjusted post test of Experimental group ‘A’, Experimental group ‘B’ and control group (CG) on flexibility

CONCLUSION

From the study it was concluded that there was significant improvement on muscular

endurance and flexibility due to the experimental treatment, further it has been concluded that

asana alone group is better than the combined practice of asana, pranayama and meditation.

REFERENCES

1. Clarke, Harrison H. (1967) Application of Measurement of Health and Physical Education. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc., 1967.

2. Gharote, M.L. (1970) Efffect of Yogic Exercises on the Strength and endurance of the Abdominal Muscles of the Females,Vyayam Vidnyan 4(1):11-13.

3. Moorthy,A.M. (1982) Influence ofselected Yogic exercises on Minimum muscular Fitness of the Elementary School children’SNIPES Journal 15(2): 81.

0

10

20

30

40

Experimental group 'A'

Experimental group 'B'

Control group

Pre‐test

Post‐test

Adjusted post‐test

48



Influence of Varied Intensity of Walking on Selected Physical Variables among Middle Aged Men

J. Karthikeyan Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Health Education and Sports,

The M.D.T Hindu College, Tirunelveli -10 Tamilnadu.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to find out the influence of varied intensity of walking on selected physical variables among middle aged men. The subjects were restricted to a minimum number of Sixty subjects consisting of Twenty men subjects would serve as control group and the remaining Forty would undergo systematic walking training and among forty, twenty for Low intensity walking group (LIWG) and remaining twenty for High intensity walking group (HIWG) at The M.D.T Hindu College, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu under the supervision of researcher. The subjects were selected from Tirunelveli city, Tamilnadu and their age was from 35 to 45 years as per the school records. The study was formulated as a random group design. The score were compared by using (ANCOVA) The level of significant chosen was 0.05 level. It was found that the High intensity walking group (HIWG) showed better result on the variables muscular strength, muscular endurance and cardio respiratory endurance for middle aged men. Key Words: walking, muscular strength, muscular endurance and cardio respiratory endurance

INTRODUCTION

Various works might have been done about walking. Particularly this study expresses

about low intensity and high intensity walking so this study is need. In the modern world people

have no time to take care about their health that’s why the study is need. Many theses have been

done only about walking, but my area focuses walking on selected physical variables among

middle aged men. I can state that middle aged men can never do hard exercise. They can do

simple exercise like jogging and walking. Middle aged men are affected by some disease like

diabetics they being middle aged men, it is difficult to them to undertake hard exercise so the

study is need.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY; Most of the people do not know the need of walking, walking is the simplest exercise. Middle aged men are ready to run fast at the age of 37 even though they are ready to run they don’t know the benefits of walking. Without knowing the benefits of walking they run so the study is need.

METHOD

The purpose of the study was to find out the influence of varied intensity of walking on

selected physical variables among middle aged men. To achieve this purpose, sixty men subjects

who were not involved in any vigorous physical training program at the age ranging from 35 to

49



45 years were selected from in and around Tirunelveli city. The selected subjects were divided

into three groups at random with 20 each. In the experimental groups twenty men subjects would

serve as control group and the remaining Twenty would undergo systematic walking training,

under the supervision of researcher. The control group did not undergo any special training

program. The selected subjects were medically examined by a qualified medical person for

undergoing the training program. The training groups underwent 12weeks training programs

regularly from 6 a. m to 7 a.m. in the morning session Weekly 6 days.

ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULTS OF THE STUDY TABLE I

Means, Standard Deviations and Adjusted Means among Experimental and Control Groups on muscular strength, Muscular Endurance and cardio respiratory endurance

Criterion Variable

High Intensity Walking Group

Low Intensity Walking Group

Control group

Pre test

Post test

Adjusted post test means

t test Pre test

Post test


t test Pre test

Post test


t test

muscular

strength

36.35

0

40.55

0

40.38

5

40.38

5

36.00

0

38.90

0

38.93

9

38.93

9

35.85

0

36.20

0

36.32

6

36.32

6

0.671 0.999 0.725 1.119 0.671 0.834 muscu

lar endurance

21.30

0

22.70

0

22.62

4

22.62

4

20.85

0

23.85

0

23.96

0

23.96

0

21.20

0

21.50

0

21.46

6

21.46

6

0.733 0.923 0.671 0.745 0.768 0.827 cardio respiratory endurance

1350.

000

1637.

500

1637.

622

1637.

622

1357.

500

1494.

000

1488.

631

1488.

631

1343.

000

1350.

500

1355.

747

1355.

747

*Significant at .05 level. The table value required for .05 level of significance with df 19 is 1.729.

The table I show that the obtained dependent t-ratio values between the pre and post test

means on muscular strength, muscular endurance and cardio respiratory endurance of High

Intensity Walking Group, Low Intensity Walking Group and control groups are 40.385,

22.624and 1637.622, 38.939, 23.960 and 1488.631,36.326,21.466,1355.747respectively. The

50



table value required for significant difference with df 19 at .05 level is 1.729. Since, the obtained

‘t’ ratio value of experimental groups are greater than the table value, it is understood that

training programs had significantly improved the performance of muscular strength, muscular

endurance and cardio respiratory endurance. However, the control group has not improved

significantly as the obtained ‘t’ value is less than the table value, because they were not subjected

to any specific training.

TABLE II Analysis of Covariance of High Intensity Walking Group, Low Intensity Walking Group & control

groups on muscular strength, Muscular Endurance & cardio respiratory endurance Criterion Variable Sources of

Variance Sum of Squares

Df Mean Squares F-Ratio

muscular strength

Pre test Between 2.633 2 1.317 2.769

Within 27.100 57 0.475

Post test Between 192.900 2 96.450 98.260*

Within 55.950 57 0.982

Adjusted Post

test

Between 156.507 2 78.254 93.644*

Within 46.796 56 0.836

muscular endurance

Pre test Between 2.233 2 1.117 2.125

Within 29.950 57 0.525


Within 39.750 57 0.697

Adjusted Post

test

Between 59.773 2 29.887 48.291*

Within 34.657 56 0.619

cardio respiratory endurance

Pre test Between 2103.333 2 1051.667 1.469

Within 40795.000 57 715.702


Within 385150.000 57 6757.018

Adjusted Post

test

Between 787376.626 2 393688.313 60.688*

Within 363279.258 56 6487.130

51



*significant at .05 level of confidence. (the table value required for significance at .05 level with

df 2 and 57 and 2 and 56 are 3.162 and 3.166, 3.162 and 3.166, 3.162 and 3.166 respectively

From the table II, the obtained F-ratio for pretest is 2.769, 2.125, 1.469which is greater than the

table value of 3.162 and 3.166 with df 1 and 56 required for significance at 0.05 level of

confidence. The result of the study indicates that there was significant difference among the pre

test means of High Intensity Walking Group, Low Intensity Walking Groupand control groups

on muscular strength, muscular endurance and cardio respiratory endurance.

Table II also shows that the obtained F-ratio value is 93.644*, 48.291*, 60.688*which is higher

than the table value 3.162 and 3.166 with df 2 and 56 required for significance at .05 level. Since

the value of F-ratio is higher than the table value, it indicates that there is significant difference

among the adjusted post-test means of High Intensity Walking Group, Low Intensity Walking

Group and control groups. To find out which of the three paired means had a significant

difference, the Scheffe’s post-hoc test was applied and the results are presented in Table III.

TABLE III, Scheffe’s Test for the Differences between the Adjusted Post Test Paired Means of muscular strength, Muscular Endurance and cardio respiratory endurance

Adjusted Post Test Mean

Criterion Variable

High Intensity

Walking Group

Low Intensity

Walking

Group

Control

Group

Mean

Differences C.I. Value Result at 5% Level

muscular strength

40.385 38.939 1.447 0.727 Sig

40.385 36.326 4.059 0.727 Sig

38.939 36.326 2.613 0.727 Sig

muscular endurance

22.624 23.960 1.336 0.626 Sig

22.624 21.466 1.159 0.626 Sig

23.960 21.466 2.494 0.626 Sig

cardio respiratory endurance

1637.622 1488.631 148.991 64.091 Sig

1637.622 1355.747 281.875 64.091 Sig

123.751 126.299 2.548 0.745 Sig

*Significant at .05 level.

52



Table III shows that the adjusted post test mean differences on muscular strengthbetween

the high intensity walking group, low intensity walking group; high intensitywalking group and

control group; low intensity walking group and control group were 4.059, 2.613and

1.447.respectively. The values are greater than the confidence interval value 0.727, which shows

significant difference at .05 level of confidence.

Muscular endurance between the high intensity walking group, low intensity walking

group; high intensity walking group and control group; low intensity walking group and control

group were 1.159, 2.494and1.336respectively. The values are not greater than the confidence

interval value 0.626, the value between high intensity walking group, low intensity walking

group and control group is only significant difference at .05 level of confidence.

This is clear that the F ratio for the adjusted post test mean for cardio respiratory

endurance was 60.688 which was significant at 0.05 level because the required table value

needed for significant was 3.166 for df 2 and 56 and the obtained values were greater than that of

required table value. So the scheffe’s post hoc test was applied.

CONCLUSION

It was found that the High intensity walking group (HIWG) showed better result on the

variables Muscular strength and Cardio respiratory endurance for middle aged men.

It also concluded that the Low intensity walking group (LIWG) marked better performance on

Muscular endurance among middle aged men.

REFERENCE

1. Franceschini M et al “Cost of walking, exertionaldyspnoea and fatigue in individuals with multiple sclerosis not requiring assistive devices”JRehabil Med. 2010 Sep;42(8):719-23.

2. Rampello A et al “Effect of aerobic training on walking capacity and maximal exercise tolerance in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized crossover controlled study” PhysTher. 2007 May;87(5):545-55.

3. Gremeaux V et al “Does eccentric endurance training improve walking capacity in patients with coronary artery disease? A randomized controlled pilot study” ClinRehabil. 2010 Jul;24(7):590-9.

4. Morton RD, et al” Heart rate prescribed walking training improves cardiorespiratory fitness but not glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes” J Sports Sci. 2010 Jan;28(1):93-9.

5. Starholm IM” Energy expenditure of transfemoral amputees walking on a horizontal and tilted treadmill simulating different outdoor walking conditions” ProsthetOrthot Int. 2010 Jun;34(2):184-94

53



Relationship of Physical Fitness, Anthropometric Variables and Body Composition Factors of Parallel Bars Performance

in Men Artistic Gymnastics By

Arif Ali Khan, Director of Physical Education Ghousia College of Engineering, Ramanagaram, Affiliated to

Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum. Karnataka, INDIA. Srinivasa. R,

Professor, University College of Physical Education, Jnana Bharathi, Bangalore University, Bangalore. Karnataka, INDIA.

ABSTRACT

Objectives: To investigate the relationship of physical fitness, anthropometric variables and body composition to performance in men artistic gymnastics. Method: 60 male gymnasts performance were assessed on all the six apparatus participated in 46th Junior National gymnastics Championship held at Manipur, India. The article is presented to bring out the result of Parallel bar performance of the gymnasts. The first and foremost variables to predict the parallel bars compulsory of the gymnasts was hip Flexibility with correlation and co-efficient of 404 with contribution of 14.8%, followed by Arm span with correlation and co-efficient of .542 and contribution of 26.9%. Height with the correlation and co-efficient of .591 and contribution 31.4%, and contribution of endurance of arm strength 37.7%/. 21 variables entered for optional exercises of the gymnasts, only 4 variables best predicted in parallel bars optional performance of gymnasts. They are Arm girth, Hip flexibility, Abdominal strength, and Dynamic balance. The foremost variable that predicts the Parallel bars optional performance was Arm girth with the correlation coefficient of .588 with the contribution of 33.4%, followed by Hip flexibility with the correlation coefficient of .683 and contribution of 44.7%, Abdominal Strength with the correlation coefficient of .726 and contribution of 50.2%, and Dynamic balance with the correlation coefficient of .756 and contribution of 54.0%. The statistical methods that employed to analyze the data are: i) Descriptive statistics ii) Regression-Stepwise multiple. iii) SPSS statistical package was used for analysis and interpretation of data.

Keywords: Relationship, Anthropometry, Parallel bars, Men Artistic Gymnastics.

INRTRODUTION

Gymnastics is a sport in which over 30 million people participate in over 80 countries. These participants are either artistic gymnasts, sports acrobats or rhythmic gymnasts (Only females participate in rhythmic gymnastics). The Federation of International Gymnastics (FIG), the international governing body for the standardization of competitive gymnasts, reviews and update their code of judging every four years. Hence, performance demands on gymnasts are continually changing to meet the new code requirements. Thus, children begin gymnastics training at younger and younger ages, as it takes about 6-10 years for a gymnast to pass through

54



the ranks to the elite level. Men artistic gymnastic consist of a variety of skills on six apparatus i.e., floor exercise, pommel horse, roman rings, table vault, parallel bars and horizontal bar.

Indeed there is a diverse amount of literature on issues related to talent selection, training and skill development in gymnastics. It is not possible within the scope of this review to discuss the pertinent literature. By measurement of anthropometric, physical and psychological variables attempts have been made to predict gymnastics talent in junior level. Novak and his colleagues considered that gymnastic performance was most dependent upon agility, flexibility, coordination, rhythm and timing as well as specific gymnastic skills.

Other research has suggested that the extra muscle on the chests, particularly of male gymnasts, impinges upon a compliant thorax so reducing the gymnast's expiratory reserve volume and vital capacity. Nevertheless, this decrease in lung efficiency does not appear to be a limiting factor in their performance as aerobic endurance is not an important component of gymnastics.

Bale and Good way, in their review of performance variables associated with the competitive gymnast, commented that male gymnasts generally reach their peak of performance in their early twenties, whereas female gymnasts tend to reach their peak in their mid-to-late teens. Moreover, female gymnasts are typically younger, lighter and shorter than gymnasts of two decades ago, with this more slender physique reflective of the biomechanical advantage gained while performing high risk acrobatic skills common to contemporary gymnastics. Accordingly, the physique most advantageous to perform these tricks has resulted in a propensity to the prepubertal female physique.

SELECTION OF SUBJECTS

To achieve the purpose of the study the investigator has selected male gymnastic players participated from 16 States of India in Junior National Championship. Out of 124 gymnasts (total number of gymnasts participated) only 60 Gymnasts was taken into consideration those who had qualified some compulsory exercise to optional exercises. The data was collected during the 46th Junior National Gymnastics championship held at Manipur. All the gymnasts shown great interest and well cooperated during the course of conducting various tests related to the study. Also coaches and judges helped the researcher while giving the required information and final score secured by the gymnasts.

STATISTICAL METHODS APPLIED

Following statistical methods were employed in the present study to analyze the data 1. Descriptive statistics 2. Regression-Stepwise multiple 3. SPSS statistical package was used for analysis and interpretation of data

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57



CONCLUSION

Purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship of physical fitness, anthropometric variables and body composition factors to performance in parallel bar performance in men artistic gymnastics. All selected physical, anthropometric variables and body composition factors almost equally predicted the Compulsory and optional performance is rejected, since only eight (4+4) variables Hip flexibility, arm length, height and push-ups i.e Endurance of Arm strength are best predicted compulsory and four variables–arm girth, Hip flexibility, Abdominal Strength and dynamic balance, are best predicted the optional exercises performance in national level gymnastics competition.

REFERENCES

1. Alfonso L. De Garay, Louis Levine, J.E. Lindsay Carter, Genetic and Anthropological Studies of Olympic Athletes. (London: Academic Press Inc., 1979), p.73.

2. Bajin, B. Identification program for Canadian female gymnastics. In: World Identification Systems For Gymnastics Talent, B. Petiot, J.H. Salmela, & T.B. Hoshizaki (Eds.). Sport Psyche Editions: Montreal, Canada, 1987, pp. 34-44.

3. Bale, P. and J. Goodway. Performance variables associated with the competitive gymnast. Sports Med. 10,3:139-145, 1990.

4. Bartlett, H.L., M.J. Maricem, And E.R. Buskirk. Body composition and expiratory reserve volume in female gymnasts and runners. Med.Sci. Sports Exerc. 16,3: 31-315, 1984.

5. Lindner, K.J. And D.J. Caine. Physical and performance differences between female gymnasts competing at high and low levels. J. Hum. Movement Studies. 23: 1-15, 1992.

6. Novak, L.P., W.A. Woodward, C. Bestit, And H. Mellerowicz. Working capacity, body composition and anthropometry of Olympic female athletes. J Sports Med. Phys. Fitness. 17: 275-284, 1977.

7. Salmela, J.H. And G. Regneir. A model of sport talent detection. Science Periodical on Research and Technology in Sport. October, 1983.

8. Salmela, J.H., B. Petiot, And T.B. Hoshizaki (Eds.). Psychological Nurturing And Guidance Of Gymnastics Talent. Montreal, Canada: Sport Psyche Editions, 1986.

58



Influence of Sports Participation on Physical, Psychological and Socio-Psychological Aspects of Sports in India

S Muniraju1 and R Nagesha2 1Assistant Director, Department of Physical Education & Sports,

Govt. Sri Krishnarajendra Silver Jubilee Technological Institute, Bangalore 2Physical Education Teacher, Govt. High School, Doddagolharahatti, Bangalore

ABSTRACT

‘Sports is more than a fashion, it is a new reality. Today sports have gained considerable, social, economical and political importance’ It is not important to make an individual just a literate, but he should be made Socially, Physiologically & Psychologically adaptable and resourceful through proper education. Experiences gained through participation in sports like sympathy, co-operation, responsibility, abiding to rules & regulation helps not only in gaining social values but also plays a very important role in behavioral changes of an individual. Participation in sports activities removes the inferiority complex in an individual and makes him move with the main stream of society. Through this type of involvement the social evils like ‘untouchability, discrimination of caste, creed, color, race & religion will be overlooked. In the present study an attempt is being made to know the physical, psychological and socio-psychological considerations for sports developments in India through sports participation. For the study, the author selected Physical, Psychological & Socio-Psychological Aspects as one of the variable for which a sample of 500 respondents at different levels of sports were considered. The study was descriptive in nature and the samples were randomly selected, with age group being below 20years to above 40 years. More Physical, Psychological & Socio-psychological changes were observed from the study, which had a huge influence on aspects viz, social values, tolerance, acceptance, behavior, habits & attitudes etc when it was statistically analyzed using percentile technique. Key Words: Social, Physical, Psychological, Socio-Psychological

INTRODUCTION

“Sports is a reflection of society and in many respects, Society is a reflection of sports”

"Sports can keep you physically healthy" Sport is a universally spoken language and can be a highly effective means of providing a sense of

structure in emergency situations which otherwise might appear chaotic. There is substantial evidence that

engagement in sport can have a tremendous healing power for those suffering from physical and

psychological trauma and stress-related anxiety. Through regular scheduled activity, children and adults

can begin to regain a sense of security and enjoy periods of respite from the often-overwhelming

challenge of reconstruction. The relationship between the mind and the body has been studied from a

dualistic perspective from the earliest of times in which the Greek and Hebrew philosophers viewing the

mind and body as two very distinct entities. However, since then, most philosophers and researchers have

taken a holistic perspective, considering the mind and the body to be interrelated, inseparable entities. The

59



study throws a clear insight on the Physical, Psychological & Socio-Psychological changes through sports

participation in India.

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of the study is to analyze the influence of participating in sports and games over the decade

in society as a whole and individual in particular. The study further reveals the changes/transformation

happened in the Indian society through sports participation and also the contribution of Physical,

Psychological & Socio-Psychological aspects in bringing about social transformation in Indian society.

Objectives of the Study:

To observe the Physical, Psychological & Socio-Psychological changes through sports

participation

To eradicate Social inequality’ and to develop social habits and attitudes through participation in

sports

Limitations of the Study:

The study is limited to Physical, Psychological, and Socio-Psychological changes, occurred in the field of

sports in the past few years through sports participation.

Delimitations of the Study:

The study is delimited to the literature available through primary and secondary data including,

documentations, papers, journals, and media i.e., print & visual.

The study is delimited to the data obtained from the respondents through questionnaire

The study is also delimited to sportsmen, coaches, Physical directors, administrators and

academicians.

Hypothesis of the Study

It is hypothesized that:

1. ‘Sports’ has influenced in bringing Physical, Psychological & Socio-Psychological changes of an

individual through sports participation in Indian society.

2. Sports has influenced in bringing about Social, Tolerance, Acceptance, Behavioral, & Attitudinal

changes through sports participation in India.

Methodology

In this section, the research design, selection of variables, selection of samples, construction of

questionnaire, administration of the questionnaire, collection of data and statistical procedure adopted for

the analysis of data have been depicted.

Research Design

The researcher, after careful and critical study of the available literature and discussions with the experts

in the area of sports and physical education, decided to use a descriptive/survey method for the study.

60



Selection of Samples

Samples were chosen from different communities belonging to various sports disciplines in consultation

with the experts in the field. The samples selected for the study were as below;

1. Sportsmen (Men & Women) of International, National, State, University repute etc. 2.Coaches from various

sports disciplines of International, National, State, University repute etc. 3.Physical Directors of various colleges.

4. Administrators and managers of various sports organizations & associations. 5. Academicians of various

sports and other institutes and 6. Student Community.

Distribution of Samples: It may be observed from the below table that, 925 questionnaires were distributed to

the respondents out of which 570 filled in responses were received but only 500 samples were considered for the

study.

Table 1: Sample Distribution

S.N Questionnaire Distributed to

No. of Questionnaire Distributed

No. of Filled in Responses Received

No of Samples Considered for the Study

1 Sportsman 200 110 100

2 Coaches 80 58 50

3 Physical Directors 95 55 50

4 Academicians 110 52 50

5 Administrators 90 60 50

6 Students 350 235 200

TOTAL 925 570 500

Table 2: Age Wise Distribution of Samples

S.N Age-Wise Distribution of Respondents N P 1 Below 20years 176 35.20 2 21 to 25years 95 19.00 3 26 to 30 years 46 09.20 4 30 to 35 years 50 10.00 5 35 to 40 years 36 07.20 6 40 and above 97 19.40 Total 500 100.00

S.N = Serial Number, N = No of Respondents, P = Percentage

Age group to which the respondents belong has clearly been shown in the table 2. It is clear from the table

that most of the respondents are in the age group of below 20 years representing 35.20%. Nearly 95

respondents(19.00%) belong to 21-25years age group, a few respondents (46) are in the age group of 26-

30years representing 9.20%, while 50 respondents are between the age group of 30-35years representing

10.00%, just 36 respondents belong to 35-40 years category with 7.20% and 97 respondents fall under 40

61



and above age group scoring 19.40% Thus, a majority of the respondents covered for the study belong to

the age group below 20years (35.20%), 21-25years (19.00%), and 40 and above (19.40%) representing an

overall percentage of 73.6%

Selection of Variables

For the purpose of the study survey method was employed and the variables used for the

study have been listed; 1. General Factors 2. Physical, Psychological & Socio-Psychological factors. Each

variable comprised of a required number of questions with options for the respondents to answer. Based

on which the tabulation and analysis were done using the percentile technique followed by interpretation

of the data. The Physical, Psychological & Socio-Psychological section contains 02 Questions (1-2). Q.N

1 and 2 are Y/N type with 2 sub questions 1a and 2a. Q.N. 1a.contains 6 statements and Q.N. 2a. contains

4 statements. The sub questions have varied no of answers. Against each statement 3 point scale has been

given. The respondents have marked (√) against the option they agree most to give their reply on a 3 point

scale.

Construction of the Questionnaire

To obtain data pertaining to the study, a questionnaire was constructed. The questionnaire consisted of 26

questions pertaining to the study to obtain relevant information. For the construction of questionnaire,

standardized procedure was adopted by using following steps:

Initial Framing of the Questionnaire, Trial Run, Tabulation of the Questionnaire, and Re-writing of the

Questionnaire.

Data Analysis and Interpretation:

The data received from 500 respondents were analyzed with percentile technique and each variable

observed were clearly depicted in the respondents table with, suitable graphical representation.

Table 3 S.N Do you agree that sports bring about changes in an individual? T P

Yes 499 99.80

No 1 0.20

No response 0 0.00

Total 500 100.00

S.N = Serial Number, T = Total, P = Percentage

It is clearly observed from Table 3. Do you agree that sports bring about behavioral changes in an individual, about 499 (99.80%) respondents answered ‘YES’ and just 01 (0.20%) respondent replied ‘NO’

62



Table 3a S.N If yes, what are the changes brought about? NA PA FA T/P

(i) Physical changes 7 (1.40)

174 (34.80)

318 (63.60)

499 (99.80)

(ii) Psychological changes 16 (3.20)

181 (3.20)

302 (60.40)

499 (99.80)

(iii) Social changes 16 (3.20)

215 (43.00)

268 (53.60)

499 (99.80)

(iv) Attitudinal changes 14 (2.80)

202 (40.40)

283 (56.60)

499 (99.80)

(v) Changes in his visions and ideas towards the democratic life

18 (3.60)

205 (41.00)

276 (55.20)

499 (99.80)

3.60 41.00 55.20 99.80 (vi) Any Other Pls. Specify __________

Note: The figures in the parenthesis represent percentage. S.N = Serial Number, NA = Not Accepted, PA = Partially Accepted, FA = Fully Accepted, T = Total, P = Percentage

Significant associations have been observed for Tables 1 and 1a. Do you agree that sports bring about

behavioral changes in an individual?

For the option ‘Physical Changes’, 318 (63.69%) of the respondents opined ‘Fully Accepted’ followed by 174 (34.80%) who opted ‘Partially Accepted’ and a meager 1.40% of them replied ‘Not Accepted. From the statement ‘Psychological Changes’ it is clearly evident that, 60.40% of the respondents opted ‘Fully Accepted’ while 36.20% opined ‘Partially Accepted’ whereas only 3.20% of the respondents chose ‘Not Accepted’

Table 4

S.N Do you agree that sports helps in psycho-sociological wellbeing of an individual? T P

Yes 462 92.40

No 38 7.60

No response 0 0.00

Total 500 100.00

S.N = Serial Number, T = Total, P = Percentage

050

100

150200

250

300350

1 2 3 4 5 6

Not Accepted

Partially Accepted

Fully Accepted

63



It is clear from Table 2. Do you agree that sports helps in psycho-sociological wellbeing of an individual? 92.40% of the respondents answered ‘YES’ while 7.60% of the respondents replied ‘NO’ Table 4a:

S.N If yes, is it by protecting an individual from? NA PA FA T/P

(i) Anti social elements 46 (9.20)

254 (50.80)

162 (32.40)

462 (92.40)

(ii) Unfair play 38 (7.60)

241 (48.20)

183 (36.60)

462 (92.40)

(iii) Drug abuse 35 (7.00)

225 (45.00)

202 (40.40)

462 (92.40)

(vi) Any Other Pls. Specify _________ Note: The figures in the parenthesis represent percentage.

S.N = Serial Number, NA = Not Accepted, PA = Partially Accepted, FA = Fully Accepted, T = Total, P = Percentage

It is clearly shown in the table significant associations have been observed for Table 2. Do you agree that

sports helps in psycho-sociological wellbeing of an individual? and Table 2a, if yes, is it by protecting an

individual from?

For the statement, ‘Anti-Social Elements’, 50.80% of the respondents have opined ‘Partially Accepted’

followed by 32.40% who replied ‘Fully Accepted’ while only 9.20% of the respondents marked ‘Not

Accepted’. The Table clearly depicts that, for the statement ‘Unfair Play’, 48.20% of the respondents

marked ‘Partially Accepted’ while 36.60% of them answered ‘Fully Accepted’ whereas 7.60% replied

‘Not Accepted’

Significant differences have been observed for the statement ‘Drug Abuse’ Nearly 45.00% of the

respondents opined ‘Partially Accepted’ followed by 40.40% who answered ‘Fully Accepted’ and few

respondents replied Not Accepted’

0

100

200

300

1 2 3 4

Not Accepted

Partially Accepted

Fully Accepted

64



FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

1. It is observed from the present study that 99.80% of the respondents accepted the question Do you

agree that sports bring about changes in an individual? in Table No. 3. This statement correlates with

the statement of the writer, who points out that, like religion people turn to sports when they need

something to believe in if they are feeling down and hopeless. He also says, a perfect parallel can be

drawn from religion to the world of sports. Sports can lift the spirits of a fan or athlete. Which is why

there are so many people who participate in some kind of sport activity Hence, it is clearly evident

from the above statement that, the second hypothesis is accepted.

2. It is evident from the present study that 99.80% of the respondents accepted the question Do you agree

that sports helps in psycho-sociological wellbeing of an individual? in Table No. 4. The question

concurs with the opinion of Loy John Wed, The author accounting the range of questions that arises is

very broad in such a social field as physical culture and sport believes that Sports sociology will in

such a way with the help of socio-psychological knowledge be able to contribute substantially to the

discovery of social laws governing the behavior of individuals, teams and sports groups of various

branches. Hence, it is clearly evident from the above statement that, the first hypothesis is accepted.

Summary: Sport has emerged in the last half of the twentieth century to become one of the most

pervasive social institutions in contemporary Indian society. The study was conducted to analyze the

Physical, Psychological and Socio-Psychological changes occurred through participation in sports and

games over the decade in the society as a whole and individual in particular. To sum up, it is evident

from the study that, though sport has been instrumental in the transition of the Indian society to a

larger extent, a need to be focused into, modified and achieved in order to reach new heights and yield

better results.

Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study and on the basis of the results and findings

the following conclusions have been drawn:

1. The study brings out that a maximum number of respondents agreed that ‘Sports bring about

behavioral changes in an individual’ It is quite evident that the sportsmen are bound to be very strong

not only physically but also socially, attitudinally and psychologically. For instance; Marian Jones,

the champion athlete returned her Olympic medals which she won accepting the truth that she had

doped which a common man would have disagreed in doing so. This incident clearly shows the

character and attitude which the sportsman is bound to possess.

2. The present study states that all the respondents agreed that ‘Sports participation keeps an individual

healthy and fit’. It is very much true that people have realized the importance of health and fitness as

65



many diseases and disorders have been the talk of the generation. The major concern of the present

generation is not job nor money but it is ‘Health & Fitness’ The anxiety and stress are two common

problems which the people of present generation are prone due to workload and sports is the only

medium to overcome such problems. Exercises stimulate various internal organs and develop

antibodies in the body. It also acts as therapy and helps in removing ailments of the body.

Recommendations: In the light of the conclusion and findings of the study following recommendations

have been made:

1. Physical Education should be made mandatory in the curriculum which will help generate both interest and participation in sports through which healthy future citizens are produced.

2. The ethics, values & philosophy of sports should be taught from the elementary level including the bibliography of great achievers in sports

3. Sporting activities must be made an essential tool for social integration. Social values, tolerance, acceptance, behavior, habits & attitudes etc can be achieved mainly through sports where equal opportunity is given to all without discrimination of caste, creed, color, race & religion etc which will contribute for growth of sports in the country

REFERENCES

Books:

1. Dunning, Eric 'A Selection of Reading' in ‘Sociology of Sports’ Taylor & Francis group (Rout ledge), 2003

2. Eldon, Synder E and Elmer Spreitzor ‘Social Aspects of Sports’ Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA, 1989

3. Freeman, H William ‘Physical Education and Sport in a Changing Society’ New Delhi – Reprint, Surjeet Publications, 1988

4. John Wed Loy, ‘Sports Culture and Society’ Mc Milan Company, London, Page 29, 1970 5. Natan Alex ‘Sport and Politics’ in ‘Sports Culture and Society’ Loy John Wed, Mc Milan,

Toronto, 1969 6. Roger C Rees and Andrew W. Miracle ‘Hand book of Sports Studies 2000’ Chapter 17

‘Education and Sports’ 2000 Papers and Website:

1. Advani, Pankaj, Times Sport - Times of India, Bangalore, 01.01.2008 2. Baby Cyriac Biju, Times Sport - Times of India, Bangalore, 31.12.2009 3. Bangalore Times, Times of India, Bangalore, 29.12.2007 4. Damania, Mehernaaz, Bangalore Times - Times of India, Bangalore, 29.12.2007 5. Dravid, Rahul , Times Sports - Times of India, Bangalore, 29.04.2010 6. europa.eu.int/comm/sport/ sport-and/social/social_overview 7. Figel, Jan - European Year of Education through Sport, Brussels, 2 December 2004 8. Millet,Nisha,‘If I had rupees 50 lakhs to spend’, Times Sport,’ Times of India, 6.10.2007 9. sports.indiapress.org/development.php

66



Impact of Different Modes of Circuit Training on Anaerobic Power of Adolescent Boys

Martin Babu Panackal1 & George Abraham2 1Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala,

INDIA 2Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai

University, Tamil Nadu, INDIA

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the present study was to find out the impact of different modes of circuit training on anaerobic power of adolescent boys. To achieve the purpose forty five adolescent boys (n = 45) were selected at random as subjects. Their age ranged between 14 and 17 years. They were randomly divided into three different groups such as a stationary circuit training group (SCTG), moving circuit training group (MCTG) and control group (CG) of fifteen (n= 15) subjects each. The training groups were undergone stationary circuit training and the moving circuit training programme for the respective duration. The third group was acted as a control, and they did not involve any further activity apart from their regular routine. The criterion variable selected for the present study was anaerobic power and it was measured by using the standard test of Margaria-Kalamen test. The training duration was restricted for twelve weeks and three sessions in the week. The data were collected on anaerobic power for the training groups and the control group before and after the training duration. The collected data were analyzed statistically by using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and Scheffe’s post-hoc test was used to test the paired mean differences. The level of confidence was fixed at 0.05 in all aspects. The result of the study shows that the stationary circuit training and the moving circuit training have significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in anaerobic power as compared with the control group. However, there was no significant difference (p ≥ 0.05) in anaerobic power between the training groups.

Key Words: Anaerobic power, repetition circuit training, running circuit training.

INTRODUCTION

Circuit training is a type of exercise program where one does a series of time exercises at a fairly rapid pace, with a brief period of rest in between each exercise. Circuit training workouts may target the entire body or just one specific area, such as the arms, legs, or chest. In addition, circuit training workouts may focus on strength training, aerobics, or a combination of the two; the possibilities are virtually limitless (Miller, 2014). Circuit training is several kinds and its usage is differing according to the needs and situation.

The stationary circuit can be done individually, or in a group, and should take about 10 minutes to finish. Beginners should take a 30 to 45 second rest after each exercise and a 3 to 5 minute rest after each circuit. Intermediate exercisers should not rest after each exercise, but can rest 3 minutes after each circuit. While advanced exercisers should not rest until they have completed at least 2 circuits (Simonson, 2010).

Moving circuit is done outdoors on flat ground or on a track, and can be done individually or in a group. Mark out a distance of 200 metres, then complete 30 seconds of each exercise and walk or run 200 metres between each exercise until the rotation is completed. Beginners can walk the

67



200 metres in between each exercise to catch their breath and prepare for the next exercise, while advanced exercisers should run the 200 metres (Brad, 2013).

The Margaria-Kalamen test was developed specifically to assess aerobic power of subjects. It involves the measurement of time required for a subject’s movement through a fixed vertical distance. In this test, it is the time required to run upstairs at maximal speed, taking two steps at a time. The time is measured for two strides (from when one foot touches the second step until it lands again four steps higher on the sixth step). This time is typically less than two seconds. And the values are applied to a formula for the calculation (Van, 2007). The formula for the test is Anaerobic Power (W) = mass (kg) x acceleration due to gravity (m/s2) x stair height (m) / time (s). Where the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

For the purpose of the present study, forty five adolescence boys students (n = 45) were studied in 9th to 12th standard in Chidhambaram city, Tamil Nadu State, were selected as subjects and their age were ranged 14 to 17 years. They were divided into three equal groups of fifteen each in strength of two training groups and one control group. The training groups were underwent twelve week training package for three sessions per week. The moderate intensity was given to the subjects. The criterion variable was used to measure anaerobic power and the test was used to measure it, Margaria-Kalamen test. The test procedure involved the measurement of time required for a subject’s movement through a fixed vertical distance. In this test, it is the time required to run upstairs at maximal speed, taking two steps at a time. The time is measured for two strides (from when one foot touches the second step until it lands again four steps higher on the sixth step). This time is typically less than two seconds. And the values are applied to a formula for the calculation. The formula for the test is Anaerobic Power (W) = mass (kg) x acceleration due to gravity (m/s2) x stair height (m) / time (s). Where the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2. The data were calculated by using the formula, and ANCOVA was applied as a statistical tool for the study. Schefee’s test was used as a post-hoc test to find out the paired mean difference. The level of significance was fixed at 0.05 in all cases.

CIRCUIT TRAINING STATIONS AND EXERCISES

No. Exercises

Stationary Circuit Training Group Moving Circuit Training Group

1 Squat Jumps Walking Lunges

2 Standard pushups Twist Crunches

3 Calf Raises Jumping Jacks

4 Bench Dips Push ups

5 Abdominal Crunches High knee running

6 Jump Rope Medicine ball catches

7 Bench Dips Squat Jumps

8 Military Press Crunches

68




Table -1

Analysis of Covariance of the Anaerobic Power of Training Groups and the Control Group

Test SCTG MCTG CG SOV SS df MS F

Pre test Mean 121 121.4 124.8 B 125.37 2 62.68

1.50 SD 5.73 7.56 5.90 W 1749.7 42 41.66

Post test Mean 127.13 124.9 121.1 B 275.87 2 137.9

3.36*

SD 5.73 7.56 5.73 W 1721.1 42 40.97

Adjusted Post test Mean 128.1 125.6 119.4

B 561.9 2 280.9 14.53*

W 792.4 41 19.32

*Significant F = (df 2, 42) (0.05) = 3.22; (P ≤ 0.05) F = (df 2, 41) (0.05) = 3.23; (P ≤ 0.05)

The analysis of covariance on anaerobic power of the pre, post and adjusted post test mean scores of experimental groups and the control group have been analyzed and presented in Table 1. The above table indicates that the pre test ‘F’ value on anaerobic power was 1.50 which was lesser than the table value of 3.22 at 0.05 level of confidence. Hence there was no significant difference in the pre test data of experimental and the control groups. The analysis of the post and adjusted post test mean data reveals that ‘F’ value of 3.36 and 14.53 respectively, which was higher than the table ‘F’, hence there exist significant difference in anaerobic power between the experimental and control groups. Further to determine which of the paired means has a significant improvement, Scheffe’s test applied as a post - hoc test.

Table - II

Scheffe’s post hoc test for the mean difference of Adjusted post test of Anaerobic Power

Adjusted Post Test Mean MD CI

SCTG MCTG CG

128.08 125.66 - 2.42

4.07 128.08 - 119.41 8.67*

- 125.66 119.41 6.25*

*Significant at 0.05 level of Confidence

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70



CONCLUSION

It was concluded that the stationary circuit training and the moving circuit training have significant improvement as compared with the control group of anaerobic power of the selected subjects. There was no significant difference of anaerobic power in between the training groups.

REFERENCES

1. Brad. (2013). Circuit Training and Circuit Training Workouts, Sports injury management.

2. Johnson, S., Sivakumar, M., & Rajendran, K. (2014). Influence of plyometric training circuit training and weight training on leg strength back strength anaerobic power among inter collegiate volleyball players. International journal of recent research and applied studies, Vol.1 (3), pp 45-49.

3. Jouaux, T., Dierking, J., Murray T., Lamber,t C., & Swank, A. (2010). Aerobic and Anaerobic Performance Changes following Three Different Soccer Training Phases. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.

4. Little, J. P., Safdar, A., Wilkin, G. P., Ranopolsky, M. A., & Gibala, M. J. (2010). A practical model of low-volume highintensity interval training induces mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle: potential mechanisms. J Physiol. Vol. 588, pp 1011–22.

5. Miller, B. (2014). “Circuit Training”, Edited By: Andrew Jones. 6. Selda Basar., Nevin Ergun., & Kezban Yigiter Bayramlar. (2013). A Comparative Study

of Muscle Strength and Anaerobic Power of the Young National and National Junior Wheelchair Basketball Players. Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, V. 59, pp. 325-9.

7. Simonson, S. (2010). Teaching the resistance training class: A circuit training course designed for the strength and conditioning coach/Personal trainer. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 332 (3), pp. 90-96.

8. Van Praagh, E. (2007). Anaerobic fitness tests: what are we measuring? Journal of Medical Sport Science, V. 50, pp. 26- 45.

9. Zarzeczny, R., Podlesny, M., & Polak, A. (2013). Anaerobic capacity of amateur mountain bikers during the first half of the competition season. Journal of Sports. V. 30, pp. 189- 194.

71



A Study on Movement Speed of Male Basketball Players

M.A.Bari FerojSayyed Head & Associate Professor, Head Dept. of Physical Education& Sports, MaulanaAzad College. VinayakraoPatilMahavidyalaya, Aurangabad .Maharashtra (India) Vaijapur.Dist.Aurangabad Maharashtra, (India)

Abstract

Basketball is a game of movements. Players should have running speed to move forward, sideward and backward both for offence and defense. Successful performance and basketball requires agility and coordinative abilities facilitate rapid changes in direction, sudden stops, bends, twist, falls, and dives. It is essential for every player to play the match with various types of movements for forty minutes, with two minutes quarter & five minute half time brake, with varying pace from slow to fast, according to the situation of the ball, as well as opponent movement, which requires endurance capacity. The movement speed the ability to execute a movement with high speed and can be measured by the time taken to complete the movement. The movement speed depends upon technique, explosive strength, flexibility and coordinative abilities. Key Words: Movement, Speed, Basketball, Division level.

INTRODUCTION

One of the important qualities required for a standard sports performance for any competition is

the movement speed. In other words of intensity or frequency in marking uninterrupted

movement result in the degree of achievement during the course of competition. This may also

be considered as one of the principal criteria of physical fitness a primary requirement.

Basketball has been developed into highly competitive sports which require a high level of

physical fitness and psychological fitness. The game itself, at a high level of competition,

requires quick and sudden movements in varied direction and fast reactions. Successful play

basketball is not the outcome of power alone but it is the sum of power, technical and tactical

abilities during the games. Modern game of basketball is characterized by accuracy and

differentiation which can be facilitated by absolute self-control; maximum concentration and

precision. The movement speed the ability to execute a movement with high speed and can be

measured by the time taken to complete the movement. The movement speed depends upon

technique, explosive strength, flexibility and coordinative abilities. An attempt has been made to

explore the potentiality of athletes already they have and to identify those qualities actually

required for a standard performer in Basketball.

72



Purpose of the study The purpose of the study is to relate the variables, conducive to movement speed, and to find out the differences of the same variables, ifany, between the District and Division level Basketball players.

Methods 46 Basketball players were randomly selected from Aurangabad city basketball club .out of forty six subjects twenty three players has participating in District level competition and remaining twenty three players participating in division level competition .the age of the subjects were 15 to 20 years.

All the subjects were administered Vertical Jump & Medicine Ball throw .the weight of medicine ball 3 kg to measure leg and arm explosive strength, wells sit and reach test to measure hip flexibility, modified sideward leap test to movement test to measure reaction time, Ashton’s Practical Rhythm test to measure rhythmical movement in response to selected musical the technique in performing various skills of basketball by the subject, four qualified basketball coaches were appointed to evaluate the techniques of the subject. The average score was computed of the evaluated score of the judges.

FINDINGS

In order to compare the movement speed, techniques, explosive strength (vertical jump and medicine ball throw) flexibility and coordinative abilities (balances, and reaction time) between district and division level the t-ratio was computed. From the computed results (vide Table -1),It was revealed that that there were no significant differences in hip flexibility and reaction time, between the two groups, whereas in case of technique vertical jump, medicine ball throw ,balance and rhythm there were significant differences between the subjects of district and division

Table-1 T- Ratio of movement speed variables between district and division level of basketball

players Variables Mean

District level players

Mean Division level

players

SE t-ratio

Technique ( score-100) 58.10 48.37 2.39 4.07**Leg Explosive strength (Vertical Jump, cm) 54.89 49.43 2.58 2.12* Arm explosive strength (Medicine ball throw-cm

11.28 9.91 0.67 2.04*

Hip flexibility (Sit and Reach-cm) 38.78 39.16 1.75 0.22 Balance (Score) 45.60 40.83 2.18 2.19* Rhythm (Score) 74.78 66.74 3.71 2.17* Reaction time (cm) 28.53 30.99 2.11 1.17 t (51.12) t ( 48.90) Denotation: SE = Standard error of difference between two means **Signification at .01 level of confidence, *Signification at .05 levels = inverse W score , Degree of freedom (N-2) =44 To maintain a relative distance between the observed scores, to combine and interpret the observed scores the universal method of the norms of Z-score has been adopted.

73



Table -2 The coefficient of correlation between the variables of movement speed

Variables Technique Explosive

Strength Flexibility Coordinative

abilities Technique -------- .076 .085 .496** Explosive Strength --------- ------- -0.133 .080 Flexibility --------- -------- ------ .055 Coordinative abilities ---------- --------- ------- ---------- **Significant at .01 level of confidence Degrees of freedom (N -2) = 44.

The coefficient of correlation has shown table-2 between the variables of movement speed i.e. technique, explosive strength, flexibility and coordinative abilities. The coefficient of correlation between technique and coordinative abilities was highly significant at .01 level of confidence. The coefficient of correlation between other variables was not significant; only the coefficient of correlation between flexibility and explosive strength was negative.

Table-3 The coefficient of partial correlation between the variables of movement speed

Variables Technique -1

And Explosive Strenght-2

Technique -1

And Coordinative

Abilities-4

Technique -1

And Coordinative Abilities-4

Explosive Strength-2

And Flexibility-

3

Explosive Strength-2

And Coordinative

Abilities-4

Flexibility-3 And

Coordinative Abilities-4

Technique-1 -- --- -- -0.140 0.049 0.015 Explosive Strenght-2

--- 0.076 0.493** -- -- 0.066

Flexibility-3 0.088 -- 0.493** -- 0.088 --- Coordinative Abilities-4

0.042 0.066 --- -0.138 ---- ----

** Significant at .01 level of confidence. Degree of freedom (N-2) = 44 The Coefficient of partial correlation shows on table -3 between the variables of movement speed. From table -3it shows that the coefficients of partial correlation between the variables of explosive strength upon technique and coordinative abilities, and flexibility upon technique and coordinative abilities were highly significant of .01 levels of confidence .The coefficients of partial correlation among the other variables were not significant. Negative coefficient of partial correlation was found between the variables of technique upon explosive strength and flexibility and coordinative abilities upon explosive strength and flexibility.

74



Table-4, The coefficient of partial correlation between the variables of movement speed Variables Flexibility-3 And


Explosive Strength-2 And


Explosive Strength-2 And

Flexibility-3 Technique-1 &

Explosive strength-2

0.051 ---- ------

Technique-1 & Flexibility-3

---- 0.072 ------

Technique-1 & Coordinative Abilities-4

------- -------- 0.489**

**Significant at.01level of confidence. Degrees of freedom (N-2) = 44. The coefficients of partial correlation between both technique and coordinative abilities with explosive strength and flexibility were highly positive significant i.e., significance at .01 level of confidence. Partial correlation between other variables was positive but not significant (vide table no-4)

DISCUSSION From the result obtained from the data it appears that score of movement speed of district level basketball players are better than the score of divisional level players, a highly significant difference of means in technique, explosive strength of leg and arm , balance and arm rhythm were evident at .05level and .01 level of confidence. This is envisaged as an indication speed of the district level basketball players. A significant coefficient of correlation between technique and coordinative abilities ( r = 496) has re-affirmed the interdependence of the variables in this study.Despite certain apparent analogy no significant partial correlation of explosive strength and flexibility, explosive strength and coordinative abilities, flexibility and coordinative abilities with technique was found. In determining the coefficient of partial correlation a significant relationship between technique and coordinative abilities with explosive strength and flexibility was found (R14.23 = 489). A significant relationship between technique and coordinative abilities (r =.496) has already been obtained (vide table-2).The partial coordinative abilities with explosive strength (r = .493) was also significant (vide table -3).The same relationship was obtained with flexibility (vide table-3).Thus, the relationship of technique and coordinative abilities with explosive strength conforms and re-establishes the significant inter-dependence among all these variables. References

1) Nelson,J.K.(1982), Practical Measurement to Evaluation in Physical Education. Surjeet Publication,Delhi-110 007.

2) Dick,W.F.(1978).Sports Training Principles.LepusBooks,London. 3) Singh,H.(1984).Sports Training : G.T.M.T.NIS,Patiala. 4) Matveyev, L. (1981). “Fundamentals of Sports Training”. (Moscow: Progress Publishers,). 5) Rothstein, R.L.(1985). “Research design and statistics in phy education”, (New York: McGraw Hill Co.). 6) Coleman,B. (1975). Basketball Techniques, Teaching & Training. London: Keye& Ward. 7) Marley, R., &Doust, J. (1997), Strength and Fitness Training for Basketball, A Sports Science Manual

Leeds, The National Coaching Foundation. 5, 23-26. 8) Ambler, V. (1979).Basketball the Basic for Coach and Player. London: Faber & Faber.

www.eou.edu/bsather 9) http:\\www.basketball-plays-and-tips.com

75



Effect of Aerobic Exercises on Vital Capacity and Body Mass Index of Adults

Rajkumar.P.Malipatil **Mrs.Savitri.S.Patil *Asst.Prof, Dept of studies in Physical Education and Sports Science,

K.S.W.University, Bijapur. *Research Scholar, Dept of Physical Education and sports Science

Abstract

The study was intended to assess the “Effect of Aerobic Exercises training on Vital Capacity and Body Mass Index of Adults”. To fulfill the require data 30 adults students have been selected with simple random method and dived into two group as experimental and control considering their pre test score, after that 6 week systematic training was given to experiment group, data pertaining vital capacity was measured with help of Dry Spiro meter and body mass was collected and calculated by the formula of Wall scale and collected score of pre and post test of both variables was tested by using the ‘t’ test, Vital Capacity mean difference between the pre-test and post-test of Experimental group is significant, because the calculated t-value of 3.369 is greater than the tabulated t-value of 2.144 at 0.05 level of confidence of 14 degree of freedom. And Body Mass Index mean difference between the pre-test and post-test of Experimental group is not significant, because the calculated t-value of 0.248 is less than the tabulated t-value of 2.144 at 0.05 level of confidence of 14 degree of freedom. The study reveals that there is significant effect of six week aerobic training on vital capacity it was noticed by experiment group comparing their control group, but whereas the there is no effect of training on the body mass index of adults, it shows that the period of the training is not sufficient to produce changes in the body mass index of the adults, because adults body nature and structure need high intensive training program to produce their effect on the body

Keywords: Aerobic exercise, vital capacity and Body Mass Index of Adults

INTRODUCTION Physical fitness is the natural outcome of rich program of physical education. It is the sum of the condition of one’s body judged in terms of age, height, weight and chest expansion in term of freedom from diseases, constitutional affection or bodily in firming full physical development, vigor vitality and radiant health should be seen in one whom is physically fit. In terms of usefulness physical fitness has been defined as “total functional capacity of an individual to perform a given task (Gatechell,1976). Since physical education has been particularly concerned with the character development aspect of games and sports, no one would doubt that sports are a special type of games. Which was defined by Lay as "Any form of playful competition whose outcome is determined by physical skill, strategy or chance employed singly or in combination" (Lay 1969). Aerobic Exercise Aerobic exercise is physical exercise of relatively low intensity and long duration, which depends primarily on the aerobic energy system. Aerobic means "with oxygen", and refers to the use of oxygen in the body's metabolic or energy-generating process. Many types of exercise are aerobic, and by definition are performed at moderate levels of intensity for extended periods of time.

76



Physical Fitness

The concept of physical fitness has become a point of attention in our country. The Govt. as well as the people is becoming aware of its importance in present day living because fitness is essential to increase productivity power of labor in every respect of development. Various schemes have been launched by the Govt. of India to improve physical fitness of its citizen and to create interest among the people towards such activities which may ultimately improve their fitness. Man’s personality is the total picture of his organized behavior. For the development of personality, the individual should be physically fit, mentally alert, emotionally matured and socially adjusted.

1.1 Statement of the Problem

The researcher is the student of physical education and is well aware that exercises plays very important role in maintaining the physical fitness of an individual. Also the researcher has a little bit knowledge about the aerobic exercise. The researcher used to check the effect of aerobic exercise on physical fitness of adults. All these created interest in the researcher. Under taken the problem title on "Effect of Aerobic Exercises on vital capacity and body mass index of Adults".

1.2 objective of the Study

The objective of the study is as follows:

1. To assess the effect of aerobic training on vital capacity and body mass index

1.3 Significance of the Study

The study w would be significant in the following aspects-

i) The result of this study may help the adults to know the aerobic effect on physical fitness.

ii) To devise specific aerobic training programmed for adults.

1.4 Hypothesis

Researcher hypothesized that; there would be significant difference as a result of aerobic exercise on vital capacity and Body mass index of adults

1.5 Delimitation

i. The study was delimited to the 30 adults of Yavatmal city.

ii. The age of subjects was ranging between 18 to 25 years.

iii. The study was confined only to the general aerobic exercises.

iv. The study was further delimited to physical fitness variables i.e. Vital capacity, Body Mass Index (Height & Weight).

77



1.6 Limitation

i. The daily routine life of the subjects was not considered.

ii. Other physical activities by the subject which was not taken under the control of scholar.

iii. Control on diet of the subjects was not taken under the control of scholar.

iv. Medical treatment on the subjects was not considered.

METHODOLOGY This chapter includes the information regarding selection of subjects; sources of data,

sampling procedures, selection of test, criterion measures, collection of data and administration of test have been described. 2.1 Selection of Subjects

30 adults were selected as subjects from Yavatmal city and their age was ranging between 18 to 25 years.

2.2 Sampling Procedure Simple random sampling method was employed for the selection of subjects for the

study. 2.3 Formation of Groups The researcher divided the 30 adults into two equal groups on the basis of the mean performance of pre-test score. The groups were equated and distributed into two homogeneous groups namely. 1) Experimental Group 2) Control Group

2.4 Criterion Measures Following criterion measures was selected for testing the hypothesis on present study. 1. Vital Capacity 2. Body Mass Index

2.5 Administration of the Test 3) Vital Capacity: Purpose: To measure the Vital Capacity. Instrument: Dry spirometer

Procedure:

After a couple of normal breath the subject was asked to take a deep breath and exhale into spirometer as forcefully as possible.

Scoring: The highest of the three consecutive trials with rest of one minute after each trail was recorded in the unit of liter.

78



4) Body Mass Index:

a) Weight - Total body weight was recorded in Kg by using standard weighing machine. b) Height- Height was recorded in centimeters and converted into meters by using Wall Scale.

Body Mass Index (BMI) =

Purpose: To measure the Body Mass Index of the subjects.

Instruments: Calibrated weighing machine.

Procedure: The weight of the subject was taken by laboratory anthropometric weighing machine. The subject wearing shorts and vest only stood at the center of the machine and the weight was recorded from the indicator needle of the dial.

Scoring: The weight was recorded in kilograms.

2.6 Training Program

6 Week Training Program

Week Aerobic Exercise & Duration Recovery Total Volume I & II

Week

Walking 10 min Slow Running 5 min Running 5 min Cycling 5 min Dancing 5 min

In every exercise 1 min rest

Approx. 40 min

III & IV

Week



Approx. 1 Hr

V & VI

Week



Approx. 1 Hr 20 min

Warm up and cool down was 15 min and 10 min on every day. Training program was 6

days in a week and on Sunday total rest.

2.7 Collection of Data For data collection two test was conducted 1) Pre-test: A Pre-test was conducted for knowing the equal distribution of both the group ie. two Experimental groups and Control group.

Body Weight (Kg)

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81



@ Not significant at 0.05 level Tabulated t0.05 (14) = 2.144

The above Table 8 show that, Body Mass Index mean difference between the pre-test and post-test of Experimental group is not significant, because the calculated t-value of 0.248 is less than the tabulated t-value of 2.144 at 0.05 level of confidence of 14 degree of freedom.

DISCUSSION ON FINDINGS

Insignificant difference found between pre test and post test of Control group in Vital Capacity (t = 0.880) and Body Mass Index (t = 0.167) because all t values are less than the tabulated t-value 2.144 at 0.05 level of confidence of 14 degree of freedom.

Significant difference found between pre test and post test of Experimental group in Vital Capacity ( t = 3.369) because all t values are less than the tabulated t-value 2.144 at 0.05 level of confidence of 14 degree of freedom. But Insignificant difference observed in Body Mass Index (tab t0.05 (14) = 2.144 > t = 0.248).

4.4 Justification of Hypothesis

Researcher hypothesis stated earlier that, there would be significant difference as a result of aerobic exercise on vital capacity and body mass index of adults. From the above findings significant difference observed in a variables of vital capacity but not in Body Mass Index in pre and post test of Experimental group, . Hence the researcher stated hypothesis of vital capacity is accepted and body mass index is rejected.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion On the basis of findings the researcher concluded that,

Insignificant difference found between pre test and post test of Control group in Cardio-vascular Endurance, Sit & Reach Test, Vital Capacity and Body Mass Index.

Significant difference found between pre test and post test of Experimental group in Cardio-vascular Endurance, Sit & Reach Test and Vital Capacity, but insignificant difference observed in Body Mass Index.

Significant difference examined between post test of Control and Experimental group in Cardio-vascular Endurance, Sit & Reach Test and Vital Capacity, but insignificant difference observed in Body Mass Index.

Recommendation

According to conclusion and findings the researcher gives some recommendations as-

1) Training of aerobic exercise is effective on the Body mass index, and Vital Capacity. 2) If we increase the duration of training program may gives significant difference in Body Mass Index 3) similar study may conduct on the girls also. 4) Similar study may conduct on the players also 5) similar study may conduct on different age groups, and 6) similar study may conduct on different level of players.

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References 1. Deborah B. Dowdy Et. Al. “Effect of Aerobic Dance on Physical Work Capacity, Cardiovascular

Function and Body Composition of Middle Aged Women”, Research Quarterly, Vol.56, No.3, March, 1985, p.127.

2. Miller Auderey, “Effect of Endurance training on the cardiovascular system and body composition of sown syndrome adolescents and young adults”. Dissertation abstracts international. Vol. 46, No. 6, December 1985, p.1554-A.

3. P. N. Ghodmare, “Effect Of Certain Selected Exercises On The Physical Fitness Of Volleyball Players”, Unpublished Maters Dissertation, (Sant Gadge Baba, Amravati University, Amravati, 1988.)

4. Norris R. et.al., “The Effects Of Aerobic And Anaerobic Training On Fitness, Blood Pressure, And Psychological Stress And Well-Being”, School Of Psychology, University Of Birmingham., Vol.34, No. 4, 1990, pp.367-375.

5. De Geus EJ. Et. al., “Regular exercise and aerobic fitness in relation to psychological make up and physiological stress reactivity”, psychosom Med., Vol. 55, No. 4, Jul.-Aug. 1993, pp.347-363.

6. Ashish R. Shah et.al, "Determinants of Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise Performance in Cystic Fibrosis", University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, Volume 157, Number 4, April 1998, 1145-1150, http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cg/content/full

7. Trinidad Philomena, “Effects Of Theraband Exercises Physiology Skills Training, And Peer Leadership Program On Selected Measures Of Strength, Flexibility, Cognative Processes, Mood, And Stress Among Racial Minority Elderly”, Dissertation Abstracts International – B , Vol. 58, No.10. April-1998, p.5356.

8. M. Bobo et. al., “The Effects Of Long Term Aerobic Dance On Agility And Flexibility”, Journal Of Sports Medicine And Physical Fitness, Vol. 39, No. 3, 1999, p. 108.

9. F. Pigozzi Et. Al., “Effects Of Aerobic Exercise Training On 24 Hr Profile Of Heart Rate Variability In Female Athletes”, The Journal Of Sports Medicine And Physical Fitness, Vol. 41, No 1., 2001, p. 101.

10. Dr. V. S. SM. Rao, Rameshpal, “Effect Of Breath Holding On Aerobic And Anaerobic Capacities”, Madras, 600 075, INDIA. Yogamimansa, Kavlyadham, Lonavala, (2002) Vol IV, No. 7, p.98

11. J.R. Heath, C.J. Irwin, "An increase in breath-hold time appearing after breath-holding". The Marine Station, Millport, Scotland, Respiration Physiology, Volume 4, Issue 1, 10 January 2003., pp.73-77 www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/003456876898X

12. Haluk KELE, " Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training on the Heart rate-Work rate Relationship and Estimation of Anaerobic Threshold in Obese Females", Turk J Med Sci. 2006; 36 (3): 165-170

13. Jadho Kamal U., “Comparative Study of Effect of Aerobic and Anaerobic exercise on cardio-vascular endurance of leaper school students of Tapowan”, Unpublished Masters Dissertation, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati. 2006.

14. Peter H Klijn, Olga H Vander, Baan Slootweg and Henk F Vanstel, "Aerobic exercise in adolescents with obesity: preliminary evaluation of a modular training program and the modified shuttle test", BMC Pediatrics 2007, Vol. 7, No. 19 doi:10.1186/1471-2431-7-19

15. A Shahana, Usha S Nair, S S Hasrani, "Effect of aerobic exercise programme on health related physical fitness components of middle aged women", British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2010, Vol. 44, Supply 1, p.i19 doi:10.1136/bjsm.2010.078725.60

16. Butler, et. al., “Effect of cardiorespiratory training on Aerobic fitness and carryover to activity in children with cerebral palsy”, International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, Vol. 33, No.2, June 2010, pp.79-103.

83



Plyometric helps Jump further and Run Faster : Theoretical Consideration and Application.

Abdul latif Shaikh,

Sr. Physical Education Teacher, International Indian School, Dammam, Saudi Arabia Ph.D research scholar, Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India.

Supervision of : Arun F Shinde Maharashtriya Mandal’s, Chandrashekhar Agashe College of Physical Education and research center, Gultekadi, Pune.

INTRODUCTION

Every time a sprinting athlete puts a foot down, they generate an impact of around 2.5 times body weight. Multiply that by up to 12 during jumps and it's an injury waiting to happen. Plyometrics can train you to deflect impact from the muscles onto the tendons, which then act like a spring to help launch your next stride. So you can always ensure that the force is with you! Plyometric training, also known as 'jump training', has traditionally been reserved for athletes in jump-related or athletics-based sports. This is mainly due to the similar movements involved in the drills for these two sports – but they are also comparable in terms of the forces impacting on the body.

Protect and enhance – a dual benefit

To enable a triple jumper to condition their body and cope with the high loads when competing – as well as use them to their advantage – they need appropriate plyometric training to strengthen muscles, tendons and joints and help prevent injury. Achieving this successfully means that whatever force you put into the ground is used to propel you forward (Newton's 3rd Law of Motion) – hence the incredible feats of athleticism.

Recent research from the University of Technology, Australia, has shown a very high crossover of plyometric training with sprinting speed. So much so that top-flight clubs are now starting to use plyometrics to improve speed or jump distance in other sports such as football, basketball and even cricket.

For example, a sprinting athlete will load around 2.5 times bodyweight during each stride of the race. During triple jumping this figure increases, up to 12 times body weight sometimes more at the elite level. For a 75kg athlete, this could mean around 900kg travelling through the ankle, knee and hip on each contact.

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Plyometrics – what you need to know

What can I expect? Jump training requires exactly what it says on the jumping. However, it is important that this is progressed slowly to avoid injury and increase strength over time – exactly like your weights programme in the gym. Typical recommendations suggest that you should be able to squat at least 1.5 times your body weight. However, this is quite a high expectation for many, so an added provison here would be to keep the drills low to the ground and short in distance to begin with.

How do plyo's work? This is great for athletes because it means that your tendons can literally fire you into your next stride – increasing your sprint speed or jump distance.

How does the energy saving happen? Because it is the tendon that is mostly responsible for propulsion, the muscle expends less energy, as all it has to do is stay the same length throughout the movement i.e., muscle stiffness. It has been documented that, if conditioned correctly, the athlete may be able to recover around 60% of energy expenditure by effectively using tendons such as the Achilles in each stride. Thus good plyometric ability also means good resistance to fatigue.

Jump phases – The Science

This is all possible because of what is known as the 'stretchshortening cycle'. This process involves the muscles staying contracted under tension when the balls of the feet land on the floor, allowing the Achilles to extend (eccentric phase), immediately followed by contraction (concentric phase) to cause the recoil effect. If this happens fast enough under a quarter of a second, it allows the tendon to absorb the force by stretching and then recoiling to its resting length, thus firing you forward or upward. If it doesn’t happen fast enough or if the heel touches the ground, the stored energy in the tendon is simply lost as heat.

Exercises and progressions

These exercises and progressions will help develop your plyometric ability and thus sprint speed and jump distance via muscle stiffness and improved tendon elasticity . Remember, low and short is the key to begin with. Once you have mastered this, you can progress to higher and longer jumps. I recommend that you perform two or three sets of 6–10 repetitions to begin with. You can add more to your programme as you improve, but ensure no heel touches and allow full recovery between sets.

In a nutshell, they help to develop stiffness of muscles during landing, which causes the tendons to be loaded and stretched instead. Tendons, such as the Achilles in the heel (illustrated), can deal with very high loads. When they are stretched, they will naturally return to their resting length as quickly as possible – just like an elastic band.

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Contracted under tension when the balls of the feet land on the floor, allowing the Achilles to extend in eccentric phase, immediately followed by contraction in concentric phase to cause the recoil effect. If this happens fast enough under a quarter of a second it allows the tendon to absorb the force by stretching and then recoiling to its resting length, thus firing you forward or upward. If it doesn’t happen fast enough or if the heel touches the ground, the stored energy in the tendon is simply lost as heat.

REFERENCES

1. Lockie RG, Murphy AJ, Schultz AB et al. The effects of different speed training protocols on sprint acceleration kinematics and muscle strength and power in field sport athletes. J Strength Cond Res, 2011 Sep 9 [epub ahead of print]. 2. Baechle TR, Earle RW. Essentials of strength training and conditioning (2nd Edition). Human Kinetics, Champaign, Illinois, 2008. 3. Verkhoshansky YV. Quickness and velocity in sports movements. IAAF Quart: New Stud Athlet, 1996, 11, 29–37. 4. Bing Yu and James G. Hay. Angular Momentum and performance in the Triple Jump: A Cross-Sectional Analysis, J. of APPLIED BIOMECHANICS, 1995, 11, 81-102 5. Jarmo Perttunen et al. Biomechanical loading in the triple jump, Journal of Sports Sciences, 2000, 18, 363 - 370.

Ankling : Knees slightly bent and directly under hips. Drive up into the air, lifting toes up whilst in the air and forcibly slapping down onto balls of the feet during ground contact. Repeat in quick succession with limited time on the ground.

Jump to box : Choose an appropriately sized box. From a standing position, perform a countermovement and explosively triple extend. Land on the centre of the box. Land on the balls of the feet. As far as possible, do not allow heels to make contact with the box.

Jump lunges : Start with split-feet position. Jump upwards and switch leg position before landing. Landing should be on balls of the feet.

86



EFFECT OF PLAY THERAPY ON KINESTHETIC PERCEPTION AND COORDINATIVE ABILITIES OF

MENTALLY RETARDED STUENTS Mr. Abdul Rafeeque T.C

Ph.D. Scholar, Dept. of Physical Education, Pondicherry University

ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of play therapy on kinesthetic perception and

coordinative abilities of mentally retarded students. The investigator selected Thirty subjects (N= 30) for the present study from the mental age group of 10-15 years from the Fr. Tezzas training centre for mentally retarded, Kuttiyamvayal, Wayanad. The subjects were equally (n= 15) divided in to two groups namely, experimental group and control group. The experimental group underwent play therapy three days in a week i.e. on Monday, Wednesday and Friday for a period of six weeks. The control group was not involved in play therapy training. The play therapy training included Progressive walking, stair climbing, skip rope, hop, throwing ball, walking over 5m beam and low organized game. The total duration of warm up, play therapy training and cool down sessions was of 45 minutes approximately. The training load was kept gradually increased by the use of more vigorous activities after every week. The session started with stretching exercises, jogging and rotation of joints. The intensity was brought down with cool down session. All the subjects were tested on the kinesthetic perception and coordinative abilities test before and after six weeks play therapy training program. kinesthetic perception was tested by Distance perception test and coordinative ability was measured by Catching Test item & Throwing a ball at the target. The data pertaining to selected variables were analyzed by Independent ‘t’ test to determine the difference between initial and final mean for experimental control groups. The level of significant chosen was 0.05 levels. In the post test group, significant difference was seen in both abilities test.

Keywords: Play therapy, Kinesthetic perception, Coordinative abilities

INTRODUCTION

The Play is the most complete educational process of the mind. Physical activity should be increased by reducing sedentary time (e.g., watching television, playing computer video games or talking on the phone). It should be fun for children and adolescents. Parents should try to be role models for active lifestyles and provide children with opportunities for increased physical activity.

Play therapy is generally employed with children aged 3 through 11 and provides a way for them to express their experiences and feelings through a natural, self-guided, self-healing process. As children’s experiences and knowledge are often communicated through play, it becomes an important vehicle for them to know and accept themselves and others. Play Therapy can also be used as a tool of diagnosis. A play therapist observes a client playing with toys (play-houses, pets, dolls, etc.) to determine the cause of the disturbed behavior. The objects and patterns of play, as well as the willingness to interact with the therapist, can be used to understand the underlying rationale for behavior both inside and outside the session.

When an individual learns physical movements, this leads to changes in the motor cortex. The more practiced a movement is, the stronger the neural encoding becomes. Psychomotor learning is not limited to the motor cortex, however. Behavioral examples include throwing a

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ball, and playing a musical instrument. In psychomotor learning research, attention is given to the learning of coordinated activity involving the arms, hands, fingers, and feet, while verbal processes are not emphasized.

A disability is any physical or mental impairment that substantially limits an individual person in one or more of his/her major life activities (such as walking, talking, breathing or working). Infants, children and youth with disabilities need opportunities to participate in physical education as much as their non-disabled peer. Quality physical education programs stimulates the central nervous system for optional growth and development, assist in bone mineralization, promotes the maintenance of lean body tissues, reduces obesity, improves the function of heart and develops movement skills that are necessary for an active lifestyle.

The term retardation means a slowing or a delay. In mental retardation a person’s ability to learn is slow and limited. However, the mentally retarded person thinks and feels emotions and has the basis needs for love and self worth. Mental retardation is a term used when a person has certain limitations in mental functioning and in skills such as communicating, taking care of him or herself, and social skills. These limitations will cause a child to learn and develop more slowly than a typical child. Children with mental retardation may take longer to learn to speak, walk, and take care of their personal needs such as dressing or eating. They are likely to have trouble learning in school. They will learn, but it will take them longer. There may be some things they cannot learn.

Mental retardation begins in childhood or adolescence before the age of 18. In most cases, it persists throughout adult life. A diagnosis of mental retardation is made if an individual has an intellectual functioning level well below average, as well as significant limitations in two or more adaptive skill areas. Intellectual functioning level is defined by standardized tests that measure the ability to reason in terms of mental age (intelligence quotient or IQ). Mental retardation is defined as an IQ score below 70–75. Adaptive skills are a term that refers to skills needed for daily life. Such skills include the ability to produce and understand language (communication); home-living skills; use of community resources; health, safety, leisure, self-care, and social skills; self-direction; functional academic skills (reading, writing, and arithmetic); and job-related skills. There are many degrees of mentally retarded. Classifying people only as mentally retarded tells about these individuals and the level of their ability to function. Three common classifications used include: (a) Mild (b) Moderate (c) Severely/ profoundly.

METHOD Subjects

The investigator selected 30 mildly and moderately mentally retarded boys and girls between the mental age groups between 10-15 years from Fr. Tezzas training centre for mentally retarded, Kuttiyamvayal, Wayanad. The subjects were equally divided into two groups. The subjects were equally (n= 15) divided in to two groups namely, experimental group and control group. Variables Play therapy was considered as the independent variable and the following dependent variables were selected for the study (1) Kinaesthetic perception (2) Coordinative abilities. Experimental design

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In this study single group design was used to determine the effect of play therapy on kinesthetic perception and coordinative abilities of mentally retarded students. Treatment

The group had to undergo training thrice in a week for a period of six weeks. Each training session stretched from 1.30 p.m. to 3.00 p. m., which started with warm up, play therapy activity and warm down session. The warming up session lasted for 15-20 minutes. It consisted of target running, stretching, rotation of joints and jumping swinging action.

The work out series was for 30-45 minutes. This session consisted of different play therapy activities performed with the soul purpose of developing their Kinesthetic Perception and Coordinative abilities. The play therapy activities Progressive walking, stair climbing, skip rope, hop, throwing ball, walking over 5m beam and low organized game such as musical number, chain tag, squat out etc. After the work out session a few minutes was spend for limbering down. This consisted of same activities as the warm up session but performing at a decreased intensity for 10 minutes.


The pretest and posttest data pertaining to the study was collected by employing distance perception test and upper-limb coordination test for moderately mentally retarded. The mean difference between the initial and final scores of the group were compared by using dependent ‘t’ test. The level of significance chosen was at 0.05 level of confidence. Result

It is evident from table-1there was no significant difference between the pre and post test performance on kinesthetic perception, since the calculated‘t’ value 2.17 is higher than tabulated ‘t’ value of 1.761 at 0.05 level of significance with 14 df as compared to control group. There was significant difference between the pre and post test performance on catching test item, since the calculated‘t’ value 2.09 is higher than tabulated ‘t’ value of 1.761 at 0.05 level of significance with 14 df as compared to control group. And also significant difference between the pre and post test performance on throwing test item, since the calculated‘t’ value 3.21 is higher than tabulated ‘t’ value of 1.761 at 0.05 level of significance with 14 df as compared to control group. Table-1, Mean comparison of Exp group & controll group on dependent variables

Experimental group

Control group t- ratio

Pre-test mean

Post-test mean

Pre-test mean

Post-test mean

Experimental group

Control group

Kinaesthetic perception

0.50 0.36 0.49 0.57 2.17* 1.25

Catching 3.2 3.9 3.2 3.2 2.09* 0.20 Throwing 2.0 3.5 2.1 2.5 3.21* 1.33

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Pre and post test mean scores of experimental group and Control Group

DISCUSSION

The experimental group was underwent play therapy three days a week i.e. on Monday, Wednesday and Friday, for a period of six weeks. The total duration of each work out session including warm up, training & cooling down was of forty five minutes. The control group acted as the control group and was not involved in any training. From the statistical analysis it is evident that in the case of kinesthetic perception and coordinative abilities significant changes were noticed after training. A similar finding was also found by the study conducted by Kanchan (2009). The subjects involved in the study were very enthusiastic throughout the study simply because they had not done anything of this nature ever before. The freshness of the training created a genuine interest and they took up as an activity enjoying it the core.

The result shows that there was significant change in the kinesthetic perception in the experimental group as compared to control group. In the coordinative abilities, two test items are included. Catching test and throwing accuracy, the result shows that there was significant change in both test in the experimental group as compared to control group.

CONCLUSION

Six weeks play therapy training program improved the kinesthetic perception and of coordinative abilities of mentally retarded students.

REFERENCES

1. Suzann K. Camphell, Darl W. Vander Linden and Robert.J. Palisano, “Physical Therapy for Children”, 3rd Edition, Eleseiver in USA, 2006.

2. Wilson Kete, Virginio Ryan,”Play Therapy”, Bailliere Trindall, Elsevier, 2005. 3. Roshan Meena and Kamal Narayan,”Concise Exercise Therapy”, Peepee Publication, 2003. 4. Dr.Devinder K Kansal,” Test, Measuremen in Sports Sciences “, Delhi, DVS Publication, 1996. 5. Millar, Pattritia D; “Fitness Programming and Physical Disability”, Publication for Disabled

Sport USA, 1995. 6. Gurprect singh, gagandeep randhawa, “physical fitness programs for mild mentally retarded

children”, scientic journal in sports and exercise, Vol: 3, No.1, New Delhi, 2007. 7. Mrs. Gunjan bhardwaj, Mr. vikas bhardwaj, “effect of recreational programme on physically

disabled children”,emerging trends in physical education, Patiala, 2006.

0

1

2

3

4

5

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CATCHING THROWING

EXP. Pre

Exp. Pst

Cnt. Pre

Cnt. Pst

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HUMAN VALUES THROUGH SPORTS: A REVIEW AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR SCHOOL CHILDREN

VARGHESE C ANTONY1 V. LAWRENCE GRAYKUMAR2 JOSSEN C ANTONY3 DEEPENDRA YADAV4 VIVEK KUMAR JAISWAL5

1KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND MINERALS, DHAHRAN, SAUDI ARABIA 2INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYMADRAS, TAMIL NADU, INDIA

3JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA, KASARGOD, KERALA, INDIA 4RANI DURGAVATI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, JABALPUR, INDIA

5GOVT. RD COLLEGE, MANDLA, M.P. INDIA

Abstract

This paper reviews research on development of human values through sports and its implications towards the character formation of school children. Sport is more than a physical activity. “Sport means all forms of physical activity which, through casual and organized participation, aim at expressing or improving physical fitness and mental well-being, forming social relationships or obtaining results in competition at all levels.” Schools by their nature are value-bound, value oriented institutions. Following the Arnold’s (1997) notion of “sport as a valued human practice,” we examined what are the values sports impart to the children. Taking part in any sport or physical activity can improve the quality of life; improve physical health, mental health, counter anti-social behavior. Sports cultivate important good moral values such as generosity, magnanimity, courage, perseverance, cooperation, self discipline, self esteem, confidence, loyalty, dedication, sacrifice, teamwork, honesty, fair play, justice, and responsibility. Playfield is a laboratory to inculcate good human values. Keywords: values, sports, physical health, mental health.

INTRODUCTION We have always known that sport is more than a physical activity. The definition of sport is the broad, inclusive one offered by the Council of Europe (2001): “Sport means all forms of physical activity which, through casual and organized participation, aim at expressing or improving physical fitness and mental well-being, forming social relationships or obtaining results in competition at all levels.” Seefeldt (1987) has enumerated many benefits associated with participation in any organized sports program. Specifically he proposed that through participation of sports children (a) develop physical skills that can contribute to a life time of physical involvement; (b) improve fitness; (c) learn social and emotional skills; (d) develop moral values; and (e) acquire a better sense of self through increased perceived competence, self esteem, and self confidence. However, the development of these competencies does not occur automatically. Plato (1920, p46) said, “The moral value of exercise and sports far outweigh the physical value”. Sports are a reflection of life and most of the time sports are displayed on a public forum and following good moral values allows you to represent yourself and your team with honor. Often times in sports decisions are made in a split second and having a strong moral background allows people to make good decisions even in tough situations. “Participating in sport can improve the quality of life of individuals and communities, promote social inclusion,

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improve health, counter anti-social behavior, raise individual self-esteem and confidence, and widen horizons” (sportscotland, 2003, p7). Many feel that the sports culture is ideal for character development. Today thousands of interscholastic and recreational programs viewed as instruments to foster character among participants (Rudd & Mondello, 2006). Researchers believe the sports environment to be morally fertile ground, vehicular in its character building capacity to develop socially desired values. Since 25% of a youth’s time is comprised of time interacting with adults who are not their parents, sport presents numerous opportunities to develop socially desired virtues like trust, loyalty, compassion, integrity, team work, and responsibility (Kleiber & Roberts, 1981; Masteralexis et al, 2005; Sipes, 1973; Taylor, 1999). Sports can be a valuable training ground for its young participants because of its capacity to instill important life lessons (e.g., how to win and lose gracefully, the value of upholding the spirit of the game, and the benefits of team work) and teach valuable life skills such as taking initiative, being responsible, solving problems, setting goals, processing feedback, working with others, regulating one’s emotions (e.g., Danish, Petipes & Hale, 1992; Kleiber & Kirshnit, 1991; Smoll& Smith, 2002). Sport may provide a context in which youth have opportunities to learn life skills and other positive attributes that help them thrive away from the field of play (Danish & Nellen, 1997; Jones & Lavallee, 2009). The acquisition of such competencies, assets, values, and life skills is the essence of Positive Youth Development(PYD). Positive Youth Development is a strength-based conception of development that can be defined as "the engagement in pro-social behaviors and avoidance of health compromising behaviors and future jeopardizing behaviors" (Roth, Brooks- Gunn, Murray, & Foster, 1998, p. 426). There is a belief that through playing sport youth can learn competencies, assets, values, and life skills that will have a positive influence on their overall development. The Surgeon General’s Report on Physical Activity and Health (1996) clearly documents the benefits of regular physical activity to the health of adults and youth alike. Because sport is a major type of activity in which youth are involved, it can be considered a viable method of promoting good health. Sports that are considered to be “lifetime” in nature are especially important in meeting national health objectives. In 1997 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published “Guidelines for Schools and Communities for Promoting Lifelong Physical Activity.” The guidelines note the benefits of regular physical activity in childhood and adolescence: improves strength and endurance, helps build healthy bones and muscles, helps control weight, reduces anxiety and stress, increases self-esteem, and may improve blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Sport is a valued practice because “it is a peculiarly human activity in which values internal to that activity are discovered and realized in the course of trying to achieve the standards of excellence that characterize it” (Arnold, 1997, p. 14). When sport is pursued for its own sake, players abide by the rules, and sportsmanship is shown, sports transcend a game and become a morally just and honorable aspect of life. It is a human practice where individuals are tested (Ibid, p135). Historically, the reason educational institutions have adopted athletics as a program is because, at their best, they promote character building. Sports help people feel comfortable in their skins and provide unique opportunities to develop qualities such as cooperation, perseverance, and the ability to cope with fear (Marino, 2007). Schools by their nature are value-bound, value oriented institutions. Moral education occurs in every activity or educational

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process, consciously and unconsciously (Harris & Hoyle, 1990). The schools like government, is an institution with basic function of maintaining and transmitting the consensus of values of society (Power, 1989). One of the most effective means of promoting physical activity is by integrating it into universal public education systems. Schools have unique opportunities to provide adequate physical activity for all young people through compulsory physical education programs, school sport programs, and after-school leisure-time physical activity initiatives. There is conflicting evidence as to whether physical activity levels in childhood and youth predict physical activity throughout life. However, ample participation in play, games and other physical activities, in school and during free time, is essential for the healthy development of every young person. Access to safe places, opportunities and time, and positive examples set by teachers, parents and friends are all part of ensuring that children and young people move for health (WHO, World Health Report, 2003). There is a significant amount of evidence to suggest that sport-based programs improve the learning performance of children and youth, facilitating educational attainment and encouraging them to stay in school, and those sport-based programs in schools aid in the social development of young people. This relationship is thought of in different ways. In the most basic way, sport participation at a young age helps children to learn physical skills that allow them to stay active later in life (Hedstrom & Gould, 2004). Research has demonstrated that when fairness, sportsmanship and character development are systematically and consistently taught to children in sports settings, individual character can be enhanced as an outgrowth of sports involvement (Beller & Stoll, 1992; Kavassanu & Roberts, 2001). Following the Arnold’s (1997) notion of “sport as a valued human practice,” we examined what are the values sports impart to the children.

Physical Health Sport’s unique and universal power to attract, motivate and inspire makes it a highly effective tool for engaging and empowering individuals, communities and even countries to take action to improve their health. Sport can also be a powerful means of mobilizing more resources in the global fight against disease, but this potential is only just beginning to be realized. According to the WHO (2006), experience and scientific evidence show that regular participation in appropriate physical activity and sport provides people of both sexes and all ages and conditions, including persons with disabilities, with a wide range of physical, social and mental health benefits. Physical activity and sport support strategies to improve diet and discourage the use of tobacco, alcohol and drugs. As well, physical activity and sport help reduce violence, enhance functional capacity, and promote social interaction and integration.

Because developing countries have relatively limited resources to devote to health care for people with chronic disease, prevention is the most cost-effective and sustainable way to address this health challenge. Physical inactivity is the most common of all cardiovascular risk factors across countries. After tobacco use, inactivity is the greatest contributor to mortality and morbidity from all causes (Borm & Oja, 2004). Physical activity is, therefore, increasingly viewed as the least expensive and most effective preventive “medicine” for combating the increasing worldwide problem of obesity and, with physical fitness, may represent the most effective strategy to prevent chronic disease (Giannini, Mohn&Chiarelli, 2006). The benefits of physical activity in relation to non-communicable disease are irrefutable. These include the

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primary and secondary prevention of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, hypertension, obesity, depression and osteoporosis, as well as individual and societal economic benefits such as reduced health-care costs and increased productivity (Warburton, Nicol & Bredin, 2006). Regular participation in sports or physical activity is necessary to maintain an optimal level of health, performance, and appearance. Researchers have shown that regular physical exercise enhance the function of the joints, increases the sense of physical being, and promotes sense of feeling good, increases physical working capacity by increasing cardio-respiratory fitness, muscular strength and endurance; and decreases the risk of serious diseases that could lead to an early disability and death. In addition, physical activity and sports provides an outlet for dissipation of tension and mental fatigue, aids in weight reduction and control, improves posture, contributes to a youthful appearance, enhances one’s self image, and increases general vitality. (William, 1990) Because physical inactivity is a primary risk factor driving the global increase in chronic disease, sport can play a critical role in slowing the spread of chronic diseases, reducing their social and economic burden, and saving lives. While physical activity includes a broader range of activities than sport alone (people can be physically active at work or engaged in domestic tasks at home), direct participation in sport is one of the most enjoyable, and therefore powerful, means of motivating and mobilizing people to become physically active. In addition to enhancing overall physical fitness, regular physical activity, active play and sports can have a positive impact on other major health risk factors, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, tobacco use and stress. (WHO, 2006) Physical Activity (PA) confers a positive benefit on health which includes updates in all-cause mortality and in cardiovascular disease prevention, diabetes, stroke, mental health, falls and injuries, and in obesity prevention. Recent studies have reinforced our understanding of the cardiovascular protective effects of moderate PA, with new evidence that walking reduces the risk of CVD. The evidence base for protective effects of activity for women, older adults and for special populations has strengthened. Cancer prevention studies have proliferated during this period but the best evidence remains for colon cancer, with better evidence accumulating for breast cancer prevention, and uncertain or mixed evidence for the primary prevention of other cancers. Important new controlled-trial evidence has accumulated in the area of type 2 diabetes: moderate PA combined with weight loss, and a balanced diet can confer a 50–60% reduction in risk of developing diabetes among those already at high risk. Limited new evidence has accumulated for the role of PA in promoting mental health and preventing falls (Bauman, 2004). More recently, the European Commission (2007) released its White Paper on Sport, explicitly referencing the role of sport in advancing public health, stating that: “As a tool for health-enhancing physical activity, the sport movement has a greater influence than any other social movement. Sport is attractive to people and has a positive image. However, the recognized potential of the sport movement to foster health-enhancing physical activity often remains under-utilized and needs to be developed.”

Obesity Obesity is defined as the abnormal and excessive accumulation of fat that may impair an individual’s health. In 2005, it was estimated that 400 million people in the world were obese. By 2015, this figure is expected to rise to 700 million. This trend is largely due to a shift in diet (to energy dense foods low in vitamins) and decreased physical activity (WHO, 2006). Obesity is recognized as a medical condition and as a major contributor to a number of serious chronic

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illnesses – heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke and cancer. WHO reported that physical activity, in the context of broader lifestyle changes and healthy eating, can make a significant contribution to the control and reduction of obesity and associated health risks (Welk& Blair, 2000). Cardiovascular Disease It is now well established that regular physical activity and increased cardio-respiratory fitness reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality in general and of coronary heart disease mortality in particular. Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes There is a strong link between type II diabetes and sedentary lifestyles. Physical activity would seem a prudent strategy for all people, especially those who are at risk of type II diabetes (Krisha, 1997; Boule et al, 2002). Colon Cancer Evidence linking inactivity and a variety of cancers has grown over the last decade (Thune and Furberg, 2001). The evidence for a positive relationship between regular physical activity and reduced risks of colon cancer is “convincing”and for breast and prostate cancer “probable” (Marrett et al, 2000). Osteoporosis There is some evidence to suggest that load- bearing/resistance-based physical activity throughout childhood and early adolescence can contribute to the reduction in the incidence of osteoporosis (Shaw and Snow, 1995; Puntila et al, 1997; Kemper et al, 2000). Haemorrhagic Strokes Although there are many factors that contribute to the incidence of strokes, evidence suggests that increased left ventricular mass without physical activity results in a high risk of stroke (Rodriguez et al, 2002). Mental Health Mental health is defined by the WHO as a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to contribute to her or his community. Exercise and, by extension, sport have long been known to produce beneficial effects on mental health, enhance self-esteem, help to manage stress and anxiety, and alleviate depression (Ruiz, 2004). In patients with psychiatric disorders, physical exercise has been shown to diminish clinical symptoms, especially for depression (Knechtle, 2004). More recently, breakthrough research has shown that exercise may also improve brain functions such as memory and learning and reduce the risk of cognitive loss through Alzheimer’s and small strokes (Carmichael, 2007). Regular participation in sport and exercise programs can play an important role in supporting the formation of self-concept in adolescents and building self-esteem and self-confidence in people of all ages (Seiler &Birrer, 2001). While investigations of the short-term effects of sports show that it largely results in positive mood changes, ongoing physical activity results in the same improvements to well-being, and improved perception of one’s health status and a higher satisfaction with one’s health. All these effects are important determinants of health because they influence individuals’ perceptions of their self-worth and their ability to respond to life’s challenges (Vail, 2005). Research evidence illustrates that physical activity, and associated processes, can contribute positively to mental health (with the obvious exceptions of over-training and training addiction) and have a positive effect on anxiety, depression, mood and emotion, self-esteem and

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psychological dysfunction (SPAG, 1999; Mutrie and Biddle, 1995). However, there are concerns about how these disputed conditions are defined and measured, and there is a poor understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the relationship between physical activity and psychological well-being (Scully et al, 1998; Fox, 1999). Nevertheless, research evidence illustrates the following: participation in a one-off bout of physical activity can result in a reduction in anxiety levels and self-reported feelings of increased well-being. Such improvements have been reported to last for up to three hours after the activity session (Raglin, 1990; Steptoe, 1992). Improved self-esteem, self-efficacy and perceived competence result from long-term participation in an exercise programme (King et al, 1989). Roberts and Brodie (1992) found that minor increases in sporting activity can lead to increases in positive self-assessments. The Social Nature of Sport Sports can provide excellent educational opportunities for social development because many of the social and moral requirements for participation in sports are parallels to how individuals must function in a law-abiding society. Because sports are so highly valued in any culture, many parents believe that children should be exposed to organized sports at an early age. Participation in sports alone does not result in the development of positive social and emotional characteristics. The positive development of youth in organized sports can only be derived through sports experiences that foster positive experiences and minimize negative experiences.Sports contribute to the maintenance and improvement of health, provide a wholesome leisure-time occupation and enable man to overcome the drawbacks of modern living. At the community level, they enrich social relations and develop fair play, which is essential not only to sport itself but also to life in society. Two different types of character values exist and are evident in sport: social and moral. Typical social character values include loyalty, dedication, sacrifice, teamwork, and good citizenship (Lumpkin, Stoll & Beller, 2002), while moral values include honesty, fairness, fair play, justice, and responsibility. Social values, which are highly esteemed in our society, are about the real world and how society views the importance of social character. Sportsmanship and the development of positive character have long been explicit goals of school sports. A strong belief exists that sport programs have the power to promote the development of "...sportsmanlike behaviors, ethical decision-making skills, and a total curriculum for moral character development" (Stoll, 1995, p. 335) and provide a social environment to acquire personal and social values and behaviors contributing to good character and good citizenship (Arnold, 1984; Sage, 1998). Social Health Sport clearly has the potential to provide a variety of social and recreational networks and a regular routine, which promotes social interaction – elements central to community development, social inclusion and mental health (Thomas, 1995; Forrest and Kearns, 1999). Coalter’s (2005) review essay captures important evidence regarding the role of sport in building and facilitating social and community inclusion and active citizenship. Sports identifies as educationally useful leading to desirable social and moral outcomes, “such as generosity, magnanimity, courage and perseverance could be cultivated and developed in sports” (Arnold, 1994). When sport is compared to other forms of socially acceptable activities, it becomes hard to oppose statements from some sport philosophers and physical educationists such as Arnold (1992, 1997, 1999), Kirk (2006), Maraj (1965), Schneider (2009) and Siedentop (2002) that there are few activities or situations in our daily life that demand or teach the virtues that are commonplace and necessary to partake in sport.

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Research suggests that Canadians see community level sports as benefiting their local communities in the following ways: offering a source of fun and recreation, reducing crime and delinquency, bringing people together and building community, and providing a source of history and local tradition (CCES, 2002, p.3). Sports programs aimed at reducing youth delinquency work simply by reducing boredom in youth and creating a diversion from less desirable, sometimes criminal, behaviour (Morris, Sallybanks, Willis &Makkai, 2003).Schneider (2009) also argued that achieving excellence in sport calls for not only effective skill execution, but also practicing moral ethos of sport such as honesty, fairness, respect, generosity and kindness. He maintains that sport participants must adhere to the written rules and the unwritten rules of sport (the ethos of sport) in which he or she has agreed to participate (Schneider, 2009). In this sense, Graham McFee (2000) supports Schneider’s point by making the distinction between the actual rules and the “spirit” of the rules. Sport and recreation can also help to divert young people from crime and anti-social behaviours. It can also target those young people most at risk of committing crime and help their rehabilitation and development. Several policy-related reviews of the potential social value of sport (Sport England, 1999; Collins et al, 1999; Best, 2001; Department of Culture, Media and Sport, 1999; Coalter et al, 2000, Cabinet Office, 2002) list the prevention of youth crime as an issue to which sports can make a contribution, both in terms of diverting young people from crime and in the rehabilitation of offenders.Ewing et al. (2002, p.36) argued that sport offers a “dynamic domain” for moral and character development and expression among youth, particularly in terms of positive values such as hard work, fair play and an orientation to succeed, and behavior and social relations. Physical Activity, Sport and Academic Achievement There is a widespread assumption that that taking part in sport and other physical activity results in better academic achievement. The presumed mechanisms underpinning this relationship vary and include: increased energy derived from fitness; productive diversion resulting from time away from classroom; reduced disruptive behaviour; improved cognitive functioning as a result of increased cerebral blood flow or improvement of brain neurotransmitters; and a relationship between motor and mental skills and increased self-esteem (Etnier et al, 1997; Lindner, 1999). However, the factors involved are complex and raise significant issues of measurement. For example, in a major review of relevant research, Etnier et al (1997) conclude that the largest measured relationships are obtained from the weakest research designs and the weakest relationships are found in the most robust research designs. Sallis et al (1999) illustrate that few relevant research findings are based on standardized, comparable, tests. Consequently, there is no definitive evidence of a positive, causal relationship between physical activity/sport and academic achievement. Where such correlations have been found, the explanation for the nature and direction of cause remains speculative (Etnier et al, 1997; Shephard, 1997; Lindner, 1999; Sallis et al, 1999). However, within this context, there are some suggestive findings: Thomas et al (1994) conclude that the benefits of regular exercise on cognitive functioning are small but reliable for reaction time, sharpness and maths. Etnier et al (1997) found that both short-term and sustained exercise programmes resulted in small positive gains in cognitive performance (such as reaction time, perception, memory, and reasoning). Inspections of specialist Sports Colleges in England have shown early signs that examination

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results in physical education and other subjects are improving since physical education and sport have become central elements of the colleges (Ofsted and the Youth Sport Trust, 2000). Contrary to the fears of some parents, research undertaken with control groups and using standardized tests suggests that devoting substantially increased school time to physical education and sport does not have a detrimental effect on pupils’ academic performance – while also conferring physical and mental health benefits (Sallis et al, 1999).

CONCLUSION Scientific and technological developments have led to sedentary lifestyles for many people. Even as medical advances have found remedies for diseases and extended lifespan, the quality of life is on the decline as people engage in unhealthy habits and face greater pressures from the family, society and workplace. Emerging trends show that people know they should pay more attention to the state of their physical, mental and social wellness. Consequently, the perception of a healthy person now includes someone with a well-built body who is intelligent and has strong mental character, morals, sensitivity and social skills. It is important, therefore, that the PE curriculum in schools is designed appropriately to help develop citizens with these characteristics as early as possible (Wang et al, 2008). School sport remains the only universal access point for young people and we are concerned and hopeful that sports remains attached to the school curriculum whatever changes may emerge. We hold strongly to the view that quality sport for young people leads to quality adult sport which will improve the physical, mental and social health children.We are all aware of the awesome task of educators in today’s society. The expression “if we stand for nothing, we will fall for anything” applies to the teachers / coaches responsibility to e aware of the fundamental universal values such as responsibility, respect, honesty, perseverance, self-discipline, goal setting, co-operation, fairness and service to others and how those universal values must be taught, reinforced and modeled. Sports and education provides a magnificent preparation for life and fosters most noble of human values. These values include those required to excel in all areas of life, such as leadership, discipline, teamwork, fair play and consistency. Through an integrated approach sports generates hope, driving people of all ages to achieve new goals and turn dreams into reality.We believe that participants can form moral habits and learn moral reasoning skill more effectively through sport than through any other activities in our life. Taking part in any sport or physical activity can improve the quality of life; improve physical health, mental health, counter anti-social behavior. Sports cultivate important good moral values such as generosity, magnanimity, courage, perseverance, cooperation, self discipline, self esteem, confidence, loyalty, dedication, sacrifice, teamwork, honesty, fair play, justice, and responsibility that they can then automatically be transferred and applied to other spheres of life. Playfield is a laboratory to inculcate good human values.

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(Eds.), Children and Youth in Sports: A Biopsychological Perspective (2nd ed., pp. 211 – 234) – Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/ Hunt. 62. Sport England. (1999).Best Value Through Sport: The Value of Sport to Local Authorities, Sport England, London. 63. Sportscotland.(2003).Sport 21 2003-2007: The National Strategy for Sport, Edinburgh, sportscotland. 64. Steptoe, A. (1992). Physical Activity and Well-Being, In: Norgan, N.G. Physical Activity and Health, Cambridge, University Press. 65. Surgeon General. (1996).Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General, US Department of Health and Human

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International Proceedings and Consensus Statement (Champagne, Illinois: Human Kinetics). 69. Warburton, D., Nicol, W.C., &Bredin, S. (2006). “Health Benefits of Physical Activity: the Evidence” 174:6 CMAJ at 801-809,

online: Canadian Medical Association Journal,<http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/174/6/801>. [Warburton, “Health Benefits”]. 70. Welk, G J and Blair, S N. (2000). ‘Physical Activity Protects against the Health Risks of Obesity’, President’s Council on Physical

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<http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2003/WHO_NMH_ NPH_PAH_03.2.pdf>. [WHO, Physical Activity]. 73. World Health Organization, World Health Report.(2003). Shaping the Future at 17, online: WHO, http://www. who.int/whr/2003/en/ 74. Rudd, A. &Mondello, M. J. (2006). How do college coaches define character? A qualitative study with Division IA head

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Construction of Electronic Digital Equipment to Assess the Performance of Selected Standard Track Events

V.Ravikumar Director of Physical Education, Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology

Othakkalmandapam, Coimbatore, India

ABSTRACT

In this push button era every field was automated by the support of computers which is more accurate and reliable to carry out the work successfully. Hence the present investigator made an attempt to construct an electronic digital equipment to Asses the timings and position of athletes in various track events. Now days mostly timings are taken in track events by manually using stop watches, which may not be very accurate, because stop watches are operated by human beings, such is based on the operating ability of the timer. (Reaction time, observation sensitiveness, environmental factors, Psychological aspects, etc.,) every individual has not having same operating ability, which is differ from individual to individual, and it will having some influence over the final result either positively or negatively it may prone to some error and will affect the performer’s timings. To avoid such things Electronic Digital Equipment has been invented with accurate starting and finishing technique using the following core parts 1. Infra Red Transmitter 2. Infra Red receiver 3. Interfacing Unit and 4. Computer. To obtain scientific authenticity of the device 24 subjects were chosen from Hindusthan College of engineering and Technology, Coimbatore and the appropriate data were collected using the newly devised equipment and stop watches simultaneously while the subjects were running in the 100m race. The collected data were treated with appropriate statistical techniques and obtained Validity, Reliability and objectivity of the device. Key words: IR Transmitter, IR Receiver, Interfacing Unit, Computer, Validity, Reliability, objectivity.

INTRODUCTION

Scientific inventions and explorations enumerable like NANO Technology keep racking the globe increasingly in unimaginable and incomparable proportions, almost everyday. We remain pleasantly shocked and stunned by the progress in various fields. We may dare say, not a minute is spared sans of any, such inventions or at least discoveries.

While all the fields reap the benefit of the scientific benedictions, the investigator taught to implement such innovations in the field of sports. This line of quixotic thinking motivated him, consequently born is this device. Blessed by the Olympus, he introduces this approach, targeting accuracy and precision, promoted by this following gadget “Electronic Digital Equipment” to Asses the timings and position of athletes in various track events.

Now days mostly timings are taken in track events by manually using stop watches, which may not be very accurate, because stop watches are operated by human beings, such is based on the operating ability of the timer. (Reaction time, observation sensitiveness’, environmental factors, Psychological aspects, etc.,) every individual has not having same operating ability, which is differ from individual to individual, and it will having some influence over the final result either positively or negatively, it may prone to some error and will affect the performer’s timings.

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To avoid such things Electronic Digital Equipment was invented, and it is having accurate starting and finishing technique. Hence we can find out perfect timings and position of the sports man.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The purpose of the study was to construct an Electronic Digital Equipment to assess timings of selected standard track events. DELIMITATIONS The Study was delimited in these following factors. An instrument was constructed as per the requirement of conducting sprinting events. Twenty four subjects were used to establish reliability, validity and Objectivity of the instrument. LIMITATIONS The following uncontrollable factors associated with the study was accounted as limitations of this study,

1. The quantum of physical life, Style, Physiological stress and other factors effort were considered as limitations.

2. The uncontrollable changes in climatic conditions such as atmospheric temperature, humidity and other meteorological factors during the period of testing and their possible influence on the test item were considered as limitations.

HYPOTHESIS It was hypothesized that the newly designed instrument will be valid, reliable and objective in assessing the timings of the subjects in various selected standard track events.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 1. This study gives an additional knowledge to the area of research. 2. The results of the study would be useful to coaches and administrators to assess the

performance of players more accurately in standard track events. 3. This study will help the teacher of Physical Education and administrators to assess the

player’s ability in position wise accurately. 4. This study will help the participants to know their accurate performance. 5. This study will help to reduce the duration (schedule) of the competition. 6. This study will help to know the timings and position of all participating athletes by

single attempt.

METHOD

Details about Electronic digital Equipment The following are the contributing vital equipments of Electronic Digital Equipment.

1. IR Transmitters 2. IR Receivers 3. Interfacing unit and 4. Computer. IR Transmitters The Infra red transmitter promotes the operation with the help of two different kinds of IC 555 special chips that are capable of Infra Red rays production, as soon as power fed. The infrared rays constructed by the square waves are adjustable to our desired frequency modulation.

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One of the two different categories of IC 555, one category produces the data signals the other carries the produced data signal to the next stage into the amplifier. This amplifier equipped with the transmitters, it converts those signals in the form of Infra red rays emission, through the infrared Light Emitting Diode (LED). These IR emitted rays unique of their nature, unlike other light rays travel in streamlined

straight lines. The potency of the emitted IR rays permits and accepts required modulation exemplified through the pictorial circuit representation.

IR Receivers The IR receivers were placed at the finishing line of every lane over the IR transmitters.

The TSO P17 series receivers were used to receive the IR rays from the transmitters. Since the transmitters at various lanes are directly focused towards the receivers in the straight line they accurately and deftly receive the IR signal emission. They initiate their function by converting the received IR rays into data signal outputs. The TSO P17 series ICs can receive wide range frequencies and promote the production of wide bandwidth frequency and directs them to be felicitously received and interlinked with the micro controller. Interfacing unit

The operation passes through a third stage in interfacing unit, which consist of a special micro controller, which receive the signals from IR receivers and converted it as a data signals also sending it to the computer for appropriate functions. This gadget by virtue of its function is named as Interface or Interlinking unit. Computer The computer was installed with special software. The software receives the data from interfacing unit and it gives the exact results professed as computer accuracy or precision. The so begotten results defy and quell the needless, unhealthy disputes, doubts and dissensions, guarantying exactitude.

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FUNCTIONING METHOD

The functioning method is represented through the following diagram

The IR transmitter was placed at the finishing point in every lane also the (8) IR receivers were also fixed over the corresponding transmitters. The output of the receivers was connected with interfacing unit. The interfacing unit consists of a special microcontroller, device operating switch and special sensing switch. The special microcontroller is embedded with a software program which encoding the signal data with the computer.

When fed with the appropriate power to enable IR emission and get streamlined injection into the corresponding IR receivers at the top by the power button switch on operation. Simultaneously the eight timers were also started in the computer by timer switch on operation, mean while the so gathered ray by receiver was directed to the Interfacing unit. Thus the data signals were encoded and sent it to the computer for appropriate function.

During the race, while the athletes crossing the finishing line, the continuously emitting IR rays getting interruption; this interruption is sensed by the corresponding IR receiver and sending it to the interfacing unit. The micro controller of the interfacing unit will encode the interruptions with the corresponding timer in the computer. The computer analyzing the data signals and displayed the exact timing of the every athlete in 1/1000 seconds. When the starting gun was fired to commence the race the athletes were started the race, simultaneously the all eight timers in the computer were started by operating switch on operation. Consequently all 8 timers get operated simultaneously and flashed in the computer screen.

C

P

Power Switch

Timer Operation

Sensing Switch

Signal wires to Power cable to

Power Unit to

I R T i

Finishing Line Standard Track

Inter Linking Unit ( ) i llI R

I R Transmitter

P.C

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During the race, on the nearing of the finishing point of the athletes at every lane the sensing switch was stimulated in the interfacing unit, to record the precise finishing time of the athletes in every lane. As everyone has crossed the finishing point, the interruptions by everyone at the finishing point were received by the receivers and transmitted into the interfacing unit. Such corresponding interruption instantly sent to the computer in the form of a special computer code and the corresponding timer in the computer also instomatically stops; so does every athlete also. So the athlete’s timings positions like particulars are precisely recorded by the computer for exactness. As already mentioned since the operation is equal to the speed of the light wave precision assurance is guaranteed.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Computation of descriptive statistics

Mean and S.D on Speed of 100m Sprinters (Sec) Trials Mode of Assessment 100m Speed

1

New Device Mean 13.33 SD 0.75

Stop Watches Mean 13.39 SD 0.73

2 New Device Mean 13.3 SD 0.77

3 New Device Mean 13.26

SD 0.76 The above table shows that the mean values of the subject’s speed during the 1 to 3

trials are 13.33, 13.39, 13.30, and 13.26 with standard deviations of 0.75, 0.73, 0.77, and 0.76 respectively.

Reliability of 100m speed performance Analysis of variance with repeated measures for 100m (sec.) sprint performance

VARIABLES ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE WITH REPEATED MEASURES

100m SPEED PERFORMANCE

(sec.)

Source SS Df MS F MSE R

Subjects 127.86 119 1.074 0.05 0.85 0.93 Trials 0.0048 1 0.004

Residual 10.155 119 0.085

The table value is 4.78 The table value is 0.234

The above table indicates that the obtained F ratio 0.05 is less than the table value of 4.78 required at 0.01 level of significant. This proved that there is no significant difference between the test and re-test scorers indicating that the process of testing of the 100m sprint is perfect and consistent.

The result of intraclass correlation for 100m sprint performance is indicates that the obtained intraclass (R) value 0.93 is higher than the table value 0.234 required at 0.01 level of

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significant. It denotes that the 100m sprint assessed by the device during the test and re-testing periods are significantly related.

The above results proved that the newly constructed electronic device is reliable to assess the 100m sprint performance of sprinters on the track simultaneously for eight athletes.

Validity of 100m speed performance

Pearson product moment correlation for 100m (sec.) Speed performance

VARIABLES PEARSON PRODUCT MOMENT CORRELATION

100m SPEED

PERFORMANCE(sec.)

Mode of Assessment Mean SD r

Sprint Analyzer 13.33 0.75 0.98 Stopwatch 13.39 0.73

The table value is 0.236

The table indicates that the obtained correlation value 0.98 is higher than the table value 0.236 required at 0.01 level of significant. It denotes that the 100m speed performance using the newly constructed electronic device and stopwatches simultaniously are significantly related.

The above results proved that the newly constructed electronic device is valid in assessing the 100m speed performance of sprinters on the track simultaneously for eight athletes.

Objectivity of 100m speed performance

Analysis of variance with repeated measures for 100m (sec.) speed performance

VARIABLES ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE WITH REPEATED MEASURES

100m SPEED PERFORMANCE

(sec.)

Source SS df MS F MSE R

Subjects 187.22 119 1.57 2.24 0.09 0.94 Trials 0.378 2 0.19

Residual 20.07 238 0.08 The table value is 4.78 The table value is 0.234

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The above table indicates that the obtained F ratio 2.24 is less than the table value of 4.78 required at 0.01 level of significant. This proved that there is no significant difference among three different testers. It reveals that the process of testing the 100m speed performance is perfect and consistent.

The results of intraclass correlation is indicates that the obtained intraclass (R) value 0.94 is higher than the table value 0.234 required at 0.01 level of significant. It denotes that the 100m speed performance recorded by the three testers using the newly constructed electronic device at three different periods is significantly related.

The above results strongly proved that the newly constructed electronic device possess objectivity to assess the 100m speed performance of sprinters on the track simultaneously for eight athletes.

Analysis of Data and interpretation of the study

The main purpose of the study was to construct an electronic digital equipment to assess the timings of the subject in selected standard track events and also to establish scientific authenticity of the instrument.

The establishment of scientific authenticity involves establishment of validity, reliability and objectivity. Though different methods are available to establish validity, reliability and objectivity, the below mentioned methods were selected due to its appropriateness and simplicity.Validity was established using twenty four Bachelors of engineering students, Hindusthan college of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore.

Data were collected using the stop watches for twenty four subjects’ along with the newly constructed equipment designed by the present investigator was used and data were collected for the same subjects. Using these two sets of data, Pearson Product moment correlation was applied and coefficient of correlation was found out. It resulted with the value of 0.98 indicates 97% association between these two sets of scores. Thus the validity of the instrument was established.

Reliability was established by test and retest method. In this process data were collected on two occasions with a gap of three days using the newly designed instrument, the same subjects, providing similar conditions data were collected again. The obtained two sets of scores were subjected to univariate correlation procedure which resulted in a coefficient of correlation of 0.93 indicating that 92% association between these scores.

Objectivity was established by collecting data using the same subjects, and same instrument, similar conditions were provided but two different testers were used. Thus two sets of scores were obtained and they were subjected to univariate correlation procedure which resulted in a coefficient of correlation of 0.94 indicating that 93% association between these scores.

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The coefficient of correlation obtained for validity, reliability and objectivity were 0.98, 93 and 94, respectively. All these three values are highly significant with no or least error. Therefore it is concluded that the equipment is valid, reliable and objective.

CONCLUSION

It is concluded that the equipment is more valid, reliable and objective to assess the selected standard track events.

RECOMMENDATION Equipment may be designed to assess the performance of track and field events. Similar equipment may be designed to assess various motor fitness components. Equipment of similar nature may be validated by the applying different scientific authentic tests. REFERENCES

1. Adebola Dekoya and Jones A. Akangbe, (1992). Uses of instructional method and media: in training of extension managers and supervisors in Nigeria “India Journal of Adult Education, PP 53 - 55,

2. Ahuja and Ahuja, (1979). Demonstration of audiovisual and reading aids to school students and reading speed in three languages — Kanada, Hindi and English, Third Survey of in Education, NCERT, New Delhi.

3. Anuparna Shah and Sushmita Mandal, (1994). Effectiveness of three Instructional Strategies for Education Experiments in Education.

4. Arlott, J. (1975), Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Saint Louis: Oxford Companion to Sports and Games, PP. 203-209.

5. Balasubrarnanian and Yoganandam, “Trained teacher vs technology’ A Comparative Study effectiveness in Improving English pronunciation“, Journal of Research in Educational Media, 94, 25-30.

6. Baumann, W. (1976), Kinetic and Dynamic Characteristics of the Sprint Start Biomechanics, saint Louis: The C.V.Mosby company, PP.195-198.

7. Cheng, L. et.al. (2010), A Low-cost, Accurate Speed Tracking System for Supporting Sprint Coaching, Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, 3, PP. 149-152.

8. Coutts AJ & Duffield R. (2008), Validity and Reliability of GPS Units for Measuring Movement Demands of Team Sports, Journal of Science and Med Sport, 11, PP. 10-16.

9. Korchemny, R. (1992), A New Concept for Sprint Start and Acceleration Training. New Studies in Athletics 7, PP. 65-72.

10. Mero P.V. Komi & Gregor R.J. (1992), Biomechanics of Sprint Running, Illinois: Human Kinetics, PP. 376-392.

11. Salo, A. & Bezodis, I.N. (2004), Sports Biomechanics, Saint Louis: The C.V.Mosby company, PP. 43-54.

12. Suzuki, M. et. al. (1991), Analysis of the Race Patterns of Men, Saint Louis: The C.V.Mosby company, PP. 14 – 24.

13. Thomas, Jerry R. & Nelson, Jack K. (1996), Research Methods in Physical Activity, Ilinois: Human Kinetics, PP. 234-240.

14. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fully_automatic_time 15. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_finish 16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_jump 17. http://linda-n-riggins.suite101.com/first-horserace-photo-finish 18. http://website.lineone.net/~athletics/coursemeasurement/history--/jewell.htm 19. http://www.answers.com/topic/photo-finish-camera#ixzz1tJtQH13j

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Effect of Stationary and Moving Circuit Training on Selected Bio-Motor Variables among Women Sprinters

Ms. R. Selvarani S. Indira Director of Physical Education Director of Physical Education

Dr. MGR Janaki College for Women JBAS College for Women Chennai – 600 028 Chennai – 600 018

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to find out the effect of stationary and moving circuit training on selected bio-motor variables among women sprinters. 90 women sprinters (N=90), participated at inter collegiate sports meets representing their colleges were randomly selected in the age group ranging from 19 to 21. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups and each group consists of 30 subjects. Group I acted as experimental group which underwent stationary circuit training (SCTG) and Group II acted as experimental group which underwent moving circuit training (MCTG) and group III acted as control group (CG). The control group did not participate in any specialized training except of their routine activities. Pre and post test scores were collected on bio motor abilities speed through 50 M run test, strength through dips test and endurance through 12 M run / walk test, which formed initial scores. The ANCOVA results proved that SCT and MCT significantly contributed for on bio-motor abilities speed, strength and endurance. Post hoc analysis proved that MCTG group scored the highest gain on bio-motor abilities, speed, strength and endurance among women sprinters, followed by SCTG group and CG group. Both treatment groups MCTG and SCTG were significantly better than CG. Comparing between the treatment groups, it was found that there was significant differences on bio motor abilities. It was concluded women sprinters can choose any of the circuit training to improve their speed, strength and endurance. Key words: Speed, Strength, Endurance, stationary circuit training, moving circuit training.

INTRODUCTION

Speed is the measure of how fast an athlete can sprint short distances. A high maximum

speed by itself does not guarantee athletic success. Quickness refers to the ability of an athlete to

perform specific movement in the shortest possible time. It also involves the ability of the

nervous system to process and produce rapid contractions and relaxations of the muscles fibers.

Fast, explosive movement of the entire body, which occur in the starting and acceleration phases

of sprinting or of adjusting a body part to start a new movement or rapidly change direction

demonstrate an athlete’s quickness. (Loren Seagrave (1998) .

Speed is the capacity to perform successive movements at a fast rate as well as thinking

about speed as "running speed" it is really the development of the ability to move the limbs

quickly which is needed in a variety of sports and events, for example javelin throw, discus

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throw, tennis, squash etcetera. Therefore, there is more to think about than just running fast

(Bompa, 1999) .

Training is a program of exercise designed to improve the skills and to increase the

energy capacity of an athlete for a particular event, therefore training is essential for the

development of physical fitness components (William and Sperryn, 1976) . Circuit training is

very special form of training which concentrates on different parts of the body and general

endurance. Circuit training is a method of physical conditioning that employs both resistance

training and callisthenic training exercises. (Frank W. Dick., (1962)

Circuit training is based on the premise that the athlete must do the same amount of work

within the limits of an assigned training period. Numerous variations of this system are in use,

but all employ certain common factors: a circular arrangement of the activities that permits

progression from one station to another until all stations have been visited, the total comprising a

“circuit” and a limiting time within which the circuit must be concluded. The circuit training that

employs a series of exercises stations that consists of weight training, flexibility, calisthenics,

and brief aerobic exercises by moving from one station to another station is considered as

moving circuit training for the purpose of the study. In circuit training the athletes can move

rapidly from one station to the next and perform whatever exercise is to be done at that station

with in a specified time period. A circuit would consist of 8 to 12 stations and the entire would

be repeated with in three of four times, concentrating on the legs, abdomen, back, arms,

shoulders and trunk. These exercises should be organized so the subject moves from one muscle

group to another. This method allows working hard on a muscle group and then resting it, while

the other groups have their then to work out (Brooks and Fahey, (1987).

Exercise bikes are a great addition for stationary circuit training routine. One can begin

the circuit training on a bike, as this type of movement provides an ideal warm-up. Keep the

level low and warm up the legs. This will also begin to slowly raise the heart rate and prepare the

body for what’s yet to come. Stationary bikes are also ideal to use in the intense parts of a

circuit training routine. One can crank up the level as high as one need to in order to rev up the

heart rate. This will maintain the intensity of the circuit workout, keeping the metabolism raised

to burn the maximum amount of calories. When one can’t make it to a specialized circuit training

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class, he can still create the own circuit workout through stationary bike (Fred Hoffman, (2009) .

Both stationary circuit training and moving circuit training may improve fitness including bio

motor variables of women sprinters.

Greene NP, et.al. (2009) compared changes in physical fitness, body weight, and body

composition in physically inactive, overweight, and obese adults after 12 wks of land treadmill

(LTM) and found differences due to land treadmill machine. Wong PC, et.al. (2008) studied the

effects of a 12-week twice weekly additional exercise training, which comprised a combination

of circuit-based resistance training and aerobic exercises, in additional to typical physical

education sessions, on aerobic fitness, body composition and found exercise training

significantly improved lean muscle mass, body mass index, fitness. Nash MS, et.al. (2007)

examined the effects of circuit resistance exercise (CRT) training on muscle strength, endurance,

anaerobic power, and shoulder pain in middle-aged men and found improvement muscle

strength, endurance, and anaerobic power of middle-aged men.

The theoretical foundations laid based on previous researches proved that circuit training

increases strength and aerobic fitness and burns lots of calories. Aside from improving an

individual’s total health and wellness, it also works the different muscles of the body. Depending

upon the exercises in different stations of circuit training, it improves strength of lower legs,

quadriceps, hip flexors, glutes and hamstrings of the upper legs, and the abdominals, oblique’s as

well as the core and lower back muscles of the mid body. These exercises are also influences the

physiological and anthropometric variables to some extent. There was dearth of studies to find

out whether stationary circuit training, that is, exercises in stationary bike or moving circuit

training has greater influences on selected bio motor variables, speed, strength and endurance of

women sprinters.

METHOD

Randomly selected 90 women sprinters (N=90), who participated at inter collegiate sports

meets representing their colleges were randomly selected. The selected subject’s age group was

ranging from 19 to 21. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups and each group

consists of 30 subjects. Group I acted as experimental group which underwent stationary circuit

training (SCTG) and Group II acted as experimental group which underwent moving circuit

training (MCTG) and group III acted as control group (CG). The control group underwent

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routine activities and care was taken that they should not involve in special exercise programs.

Prior to experimental treatment all the subjects were measured of their bio motor abilities speed

through 50 M run test, strength through dips test and endurance through 12 M run / walk test,

which formed initial scores. The subjects were tested of their bio-motor abilities agility, strength

and flexibility using standard tests as listed in Table I.

Table I, Showing the Variables, Tests and Unit of Measurements for the Study

S.No Variables Tests Unit of Measurement

1 Speed 50 M Run In seconds

2 Strength Dips Test In Numbers

3 Endurance 12 M Run / Walk In Meters

STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES

The collected data was subjected to statistical treatment using the following statistical

techniques.

4. Descriptive statistics was used to determine the normative status of the data collected. 5. Analysis of Covariance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significance of effect of

SCTG and MCTG groups compared to CG. 6. When significant results were obtained, post hoc analysis (Scheffe’s test) was used to

determine the significance between paired means of the groups. 7. In all cases 0.05 level was fixed to test significance.


The collected data on selected bio motor abilities on the effect of SCTG and MCTG) was

tested for significance using ANCOVA for each variable separately. To test the hypothesis

significant level of 0.05 level was fixed. That is, if the obtained F value was lesser than the

required value to be significant, the null hypothesis was accepted. And if the obtained F value

was greater than the required value to be significant, the null hypothesis was rejected.

Table II shows the results of ANCOVA on selected bio motor variables and Table III

shows the results of post hoc analysis for variables of significant results.

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Tab II: ANCOVA Results on the Effect of Stationary Circuit Training Group (SCTG), Moving Circuit Training Group (MCTG) and control group (CG) on Selected Bio Motor Variables among Women Sprinters.

Results on Bio Motor Variable –SPEED

Means SCTG MCTC CG Source of Variance

Sum of Squares df Mean

Square F

Pre Test 7.28 7.25 7.30 Between 0.04 2 0.02 0.15 Within 11.37 87 0.13

Post Test 7.11 7.06 7.32 Between 1.16 2 0.58 3.28*

Within 15.41 87 0.18

Adjusted 7.10 7.09 7.30 Between 0.86 2 0.43 7.14*

Within 5.15 86 0.06 Results on Bio Motor Variable – STRENGTH

Pre Test 23.30 23.00 22.33 Between 14.69 2 7.34

0.60 Within 1060.97 87 12.20

Post Test 25.93 25.87 22.70 Between 204.87 2 102.43

10.34* Within 861.63 87 9.90

Adjusted 25.57 25.76 23.16 Between 124.42 2 62.21

59.21* Within 90.35 86 1.05

Results on Bio Motor Variable – ENDURANCE

Pre Test 1966.67 1934.67 1930.67 Between 23360.00 2 11680.00

0.21 Within 4766400.00 87 54786.21

Post Test 2051.67 2042.33 1942.00 Between 221806.67 2 110903.33

2.00 Within 4822833.33 87 55434.87

Adjusted 2031.41 2050.68 1953.92 Between 157246.21 2 78623.11

6.66* Within 1015431.52 86 11807.34

SCTG : Stationary Circuit Training Group; MCTG: Moving Circuit Training Group. CG: Control Group * Significant Table Value Required df (2,87) F0.05 3.10 Tab III: Showing Multiple Comparisons of Scheffe’s Post Hoc Analysis

Comparisons on Speed

MEANS OF Mean Difference

Required C I

SCTG MCTC CG

7.10 7.09 0.01 0.16

7.10 7.30 0.20* 0.16

7.09 7.30 0.21* 0.16

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Comparisons on Strength

25.57 25.76 0.19 0.66

25.57 23.16 2.41* 0.66

25.76 23.16 2.60* 0.66

Comparisons on Endurance

2031.41 2050.68 19.27 69.86

2031.41 1953.92 77.49* 69.86

2050.68 1953.92 96.76* 69.86

*Significant at 0.05 level.

The results showed that due to SCT and MCT significantly contributed for on bio-motor abilities

speed, strength and endurance as the obtained F value was significantly greater the required F value

(Table II). The results on post hoc analysis presented in Table III proved that MCTG group scored the

highest gain on bio-motor abilities, speed, strength and endurance among women sprinters, followed by

SCTG group and CG group. Both treatment groups MCTG and SCTG were significantly better than CG.

Comparing between the treatments groups, it was found that there were significant differences on bio

motor abilities, speed, strength and endurance. Thus, the findings proved that even through MCTG

effects found to be higher than SCTG, there was no significant difference.

The findings of this study are in agreement with the findings of Greene NP, et.al. (2009)

who found improvement in physical fitness due to 12 weeks land treadmill training. Further the

findings of this study were in agreement with the findings of Wong PC, et.al. (2008) and Nash

MS, et.al. (2007) who found circuit resistance exercise (CRT) training improved muscle strength,

endurance, and anaerobic power. The theoretical foundations were made on different groups of

people, such as obese and middle aged men. In this study, the effects of MCTG and SCTG were

studied among women sprinters and the previous findings were found to hold good for women

sprinters also.

CONCLUSION It was concluded that well both MCTG and SCTG significantly contributed for the

improvement of selected bio motor abilities among women sprinters. Hence, women sprinters

can choose any of the circuit training to improve their speed, strength and endurance.

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REFERENCES

1. Frank W. Dick., (1962) Sports Training Principles, New york, The Ronald press company, P. 184.

2. Fred Hoffman, (2009), “Sample Class: Core Circuit Training”, http//www.ideafit.com/expert

3. George A. Brooks and Thomas D. Fahey,(1987) Fundamentals of Human performance, New York: Macmillan.

4. Greene NP, et.al. (2009), “Comparative efficacy of water and land treadmill training for overweight or obese adults.”, Med Sci Sports Exerc. 41(9):1808-15.

5. Loren Seagrave (1998), cited by Jimson Lee (2009), “Loren Seagrave – Neuro Biochemics of Maximum Velocity”, http://speedendurance.com.

6. Nash MS, et.al. (2007), “Effects of circuit resistance training on fitness attributes and upper-extremity pain in middle-aged men with paraplegia.”, Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 88(1):70-5

7. Todor O. Bompa, (1999). Periodization: Theory and Methodology of Training [4th ed], Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers, PP. 3 – 4.

8. William J.C.P. and Sperryn P.N. (1976). Sports Medicine, London: Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd.,P.8.

9. Wong PC, et.al. (2008), “Effects of a 12-week exercise training program on aerobic fitness, body composition, blood lipids and C-reactive protein in adolescents with obesity.”, Ann Acad Med Singapore. 37(4):286-93

115



EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND ENERGY BALANCE AMONG SELECTED SPORTSPERSONS OF

COIMBATORE DISTRICT K Mahalakshmi Sangeetha*, Lalitha Ramaswamy** Jisna* PK

*Dept of Foods and Nutrition, Rathnavel Subramaniam College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore **Associate Prof & Head, Dept of Nutrition & Dietetics, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore,

Abstract The present study was purported to quantify the relation of physical fitness to energy

intake and energy expenditure of the sportsperson. One hundred subjects aged between 20 – 35 yrs of age engaged in different sports discipline were selected. The subjects were tested for Abdominal Strength and Endurance (push up test), Arm & Shoulder Strength (Bent knee sit up test), Flexibility Strength (by sit and reach test) and Cardio-respiratory Endurance (12 minute run test) . The variables were expressed as absolute value and relative value for analysis. Based on 24 hour’s dietary recall method and time allocation pattern [TAP] the energy balance was assessed for a sub sample(N=20). The subjects showed poor physical fitness, and the mean energy intake fell short of meeting the recommended dietary allowances [RDAs]. Negative correlation exists between physical fitness and energy balance. Key words: Physical fitness, energy intake, energy expenditure, sports person.

INTRODUCTION

Sports are important part of every society, every country, and every part of our planet. In one way or the other, everyone is involved in sport or some sports, whether they are playing or watching or just knows someone who does either. “Sport” activity is integral to all round development of the personality. Achievement in sports has a considerable bearing on the national prestige and morale. India has a rich tradition of sports and physical fitness (Nath, 1993). Principles of physical education subdivide fitness into health-related physical fitness and motor-related physical fitness. Health-related physical fitness consists of cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and flexibility. Motor-related physical fitness consists of power, agility, and balance (Vivian, 2006). Nutrition is an important component of any physical fitness program. The main dietary goal for active individuals is to obtain adequate nutrition to optimize health and fitness or sports performance (Berning 2000). The present study was conducted with an objective to assess the fitness of selected sports person and its relation to energy balance.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Unlike in the past, modern sports are highly competitive, the use of modern equipment,

nurturing of talent from a very tender age, stress on hard and physical training along scientific

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lines and introduction of modern infrastructure and highly sophisticated equipment have changed

the very complexion of modern sports. International sports events have become a showcase of

nation pride and power (Debath, 1994).

Appropriate nutrition is essential for the proper performance of exercise. In particular,

correct nutrition is critically important for improvement of athletic performance, conditioning,

recovery from fatigue after exercise, and avoidance of injury. Although athletes need to eat a

well-balanced basic diet, there are several nutritional factors that are difficult to obtain at a

sufficient level from a normal diet since athletes require more nutrients than the recommended

daily allowances. (Aoi et.al., 2006).

An athlete’s needs for energy are large to delay fatigue, prevent cramp, maintain strength

and enhance endurance. Physical activity places a huge demand on energy requirements and

systematic exercise and athletes need a well-planned diet. Diet plays a very significant role in

giving the winning edge to the athletes. (Prajakta et.al., 2010).

Nutrition not only plays a role in performance, but it can also help to prevent injuries,

enhance recovery from exercise, help maintain body weight and improve overall health. It is

important for all sports person to have a good working knowledge, understanding of exercise

science and sports nutrition so that these can help in their own performance potential (Bakulin

and Efimo, 1996; Loucks, 2004).

The importance of the relationship between nutrition and exercise performance is

obvious. Good nutrition is essential to proper growth and development. Too often, coaches think

of good nutrition only during the season of their sport. Actually, for effective athletic

performance, good nutrition is critical at all times. For competitive athletes, the diet must provide

the optimal mix of energy yielding nutrients to fuel their special needs. To maximize

performance, athletes strive to achieve an optimum sport specific body size, body composition

and minimum of energy stores. To peruse these objectives, athletes need to manage fat, protein

and carbohydrate balance. To guide their progress, athletes need to eat by discipline. (Nande et

al, 2008).

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

Selection of subjects This study was carried out on one hundred sportspersons, 88 male and 12 female subjects

who were engaged in regular practice and participating in professional sport tournaments. The subjects aged between 20-35 years were from two well known Physical Education Institutions of Coimbatore.

Assessment of physical fitness Physical fitness of each subject was assessed using following procedures- 1. Abdominal Strength and Endurance (Push-ups)

Men should use the standard "military style" push-up position with only the hands and the toes touching the floor and perform as many push ups as possible until exhaustion. The total number of push ups completed is counted and compared with the chart to rate the performance.

• Arm and Shoulder Strength (Bent Knee Sit-Ups) The number of sit-ups performed in a 60 second period was recorded for subjects

lying on flat surface using their upper body only with their knees bent at right angles and both hands held behind their necks. The results are compared with the chart to rate the performance.

• Flexibility Strength (sit and reach) For the sit and reach test, subjects sat on a flat surface with their heels positioned to

the edge of a step and their knees pointed upwards, and they bent forward at the waist with their hands outstretched with the palms facing downwards, and the hands on top of each other or side by side, the subject reaches forward along the measuring line as far as possible. Ensure that the hands remain at the same level, not one reaching further forward than the other. After some practice reaches, the subject reaches out and holds that position for at one-two seconds while the distance is recorded. The test was administered three times, and the average value was recorded.

• Cardio-respiratory Endurance Test (12 minute run) When the track has been set up, the subject starts running around it. The objective of

this test is to run or walk as much as can in the 12 minute period. At the end of 12 minutes the test is stopped, and the covered distance is measured. It should record the distance travelled in those 12 minutes in miles or kilometers. With the obtained result, the VO2max level is calculated using formula.

Evaluation of Energy Balance

• Dietary Survey: Precise information on food consumption pattern of subjects was gathered through 24 hour dietary recall method. Energy intake was computed for all players using the values given in the Nutritive Value of the Indian Foods (Gopalan et. al., 2004) Mean was derived and compared with RDA.

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• Energy Expenditure Pattern: The time allocation pattern (TAP) was used to calculate the total energy expenditure. The TAP i.e., recording of the time spent by each individual in various day–to-day physical activities both in occupational (training) and non occupational (routine) hours was done for each athlete separately. Energy expenditure was determined for whole day using the time activities code procedure adapted from Bouchard et.al., (1983).

Statistical Appraisal of Data: Data was collected, tabulated and statistically analyzed using means and standard deviation.

Comparisons were made with the available standards. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fitness Test for Selected Athletes Performance in any sporting event is the result of a multitude of factors, which include

the amount of training performed, the body's adaptation to the training, motivation level, nutritional status and weather conditions to name a few. As can see, physiological parameters only account for a portion of any performance, and so the role of any exercise physiologist is also similarly limited. Through fitness testing, the factors involving physiological processes, over which there is some control, can be measured and ultimately improved upon. Push up Test for the Selected Subjects

The scores of Push up tests for the selected subjects is given in the Table I TABLE I, Scores for Push up Test of the Selected Subjects

Sl .no Push up test N=100 Per cent (%)

1 2 3 4 5 6

Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor

Very poor

1 9

23 44 20 3

The above Table shows that, nearly 44 percent of subjects were rated as below average

performers of push up test, 23 percent average performers, 9 percent above average performers,

20 percent poor performers, 3 per cent very poor performers and only one percent showed

excellent performance. The reason for this could be either lack of regular abdominal exercises or

due to low motivation during endurance.

Bent- Knee Sit-up Test for the Selected Subjects

Results of Bent- knee sit up test of the selected subjects is given in Table II

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121



their sport. Actually, for effective athletic performance, good nutrition is critical at all times. Torres-McGehee et al. (2012) suggested that proper nutrition programming should be provided for athletes, coaches, Athlete Trainers, and Strength and Conditioning Specialists.

The results of the present study goes in accordance with the observations by Prajakta et al., (2010) who showed that swimmers were unable to meet their energy demands which had a deleterious influence on their cardio respiratory fitness. Cardio respiratory fitness correlated negatively with energy intake strongly suggesting need for sufficient energy to carry out sports activities. Nande et al (2004) showed 100% of female and male players engaged in different sports disciplines showed negative energy balance,

Calorie requirements vary greatly from person to person and are affected by activity level, body size, age and climate. Body size impacts on calorie requirements more than any other single factor. Some sports demand high energy expenditure, others do not. If intake is consistently above or below an athlete’s requirement, weight gain or weight loss will occur, both of which can affect performance (Venkata Ramana et. al.,2004). The energy derived from carbohydrate, protein and fat should always be in proportion to that of energy expenditure by an individual athlete with respect to his/her energy requirements for whole day activity schedule and to the process of performing physical exercise (Chandrashekhar and Bhargava, 1988; Simopoulous and Pavlou,1993).

Energy intake of the players therefore should be regulated with specific distribution of carbohydrate, protein and fat calories so as to maintain their body weight, meet the energy requirements of both routine and sports activities as well as enhance their performance.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The selected sport persons had a lower fitness level including Abdominal Strength, Arm and Shoulder Strength, Flexibility and Cardio-respiratory Endurance. In addition, the results of this study tend to confirm the fact that negative energy balance affects their performance. Participation in regular physical exercise programs complemented with healthy eating habits will improve the performance.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author records her deep sense of gratitude to the subjects who willing participated in the study. REFERENCES

1. Nath, S. (1993) Anthropometry- the Measurement of Body Size, Shape and Form. 1st 2. Edition, Friends Publication, Delhi, 30, 142. 3. Vivian, H.H. (2006) Advanced fitness assessment and exercise prescription. 5th edition.

Human kinetics.

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4. Berning JR. (2000)Nutrition for Exercise and Sports Performance. Krause's Food. In: Mahan KL, Escott-Stump S, editors. Nutrition and Diet Therapy. 10th ed. Saunders Company; p. 535.

5. Debnath (1994) Women’s Performance and Sports. Friends Publication, India, 53, 58-60 6. Aoi W, Naito Y and Yoshikawa T (2006) “Exercise and functional foods” Nutrition

Journal Vol, 5:15 ;135-140 7. Prajakta, N., Bhawnani, N. & Sabiha V. (2010 ) Assessment Of Nutritional Status And

Physical Fitness Of Female Swimmers, Journal Of Exercise Science And Physiotherapy Volume 6, No.1pp 7 – 21.

8. Bakulin, V. & Efimo, V. (1996) Nutrition for Sports.Sports Authority of India, XLV II. 1- 4.

9. Loucks, A. B. (2004) Energy Balance & Body Composition in Sports & Exercise. American Journal of Nutrition & Dietetics, 54 (2):718 –719.

10. Nande, P., Mudafale, V. & Vali, S. (2008) A Study on Energy Balance among Female & Male Players Engaged in Different Sports Disciplines Journal of Exercise Science and Physiotherapy, Vol. 4, No. 1: 1-14.

11. Gopalan, C., Ramasastri, B.V. & Balsubramanian, S.C. (2004). Nutritive Value of Indian Foods. NIN Publication, ICMR, Hyderabad, 3, 47-80.

12. Bouchard, C., Tremblay,A.C. ,Lortie,G and Theriault,G.A (1983)“Method to assess energy expenditure in children and adults” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.,Vol.2 (9)Pp 137, 467.

13. Manore, M. and Thompson, J. (2000). Sport Nutrition for Health and Performance. 10th Edition, Human Kinetics, United Sates, Europe, 397, 401.

14. Torres-McGehee T M, Kelly L. Pritchett and Mike Sibilia. (2012) Sports Nutrition Knowledge Among Collegiate Athletes, Coaches, Athletic Trainers, and Strength and Conditioning Specialists, J Athl Train.; 47 (2):205 – 211

15. Venkata Ramana, Y. Surya, Kumari. Sudhakar, Rao. Balakrishna, N. (2004). Variations in Basal Metabolic Rate with Incremental Training Load in Athletes. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online, 7 (1): 26 – 33

16. Chandrashekhar, Usha. & Bhargava, Geeta. (1988) Nutritional Status of Athletes & the Impact of Dietary Modification on Their Athletic Performance. Indian Journal of Nutrition &Dietetics, 25:176 – 184.

17. Simopoulous, A. P. & Pavlou, K. N. (1993) Nutrition &Fitness for Athletes. 4th Edition, Karger Publishers.155-157.

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ANALYSIS OF THE CHANGES IN SELECTED MOTOR FITNESS COMPONENTS WITH CONCURRENT

STRENGTH AND PLYOMETRIC TRAINING R.S VARMA

Coach, Andhra University, Vishakapatnam, India M.KAVITHA

Research scholar under the Supervision of R.V.L.N.Rathnakara Rao Dept of physical education, Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam, India

ABSTRACT

Motor fitness is the basis of all the activities of individuals to perform them efficiency and effectively. The purpose of the study was to compare the selected Motor ability of tennis and volleyball players (age16-18 years). Thirty (30) Tennis and Thirty (30) volleyball players were randomly selected for the study. To measure the level of motor ability of tennis and volleyball players, five test items of AAPHER Youth fitness test battery were used. For statistical analysis and Interpretation of data ‘t’ test was conducted. It was observed that there was significant difference in sit ups, standing broad jump, shuttle run, 50 yard dash and 12 minute run and walk. Result showed Tennis players are better in all test items in comparison to Volleyball players except Agility. Key words: Tennis, Volleyball, Sit ups, Shuttle Run, 12 minute run and Walk, 50 yard dash.

INTRODUCTION

Motor ability means the ability to perform fundamental motor skills involving all basic performance traits including coordination or arm eye, and foot eye, muscular power, agility, muscular strength, cardio-respiratory endurance, flexibility and speed, (H.Harrison Clarke, 1976). Many researchers in the field of Physical Education and Sports have emphasized the importance of Motor ability, technical and tactical ability, physical and mental efficiency, for achieving top performance. Tennis and Volley ball are most popular game in the world and require high-level of motor ability, strength, speed, agility, endurance .balance, co-ordination and skillful bodily movement. In the pre-historic times, Physical fitness was the key element of the survival of human beings. Physical fitness is the pre-requisite of the ability to perform any motor tasks in day to day life as well as in sport. It has been considered as one of the most important aspects of human existence. Physical fitness is that state of body in which a person can carry his daily duties and responsibilities efficiently and with the energy left he can enjoy hobbies and other recreational activities and can meet the unusual. In other words Physical fitness can be defined as the state of body in which a person can do work for a longer duration without undue fatigue. Physical fitness not only a state of younger’s but is the reality for all ages. Physical fitness is the product of physical exercises and exercise is very much related to health and wellbeing. Moreover the development of science and technology discouraging the human beings from doing vigorous activities as a result of which various physical and mental diseases are

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flourishing at a great speed throughout the world. The findings of the present study will encourage the youth of the nation to participate in Games and Sports.

METHOD

A group of Thirty (30) Tennis and Thirty (30) Volleyball players (age16-18 years) were selected from Nine (9) Higher Secondary Boys School in Purba Medinipur. Tennis and Volleyball players are those boys who regularly used to go for physical activities willingly and took part in District level matches and tournaments. The random group design was used for the study. Random sampling method was employed. Five test items of the AAHPER youth fitness test battery were administered to measure motor ability of the Tennis and Volleyball players. After collecting the data to observe the difference among the group the raw data were converted to the percentile scores according to the normative scale of this battery. Bend knee sit-up was used to measure abdominal strength of the subjects. To measure explosive strength and power of the subjects Standing broad jump was employed. Shuttle run was administered to measure agility of the subjects. To measure the speed of the subject’s 50 yard dash was used and 12 minute run & walk was administered to measure endurance of the subjects. Tools used for the present study were Measuring –Tape, Stop Watch, Mat, Clapper, Wooden block and Whistle. Age of the subject was taken from their school record. Both the groups were same in age.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

For statistical analysis and Interpretation of data ‘t’ test were conducted. The results are presented in tabular form as given here under. Sl .no Variables Mean tennis

players Mean volley ball players

Mean difference

t-ratio

1 Sit-ups 59.67 47.50 12.17 2.50*

2 Standing broad jump

67.17 52.50 14.47 2.38*

3 Shuttle run 60.50 56.00 4.50 0.79NS 4 50 yard dash 60.17 45.33 14.84 2.58* 5 12 min run

and walk 67.67 42.50 25.17 6.86**

*Significant at 0.05 level, **Significant at 0.01 level, NS is Not significant

Fig. 1: Graphs Showing Motor ability Test between Means of Tennis and Volleyball players Table-1 give information regarding selected Motor ability variables of Sit ups, Standing Broad Jump, Shuttle Run, 50 Yard Dash and 12 minute Run and Walk of Tennis and Volleyball players. Table shows that there were significant differences in all the variables of Tennis and Volleyball players. The Mean Difference of Sit ups, Standing Broad Jump, Shuttle Run, 50 Yard Dash and 12 minute Run and Walk of Tennis and volleyball players were 12.17, 14.47, 4.50, 14.84 and 25.17 respectively. t-test was applied and t-value of Sit ups, Standing Broad Jump,

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Shuttle Run, 50 Yard Dash and 12 minute Run and Walk were 2.50, 2.38, 0.79, 2.58 and 6.86 respectively.

CONCLUSION

Based on the result of the present study and within the limitation, following conclusions were drawn. • Tennis players are better in abdominal strength in comparison to Volleyball players • Tennis players are better in explosive strength in comparison to Volleyball players • Tennis players are slightly better in agility in comparison to Volleyball players but it was not statistically significant. • Tennis players are better in speed in comparison to Volleyball players • Tennis players are better in endurance in comparison to Volleyball players REFERENCES

1. E AAHPER(1964) “Phyysical Education For High School Students Washington.” American Association for health Physical Education and mRecreations.

2. Gay G. Reiff (1976) AAPHER Youth Fitness Test Manual. 3. Jewell Ann, E. “An introduction of Physical Education” (Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders

Company, 1969). 4. Mridha, S. (2010). A Comparative Study on Motor Fitness of 12 to 14 Years Tribal and

Non-Tribal Boys. Abstract Book National Conference on Trends & Practices in Physical Education, Department of Physical Education, Vishva Bharti Santiniketan University, West Bengal, Vol. 1, No. 1 (p. 11).

5. Nayek (2010) “A Comparative Study on Motor Fitness of 12 to 14 Years Tribal and Non-Tribal Boys”. (Abstract Book) National Conference on Trends and Practices in Physical Education, Department of Physical Education, Vishva Bharti Santiniketan University, West Bengal (p. 51).

6. Negi, Vidya Bandhu (2006). A Study of Motor Fitness and Selected Physiological Variables among Mongoloid & Medi-Terranean Senior Secondary School Students. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, Dept of Phy Edu, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla.

7. Satpal Kaur(2011) “ Physical Fitness”, Proceedings of the UGC Sponsored National seminer, Global Trends in Physical Education and Sports.Punjab, India (pp.169-172).

8. Singh Sunil (2010). Comparative Between Selected Physical Fitness Variables of Offensive and Defensive Football Players of University Level, Abstract Book, National Seminar on Recent Trends & Future of Physical Education and Sports Science, Mahatma Gandhi Vidyapith, Varanasi (UP), India, Vol. 1, (p. 37).

9. Thakur Geeta (2011) “Comparison of Motor Fitness Components of Rural and Urban School Hockey Boys”.

of international conference on new trends in fitness

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