北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1):...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Hokkaido University of Education
�
�
Titleユダヤ人としてのシャイロック ヴェニスの商人におけるエリザベス朝の
ユダヤ人観
Author(s) 佐々尾, 知; 東川, 洋一
Citation 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): 83-109
Issue Date 2005-08
URL http://s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/123456789/808
Rights
![Page 2: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
北海道教育人学紀要(人文科学・社会科学編)第56巻 第1弓 JournalofHokkaidoUniversityofEducation(HumanitiesandSocialSciences)Vol.56,No.1
平成17年8月 August,2005
ShylockasaJew:
TheElizabethanViewofJewsin The胞rchantqfT々nice
SASAOTomoandHIGASHIKAWAYoichi*
GraduateSchoolofEducation,HokkaidoUniversityofEducation
*DepartmentofEnglishLiterature,SapporoCampus,HokkaidoUniversityofEducation
ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック
『ヴェニスの商人』におけるエリザベス朝のユダヤ人観
佐々尾 知・東川 洋一*
北海道教育人草人学院教育学研究科
*北海道教育人学札幌校英文学研究室
Abstract
IntheElizabethanera,althoughtherewasnoJewofficially,theprejudiceagainstJewswasdeeply
rooted.Asurprisingcasehappenedin1594;theJewishphysicianLopezattemptedtopoisontheQueen.
Marlowe’s TheJew ofMalta,firstplayedin1592,WaSreplayed atleastfifteen timesin1594.
Shakespeare’s The脇rchantqftjbnicewasplayedprobablyin1596.Elizabethanssawtheseeventsand
dramasinthesameviewandformedatypeofJew.Whenthetwoplaysareviewedasthesucceeding
playswiththeprejudiceformedbytheLopezcase,itrevealshowcloselytheseplayswereinterrelated
WitheachotherandhowvariouslyeachplaycrystallizedtheviewofJews,inwhichbothdramatists
WOuldhavedifferentviewsofJewsandintendedtoexpresseachfigurepartlyinthesimi1arwaybut
mostlyinthedifferentway.Shylockneededtobealosereconomicallyandreligiously.Shakespeareused
theMarlowe’straditionalviewofJewstoestablishthenewviewofJewsbywhichElizabethansrecog-
nizedJewsasaliens.The脇rchantqftjbnicewasasocialcomedyandthefigureofJewwasakindofa
SCapegOatfortherecoveryoftheElizabethansidentityandconfidence.
analyzeChristopherMarlowe’s TheJewqf腸Ir
ta,Writteninthesameperiod,Whichprobably
influenced The腸rchantげtjbnice.Inthelate
Sixteenthcentury,anumberofplaysabout
JewswereperformedinLondon,butexceptfor
1.Introduction
Thepurposeofthisthesisistoexaminethe
ElizabethanviewofJews,mainlyinWilliam
Shakespeare’s TheMerchantqftjbnice.Iwi11
83
![Page 3: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
SASAO Tomo and HIGASHIKAWA Yoichi
ThreeLadiesqfLondon,nOfavorableJewwas
portrayed.InElizabethanperiodtherewereno
Jewsofficially.TheJewwasdescribednotas
StrangerSinappearanceorreligiousdoctrine,
butasothersofLondon.AmongtheseJewish
characters,themostfamousandcontroversial
CharacterisShylockinThe脇rchantqftjbnice.
ThedifferencebetweenShylockandthe
OthercharacterswasthatShylockwasinvested
withhumanity,Whichmadehimatragicchar-
acter.Shylocksurelyhadhumanity,butthe
humanitywasnotthesameasthatofaudiences
inElizabethanperiod.Wereanyofhisspeeches,
performancesandinsistencesbasedonhis
Jewishness?WhenweviewtheJewishnessin
the historicalcontinuanceElizabethan audi-
encewatched TheMerchantofVeniceaj壱w
yearsqfierTheJewqfA4dlta,itmakesclear
WhathappenedbetweenShylockandBarabas
and how Jewish figures had been formed
throughthetwodramas.1
AsforShylock,ElmerEdgarStollsuggests
thatalthoughmanycriticshaveseenShylockin
themoderncontext,WeShouldviewhiminthe
Elizabethancontext.IfweseeShylockinthe
Elizabethancontext,thenweknowShylockwas
no doubt a comical”character at the Eli-
zabethanperiod(Stol1274).IIarleyGranville-
BarkersaysofTheMerchantofVenicethatit
is afairytaleandthatShylockisfabulous
(Granville-Barker55).MaxPlowmansuggests
thatTheMerchant。fVeniceisa“r。mantic
COmedyofheart’sdesire,designedtothrowthe
life-Valueandmoney-Valueintothestrongest
possiblecontrast,”andShylockdefeatsPortia,
because he depends only on the power of
money(Plowman79).HaroldFischseesShy-
lock as“thecharacteristicsofGalut,”theHeb-
rewtermfortheDiaspora,inShylock(Fisch
34).Manyresearchershaveformedvarious
Shylock’straits.
Atfirst,Wewi11analyzeJewishdaughters,
AbigailandJessica.Inthecomparisonofthe
two,Wewi11viewhowthetwoJewishdaught-
ersseemtobedescribedasJews,andintheir
relationshipstotheirfathers,BarabasandShy-
lock,Weknowthatthetwodaughtersarere-
gardedasJewishrepresentation.Secondary,We
wi11viewBarabasasthepredecessorofShy-
lock,eSpeCiallyabouthisreligiousdoctrineand
moneyastheyappearinbothhisspeechesand
his acts.We know that he was seen as a tradi-
tionalJewishcharacter.Lastly,Wewi11scruti-
nizeShylock.AlthoughShylock’scharacteris
partlyinheritedfromBarabas’,hisidentityis
SharplydistinguishedfromBarabas’one.When
WeCOnSiderShylockinthelightofElizabethan
Situations,WeknowthatShylocktranscended
thetraditionalviewoftheJewandthathis
identityasaJewwascり7Siallizedtofiercelyex-
presshisJewishness,equatingandconfronting
withChristiansintheeconomical,SOCial,andre-
1ig10uSSituations.
2.Abig・ailandJessic
Amongmanydramaswhicharerelevantto
theportrayalofJewsin1iterature,theclosestto
TheMerchantqftjbniceisChristopherMar-
lowe’s TheJew ofMalta.In aseriesofEli-
Zabethandramas,TheMerchantofVenice
/′・/∴1小∴ヾ.ヾ′∴ご′J/り.ヾ/′.リイ/り/り/い:/;′り仙′「/■∫川ノ7日1帖
hasastrongrelationshipto TheJewqf腸Ita
J〈、/J/(、/J/∫∫′/んJ/(り/′//イ/〃/)(・♪り二/iげ〃け′り)▲川ノJl封lユ
Lopez,aJewishphysician,isbroadlyknownas
asocialincidentofJew.Lopezwasaccusedof
tryingtopoisontheQueen.Aftertheincident,
TheJewげ肋Itawasplayedagainandagain,
SOtheygotagoodreputation.TheJezL,qf腸Iia
WOuldinfluence TheMerchantqftjbnice:au-
84
![Page 4: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
ShylockasaJew:TheElizabethanViewofJewsin TheA忽rchantqf.一々nice
diencesprobablywatcheditremembering The
ノー〃・イlんイ/′∴
One ofthe similarities between the twois
theJewishmerchantBarabasandhisdaughter
Abigail,andtheJewishmoneylenderShylock
andhisdaughterJessica.TheroleofJewish
daughterhadnotappearedbeforetheperiod.
Thetwoauthors,thoughMarlowefirstim-
agined,WOuldassignspecifictraitstothese
Characters.Ontheonehand,thetwodaughters
aredescribedasaJewandbothhaveChristian
lovers,andtheywishtoconverttoChristianity.
Onthecontrary,theyresultedinaquitedif-
ferentsituation.Abigailbelievedherfather’s
WOrdsandfinallylostherlover,WhileJessicais
married to herlover and receives halfofher
father’sfortune.Itisnecessarytoviewwhat
roletheyareplayingandhowtheyarede-
SCribed.JoanOzarkHolmerarguesthat“these
playsalsoincludeacontrary,andperhapsquite
remarkableandcomplicating,elementofphilo-
Semitism embodied in the Christian love and
admirationthatthetwoJewishdaughtersin-
Spireintheirrespectivedramaticworlds”
(HolmerllOrlll).Saito regards the two
daughtersasasymbolofconflictinreligionand
Culture,andhealsosuggeststhatShakespeare
Selectedtheoppositeconsequenceasthecoun-
terpartofMarlowe(Saito177).Iwi11viewtheir
processthroughwhichtheyseemtobetrans-
formedintoChristianityandtheirJewishness
Whichtheyarenotconsciousof.
OzawadescribestheChristian society
aroundJessicainThe腸rchantqftjbnice.Jessi-
Caisapartfromherfatherandfledwithher
lover,Lorenzo.Theadjectivejdirisusedrepe-
atedlyintheprocessofherturningChristian
(Ozawal17).ThefollowingspeechisLorenzo’s:
Andwhiterthanthepaperitwriton
Isthefair handthatwrit.
(rゐg腸γCゐα〝≠げ睡〝毎Ⅲ.vii.11-13)乞
Lorenzousestheword“fair”whenhecallsJes-
Sica.Othercharactersoftheplaycallher“fair
Jessica”aswellexceptforShylock.Additionally,
the“fair”is alsousedinthe case ofPortia.Bas-
saniotalksofPortia:
InBelmontisaladyrichlyleft,
Andsheisfair,and,(fairerthanthat
word), (朋γⅠ.i.161-62)
Theword“fair”expressesthebeautyinappear-
anceandmind.Thewordoriginallyexpresses
PortiaanditsmeaningaddsthesensethatJes-
SicahasapossibilitytoturntoChristianinthe
blessingoffairChristian.Thewordfairalso
means“givingpromiseofsuccess”(OEDfair,
14.a).ThisisPortia’sspeechwhenMorocco
visits Belmontto selectone outofthree caskets:
Your self(renowned prince)then
stood as fair
AsanycomerIhavelook’donyet
Formyaffection. (MVII.i.20r22)
Thefairhassomewhatironicalmeaning.When
Moroccofailstoselecttherightcasket,Portia
Sighed,relieved,andsaid:
Agentleriddance,rdrawthecurtains,
gO,‾
Letallofhiscomplexionchoosemeso.
(朋ⅤⅢ.vii.78-79)
Theword“gentle”hasapunofgentileand
SeemStOhaveastrongrelationshipwithfair.
Thewordfairoftenfunctionsasasymbolof Iknowthehand,infaith’tisafairhand,
85
![Page 5: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
SASAO Tomo and HIGASHIKAWA Yoichi
Christiancelebration,Whichworksasthemark
foreliminatinggentile.
David Bevington argues that“His
[Barabas’]loveforhisdaughterAbigailproves
tobemerelyan expressionofhisself-absorbed
greed”(Bevington35).Abigailislovedbythe
MaltaseGovernor’sson,Lodowick,Whomshe
doesnotloveatall,andbyMathias,Whomshe
trulyloves.Inthebeginningoftheplay,Abigail
likes herfather and believes hisword.After
Barabas forfeited all his wealth to the Maltase
Governor,BarabasmetAbigailandsaid:
OrderofBarabas,MathiasandLodowicktryto
COnVertherintoChristianity by usingthe
Christianizedfair.Asseeingabriefview,the
twoJewishdaughtersarecelebratedbythe
WOrdwhich signifiesChristian beautyinboth
internalandexternalbeauty.Theyseemtobe
COnVertedtoChristianity.
Thereisnoclueforthespecificpointof
ViewforaJewishdaughterinElizabethan
period.Wassheblessedwiththewordfairby
theaudiences?PeopleinthePostReformation
PeriodthoughtthatJewwasneversavedwith-
OutSalvation.AlthoughAbigaildiesinthemid-
dleoftheplay,itisclearthatshedoesconvert
toChristianityinherspeech.ThisisAbigail’s
SpeeChatthepointofdeath:
ButwhitherwendsmybeauteousAbi-
gall?
Ohwhathasmademylovelydaughter
sad?
What,WOman,mOanenOtforalittle
losse:
Thyfatherhasenoughinstorefor
thee.3
(TheJewqf腸Iia,I.ii.224r27.,italics
mine)
Abigail.SoIhaveheard;praythere-
forekeepeitclose.
Deathseizethonmyheart:ahgentle
Fryar,
Convert my father that he may be
SaV’d,
AndwitnessethatIdyeaChristian.
ニハム.ヾ.]
2.Fryar:I,and a Virgin too,that
grleVeSmemOSt:
ButImusttotheJewandexclaimeon
him,Andmakehimstandinfeareof
Barabasuses“beauteous,”not“fair.”True,ifthe
fairisasymbolofChristianityinElizabethan
period,heneverusesit:heisaJew.Onthecon-
trary,MathiascallsAbigailinthefollowing
Way:
朗Ⅲ.vi.37-43) me.
Whosethis?Faire Abigalltherich
JewesdaughterBecomeaNun?
朗Ⅰ.ii.366-68)
Herdyingwishhereexpresseshergentlemind
forherfathereventhoughherdeathisderived
fromhim.Abigailalsodeclaresthattheconver-
SiontoChristianityistheonlywayofsalvation
forhim.Then,Whatshewishesforisthatthe
gentlefriarturnsBarabasintoaChristianand
giveshimakindofeasebyGod’sgrace.Butthe
friardoesnotintendasshewishes;thefriar’s
SpeeChmakesitclearthatheintendstogive
Lodowicksaysaswell:
YondWalkstheJew,nOWforfaireAbi-
gall. ㈹Ⅲ.iii.38)
ForAbigailwhopretendstobeanunbythe
86
![Page 6: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
ShylockasaJew:TheElizabethanViewofJewsin TheA忽rchantqf.一々nice
SayIwi11come. (M㌣II.v.2839) Barabasfear.Fromhisspeech,the“gentle”re-
mindsusofthewordgentiletherepeatedly
usedimagefortheJew.Audiencesmaybeanx-
iousabouthereaseofconvertingtoChristian-
ity.Theword“virgin,”whichmeansChristian
chastity,lostitsmeanmg.4
Jessica,unlikeAbigail,ismarriedtoLoren-
ZO,andcallsherselfChristian.Holmerindicates
thesimi1aritybetweentherolesoftwodaught-
ers.He alsothinksthatMarloweisthefirstdra-
matistthatpresentedJew’smarriagetoChrist-
ian,andShakespearecreatedthedramain
Whichthemarriageiscelebrated.Healsowrites
that“marriagemightbeseenassymbolizing
theidealunionofloveintermsofmutualassist-
ancetoeternalsalvation”(HolmerllOrll).But
Jessicasometimesexpressesasadcountenance.
AfterhertalkwithLauncelotGobboJessica
isnotsavedbecausesheisaJew,Jessica
seems to be sad because Lorenzo calls her
“whatcheer.”5continuallyshesays,“Iam
nevermerrywhenIhearsweetmusic”(Ⅴ.i
.69).The“sweetmusic”isambiguous.Thefol-
lowingisShylock’s speechaboutthe mas-
querade:
Shylockexpresseshostilityforthesoundin
masquerade.Theword“sweet”whichJessica
usesimplies“pleasingtothemindorfeeling
(OEDsweet,5.a).The“sweet”necessarilyim-
pliesthefestivalsoundwhichShylockhates.6
ThefestivalsareheldintheChristiansociety,
WhichisheterogeneousfortheJew.Jessica
feelssadfromthesweetmusicnotonlybecause
sheis sentimentalbut also she takesfrom her
deepJewishness.
Frombothcases,Jessicadoesnotneces-
SarilyturntoChristianity;herJewishnessdis-
turbsher.Sheisconstantlyafraidofbecoming
aChristianeventhoughsheinsiststhat“Ishall
besav’dbymyhusband,-hehathmademea
Christian!”(Ⅲ.v.17r18).Bothdaughtersdonot
becomeChristiancomfortably.Atleasttheaudi-
encecannotfeelthattheyaresaved.
Theothersimi1arityofthetwodaughtersis
therepresentationofjewelsaroundthem.In
Venice,SuCCeSSfulJewishmoneylendersoften
accumulatedquantitiesofunredeemedpledges,
especiallyjewels.In TheJewqfMdlta,Lodo-
Wick,Who wants Barabas to act as a go-
betweenforLodowickandAbigail’smarriage,
talked to Barabas:
Whataretheremasques?Hearyoume
Jessica,Lockupmydoors,andwhen
youhearthedrum
And the vile squealingofthewry-
neck’dfifeClambernotyouuptothe
CaSementSthenNorthrustyourhead
into the public street To gaze on
ChristianfooIs withvarnish’dfaces:
Butstopmyhouse’sears,Imeanmy
CaSementS,Letnotthesoundofshal-
lowfopp’ryenterMysoberhouse.By
Jacob’sstaffIswearIhavenomindof
feastingforthto-night:
ButIwi11go:Goyoubeforeme,Sirrah,
Lodowick.Well,Barabas,CanSthelpe
metoaDiamond?
Barabas.Oh,Sir,yOurfatherhadmy
Diamonds.
YetIhaveoneleftthatwi11serveyour
turne:
/川=.リJ=ノり・′J′.リJ、ぐ/ご/-∫・.・-/りJ/-、∫・-/ご=/ご-〃
ゐαγgゐgγ』∫ブdg. 朗Ⅲ.iii.48-51)
LodowicklikensAbigailtoadiamond.IIeex-
pressesherbeautylikethatofadiamond.Bara-
87
![Page 7: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
SASAO Tomo and HIGASHIKAWA Yoichi
bas recognizes that the diamond is the
metaphorofhisdaughter,andanswerstohim
aswell:Barabasacceptsherastherepresenta-
tionofajewel.Additionally,Barabastalkedto
MathiasinthefollowlngWay:
HowIshalltake herfrom herfather’s
house,
Whatgoldandjewelssheisfurnish’d
With,
Whatpage’ssuitshehathinreadiness,-
If e’er theJew her father come to
heaven,
Itwi11beforhisgentledaughter’ssake,
(〃㌣Ⅲ.iv.29-34)
PardonmethoughIweepe;theGov-
ernorssonneWill,WhetherIwi1lorno,
haveノ4∂な昔JJ:
Hesendsherletters,bracelets,jewels,
rings. UMII.iii.257r59) LorenzointendstobringnotonlyJessicaher-
Self,butalsoShylock’sgoldandjewels.When
hehearsthatJessicaisfleeingwithLorenzo
andsheisnotfoundyet,Shylockcriesasfol-
lows:
BarabasregulatesLodowickwithinhistitle;
ShylockdoesseeLodowickonlyinconnection
Withhisfather,theMaltesegovernor.Addi-
tionallyLodowicksendsAbigailajewelwhich
representsher.AsissorrowfulforLodowick,
hispresentsneverheldherheart;forthejewel
CandefineherasJew.Inadditiontothepre-
ViousLodowick’swords,theBarabas’following
SpeeChalsolinksAbigailtojewels:
Whythere,there,there,there!adi-
amondgonecost
metwothousandducatsinFrankfort,-
the curse
neverfelluponournationtillnow,I
neverfeltittill
now,-tWOthousand ducatsinthat,and
Otherprecious,
preciousjewels;Iwouldmydaughter
Were
deadatmyfoot,andthejewelsinher
ear!:WOuld she
Were hears’d at my foot,and the
ducatsinhercoffin:(Mtj:Ⅲ.i.76r82)
Bagsoffiery(ブタals,S*hires,Amatisis,
ノ′.・■・.ごJJ/.ヾ∴l;-l・tl/り/り∴ヾ、、ぐ∫・′∴ヾ.ヾい、ぐ∫・=…
/二1ナノけ/1〃//′人.
BeauteousRuわ′eS,SparklingDhImOndk,
Andseildsenecostlystonesofsogreat
prlCe, UMI.i.25r28)
Barabasusestheadjective“beauteous”tode-
SCribejewelswhichepithetheattachestohis
daughter,Abigail.
How is Jessica described in The
Shakespeare’sDrama?Thefollowinglinesre-
VealthestrongrelationshipbetweenJessicaand
thejewel.ThisistheLorenzo’sspeechwhenhe
bringsJessicaduringthemasquerade:
Shylockisbesidehimselfwithanger.Shylock
Cries,“thejewelsinherear!”Itremindstheau-
diencesofthestrongrelationshipbetweenJessi-
Caandthejewel.Ofcoursethejewelsareex-
Changeableforgoldandmoney.Asisclearfrom
thewordsofTubal,aShylock’stribe,Jessica
usesthejeweltobuyamonkey.Thejewelhas
twofunctions:arepreSentationofaJewanda
metonymyofgoldandmoney.
Imustneedstelltheeall,-Shehath
directed
88
![Page 8: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
ShylockasaJew:TheElizabethanViewofJewsin TheA忽rchantqf.一々nice
ItisclearthattheJewishdaughtersand
JeWelhaveastrongrelationshiplnthetwo
plays.Ajewelsometimesrelatesthemandrep-
resentsthemasaJew.Abigailisrepresentedas
ajewelitselfandisportrayedasafortune-
bearertoherfather,Barabas.Whilethejewelis
anornamentofJessica,Sheisportratedasa
fortune-Stealer from her father,Shylock.
Althoughbothdaughtersseemedtobesavedin
Christiancelebrationbythewordfairtheydo
not become true Christians because oftheirim-
agecloselyrelatedtojewelsandmoneywhich
theaudiencealwaysassociateswithaJew.7
Theyarenottrulyblessed.Theirfathersdonot
know the difference between surface fair
CelebrationanddeepJewishnessinjewels.Asa
result,themisunderstandingfathershavea
StrOngmOtiveforrevengetowardsChristians.
doesnotsuggesttheChristian’svictoryorthe
Jewishdefeat.Rather,“TheJewqf肋Itacon-
tinuallydemonstrateshowcloseBarabasisto
the gentile world against which heis set”
(Greenblatt210).villainsareChristiansaswell
asBarabasintheplay.MarlowemploysBara-
bastosatirizeChristianmoralpretensions.Con-
SideringMarloweasanatheist,“hehascapitu-
1atedtovulgaranti-Semiticprejudice.”8when
hecomposedthedramawhoseliterarysource
wasnotknown,hewouldusetheElizabethan
COnVentionaboutaJewishtradition,afolktale,
andofcourseprejudice.Hisfigurecouldsurely
influenceShakespeare’sShylock.Atfirst,We
needtorevealBarabas’Jewishness.
Surfaceparticularity,Orphysicalcharacter-
isticsare,aSIthamoresays,Only“bottlenose
(Ⅲ.iii.10)whichisusedtoexpressthetypical
viewofaJew.9Nodescriptionsofsurfacetraits
areseenintheplayexceptforthenose.Bara-
bas’physicalfeatureisintheexpression“mas-
ty.”Duringtheplay,thereisnorelevancebe-
tweenhimbeingfatandthatheisaJew.The
WOrdmasty,however,Startedtobeusedfor
swinefromthefourteenthcentury,(OEDmasty,
2)whichmayhaverelevancetomarano,pigin
EnglishadiscriminativewordforJewswho
COnVertedtoChristianity.IIisJewishnessisex-
pressedinthehierology,faith.ThenameBara-
basisfrom New Testament.The biblicalBara-
basisacriminal.Hisnameoriginallysignifies
theconfrontationtoChristianity.
It was the most wellknownin the Eli-
ZabethanperiodthatJewishcharactersoften
quotedthetextoftheOldTestamentintheir
SpeeCh.Therearemanybiblicalquotationsin
TheJewqf腸Ita.ThisisBarabas’speechafter
theforfeiture.
3.Barabas
Barabas,theprotagonistinTheJewqf腸Ir
ta,isaJewishmerchant.Hehastradewith
forelgnCOuntries.Therearemanyviewpoints
aboutBarabas:anunrepentingprotagonist
when the play is regarded as a homiletic
tragedy(Bevington31)and,aS T.S.Eliot
Writes,theprotagonistwhentheplayisviewed
asafarce(Eliot92).Bevingtonarguesthat“he
isclever,miserly,devoidofconscience”inthe
firsthalfoftheplayandthat“Barabasgrows
moreviolentandevil”inthelasthalfoftheplay
(Bevington35,44).Grossarguesthat“Mar-
loweputsagooddealofhimselfintoBarabas-
hispowerfantasies,hisdynamism,hisscornfor
receivedopinion”(Gross21).Fischsuggests
that“the old ritual-murderthemeis recalledin
thequestionofFriarJacomo”(Fisch27).Even
ifBarabashasaclearmalice,andifMachiavelli
declares“thetragedyofaJew,”thedramaitself What tellyou me ofJob?Iwot his
89
![Page 9: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
SASAO Tomo and HIGASHIKAWA Yoichi
wealth
Was written thus:he had seven
thousandsheepe,
ThreethousandCamels,andtwohun-
dred yoake
OflabouringOxen,andfivehundred
Shee-Asses:butforeveryoneofthose,
Hadtheybeenevaluedatindifferent
rate,
Ihadathome,andinmineargosie
Andothershipsthatcamefrom蝕少t
last,
Asmuchaswouldhaveboughthis
beastsandhim,
And yet have kept enough to live
Sixthly,theyoughttobestoppedfrom
usury.[Usurymeansanydegreeofin-
terest,nOtOnlyanexorbitantrate.]All
their cash and valuablesifsilver and
goldoughttobetakenfromthemand
putasideforsafekeeping.Forthis
reason,aSSaidbefore,eVerythingthat
theypossesstheystoleandrobbed
fromusthroughtheirusury,forthey
havenoothermeansofsupport.This
moneyshouldbeusedinthecase(and
innoother)whereaJewhashonestly
bec。meaChristian.11
(Ⅰ.ii.181-90) Barabasis also a usurer as wellas a merchant.
ChristiansregardedthefortuneoftheJewsas
WhatwasstolenfromChristian,Whichisclear
inFerneze’sspeech.Theideaunderlyingthe
proverbistrueofthenotionoffortune;thefor-
tuneistransferredfromChristianstoJews,and
VICeVerSa.
AsforBarabas’Jewishness,CharlesLamb
arguesthat“hisJewishnessdefineshisconde-
mnation”andEliotinsiststhat“hisJewishness
actuallydefinesnothingnotallitis,inafact,
asubjecttheplayinvestigates.”12Barabas,
Jewishnessdefinesnotonlyhiscondemnation,
butalsohisidentityspringingupfromthe
hatredagainstaChristian.ExceptforBarabas’
hatredofChristians,Weneedtofocusonthere-
1evancybetweenmoneyandtheJew.
In the beginning ofthe play,Barabas’
argosyreturnstotheMaltaseharborinSceneI,
ActI.Barabasis described as amerchantwho
hasmanyargosiesandfortune.Theglobalmer-
Chantpraiseshisjewels.Barabasisproudthat
therearemanyJewishmerchantsintheworld,
andthattheyallarerich,Whichshowsboththe
largeeconomicalnetworkformedbyJewsand
upOn;
ThoughthereisacomparisontoJobonthefor-
tuneindex,Barabasnotonlycriesforthelossof
hisfortune,butalsodeclaresJewishcompara-
tivethinkingJewsalwayscomparetheirex-
periencetothepastone.10Barabasquotesthe
bibleinhisspeechbecauseofhishatredagainst
Christians.Eachspeechmakesclearthecon-
frontation:Ontheonehand,Ithamore’s“Toun-
dueaJewischarity,andnotsinne.”(Ⅳ.v.81)
resonates asBarabas‥‘It’sno sinneto deceive a
Christian”(II.iii.311).Eachjustifieshisownbe-
havior.ThisisBarabas’speech:
ThisisthelifeweJewesareus’dto
lead;
Andreasontoo,forChristiansdoethe
like: (Ⅴ.ii.115-16)
Barabas here expresses a Jewish biblical
proverb“eyeforeye”(Exodus,ⅩⅩi:24).This
proverbstrangelyechoesMartinLuther’sConr
Cg”gブ′gg≠ゐg′g紆∫α′gd rゐgブγ⊥ゴビ∫in1543,in
Whichhedeclaredtheampleanti-Semitism.
90
![Page 10: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
ShylockasaJew:TheElizabethanViewofJewsin TheA忽rchantqf.一々nice
theirsuffocationfrompower. meansoriginallyfather’sjoy.ForBarabaswho
eagerlydesiresmoney,Abigailandthejewel
Whichisexchangeablewithmoneyareunited.
Barabas has dualmeanings aboutmoney,
jewels.fJethinksofjewelsaslikepebblestones
andking’sransom(I.i.7r23).Histhinking
Showsthatmoneyhasavaluenotwhenitisin
hishand,butwhenitisused;inotherwords,
Whosevalueisnotinhispossession,butinhis
COntrOl,incurrency.Thisthinkingalsocorres-
pondstothecurrencysysteminthemonetary
economyandtherepresentationofjewelsin
Abigail:BarabasiscuriousaboutAbigailwhen
Sheisinhishand,buthelosesthecuriosityas
SOOnaSitscontrolislost,inotherwords,Shebe-
COmeSa“pebblestone.”Thephrase“Kingran-
SOm”isremindedofthepasteventthatRichard
rsransominthetwelfthcentury.Inthosedays,
JewspaidaransomofRichardI.SinceEngland
COuldnotreimbursethemoney,Jewswerede-
portedfromEngland.Barabasclearlysatirizes
thepastevents.Barabas’sethnicismasaJew
appearshere.
Barabasspeaksaboutthemarriagebe-
tweenAbigalandLodowick:
Bagsoffiery(ブタals,S砂hires,Amatisis,
Jacints,hard To♪as,graSSe-greene
/■.1川り1〃///人.
Beauteous Rubyes,Sparkling Dir
//〃川JJ′J∫.
Andseildsenecostlystonesofsogreat
prlCe,
Asoneofthemindifferentlyrated,
AndofaCarrectofthisquantity,
Mayserveinperillofcalamlty
ToransomegreatKingsfromcaptiv-
ity.(Ⅰ.i.25-32)
InthetalkwithAbigail,afterhereceiveshis
hiddenmoneywhichAbigailbrings,hespeaks:
Omygirle,
Mygold,myfortune,myfelicity;
Strengthtomysoule,deathtomine
enemy;
Welcomethefirstbeginnerofmyblis-
Se:
OhAbigal,Abigal,thatIhadtheehere
too,
Thenmydesireswerefullysatisfied,
ButIwillpractisethyenlargement
thence:
Ohgirle,Ohgold,Ohbeauty,Ohmyblis-
se!
Oh,butIknowyourLordshipwuddis-
daine
TomarrywiththedaughterofaJew:
AndyetI’1egivehermanyagolden
CrOSSe
WithChristianposiesroundaboutthe (Ⅲ.i.47-54) 川1ぐ.ヾ/∴1ヾ/一′.こぐ.ヾ.
(Ⅲ.iii.294-97) rlng.
BeforeBarabasgothisownhiddenfortune,he
mentionedtohisjewel(1.ii.349).Despitethe
StrOngpraiseforJeWels,thejoyforthejewels
doesnotappearinhisspeech;itcanbesaid
Simultaneouslythatthevalueofjewelsbecomes
thatofgoldandthatthevalueofthedaughter
becomesthatofthejewels.Thename“Abigail”
Thisspeechmakesclear“thesubtleidentifica-
tionofreligious’profession’withfinancialadvan-
tageifthewoodencrossdividesJewand
Christian,thegoldenoneunitesthem”(Levin
66).Abigailalsoimpliestherelevancyabout
Jewsandmoney.
91
![Page 11: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
SASAO Tomo and HIGASHIKAWA Yoichi
Abigailasjewelswhosevalueisnotitsbeauty,
butitsexchangeability.Fromtheviewpointof
themonetaryeconomy,thereisnocleardistinc-
tionbetweenJewsandChristians.Bothdesire
moneyandtheirviewsabouttheinterestare
inversed.
Althoughthereseemstobeareligiousdis-
tinctionbetweenthetwo,aStheplaygoeson,
the distinctreligionis beingunitedinthe
mediumofthedesireforthemoney.Forthe
playshowsnoChristianvirtuewhichisalways
attached totheChristian play.Finallythe
Christians’imageisunitedwithBarabas’image.
Thisambiguous,OrCOmmOn,religiousdistinc-
tionneedstobefixed.Thedistinctionemerges
ill川(∴1んソ・(、/J′川/(イl’r〃/什.
GivechargetoMoプ少heusthathemay
dream
Agoldendreame,andofthesudden
wake,
Come and receive the TreasureIhave
found. (II.i.36r38)
Abigailwishes Barabas to have a’golden’
dreamwhichiscloselyrelatedwithmoney.
AdditionallyBarabasdeclarestheirrelationin
hisspeech:“Whohatethmebutformyhap-
pinesse?RatherhasIaJewbehatedthus,”(I.
i.113r14).Butthedesireformoneyisnotonly
forBarabas,mOrebroadly,forJews.Thespeech
OfFerneze,theChristianGovernor,“Bepatient
andthyricheswi11increase”(I.ii.122)clearly
COntraStSwithBarabas’speech:“Ofnoughtis
nothingmade”(I.ii.104).Thesespeechesre-
mindusnotonlyoffortuneitselfbutalsoofthe
interestwhichthefortune breeds.Totake an
interesthasbeenprohibitedinaChristiansocie-
ty.ChristiansseverelycondemnJewsbecause
Oftheirtakinginterest.AlthoughBarabasisex-
pressedasaJewishmerchant,itisrevealed
duringtheplaythatheisalsoausurer.Onthe
Onehand,Barabasinsiststhatmoneydoesnot
increasewithoutthebase,Whichisobviouslya
Christianconceptforaninterest.Ontheother
hand,Fernezeinsiststhatmoneyincreasesby
itself,anditisaJewishconcept.Ferneze’s
SpeeChshowstheconvertedconceptionabout
interest. 13
TheJewishnessaroundBarabasgivesthe
audienceakindofprejudiceformedbyanold
JewishtraditionsuchasaccountsintheOld
Testament.Barabasisintegratedintothe
monetaryeconomicsystemwithAbigailwhois
representedbythejewel.Barabas’strongde-
Sireformoneyisreinforcedbytheimageof
4.Shylock
4.1BackgroundofShylock
Among Shakespeare’s plays,the best
knownJewishcharacterisinTheMerchantqf
t句nice.AsLeslieA.Fiedlersuggests,“The脇rr
ChantofVeniceisundeniably,amOngOther
things,aplayaboutaJew”(Fiedler86).AJew-
ishmoneylenderShylockperformsthecentral
roleintheplay.ShylocklendsAntoniothree
thousandducats.AlthoughShylockdoesnot
Chargeanymonetaryinterest,Shylocksaysto
Antoniothathewouldtakeapoundoffleshif
Antoniocannotrepay themoney.Antonio
agreestothesuggestionandentersintoabond
WithShylock.Later,Shylocktakesactionbe-
CauSeAntoniocouldnotrepayit.Inthejudg-
ment,Shylockinsistsonhislegitimacyrepe-
atedly.Portiadisguisedasanlawyerdefeats
Shylockinthemiddleofthecourtscene.Shy-
lockloses andisforced toconverttoChristian.
Thefirstperformanceof The脇rcha71tqf
Veniceissaidtohavetakenplacein1596.In
92
![Page 12: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
ShylockasaJew:TheElizabethanViewofJewsin TheA忽rchantqf.一々nice
thelastpartofthesixteenthcentury,there
WeremanyplaysaboutJewssuchasthelost
play TheJewwhichwasmentionedinStephen
Gosson’spamphletandanalmostunknown workbyThomasT)ekker,TheJewqftjbnice.14
Inmanyplays,Jewswereseeninthetradition-
alviewofJewexceptWilson’s ThreeLadiesqf
London.ThesourceofThe脇rchantqftjbnice
istheItaliannovel,11Pecorone.Althoughthe
twoplaysaresimi1araboutthedramaticaction,
thesearenotaboutJews.First,inllPecorone,
theJewishmoneylenderhasnonameandno
noteworthyfeatures.Second,inthelastscene,
heisangryforthesentence,tearSthecontract
andexitsfromthecourt.Third,thereisnoJew-
ishdaughterintheItaliannovel.Asforthe
third,manyCriticshavepointedoutthesimilar-
ityofTheJewqf腸Iia(Brownxxxi.).Although
thereareotherdifferencesbetweenthetwo,
maybeShakespearecreatedtheJewishfigure
COnSideringthesocialproblemsoftheJewsin
London.Oneoftheconspicuousexampleswas
Lopez’sjudgmentin1592,Whowasexecuted
fortryingtopoisontheQueen.15
Fiedlersaysthat The腸rchantqftjbniceis
acomedywrittenatamomentwhenaquite
uncomiccourtscandalinvoIvingaJewishphysi-
Cianhadstirredthepassionsofacommunity,”
(Fiedler86)andtheeventprobablygavea
StrOnginfluenceto TheMerchantqftjbnice.
EvenifShakespearedidnotseetheexecution,
hewouldsurelyhaveheardabouttheincident.
Lopez,theQueen’sphysicianandtheMarano,
WaSjudgedbecauseofthediscordwithEssex
althoughLopezhadbeenunderthewingof
Essex.16Lopezwaseventuallyconvictedonthe
basisofaconfession extracted underthreatof
torture,hung,drawnandquarteredatTyburn.
WhenLopezwasatthegallowshedeclared
thathelovedtheQueenaswellasheloved
JesusChrist,WhichcomingfromoneoftheJew-
ishprofessionmovednosmalllaughterinthe
Standers-by.Abouttheevent,itissaidthat
thereweresomepointsalludedin TheMerr
Chantqftjbnice.Oneofthemappearedinthe
COurt SCene:
thycurrishspirit
Govern’dawolf,Whohang’dforhuman
Slaughter-
Evenfromthegallowsdidhisfellsoul
fleet,
Andwhilstthoulayestinthyunhal-
loweddam,
Infus’ditselfinthee: (Ⅵ.i.133r37)
AlthoughGracianospeaksofawolf,hemaybe
thinkingofaman.Thewordwolfmeanslupus
inLatin,andthewordalludestoLopez.WoIves
WereOftenhungsoitcouldberelatedtoLopez.
Ausurerwasoftencalledawolfintheperiod,
andwolfisthesymbolofgreed.17Theselines
havemanysuggestions.Grossarguesthathu-
manpredatorswereoftencomparedtowoIves
anyway.Brownarguesthat“themoregeneral
theorythatShakespearewrote The腸rchant
qftjbniceasaresponsetotheLopezcaseand
therenewedsuccessof TheJezL,OfMalta,is
likewiseinsecure”(Brownxxiv).Howeverallof
theseimagesgreed,humanpredator,andus-
uryremindusofBarabas,Shylock,andJews.
AlthoughShakespearedidnotwritetheplayas
aresponsetotheLopezcase,Shakespeare
perhapswroteitthinkingofLopez.Theimage
OfLopezthepoisoningJewishdoctoris
trueofBarabasratherthanofShylock.The
firstplayofTheJewqf腸Iia,aSmanyOpinions
haveit,WaSperformedprobably26Februaryin
1592,andthelastwasprobablylFebruaryin
1593.Theplayswerereplayedatleastfifteen
93
![Page 13: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
SASAO Tomo and HIGASHIKAWA Yoichi
timesaftertheLopez’sduranceon4February
in1594.Barabas’declarationsofpastcrimes
SuChas“SometimesIgoeaboutandpoyson
wells”(II.iii.176),and“BeingyoungIstudied
Physicke”(II.iii.181)haveastrongassociation
WithLopez.InRobertWistrich’sAntisemitism:
TheLongestHatred,hesuggestsofTheMerr
chantqftjbnicethat“his[Shakespeare’s]por-
traitservedtocrystallizeandreinforceananti-
Semiticliterarystereotypeforcenturiestocom-
e”(WistrichlO2).Rather,eVeniftheplayreinr
jbrcesthestereotypeforcenturiestocome,the
Criticalplaywhichcrystallizesthestereotype
forJewswasnot TheMerchantqftjbnicebut
TheJewqf腸IiaintermsoftheLopezcase.A
poisoningJew”wasreinforcedbothwithBara-
bas’declaration,pOisoningpottageoftheNun-
nery,andlearningphysicsinItalyandwiththe
ChristiantraditionalprejudiceforJews.Asfor
anothercluethatShakespeareintendedtowrite
aboutLopez,SOmeCriticshavepointedoutthe
similar name between AntonioinThe脇rchant
qft句niceandSpanishMarano,DonAntonio,
WhostayedinLondon.ButAntonioisapopular
nameintheShakespeareandramasuchas
TweLfih几なht,SOitisnotnecessarilycrucial.
ExceptfortheLopezcase,therearemany
COntrOVerSiesabouttheJewsinthesixteenth
CenturyLondon.Ontheonehand,Bradbrook
arguesthat“Elizabethanshadvirtuallynoex-
periencewithJews”(105).180ntheotherhand,
KogishiarguesthatMaranostayedinLondon
becauseoftheordinanceaboutusury;Queen
Elizabethwasphilo-Semitistandifshetrusted
Lopezdearly,ShetooktheJewishusurersinto
accountandtheystayedinLondontoaclear
extentforcitizens(Kogishi63).Inconsidering
theElizabethan economicalsituationthein-
crease oftheinternationaltrade and the rise of
financiers,JewishcitizenscouldliveinLon-
donthoughtheywerebanishedin1290.Again,
Shakespearedidnotnecessarilymeetandsee
Jews,butatleastheprobablyknewabout
Lopez.
Shylock’spossiblefigurescouldbemadein
thesesituations.19Asmanycriticspointedout,
Shylockclearlyresemblesanddiffersfrom
Barabas.BradbrookandKitagawaargue,Shy-
lockis notsomuchdemonic as humanethan
Barabas,(BradbrooklO7,Kitagawal12)and
Elizabethan audiences more orlessfeltthat he
WaS.ShylockisclearlypresentedasaJew:he
CannOtfleefromhisethnicity.Itismostimpor-
tanttoconsiderwhatkindofJewShylockisde-
scribed tobe.
ThereseemstobenorecordsofhowShy-
lock’scharacterwasperformedontheEli-
Zabethanstage.VariousShylockcharactersin
theeighteenthcenturyshowtheambiguous
Shylock.200neclearclueisthefrontpageon
thequartoversionofThe腸rchantqftjbnice
publishedin1621:
The mostexcellent
Historie ofthe MerchantofVenice.
ⅤViththeextreamecrueltieofShylocke
theIewe
towardsthesaydMerchant,incutting
aiustpound
Ofhisflesh:andtheobtayningofPortia
bythechoyseofthreechests.
Asithathbeenediuerstimesactedby
the Lord
Chamberlaine his Servant.(italics
mine)
This“extremecruelty”showedtheviewpointof
JewsinElizabethanperiod.Theplaycouldpost-
ulatethosewhohaveaprejudicecreatedbythe
Lopezcaseand TheJewqf肋Ita.Besides,the
94
![Page 14: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
ShylockasaJew:TheElizabethanViewofJewsin TheA忽rchantqf.一々nice
frontpageshows‘theJew’functionedasthe
markofracial,ethical,Orreligiousdistinction.
EventhenamesofAntonioand Bassanioare
notdescribedonthepage;Antonioisimpliedin
amerchant.”Fromthefrontpage,thereseems
neitherrelig10uSCOnfrontation,nOrapparent
vocationalone such as amerchant and a usurer
thoughtheJewimpliesausurer:Shylockisfi-
guredonlyin“theJew.”Thereisalsonoim-
plicationoflaterjudgmentscene,eVenOfBel-
mont.Thepageshowsthatextremelycruel
Shylockcutsamerchant’sfreshinamainplot
andsomeoneobtainsPortiabythechoiceof
threecasketsinsecondplot.Astheplaygoes
On,itrevealsthatShylockisconfrontedwith
Portia,nOtAntonio.Shylockwouldperformasa
representativeofJewsandPortiawouldasa
representativeofChristians.Beforethebegin-
ningoftheplay,audienceneverknowsthedif-
ferenceinthegeographicalborderbetween
VeniceandBelmontandinthereligiousborder
betweenShylockandtheotherChristians.
Fewlinesarethereabouttheappearance
OfShylockonthestage.Asforclothes,nOde-
SCriptionabouthischaracteristicsexceptthat
Shylock’scostumeis“Jewishgabardine”appears
inSceneIActⅢ(I.iii.107)Shylockputson
theyellowbadgewhichdistinguishedtheJews
fromothermen.Althoughsomecriticsassume
thatShylockhadabottle-nOSelikeBarabas,and
ared-hairedwigwhichwascharacteristicof
Jewishcharacters,thereisnoevidencethat
Shylockwasplayedasacomiccharacterin
Shakespeare,sday.210nthestage,Shylock
would have no distinctfeaturesfromtheother
Characters.Portia’sspeechclarifiesthesimi1ar-
itybetweenthem.
Duke:AntonioandoldShylock,both
standforth.
Portia:IsyournameShylock?
Shylock:Shylockismyname.
(Ⅳ.i.170-73)
Althoughaudiencesalreadyknewwhichone
WaSAntonioandShylock,Portiadoesnotknow
them.Afterthewordofduke,Portiadisting-
uishesthetwoandtalkstoShylock,“Isyour
nameShylock?”PortiacanperceiveShylock’s
physicalcharacteristicorparticularappearance.
Inthiscourtscene,Elizabethanaudiencewould
recognizeJewishpeculiaritydifferentfromEn-
glishalthoughJewishgabardinecouldbean
ordinarycIothamongLondoners.22 Thesur-
facedifferencestrengthensShylock’sJewish-
ness.Duringthejudgment,Portiacallshim
“Shylock”threetimes,“theJew”ninetimes.The
SuCCeedingcourtmarkshimwiththeJewor
otherswhois derived notsomuchfrom his
appearanceasfromhisethnicity.
Shylock,Who was distinct from other
Citizens,WaSmarkedasotherswhetherornot
thathestayedinLondonandexpressedout-
burstsofhisidentity.WeneedtoviewShylock
bythefollowingthreeelementsbywhichShy-
lockismarkedasaJew,Others:Shylockasa
usurer,Shylockasafather,ShylockasaJew.
4.2MoneyandShylock
Itisdifficulttoextractusuryfromthese
elementswhichformShylock’sfigure;uSury
meantJewintheElizabethanera.23Forallthe
Jewishvarietiesinrelationtotheconceptionof
usury,itisnecessarytoviewtheusuryalone
forgraspingthedynamicmovementfroma
usurertoaJewasIwi11arguelater.Itisalso
difficult to use freely the inclusive word
money”withoutsubdividingitintomany
Portia:Whichis the merchant here?
andwhichtheJew?
95
![Page 15: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
SASAO Tomo and HIGASHIKAWA Yoichi
elements;inthefrequencyoftheuseinthe
play.Thefollowingthreesubcategorieswi11be
usefultoread:1)goldormoney.(goldisused
twentytwotimesincludinggolden):2)interest
(usedsixtimes,Whichcamealmostallfromthe
speechesbetweenAntonioandShylock):3)
jewels(usedfivetimes)ThoughIhavesug-
gestedtheexchangeabilitybetweenmoneyand
jewel,Itakethemonebyoneinthelightof
eachdramatic effect.
In TheMerchantqftjbnice,manymOney
elementsaredeeplyinscribedintothestructure
Ofthedrama.AntonioborrowsitfromShylock
becauseAntoniohadnomoney.Bassaniowants
Antoniotoborrowthemoneybecauseheneeds
ittopaythedebthimselfandtoobtainthe
handofPortia.Jessicabringsmuchmoneyand
jewelswhenshefleeswithLorenzo.Shylock,
Whois ofcourse a usurer,Speaks,“Three
thousandducats,Well”athisentrance(I.iii.1),
Which“identifiesShylockfromtheoutsetwith
thespiritofcalculationandmoney”(Gross
47).Inspiteofusingthesamewordmoney,
Antonio,Bassanio,andPortiauseitinadif-
ferentwayfromShylock.Antoniousesmoney
forhisfriendandPortiaforherhusband,Whose
moneyisdescribedasaChristianvirtue,pOSi-
tivewealth.Shylock,bycontrast,embodiesa
money-pOWerinitsmostnakedform.
SigurdBurckhardtarguesthatmoney
makesitpossibletouniteShylockandPortia
betweenthetworealms,VeniceandBelmont
and that money also unites the lovers
(Burckhardt211r12).precisely,mOneyOrin-
terestseemstobeShylock’sstrongmotiveof
revengeforAntoniountilJessicafleesfromher
father.
Butmore,forthatinlowsimplicity
Helendsoutmoneygratisandbrings
down
The rate of usance here with usin
Venice.
IfIcancatchhimonceuponthehip,
Iwillfeedfatthe ancientgrudgeI
bear him.
He hatesour sacrednation,and he
rails
(Eventherewheremerchantsmostdo
congregate)
Onme,mybargains,andmywell-WOn
thrift,
Whichhecallsinterest:CurSedbemy
tribe
IfIforglVehim! (I.iii.36r47)
ShylockhatesAntonionotonlybecauseheisa
Christian,butalsobecausehetakesnointerest
fromanyone.ShylockalsocomplainsthatAnto-
nioregardsinterestnotasprofitbutas“ven-
ture”(I.iii.85).Thewordinterestwasabetter
namethanusury.Interestcanbethetermbe-
tweenwhatShylockcalls“thrift”andwhat
Christianscall“usury,”whichunitesShylock
andAntoniostronglyintheeconomicalsociety.
Incidentally,thisinterestiscorrelatedwith
Jews.ChristiansintheElizabethanperiodwere
prohibitedtotakeinterest,WhileJewsinsisted
upontheirlegitimacybecauseofthequotation
fromtheOldTestament.24Antonio,sspeech,
“Butlenditrathertothineenemy”(I.iii.30),eX-
emplifiesthatheisinvokingthebiblicaltradi-
tionasmostChristiansinterpretit.
Bothdifferent attitudestowardstheinterest
areexpressedinthefollowingwords:
IIowlikeafawningpublicanhelooks!
Ihate himfor heis aChristian:
Ifthouwi1tlendthismoney,1enditnot
Astothyfriends,forwhendidfriend-
96
![Page 16: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
ShylockasaJew:TheElizabethanViewofJewsin TheA忽rchantqf.一々nice
ship take
A breedfor barren metalofhisfriend?
(Ⅰ.iii.127-29)
Ididreceivefairspeechlessmessages:
HernameisPortia,nOthingunder-
valu’d
ToCato’sdaughter,Brutus’Portia,
Noristhewideworldignorantofher
worth,
Forthefourwindsblowinfromevery
COaSt
Renownedsuitors,andhersunnylocks
Hang on her templeslike agolden
fleece,
(I.i.161r70.,italicsmine)
ThisclearlycontrastswithShylock’s,“Tcannot
tell,Imakeitbreedasfast”(I.iii.91).Antonio
regards money as“barren metal,”which
negatestheinterestwhichmoneyproduces.
Shylockcontrarilyaffirmstheinterestwhich
moneybreeds.Apointshouldbemadeclear:
Antonio’smoneyisrepresentedasamotifofex-
Changebasedonthetrade,Venture.Thesame
image,however,isusedbybothcharacters
Whentheyspeakaboutinterest.Theimageis
produceandbirth,inotherwords,SOmethingis
madefromnothing.Inasense,aSmanyCritics
havepointedout,Antoniocan be seen asa
homosexual.25AntoniowhosecretlylovesBas-
sanioisexpressedasa“barren”character.26
ShylockspeakstoAntoniowithametaphorof
ewesandrams,”towhichAntonioresponds:
BassaniocomparesPortiato“goldenfleece
Whichimpliesmoney.HerePortiais“asymboI
ofthefortunesfor whichmerchants ventured”
andasymbolofmoneyitself.27 Astheplay
goeson,however,Antoniospeakswithadif-
ferentaspect:
Youmayaswellusequestionwiththe
wolf,
Whyhehathmadetheewebleatfor
thelamb: (Ⅵ.i.73r74)
ThiswasaventuresirthatJacobserv’dfor,
Athingnotinhispowertobringtopass,
Butsway’dandfashion’dbythehandofheaven.
Wasthisinsertedtomakeinterestgood?
Orisyourgoldandsilverewesandrams?(I.
iii.86-90)
ThoughAntoniocondemnsShylockwiththe
imageofthewolfoftenusedasametaphorof
usury,thenextlineofhisaddsthatanother
meaningtotheimageofewethatthewolfkills
theewe.Shylockneverkillstheewewhichis
deeplyimplicatedwithinterest.Itisnecessary
toconsiderwhethertheuseofimageherehas
COherencyornot.Antoniospeaksinthecourt:
AgainAntonioclearlynegatesShylock’sviewof
interest.Nevertheless,Antoniousestheimage
Ofsheep.ThestronglmplicationwithmoneylS
notonlyforAntonioandShylock.Bassanio
shows as well:
Iamataintedwetheroftheflock,
Meetestfordeath,-theweakestkindof
fruit
Dropsearliesttotheground,andsolet
me;
Youcannotbetterbeemploy’dBassa-
InBelmontisaladyrichlyleft,
Andsheisfair,and(fairerthanthat
word),
Ofwondrousvirtues,-SOmetimesfrom
hereyes
97
![Page 17: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
SASAO Tomo and HIGASHIKAWA Yoichi
(Ⅳ.i.11417) girl,
Shehaththestonesuponher,andthe
ducats.” (II.viii.15r22)
nlO.
Antoniocallshimself“ataintedwether,”andhis
WOrdsfinishaseriesofimages:Shylock,the
wolfkills Antonio the wether.The shift ofhis
imagefromaeweorinteresttoawetherhasa
dualmeaning;theonesignifiesthatAntonio
CannOtbreedmoney;theothermeansthathe
losesthemale.Itisnoteworthythatthisspeech
is hislastone before Portia’s entrance.Antonio
atfirstnegatestheinterestandtheimageof
eweandram,”butgraduallyheusestheimage
repeatedly,SOfinallyexpresseshimselfasa
wether.”This shows Antonio’s conscious shift
aroundinterestandmoney.Antonioisinte-
gratedintotheworldofinterestwhereShylock
lives. 28
ShylockcriesbothforJessica,“myOWnflesh
andblood”(Ⅲ.i.31)fleesfromhimandforhis
lostmoney.HerewhatShylockproposedasa
merrysport”(I.iii.141),thebond,becomes
Ser10uS.
AnoteworthysuggestionaboutJessicaand
ShylockisshowninMarcShell’sArt&肋nり′:
Having lost the person of his own
“fleshandblood”hissupposedlycon-
SanguineouschildJessicaShylockis
COnCernedwiththelossofhispurse,Or
SCrOtum,bymeansofwhichhemight
generateanothersuchchild.Andlike
manyamoneydevilinChristianideolo-
gy,Shylockcriesoutatthelossofthe
purse,Or mOneybag,by means of
Whichhemightgenerateothercoinsas
interest.(34)
4.3JessicaandShylock
JessicaisShylock’sdaughter,andshe
wishestoconverttoChristianity.Shylockdoes
notloveJessicaasmuchasBarabas.Fromthe
first,ShylocktellshernottomeettheChristian.
ButJessicametherdearest,Lorenzo,andflees
fromherfatherwithhim.Shylockcriesout
Whenheheardofherescapefromhim:
Shellarguesthe stone hasthe dualityin a
monetarychildandinakindredchild.Inaddi-
tiontothat,manyrepeatedcries,“daughterand
ducats”canidentifythemasone.ForJessicais
representedbyajewelexchangeablewith
moneyaswasseenbefore:
“My daughter!O my ducats!O my
daughter!
FledwithaChristian!OmyChristian
ducats!
Justice,thelaw,myducats,andmy
daughter!
A sealed bag,tWO Sealed bags of
ducats,
Ofdoubleducats,StOl’nfrommebymy
daughter!
Andjewels,tWOStOneS,tWOrichand
preciousstones,
Stol’nbymydaughter!Justice!-findthe
Whythere,there,there,there!adi-
amondgonecost
me two thousand ducatsin Frank-
fort,thecurse
neverfelluponournationtillnow,I
neverfeltittill
now,tWOthousand ducatsinthat,
andotherpre-
Cious,preCiousjewels;Iwould my
98
![Page 18: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
ShylockasaJew:TheElizabethanViewofJewsin TheA忽rchantqf.一々nice
daughter were
deadatmyfoot,andthejewelsinher
ear:WOuld she
Were hears’d at my foot,and the
ducatsinhercoffin! (Ⅲ.i.76r82)
gold.AdiamondisaholystoneintheOldTes-
tament.29Thereremainsanotherspeechabout
」eWel:
Outuponher!Thoutorturestme,Tub-
al:itwasmy
turquoise;IhaditofLeahwhenIwas
abachelor:
Iwouldnothavegivenitforawi1der-
nessofmonkeys.(Ⅲ.i.110r12)
ShylockisangrythatJessicasoldhisjewels.Of
COurSe,ShylockisanxiousforJessicaevenif
Shylock’sindignationdoesnotseemtocarefor
Jessicaherself;forShylock,Jessicaisequalto
hisJewishdaughterwhoonlycanbreedhisde-
SCendants.Jessicaalsohasthedualityina
monetarychildandinakindredchild.Precisely,
jewelsarespecialforJews.IntheOldTes-
tament,therearesomelinesaboutjewels,One
ofwhichis asfollows:
ShylockfuriouslytakesoffenceatJessicabe-
CauSeShesoldhisringwhichwasgivenhimby
hiswife,Leah.Turquoiseswerewidelybelieved
tohavemaglCalproperties.Theyweresup-
posed“toreconcilemanandwife”;theywere
Saidtochangecolor,inordertowarnthosewho
worethemofimpendingdanger(Gross69).
Thejewelwasnotforsaleatall.Here,three
arethreereasonsforShylock’sanger;firstJessi-
CatOOkjewelswithherwhichbreedmuch
money;SeCOnd,theunpurchasablejewelfor
Shylockissoldbyhisdaughter;third,Jessica
SOldthejewelwhichrepresentsherself.Jessica
isoutofthecircleofharmonyinBelmont.She
alsohastheanxietythatshecannotbecomea
trueChristianbecauseofherJewishblood,
deeplylinkedtoheranxietyaboutprospective
issues.JessicadoesnotbecomeaChristiandis-
turbedbyherjewelimageandherbloodasI
explainedbefore.AlthoughJessicaholdsthe
Seriousfear,Shylockdoesnotknowthat;it
SeemStOhimthatJessicahasconvertedto
Christianity.Lastly,Shylockcriedout,“my
daughterweredeadatmyfoot,andthejewels
inherear!”(Ⅲ.i.79r80).why“inherear”?
Johnsonwi11giveasignificantimplicationfor
thequestion.Iwi11quotehishistoricalexplana-
tionthoughlong:
17Andthoushaltsetinitsettingsof
StOneS,eVenfourrowsofstones:the
firstrows ofstones:thefirstrow shall
beasardius,atOpaZ,andacarbuncle:
this shallbe thefirstrow.
18And the second row shallbe an
emerald,aSapphire,andadiamond.
19And the third row aligure,an
agate,andanamethyst.
20Andthefourthrowaberyl,andan
OnyX,andajasper:theyshallbesetin
goldintheirinclosings.
21And the stones shallbe withthe
names,1iketheengravingsofaslgnet;
everyonewithhisnameshalltheybe
accordingtothetwelvetribes.
(Exodus,ⅩⅩviii:17r21.)
TheselinesshowthepriestAaron,thebrother
OfMoses,andhisbreast-plateinwhichtwelve
jewelsareembedded.Thesejewelsaresetin
goldrosettes.Itisremarkablethatjewelsare
Setintothegoldrosette;jewelsareunitedwith
99
![Page 19: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
SASAO Tomo and HIGASHIKAWA Yoichi
SuccessfulJewishmoneylendersoften
accumulatedquantitiesofunredeemed
pledges,eSpeCiallyjewels.Localsump-
tuarylawswereenactedtoprevent
themwearingsuchspoil;indeedthe
Jewsdrewuptheirownsumptuary
prohibitions,tOaVert’theenvyand
hatredofthegentiles,Whofixtheir
gazeuponus:(Johnson273)
ChristiansareJews;Jewsareneverdisting-
uishedfromtheirreligiousdisciplinesanddaily
CuStOmSeVenifJewsdistinguishChristiansby
themeansofreligiousthings.Thus,Jewswere
reinforcedinLondon,WhichinvoIved serious
COnfrontationbetweenthetworeligions.Shy-
lockhatesChristiansmorefiercelyafterJessica
ranawayfromhim.WhenShylocklostJessica
economicallyandreligiously,Shylockasher
fathervanishes;heexpressestheoutburstina
usurerandaJew.Aremarkablepointisrepe-
atedlyused“fair”whichfunctionsasthemark
Ofgentile.
Accordingtothelines,Jewswereprohibitedto
putonanyjewels.30shylock,scry“inherear
CanmeanhispartingfromherasaJew.Jessica
isnotsomuchareligiouskinsmanasasymbol
Ofmoney. Benominatedforanequalpound
Ofyourfairflesh,tObecutoffand
takell
Inwhatpartofyourbodypleasethme.
(I.iii.145r47.,italicsmine)
4.4ReligionandShylock
Religiousdistinctions,betweenChristians
andJews,SeemtObecapturedmostclearlyin
thesurfaceconfrontationintheplay.Although
Shylockisregardedasadevilatthebeginning
Oftheplay,aStheplaygoeson,hisdevilishim-
agedeclinesgradually.Inadditiontothelossof
hisdevilishimage,Shylockisnotnecessarilyde-
SCribedasaproperJew.Noghettoisdepicted
andlittleaboutthesynagogue;thelatterwas
mentionedonlyonce(Ⅲ.i.120).AlthoughShy-
lockdeclareshisreligiousdiscipline(I.iii
.29r33),hescarcelymentionstothereligious
matter.Rather,althoughShylocksometimes
Criesout“Christian,”hehardlycallshimself
“Jew.”Bradbrooksumsupthereligiousback-
groundintheElizabethanperiod.
ShylockdesiresAntonio’sfairflesh,andhis
WOrdmeansnotonlythatShylockwantsjusta
poundofflesh,butalsothatShylockwants
Christianflesh.Inotherwords,SinceShylock
losthis“fleshandblood”(Ⅲ.i.31)Jessica,he
wantsChristianfleshinstead.Antonio accor-
dinglyexpressesasaChristian:
SayhowIlov’dyou,Speakmejdirin
death:(Ⅳ.i.271.,italicsmine)
AntoniodeclareshisChristianityjustbeforethe
SentenCeisannouncedinthecourt.Though
AntoniobehavesasamerchantintheRialto,he
acts as aChristian.WhenLorenzotalks toPor-
tiawhowi11gotothecourtindisguise,anOther
Christianityappearsinthefollowingline:
FromtheGospelstheJewsweretre-
atedasexamplesofthosewhorejected
Offeredgrace;SOaChristiancouldhave
a’Jewishheart’ifherejectedChrist.
17birthoughtsandhappyhoursattend
onyou! (Ⅲ.iv.41.,italicmine) BradbrookclarifiesthefigureofJews;nOn
100
![Page 20: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
ShylockasaJew:TheElizabethanViewofJewsin TheA忽rchantqf.一々nice
The“fairthoughts”remindsusofthejudgment;
fairshowsaChristian,sattitudeforJews.31
ManydescriptionsclarifythealienShylock.
Thepungentletogentileisawellknowninst-
anceofthem.Tnthetrialscene,T)ukesaysto
Shylock,“WeallexpectagentleanswerJew!”
(Ⅳ.i.34);althoughDukerequeststheChristian
mercyofShylock,animaginable“gentile”im-
pliesthatShylockrejectsChristianmercy.
Fiedlerarguesthat“morearchaicsetof
associationswiththe bond,mOVed backtocir-
cumcisionandFatherAbraham”(Fiedler123).
Abrahamwasthefirstpersonwhocircumcised
hisson(Genesis,ⅩVii:9r14).Hisnameismen-
tionedafewtimesintheplay.Shylockcites
Jacob’scaseinGenesis,ⅩⅩⅩ:33r39.
SCene.Aboutthelaw,Shylocksaidinthefollow-
ingway:
Ihavepossess’dyourgraceofwhatI
purpOSe,
AndbyourholySabbathhaveIsworn
To have the due and forfeit of my
bond,
Ifyoudenyit,1etthedangerlight
Uponyourcharterandyourcity’sfree-
dom! (Ⅳ.i.35-39)
TheVenetianlawandthebondguaranteeonly
thefreedominVenice.ForShylock,thebond
COmeSfromtheJewishTorah,“theLawwhich
GodmadeforJews,WhichJewshaveabond
withGod”(Exodus,ⅩⅩⅩi:16r18).Inanother
SCene,Portiamentionsaboutthelaw. WhenJacobgrazedhisuncleLaban’s
Sheep,
ThisJacobfromourholyAbramwas
(Ashiswisemotherwroughtinhisbe-
half)
Thethirdpossessor:ay,hewasthe
third. (Ⅰ.iii.66-69)
Itmustnotbe,thereisnopowerinVenice
Can alter a decree established:
’Twi11berecordedforaprecedent,
Andmanyanerrorbythesameexample
Willrushintothestate,itcannotbe.(Ⅵ.i
.214-18)
Aftertheconnectionaboutinterest,Shylock
Speaks: Portiaclearlymentionsaboutinviolabilityofthe
lawandthatnopowerchangesthelaw.About
exactnessofthelaw,althoughBurckhardt
admitsthatthe riddle ofthe casketsmustbe
COrreCtlyinterpreted,hearguesthatPortia
winsShylockbecausesheusesthelawasthe
written bond(Burckhardt 206-36).His
argumentisdoubtful;althoughDuke’slaw,the
baseofthenation,insistsupontheprescription
Clearlylnitself,Portia’slawallowspeopleto
makesomeinterpretation.Portiainterpretsthe
lawinthesamewayasBassaniointerpretsthe
CaSkets.InBelmont,Jessicaanxiouslysaysas
follows:
OfatherAbram,WhattheseChristians
are,
Whose own hard dealings teaches
them suspect
Thethoughtsofothers!(I.iii.156r58)
AbrahamisthefatherofallJewsandShylock
useshisnameinarepresentationofaconscious
Jew,andhisquotationreinforcestheconflict
againstChristiansbydemandingAntonio’sfair
flesh.
Inthecourt,theVenetianlawcontroIsthe
101
![Page 21: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
SASAO Tomo and HIGASHIKAWA Yoichi
(Eagleton36).whatShylockexpectsforthe
lawisestablishedrigidly,nOteaSilyinterpreted
ortransformed.
Iflaw,authority,andpowerdenynot,
Itwi11gohardwithpoorAntonio.
(Ⅲ.ii.288-89)
Thisimpliesthechangeabilityoflaw.TnBel-
mont,thelawisneverconstantasifcasket
selection connoted the difference betweenwhat
ison the surface andwhatis hidden.Bassanio
mustchoosetherightcasketbecauseheinter-
pretshersong.
WhatjudgmentshallTdreaddoingno
WrOng?
Youhaveamongyoumanyapurch-
as’dslave,
Which(1ikeyourasses,andyourdogs
andmules)
Youuseinabjectandinslavishparts,
Becauseyouboughtthem,ShallIsay
toyou,
Letthembefree,marrythemtoyour
heirs?
Whysweattheyunderburthens?Let
their beds
Bemadeassoftasyoursandlettheir
palates
Be season’dwithsuchviands?Youwill
anSWer
“Theslavesareours,”SOdoIanswer
yOu:
ThepoundoffleshwhichIdemandof
llilll
Isdearlybought,’tismineandIwi11
haveit:
Ifyoudenyme,fieuponyourlaw!
There is no force in the decrees of
Venice:
Istandforjudgment,anSWer,ShallI
haveit? (Ⅳ.i.89rlO3.,italicsmine)
Inlaw,Whatpleasotaintedandcor-
rupt,
Butbeingseason’dwithagracious
VOICe,
Obscures the show ofevil?
(Ⅲ.ii.75-77)
Hissoliloquyhereatcasketselectionexpects
theconsequencebyakindofdramaticeffect.
Bassanioalsoclarifiestherelativityofthelaw.
Aboutthelaw,TerryEagletonsaysasfollows:
Forlawto belawits decreesmustbe
generalandimpartial,quiteindepen-
dentofandindifferenttoanyconcrete
Situation.Ifthiswerenotsowemight
endupwithasmanylawsasthereare
Situations,Whichwould defeatthe
Wholeideaoflawbyviolatingitscom-
parativenature,itsattempttoapply
thesamegeneralprinciplestowidely
differentconditions.(36)
ShylockrejectsDuke’ssuggestion;Shylock
boughtAntonio’sfleshataveryhighprice.
Simultaneously,ShylockcondemnsChristiansin
thelightofaslavemarketSlaveswerein
Londonbuttheywereregardedasaliens,Or
theywerethesameasShylock.Amongthem,
thephrase“season’d”islinkedtotheentrance
Thisshowsthenecessityofinterpretation,aS
longasthelawisappliedintheextentofits
Splrit.Ifweinterpretthelawcreatively,We
Shouldrespectthespirit.Thus,inThe腸rchant
qft句′lice,“itisShylockwhohasrespectforthe
Spiritofthelaw and Portiawho does not”
102
![Page 22: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
ShylockasaJew:TheElizabethanViewofJewsin TheA忽rchantqf.一々nice
OfPortia.ThisisPortia’sveryfamousspeech
aboutthemercy.
twoimages theeweandramrepresentedas
interestandducatwhichbreedbyitselfre-
SOnatewitheachother.UnexpectedlyShylock
negatesthepartingducat,Orinterest.There
SeemStObenoimplicationwithmoney;there-
foreheisnotausurer.Shylockhasonlyhisre-
1igiousJewishnessbasedonlawandbond.Im-
mediatelywhenShylocktriestocutAntonio’s
“fairflesh”withhisknife,Portiasays.
Andearthlypowerdoththenshow
likest God’s
WhenmercyseasonsJuStice:
(Ⅳ.i.192r93.,italicsmine)
PortiaspeaksinBelmontafterthejudgment:
Howmanythingsbyseason,SeaSOn’d
are
Totheirrightpraise,andtrueperfec-
tion! (Ⅴ.i.107rlO8.,italicsmine)
Take then thy bond,take thou thy
poundofflesh,
Butinthecuttingit,ifthoudostshed
OnedropofChristianblood,thylands
and goods
Are(bythelawsofVenice)confiscate
Unto the state ofVenice.
(Ⅳ.i.302-307)
Shylockcondemnstheslavemarketbecause
Christiansdonotgiveslavesmercy,bywhich
ShylockinsiststhattheVenetianlawisnever
transformedbymercyoranypower.Onthe
COntrary,Portiaarguesthat“mercyseasonsJuS-
tice”orlawcanbetransformedbymercy
therelativityoflawislikeGod,andsaidthat
manythingsbyseasonseason’d”1eadsto“right
praise and true perfection.”A series of
SeaSOnS”1eadtothelegitimacyoftheinter-
pretation;32theinterpretationispraisedright,
andtruly.Thustheinterpretationreinforcesthe
Christianssacredness,nOtthelegitimacyof
Venice.Shylockadherestothebondhislaw
andtheancestor’sbondandheexpresses
WhatheisnotsomuchausurerasaJew.
Shylock says as a response to Portia’s
judgement:
(Ⅳ.i.309) Is thatthelaw?
Antonio as amerchantvanished because hecal-
1edhimselfawether.Portiafoundhimonlya
Christian.ThereforePortiasentencesShylock,
“OnedropofChristianblood.Shylockbecomes
awarethatPortia’s sentenceisnotbased onthe
Venetianlaw;itistheChristianinterpretation.33
ThusShylockasks,“Isthatthelaw?”Shylockis
defeatednotonlybecausehebelievestherigid-
ityofthelaw,butalsobecauseherejectsthat
heisausurerandentersintothereligiouscon-
frontationunconsciously.
There remains another episode in the
COurt.PortiadenotesalawinVeniceinspiteof
thepresenceofherChristianity.
Ifeveryducatinsixthousandducats
Wereinsixparts,and everyparta
ducat,
Iwouldnotdrawthem,Iwouldhave
mybond! (Ⅳ.i.85r88)
This reminds us of the connection about an ewe
andaram.Moneydoesnotsplitbyitself.The Ifitbeprovedagainstanalien,
103
![Page 23: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
SASAO Tomo and HIGASHIKAWA Yoichi
Thatbydirect,Orindirectattempts
Heseekthelifeofanycitizen,
Theparty’gainstthewhichhedoth
COntrive,
Shallseizeonehalfhisgoods,theother
half
Comestotheprivycofferofthestate,
And the offender’slifeliesin the mer-
Cy
Ofthedukeonly,’gainstallothervoice.
(Ⅳ.i.345-52)
naturalforthemtoacceptthesentencethat
COmpelledShylocktoturnintoaChristian
(Lelyveld6).whichistrue?Onepersuasive
ClueisthatSt.ThomasAquinasaffirmedthat
truebeliefhastobevoluntary(Gross91.fJe
alsoexemplifiesanotherclueinthesamepage;
“AttheendofthesixthcenturyPopeGregory
theGreatestablishedtheprinciplethatJews
WerenOttObebaptizedbyforce.”Butitseems
tobesomeoldclueforviewingtheElizabethan
period.).Fromthepointofview,Elizabethan
audiencesmightfeelthatPortia’ssentenceis
Strange.IfTheMerchantofVenicewasakind
ofreligiousdrama(ofcoursetherearelittle
elementstoprobeitintheplay),Shylock’scon-
VerSioncouldbeacceptedasaharmoniousdra-
maturgy.Thecomedy,ifweaccepttheplayas
acomedy,thecompulsorilyconvertedShylock
diesinthelightofnotbeingaJew.Shylockis
ejectedoutoftheVenetiancommunity,withhis
hiddenJewishbeliefandheliveshislifeasan
ambiguous,divided,identity.Hadtheconver-
SionmadeitpossiblefortheElizabethanaudi-
encetoacceptasacruelsentence,Whywasthe
SentenCeputinthestructureoftheplay?This
COnVerSionfunctionsasatechniquetointensify
thelegitimacyoftheChristians;PortiaaChrist-
ian,insistsupontherightseasonedinterpreta-
tionintermsofGod’sgrace.
Theactuallaw34regardsShylockasothersof
Venice;thelawmarksShylockwithanalienre-
gardlessofthefactthatShylockisinVenice.
Thelawdenotessimultaneouslytoprotectthe
lifeofcitizensandtoejectothers.Whydoes
Portiapresentthelawatlast?Oneprobable
reasonisthere:ifShylockhadstillbeenidenti-
fiedwithAntonio,aChristianwithinanecono-
micalaspect,thelawwouldhavenoeffect;Shy-
lockisnotanalien.ItisjustafterShylocklost
hiseconomicalfigureandthewayheincon-
trasttoaChristianthatthelaw hasthe effect.
ShylockendswithexpressinghisJewish-
ness;ChristianscauseShylocktoconvertto
Christianitycompulsorily.Aboutthecompul-
SOryCOnVerSion,Grosssumsupasfollows:
OnereasonwhyShylock’senforced
baptismisdisconcertingisthatitis
COntrarytOpredominantChristian
tradition.[...]CountlessJewswere
COerCedintoChristianity;COuntless
Otherssufferedmartyrdomratherthan
Submit.Buthoweverfrequenttheex-
Ceptions,therulewasoneofreluctant
toleration.(91)
5.Conclusion
AtfirstShylockisportrayedasausurer,
aneconomicalfigureandhethrowsoffthefi-
guretocutofftheChristianAntonio’sfairflesh.
However,ShylockisdefeatedbyPortiaandhe
isdeprivedofallhisfortune;forShylockdis-
Cardstheeconomiccharacteristicwhichisonly
commonwithAntonio,Christians.Thisdrama-
ticconsequenceimpliestheChristiandomi- Onthecontrary,Lelyveldarguesthat“Itwas
104
![Page 24: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
ShylockasaJew:TheElizabethanViewofJewsin TheA忽rchantqf.一々nice
nancebothineconomyandinreligion.Finally
Shylockisdejectedandejectedasanalien.In
thesixteenthcentury,merCantiletradearose
alsoinLondon,inwhichmerchantadventuring
WaSCIoselyconnectedwithvoyageofexplora-
tion,plunder,COlonization,andimperialcon-
quest;theauraofheroism,greatadventure,and
patriotismwastransferabletothemorestrictly
COmmerCialaspect.Ontheotherhand,there
alsoroseanambiguousdistinctionbetween
Christiansandothersinthelightoftheecono-
micalsociety.Shylock needed to be re-
CryStallizedasanalien,theenemyofChristians.
Strangelyenough,LauncelotGobbothefooIcon-
notesthetruth“ifanymaninItalyhavea
fairertablewhichdothoffertoswearupona
book”(Ⅲ.ii.150-51).
Jewishnessisundeniablyintertwinedwith
//ご-ノー〃・・イlんイ/′.・川Itl//ご-1い・■小′.リJ/・イl-〃J・-.
BarabasclearlycontrastswithChristianonthe
Surface,andheexpressesthedesireformoney
asifhisdesirewaswhatallJewsdesire.The
desire,however,appearSinbothreligions,
ChristianandJew.In The腸rchantqftjbnice,
inadditiontothefactthatShylockalsohasa
desireformoney,heisconfrontedwithChrist-
ianitytoo.Asimi1aritybetweenthetwoplaysis
thattheirdaughtersarepresentedintheplays,
AbigailandJessica.Thetwodaughters,Who
WishtoconverttoChristianity,bothhave
Christianlovers and seem tobe aChristian.
Jewelrepresentationsofdaughters,however,
disturbthemtoturnintoChristian.Theyare
notabletobeChristian.Inthisview,theycom-
monlyplayaroleinthetwoplays.Therepre-
Sentationfunctionsmore;theeconomicalaspect
Ofjewelsreinforcestheunityoftworelig10uS
COnflictsamongthetwoplays.
Barabasclearlyhasastrongdesirefor
money;heregardsmoneyasaesthetic.Heiden-
tifieshisdaughterwithmoney,Whichissuc-
CeededtoShylock.Itisnoteworthytoviewthe
twoplaysinthehistoricalcontinuance;Shylock
expresseshisJewishnessinadifferentway
fromBarabas,aSnOtOnlyreligious,butalsoas
economical,father’saspects.Shylockdoesnot
SeeAntonioonlyasamerchant;Shylockwants
Antonio’sfairfleshascompensationforhislost
daughter,andasacircumcision.
TheMerchantqftjbniceclarifiestheway
thatJewsareunitedwithChristiansintheeco-
nomicsituation;Ontheotherhand,theplayde-
Clarestheabsolutereligiousdistinctionbetween
ChristiansandJewsrigidly.Thereforethough
ShylockisdescribedtobeunitedwithChrist-
ianseconomically,heisfinallydefeatedbythe
rightjudgmentofPortia.Thecruelsentence
Shylock’sconversionWaSthereflectionof
thecontemporaryLondonsocietyratherthan
dramaticeffect,Whichfunctionsastherecovery
OfChristianityofwhichMarlowe’s The
腸ItadeprivesChristiansintheconnectionof
moneyanddesire.JewsandChristianswereso
Closelyinterdependentwitheachotherthat
LondonneededtoejectJewsasaliensothers.In
law,Whichisthebasetoestablishamodern
SOCiety,itisnecessaryforLondonerstoestab-
1ishthesacrednessorlegitimacyofacorrect
rightChristianinterpretation.
Inthelightofsucceedingevents,The脇rr
Chantqftjbniceisasocialdrama:Shakespeare
usedtheimageofBarabaswhoisportrayedas
religiousandeconomic,althoughBarabasis
SeenaSanOld,traditionalorasademonicJew.
ShylockisregardedasademonicJew,butonly
partially.Therefore The脇rchantqftjbnicere-
CryStallizesShylockinatokenofothersinthe
newlyupcomingeconomical,andsocialcontext.
ElizabethanLondonwasexposedtovarious
SOCialincidentssuchastheinternationaltrade,
105
![Page 25: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
SASAO Tomo and HIGASHIKAWA Yoichi
kindofjestorhumorforestablishedChristian,it
SOundsstrangeinthescene.
5 InShakespeareandrama,“Whatcheer”isusually
usedwhentheonefeelssad.Cf The Tempest,I.i.
2.,and7「g椚0プ7q/』抜βプ7∫,Ⅲ.Ⅴ.39.
6 G.WilsonKnightpointsoutthetragicelementsin
theimages of“sea”and“music.”See Knight,
しヾ/J‘止‘、∫♪‘、‘両‘川 ハ〃小、∫/.-11J〟J‘/しソJ‘/ノ■/-t/しヾ/J‘止‘、∫♪‘、‘/ハ、\
βプⅥ椚〟J才cこ万7才㍗β得β,pp.127-38.
7 EdgarRosenberg,nOtmentioningjewel,SuggeStS
that“inbothplaystheco-eXistenceofdaughtersand
ducats,girlsandgoldgeneratesacertainconfusionor
perversioninvalues.”SeeRosenberg,“TheJewin
WesternDrama.,”p.457.
8 WilburSanders,“DramatistasRealist:’Theノβu)d
A4alta,”p.60.Rather,heregardshisattitudeasatech-
niqueofironicinversion.
9 IthamoresaysafterhehearsBarabas’sspeechof
hatingChristian:“Ohbrave,maSter,Iworshipyour
noseforthis”(Ⅱ.iii.173).TheJewish“bottlenose
could be the conventionin the Elizabethan drama.
PerhapsIthamorewouldbowtoBarabaswithan
artificialbottle nose.
10JamesYoungsuggeststhataJewhasmeasured
andunderstoodtheirsufferingwithpasteventssuch
astheravagedfigureofJerusaleminLamentations,
i:12,tOWhichthescribe’sanswerinLamentations,
iv:6.Hesuggeststhat“eventhescribesofLamenta-
tionsfoundthemselvessimultaneouslydependenton
pastdestructionfortheirfiguresandresistantto
them.”Inthepointofview,Barabas,perhapsuncon
SCiously,issimultaneouslydependentonpastlossof
Jobandresistanttoitinthefollowingseenes.See
\-い=‖ゞ.什ノイ//JJg‘川(/〃i〃リイ//JJ∫川‘・/Jり/りl・‘/J/∫/∴\1/川ト
//J・=川(/川‘・し’りJJ∫=/肌〃l・‘・∫り′/JJ/け♪ハ・ん/〟りJJ.P.一再.
11Thisquotationistakenfrom:JacobR.Marcus,The
ノi〃・/JJ仙・.1ム・(//‘J〟/什りノ・ん/∴lしヾりJ/ノ・l・‘・J?りり万∴J/.;/1り.
p.168.
12 ThesearequotedfromSanders,OP.cit.,p.57.
13 AnotherBarabas’speechalsocanremindofthe
COntrarinessabouttheinterest:‘“Tislikelytheyin
timemayreapesomefruit,”(Ⅱ.iii.87)
14 TheseplaysareexemplifiedfromJohnGross’Shy-
lock:ALegendandItsLegtlCy.NewYork:Simon&
Schuster,p.18.
15In detail,hewasarrestedon12January,CaSedup
irltOLorldorltOWerOr13February,arldjudgedor123
February,andexecutedon7Junein1594.
16 八sforthe discordbetweenLopezandEssex,See
thediscoveryofanewcontinent,andtheRe-
formation.Onlyhistoricaleventsdestabilized
London,England.TheLopezcasewasthesame.
Lopez’sattempttopoisontheQueenwaslikea
destructionofthenationalsymbol.Sorrowfully
Lopez’sfigurelappedthetraditionalviewof
JewlikeBarabas,Whichenablespeopletomake
useoftheimageofJewseasilytoejectthemfor
theprotectionofnationalidentity.Haditnot
beenfortheLopezcase,Orhadtheturnofthe
playsbeenplayedviceversa,theviewofJews
would not have beenformed.
Englandwasonthevergeofcollapsesimul-
taneouslyfromouterdangerssuchashistorical
eventsandfrominnerdangerssuchasanim-
mersiontoothersin an economicalsituation,in
WhichShylockrepresentsasothersandisre-
CryStallizedasothers;ShylocktheJewwasa
SCapegOat,areflectionofEngland’sanxiety.
Notes
Thisisarevisedversionofthe Master’sthesispre-
Sentedtothe Graduate SchoolofEducation,Hokkaido
UniversityofEducation,byTomoSasao,underthesu-
pervisionofProfessorYoichiHigashikawa.
1 MichaelJ.C.Echeruoarguesthefigurefromthe
ViewoftraditionalJew.SeeEeheruo,“Shyloekand
the‘ConditionedImagination’:AReinterpretation.,
pp.79.
2 JohnRusselBrown,ed.,TheMerchantq[t句nice
(TheArdenShakespeare).Allthequotationsofthe
playaretakenfromthiseditionifnototherwise
Stated.InthequotationsofChapterI,Iabbreviate
TheMerchantq[t句プIicetoMVtodistinguishfrom
7’/J‘・ノi〃・-イ1ん/ん/.
3 Fredson Bowers,ed.,The Complete Worksof
ChristopherA4arlou,e,I.ii.22427.Allthequotations
Oftheplayaretakenfromthiseditionifnotother-
Wisestated.InthequotationsofChapterI,Iabbrevi-
ate TheJeu,qFル勉ItatoJMtodistinguishfrom The
.1んノ■lイ/‘川/-t/1’l〃ノ、l・‘.
4 KitagawaTeiji,AStu4)′qFル勉rlowe,p.101.Healso
SuggeStSthat“AlthoughMarloweusesthewordasa
106
![Page 26: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
ShylockasaJew:TheElizabethanViewofJewsin TheA忽rchantqf.一々nice
KogishiAkira’sA Genealo幻′q/ル勉77u10,pp.6472.
17 E.g.,KingLear,Ⅲ.iv.91:“hogln Sloth,foxin
Stealth,WOlfingreediness.
18 Bradbrookalsoarguesthat“Ithasbeensuggested
thatwhatisbehindShylockisthefigureofthePuri-
tanusurer,Whowasveryreadytobackhispractice
WithscripturalquotationasShylockdoes,andwho
maintainedmanyOldTestamentpractices”(106).
19 Amongmanyresearches,thefollowingexamples
areusefultoviewthevariousfiguresofShylock:
ElmerEdgarSto11’scomicfigureandDerekCohell’s
“theJewishvictim.
20 GrossclarifiestheShylockperformersineighteen
Century.See:Gross,PP.cit.,pp.10564.
21Lelyveld,ShyloekontheStage,p.7.Butheargues
thatthecomicalshylockwasperformedintheEli-
zabethan era.
22 Cf The Tempest,Ⅱ.ii.40:“Mybestwayistocreep
underhisgabardine.”Ofthisgabardine,CecilRoth
argues that“their clothingwas notoutlandish,
however,nOrdidtheywearanyspecialgarments.”
SeeRoth,“TheBackgroundofShylock,”p.154.
23JamesShapiro,ShakespeareandtheJeu,,p.98.In
additiontohisargument,Rosenbergsumsupthe
Closerelationshipasfollows:“Usuryhadbeenpre-
SCribedasbotheconomicallyunsoundandreligiously
damnable byonepatristicwriterafteranother.”See
Rosenberg,Op.Cit.,p.471.
24 Deu/eronomy,ⅩⅩiii:21.Inthis,PaulJohnsonex-
plainsaboutthepassageinthefollowingway:“Lend-
ingthereforecameunderphilanthropybutyou
WerenOtObligedtobecharitabletowardsthoseyou
didnotknoworearefor.Interestwasthussynony-
mouswithhostility.”SeeJohnson,AHisto7TqFthe
Jeu)S,p.173.SeealsoBernardGrebanier,The Truth
〟み0〝′5妙わc点,p.77.
25MotohashiTetsuyaarguesthatthedramais“the
allegoryofconflictbetweengenderprocreativeness
andcapitalmonetaryincreasability”(mytranslation).
SeeMotohashi,Realb,釣′igh的JShake車ea柁,p.75.
26SomespeechesexemplifyAntonioasahomosexual:
Suchas“Iowethemostinmoneyandinlove”(I.iii.
131).
27 Aninterpretationforhisspeechchangesatheme
Oftheplay:Ontheonehand,ifthePortiaisregarded,
asBrownandMotohashihavepointedout,aSthe
rrletaphorofrrlOrley,thepurposeofBassarlioisfor
money.On theotherhand,aSGrosssuggests,if
“Wealthwouldn’thave beenenoughinitselftomake
Portiawhatsheis,”hispurposeisthemarrlagetOfair
Portia.
28TsurutaManabuproposestoidentifyaChristian
WithaJewintheeconomicalnetwork.Heexemplifies
thefollowingline:“TheHebrewwillturntoChristian:
hegrowskind”(I.iii.175).“Kind”means“kinship”
(OED,kind,3.d.).Surely“Hebrew”doesnotimplythe
hatred]ew,SOShouldberesttoviewtheplayfrom
the economicalnetwork.See Tsuruta,“Theル飽rchant
qFT句nice:theEconomyinEarlyModernEngland
andthe AllegoryofNation,”pp.13042.
29Inthefieldofjewelstudies,however,majorcon-
temporaryinterpretationsdisagreetoadiamondasa
holystone.See:Haruyama,Jewels-Har
㍑点~βゝ几b′〝用/ガ由ねり′,p.6.
30 Sumptuarylawaboutclothesandjewelswassetin
mostEarly Modern Europe.SeeJacob,Ob.cit.,
pp.19397.
31Thewordjおirisnotfixedonlyinreligiousattitude
butalsointheconnectionofmoney.Aftertheexitof
ShylockinSceneIActⅢ,Bassaniosays“Ilikenot
fairtermsandavillain’smind.”(I.iii.176),Which
SuggeStSthatnointerestistheconceptofChristians.
AndjustbeforeBassanio’sspeech,Antoniosaid“Hie
thee,gentleJew.”(I.iii.174).Considering“gentle”as
punningupongentile,theselinesimplytheintegra-
tionofthetworeligionsintheeconomicalandre-
1iglOuSCOnfrontation.
32 AlexanderSchmidtclassifieseachmeaningofsea-
so71;“tOrendermoreagreeable”inⅢ.ii.76.and V
.i.107;“tOqualify,tOtemper”inⅣ.i.197.;“tOgratify
thetasteof”inⅥ.i.97.SeeShakespeare-Lexicon,
seaso)1,2),3)and5).Butthesemeaningsof“season
Canbetoodeeplyinterrelatedwitheachothertobe
ignored.
33 The name“Portia”can comefrom Roman tribes
Poricus.Thenameofthetribederivedfromporcusin
Latin,“pig”inEnglish.Ifhernameisderivedfrom
thetribe,Portiais,aSthenameconnotes,eXpeCtedto
COnfrontwithShylock;pigisafilthyanimalinJuda-
ism.SeeOzawa,“MarkingtoStranger:ViewofShy-
lock,”p.121.
34 SeeJohnson,PP.cit.,p.237
Works Cited
Bevington,David.“TheJewofA4alta.”Reprintedin
HaroldBloom,ed.,ChristopherA4arlowe.ModernCri-
ticalViews.New York:ChelseaHouse Publishers,
107
![Page 27: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
SASAO Tomo and HIGASHIKAWA Yoichi
JohnW.MahonandEllenMacLeod Mahon,eds.The
Merchantq/tセノIice:A屯u,CriticalEssLVJS.NewYork:
Routledge,2002.
7’/J‘・/Jり/.l・J?/砧・.し’りJJ/‘//JJ/JJ∫川=り(/‘川(/.\’i〃・7’‘・∫l
ん川けノ山.・7’ハ/JJ∫ん//‘・(/りJ//り./-川‘・りノセ/JJ‘//7’りJJ∫J/‘・∫‘川(/
/‘車/J仙イ1け川け7’川JJ∫ん山りJJ∫(///b・JJ/小・し’り川♪〟ハ・(/‘仙/
〃‘・J心‘・‘/恒/J/∫.1/〟け再.l・-∫ しヾ♪‘・l・/‘//し’り川川‘川‘/.・
∴l/-♪りJ〃/‘、(//りわ‘、人l=/(/JJJしソ川ノ■lリJ‘、∫∴lJ///ハり■J二‘、(/人JJJg
jamesl句77min.NewYork:0ⅩfordUniversityPress,
19一?
Hunter,G.K.“Elizabethans and Foreigners.
Sゐα点βゆβα′■βS〝′■㍗り′17:3752,1964.
Johnson,Paul.A助to7γdthehws.NewYork:Harper
&Row,1987.
JointCommitteeontheNewTranslationoftheBible,
7’/J‘・.\’i〃イ「J吋晶/JⅢ砧・.・川‘・川(/7’‘・∫ん川Ji〃/.l.い‖(lい‖:
0ⅩfordUniversityPressandCambridgeUniversity
Press,1970.
Kermode,Frank,ed.The Tempest.The Arden
Shakespeare.London:Routledge,1989,firstreprinted
in1954.
Kitagawa,Teiji.AStuめ′q[A4arlou,e(“MarloweKenk-
yu”).Tokyo:Kenkyusha,1964.
Knight,G.Wilson.Shake車earian Tempest:I/mthaChart
O′5ゐα点β∫♪β〟γβ’∫βγ〟椚〟′gc Uプ7g㍗βγ∫β.London:
Methuen,1953.
KogishiAkira.AGenealo幻′qFル勉rano(“Maranono
Keifu”).Tokyo:Misuzu,1998.
Lelyveld,Toby.Shylockon/heS/age.Cleveland,Ohio:
ThePressofWesternReserveUniversity,1960.
Levin,Harry.The OL,erreaCher:AStu4)′〆Chrわtopher
A4arlowe.Gloucester,Mass:P.Smith,1974,firstre-
printedin1953.
Lothian,].M.andT.W.Graik,eds.,Tu)eLfih几勧t.The
ArdenShakespeare.London:Routledge,1988,firstre-
printedin1975.
Marcus,JacobR.TheJeu,intheMedieLJalWorld:
SourceBook:3151791.NewYork:Atheneum,1972.
Motohashi,Tetsuya.RealbJFrigh娩IShakespeare
(“HontohaKowaiShakespeare”).Tokyo:Kodansha,
2004.
Muir,Kenneth,ed.KingLear.TheArdenShakespeare.
London:Routledge,1989,firstreprintedin1972.
Oliver,H.].,ed.Timon ofAthens.The Arden
Shakespeare.London:Routledge,1986,firstreprinted
in1959.
Ozawa,Hiroshi.“MarkingtoStrarlger:ViewofShylock”
(“IjinwoShirusu:ShylockKo”),inImanishiMasaaki
et al.eds.For the Learners of Shakespeare
1986.
Bloom,Harold,ed.I/mlliamShake坤eareb Theル飽rchant
q/tセノIice.ModernCriticalInterpretations.NewYork:
ChelseaHousePublishers,1986.
Bowers,Fredson,ed.TheJeu,q[A4blta.in TheCom-
Plete f侮rksq/Christopherル勉rlou,e.NewYork:Cam-
bridgeattheUniversityPress,1973.
Bradbrook,M.C.,Shake車eare:thePoetinHis World.
NewYork:ColumbiaUniversityPress,1978.
Brown,JohnRussel,ed.TheMerchantqFTセノIice.The
ArdenShakespeare.London:ThomasNelson&Sons
Ltd,2003,firstpublishedin1955.
Burckhardt,Sigurd.Shake車earean爪先anings.Princeton,
N.].:PrincetonUniversityPress,1968.
Cohen,Derek.“ShyloekandtheIdeaoftheJew.”Re-
printedinHaroldBloom,ed.,Shylock.MajorLiterary
Character.NewYork:ChelseaHouse,1991.
Eagleton,Terry.WilliamShakespeare.NewYork:B.
Blackwell,1986.
Echeruo,MichaelJ.C.“Shylockandthe‘Conditioned
Imagination’:A Reinterpretation.”Shakespeare
¢〝αγ′βγ抄,22(1):315,1971.
Eliot,T.S.TheSbcredI侮od:EssLVJSOnPoetり′andCri-
ticism.London:Methuen,1950.
Ferber,Michael.“TheIdeologyofTheMerchantof
l句プ7gCβ.”且プ7gJg∫ゐ⊥g′βγ〟り′月βプ7αg∫∫αプ7Cβ20:431464,
1990.
Fiedler,LeslieA.TheSt77ulgerinShake坤eare.London:
C.Hellll,1973.
Fisch,Harold.TheDua11mage:theFigureq′theJewi71
EnglishandAmericanLiterature.NewYork:Ktav
Pub.House,1971.
Granville-Barker.Harley,“The几免rcha)1tdtセノ1ice.”Re-
printedinSylvanBarnet,ed.,Tu,entiethCentu7TIn-
/‘ノ♪ハ・ん/〟りJJ∫り′川‘・.1ム・ノ・lリJ…J/り′l’i〃/l・‘・.・‘/し’り//‘・l・/川JJ
q/CriticalEssLVJS.EnglewoodCliffs,N.].:Prentice-Hall,
1970.
Grebanier,Bernard.The TruthaboutShylock.New
York:RandomHouse,1962.
Greenblatt,Stephen.RenaissanceSeLfFbshioning:カ■Om
MoretoShake車eare.Chicago:UniversityofChicago
Press,1980.
Gross,John.Shylock:ALegendand)tsLegacy.New
York:Simon&Schuster,1992.
Haruyama,Yukio.Jeu,els-1hruyama‡旬kio’s几加ural
Histoり′(“Hoseki-HaruyamaYukionoHakubut-
sushi”),VOl.1.Tokyo:HeiborlSha,1989.
Holmer,JoanOzark.“JewishDaughters:TheQuestion
OfPhilo-SemitisminElizabethanDrama.”Reprintedin
108
![Page 28: 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/808/...Hokkaido University of Education Title ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011904/5f1aa81fd990823bb316cf10/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
ShylockasaJew:TheElizabethanViewofJewsin TheA忽rchantqf.一々nice
(“ShakespearewoManabuHitonoTameni”).Kyoto:
SekaiShisosha,2000.
Plowman,Max.“Moneyand’Theル飽rchant’.”Reprinted
inJohnWilders,ed.,Shakespeare:TheMerchantq[
tセノIice:aCasebook.London:Macmillan,6threprint,
1986.
Rosenberg,Edgar.“TheJewinWesternDrama.”Bulle-
′わ7q′几七紺yβγ点P〝摘c上g如Ⅵり′72:44291,1968.
Roth,Cecil.“TheBackgroundofShylock.”ReLJieu,qF
且プ7gJねゐ5J〝dgβ∫ⅠⅩ:14856,1933.
Saito,Mamoru.ShakespeareandHob7Dimension:/he
Approachj)・OmtheSource(“shakespearetoSeinaru
Jigen:ZaigenkaranoApproach”).Tokyo:Hokuseido,
1999.
Sanders,Wilbur.“DramatistasRealist:’Theノβu)d几勉l-
ta’.”ReprintedinHaroldBloom,ed.,ChristopherA4ar-
lou)e.ModernCriticalInterpretations.NewYork:
ChelseaHousePublishers,1986.
Shapiro,James.ShakespeareandtheJeu,.NewYork:
ColumbiaUniversityPress,1996.
Shell,Marc.Art&A40ney.Chicago:UniversityofChica-
goPress,1995.
Stoll,ElmerEdgar.Shake車eareStudies:Historicaland
Compa771tiLJeinA4uhod.NewYork:FrederickUngar,
SeCOndedition,1960.
Tsuruta,Manabu.“TheMerchantq[t句プIice:theEco-
nomyinEarlyModernEnglandandtheAllegoryof
Nation”(”TheMerchantqFTセノIice:KindaiShokino
KeizaitoKokkanoGuwa”)inShibataToshihikoed.,
Rereadi71gShakespeare(“shakespearewoYomi-
naosu”).Tokyo:Kenl{yuSha,2001.
Wistrich,RobertS.Antisemitism:theLongestHatred.
NewYork:PantheonBooks,1991.
Young,James.I析′itingandReu)ritingtheHolocaust:
.\’‘/ノ・ハ///J・=川(/川‘・し’りJJ∫=〃‖〃l・‘・∫り′/JJ/‘ノ♪ハ・ん/〟りJJ.
Bloomington:IndianaUniversityPress,1988.
(佐々尾 知 札幌・岩見沢校大学院生)
(東川 洋一 札幌校教授)
109