oecd energy stats 2014

8/9/2019 OECD Energy Stats 2014

1/430

ENERGY STATISTICS

OF OECD COUNTRIES

I E A S T A T I S T I C S

International

Energy Agency

Please note that this PDF is subject to

specific restrictions that limit its use and

distribution. The terms and conditions are

available online at http://www.iea.org/

termsandconditionsuseandcopyright/

2014EDIT ION


2/430

(61 2014 16 1 P1) 120

ISBN 978-92-64-21301-2

-:HSTCQE=WVXUVW:

ENERGY STATISTICS

OF OECD COUNTRIES

This volume contains data on energy supply and consumption in original unitsfor coal, oil, gas, electricity, heat, renewables and waste. Complete data are

available for 2011 and 2012 and supply estimates are available for the mostrecent year (i.e. 2013). Historical tables summarise data on production, trade andfinal consumption. The book also includes definitions of products and flows andexplanatory notes on the individual country data.

In the 2014 edition of Energy Balances of OECD Countries, the sister volume of thispublication, the data are presented as comprehensive energy balances expressedin million tonnes of oil equivalent.

2014DITION


3/430

ENERGY STATISTICS

OF OECD COUNTRIES

2014EDIT ION


4/430

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974.Its primary mandate was and is two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member

countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritativeresearch and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 29 membercountries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation amongits member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports.

The Agencys aims include the following objectives:

n Secure member countries access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular,through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions.

n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protectionin a global context particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contributeto climate change.

n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis ofenergy data.

n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy suppliesand mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy

efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies.

n Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement anddialogue with non-member countries, industry, international

organisations and other stakeholders.IEA member countries:

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czech Republic

Denmark

Estonia

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

Japan

Korea (Republic of)

Luxembourg

Netherlands

New ZealandNorway

Poland

Portugal

Slovak Republic

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Turkey

United Kingdom

United States

The European Commission

also participates in

the work of the IEA.

OECD/IEA, 2014

International Energy Agency9 rue de la Fdration

75739 Paris Cedex 15, France

www.iea.org

Please note that this publication

is subject to specific restrictions

that limit its use and distribution.

The terms and conditions are available online at

http://www.iea.org/termsandconditionsuseandcopyright/

This publication reflects the views of the International Energy Agency(IEA) Secretariat but does not necessarily reflect those of individual

IEA member countries. The IEA makes no representation or

warranty, express or implied, in respect to the publications

contents (including its completeness or accuracy) and shall not

be responsible for any use of, or reliance on, the publication.

This document and any map included herein are without

prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory,

to the delimitation of international frontiers and

boundaries, and to the name of any territory, city or area.Secure Sustainable Together


5/430

ENERGY STATISTICS OF OECD COUNTRIES (2014 edition) - iii


TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................... v

PART I: METHODOLOGY

1. General notes ...................................................... I.3

2. Notes on energy sources ..................................... I.9

3. Country notes .................................................... I.17

4. Geographical coverage ...................................... I.43

PART II: STATISTICAL DATA

OECD Total ............................................................ II.4OECD Americas .................................................... II.11

OECD Asia Oceania ............................................. II.18

OECD Europe ....................................................... II.25

International Energy Agency ............................... II.32

Australia ................................................................ II.39

Austria ................................................................... II.46

Belgium ................................................................. II.53

Canada ................................................................... II.60

Chile ...................................................................... II.67

Czech Republic ..................................................... II.74

Denmark ................................................................ II.81

Estonia ................................................................... II.88

Finland .................................................................. II.95

France .................................................................. II.102

Germany .............................................................. II.109

Greece ................................................................. II.116

Hungary ............................................................... II.123

Iceland ................................................................. II.130

Ireland ................................................................. II.137

Israel ................................................................... II.144Italy ..................................................................... II.151

Japan ................................................................... II.158

Korea .................................................................. II.165

Luxembourg ....................................................... II.172

Mexico ................................................................ II.179

Netherlands ......................................................... II.186

New Zealand ....................................................... II.193

Norway ............................................................... II.200

Poland ................................................................. II.207

Portugal............................................................... II.214

Slovak Republic .................................................. II.221

Slovenia .............................................................. II.228

Spain ................................................................... II.235

Sweden ............................................................... II.242

Switzerland ......................................................... II.249

Turkey................................................................. II.256

United Kingdom ................................................. II.263

United States ....................................................... II.270

SUMMARY TABLES

Production ........................................................... II.278

Refinery output of oil products ........................... II.295

Net imports .......................................................... II.296

Final consumption .............................................. II.304

Industry consumption ......................................... II.311

Consumption in transport ................................... II.318

ELECTRICITY AND HEAT

Electricity and heat production ................................................................................................................... II.322-360


6/430


7/430

ENERGY STATISTICS OF OECD COUNTRIES (2014 edition) - v


INTRODUCTION

This publication is intended for those involved inanalytical and policy work related to internationalenergy issues. It provides detailed statistics on pro-duction, trade and consumption for each source of

energy in the OECD in a common format (definitionaland methodological) for all member countries.

1

The data shown in this publication are based on in-formation provided in five annual OECDquestionnaires: Oil, Natural Gas, Solid FossilFuels and Manufactured Gases, Renewables andElectricity and Heat completed by the national ad-ministrations of the OECD member countries.

While every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of

the data, quality is not homogeneous throughout thepublication. Country notes and individual country data

should be consulted when using regional aggregates.In general, data are likely to be more accurate forproduction, trade and total consumption than for indi-vidual sectors in final consumption which often needto be estimated by administrations.

A companion volume - Energy Balances of OECDCountries - presents corresponding data in compre-hensive balances expressed in a common unit, milliontonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe), with 1 toe = 10

7kcal

= 41.868 gigajoules.

Energy data on OECD countries are collected frommember countries by the team in the Energy DataCentre (EDC) of the IEA Secretariat, headed by

1. This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty

over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers andboundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.

Jean-Yves Garnier. The IEA would like to thank andacknowledge the dedication and professionalism of thestatisticians working on energy data in the countries.

Within the IEA, electricity, coal and renewable data

are produced, respectively, by Gianluca Tonolo,

Julian Smith and Loc Cont, under the responsibility

of Vladimir Kubecek. Oil and natural gas data are

produced, respectively, by Agnes Sin and Per Gustav

Boethius, under the responsibility of Erica Robin.

Roberta Quadrelli has the overall responsibility

for this report. The publication and its statistics were

produced by Zakia Adam and Klaus Pedersen.

Desktop publishing was carried out by Sharon

Burghgraeve.

Complete supply and consumption data from 1960 to

2012 and selected estimates for 2013 are available

on CD-ROM suitable for use on Windows-based

systems.

In addition, a data service is available on the internet.

It includes unlimited access through an annual

subscription as well as the possibility to obtain data

on a pay-per-view basis. Details are available at

http://www.iea.org.

Enquiries about data or methodology should be

addressed to:

Telephone: (+33-1) 40-57-66-33

E-mail: [email protected].


8/430

vi - ENERGY STATISTICS OF OECD COUNTRIES (2014 Edition)


Whats new

Geographical coverage

As Estonia became an IEA member in May 2014, it is now included within the regional aggregate IEA, startingin 1990.

Coal classification

In previous editions, sub-bituminous coal was exceptionally included under hard coal for 12 countries. Inorder to maximise the consistency of this definition and to harmonize terminology with other energy-focused

organisations, the decision has been made to exclude any sub-bituminous coal exceptions from the hard coaldefinition. This therefore means that brown coalnow comprises lignite and sub-bituminous coal and hard coalcomprises anthracite, coking coal and other bituminous coal for all countries. As a result, revisions in timeseries may appear for Australia, Belgium, Chile, Finland, France, Iceland, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand,Portugal and the United States.

Primary coal data prior to 1978 are only classified as hard coal or brown coal. Unless specified, no attempt has

been made to estimate and relocate possible sub-bituminous components in this data, if any exist. So for thesame group of countries listed above, hard coal data prior to 1978 may include some sub-bituminous coal.

In addition, following international recommendations on energy statistics, oil shale is now presented separately

from lignite, and not included any longer under the coal category.

Products

In this edition, two products have been added: peat products and oil shale. Data for peat products have been

moved out of BKB/peat briquettes, which has been renamed as BKB. Data for oil shale have been moved out oflignite.

Motor gasoline and gas/diesel oil have been renamed as motor gasoline excluding biofuels and gas/diesel oil

excluding biofuels, respectively.

Flows

BKB plants has been renamed as BKB/peat briquette plants (BKB/PB plants).

Memo: Feedstock use in petrochemical industry has been renamed as Memo: Non-energy use chemi-

cal/petrochemical.

Supply estimates for oil products

In this edition, to provide more accurate information on the most recent year estimates (2013), data for the flowof transfers for oil products have been included as a complement to the supply flows.


9/430

ENERGY STATISTICS OF OECD COUNTRIES (2014 edition) - I.1


PART I

METHODOLOGY

MULTILINGUAL GLOSSARIESSee multilingual glossary at the end of the publication.

Voir le glossaire en plusieurs langues la fin du prsent recueil.

Deutsches GLOSSAR auf der letzten Umschlagseite.

Riferirsi al glossario multilinguealla fine del libro.

Vase el glosario plurilinge al final del libro.

.


10/430

I.2 - ENERGY STATISTICS OF OECD COUNTRIES (2014 edition)


ABBREVIATIONS

Btu: British thermal unit

GWh: gigawatt hour

kcal: kilocalorie

kg: kilogrammekJ: kilojoule

kt: kilotonne

Mt: million tonnes

m3: cubic metre

t: metric ton = tonne = 1000 kg

TJ: terajoule

toe: tonne of oil equivalent = 107kcal

CHP: combined heat and power

GCV: gross calorific value

HHV: higher heating value = GCVLHV: lower heating value = NCV

NCV: net calorific value

PPP: purchasing power parity

IEA: International Energy Agency

IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

ISIC: International Standard Industrial Classification

OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development

OLADE: Organizacin Latinoamericana de Energa

UN: United Nations

UNIPEDE: International Union of Producers and Distributors of Electrical Energy

c confidential

e estimated

.. not available

- nil

x not applicable


11/430



1. GENERAL NOTES

The tables include all "commercial" sources of en-

ergy, both primary (hard coal, brown coal, peat,natural gas, crude oil, NGL, hydro, geothermal/solar,

wind, tide/wave/ocean, etc. and nuclear power) andsecondary (coal products, oil products, electricity and

heat). Data also include various sources of biofuelsand waste, such as solid biofuels, liquid biofuels,biogases, municipal waste and industrial waste.

Each table is divided into three main parts: the firstshowing supply elements, the second showing thetransformation processes and energy industries, andthe third showingfinal consumptionbroken down intothe various end-use sectors.

Supply

The first part of the basic energy balance shows thefollowing elements of supply:

Production

+ From other sources

+ Imports

- Exports

- International marine bunkers

- International aviation bunkers

Stock changes

= Domestic supplyNote, exports, bunkers and stock changes incorporate

the algebraic sign directly in the number.

Productionrefers to the quantities of fuels extracted orproduced, calculated after any operation for removal of

inert matter or impurities (e.g.sulphur from naturalgas). For other hydrocarbons (shown with crude oil),production should include synthetic crude oil (includ-ing mineral oil extracted from bituminous mineralssuch as oil shale and tar sands, etc.). Production ofsecondary oil products represents the gross refinery

output. Secondary coal products (including coal gases)

represent the output from coke ovens, gas works, blast

furnaces and other transformation processes.

From other sourcesrefers to both primary energy thathas not been accounted for under production and sec-

ondary energy that has been accounted for in theproduction of another fuel. For example, under addi-

tives: benzol, alcohol and methanol produced fromnatural gas; under refinery feedstocks: backflows

from the petrochemical industry used as refinery feed-stocks; under other hydrocarbons (included withcrude oil): liquids obtained from coal liquefaction and

GTL plants; under primary coal: recovered slurries,middlings, recuperated coal dust and other low-grade

coal products that cannot be classified according totype of coal from which they are obtained; under gasworks gas: natural gas, refinery gas, and LPG, that are

treated or mixed in gas works (i.e.gas works gas pro-duced from sources other than coal).

Imports and exports comprise amounts havingcrossed the national territorial boundaries of the coun-try whether or not customs clearance has taken place.

For coal: Imports and exports comprise the amount offuels obtained from or supplied to other countries,whether or not there is an economic or customs unionbetween the relevant countries. Coal in transit shouldnot be included.

For oil and natural gas:Quantities of crude oil and oilproducts imported or exported under processingagreements (i.e.refining on account) are included.Quantities of oil in transit are excluded. Crude oil,NGL and natural gas are reported as coming from thecountry of origin; refinery feedstocks and oil productsare reported as coming from the country of last con-signment. Re-exports of oil imported for processingwithin bonded areas are shown as an export of productfrom the processing country to the final destination.

For electricity: Amounts are considered as importedor exported when they have crossed the national

territorial boundaries of the country. If electricity is


12/430



wheeled or transited through a country, the amount

is shown as both an import and an export.

International marine bunkerscovers those quantities

delivered to ships of all flags that are engaged in

international navigation. The international navigation

may take place at sea, on inland lakes and waterways,and in coastal waters. Consumption by ships engaged

in domestic navigation is excluded. The domestic/international split is determined on the basis of port of

departure and port of arrival, and not by the flag or

nationality of the ship. Consumption by fishing vesselsand by military forces is also excluded. See definitions

of transport,fishing, and other non-specified.

International aviation bunkers includes deliveries ofaviation fuels to aircraft for international aviation. Fuels

used by airlines for their road vehicles are excluded.

The domestic/international split should be determinedon the basis of departure and landing locations and not

by the nationality of the airline. For many countries this

incorrectly excludes fuel used by domestically ownedcarriers for their international departures.

Note: In October 2008 the IEA hosted the 3rd meetingof InterEnerStat. This group is made up of 24 interna-tional organisations that collect or use energystatistics. One of the objectives of the group is to im-prove the quality of energy data by harmonisingdefinitions for energy sources and flows. As a result of

this meeting, the IEA decided to align its energy sta-tistics and balances with most other internationalorganisations and to treat international aviation bun-kers in the same way as international marine bunkers.Starting with the 2009 edition, international aviationbunkers is subtracted out of supply in the same way asinternational marine bunkers. This differs from thetreatment of international aviation bunkers in theannual oil statistics published in Oil Information.

Stock changes reflects the difference betweenopening stock levels on the first day of the year and

closing levels on the last day of the year of stocks onnational territory held by producers, importers, energytransformation industries and large consumers. Oil

and gas stock changes in pipelines are not taken intoaccount. With the exception of large users mentioned

above, changes in final users' stocks are not taken intoaccount. A stock build is shown as a negative number,and a stock draw as a positive number.

Domestic supplyis defined asproduction+ from othersources + imports - exports - international marinebunkers - international aviation bunkers stockchanges. Note, exports, bunkers and stock changesincorporate the algebraic sign directly in the number.

Transfers comprises interproduct transfers, productstransferredand recycled products.

Interproduct transfersresults from reclassification ofproducts either because their specification has

changed or because they are blended into another

product, e.g.kerosene may be reclassified as gasoilafter blending with the latter in order to meet its winterdiesel specification. The net balance of interproducttransfersis zero.

Products transferred is intended for oil products im-ported for further processing in refineries. Forexample, fuel oil imported for upgrading in a refineryis transferred to the feedstocks category.

Recycled productsare finished products which pass asecond time through the marketing network, afterhaving been once delivered to final consumers

(e.g.used lubricants which are reprocessed).

Statistical difference is defined as deliveries to finalconsumption + use for transformation processes +consumption by energy industry own use + losses -domestic supply - transfers. Statistical differencesarise because the data for the individual components

of supply are often derived from different data sourcesby the national administration. Furthermore, the

inclusion of changes in some large consumers' stocksin the supply part of the balance introduces distortionswhich also contribute to the statistical differences.

Transformation processes

Transformation processes comprise the conversion ofprimary forms of energy to secondary and further

transformation (e.g.coking coal to coke, crude oil tooil products, and fuel oil to electricity).

Electricity plantsrefers to plants which are designed

to produce electricity only. If one or more units of theplant is a CHP unit (and the inputs and outputs can not

be distinguished on a unit basis) then the whole plantis designated as a CHP plant. Both main activity pro-

ducer2 and autoproducer

3 plants are included here.

Heat from chemical processes for electricity genera-tion is also included here.

2. Main activity producers generate electricity and/or heat for sale to

third parties, as their primary activity. They may be privately or publiclyowned. Note that the sale need not take place through the public grid.

3. Autoproducer undertakings generate electricity and/or heat, wholly

or partly for their own use as an activity which supports their primaryactivity. They may be privately or publicly owned.


13/430



Combined heat and power plants refers to plantswhich are designed to produce both heat and electricity(sometimes referred to as co-generation power sta-tions). If possible, fuel inputs and electricity/heatoutputs are on a unit basis rather than on a plant basis.However, if data are not available on a unit basis, theconvention for defining a CHP plant noted aboveshould be adopted. Both main activity producer andautoproducer plants are included here. Note that forautoproducer CHP plants, all fuel inputs to electricityproduction are taken into account, while only the partof fuel inputs to heat sold is shown. Fuel inputs forthe production of heat consumed within the autopro-ducer's establishment are not included here but areincluded with figures for the final consumption offuels in the appropriate consuming sector.

Heat plantsrefers to plants (including heat pumps and

electric boilers) designed to produce heat only andwho sell heat to a third party (e.g.residential, com-mercial or industrial consumers) under the provisionsof a contract. Both main activity producer and auto-producer plants are included here. Heat pumps that areoperated within the residential sector where the heat isnot sold are not considered a transformation process and

are not included here the electricity consumptionwould appear as residential use.

Blast furnaces covers the quantities of fuels used forthe production of recovered gases (e.g.blast furnace

gas and oxygen steel furnace gas). The production ofpig-iron from iron ore in blast furnaces uses fuels forsupporting the blast furnace charge and providing heatand carbon for the reduction of the iron ore. Account-ing for the calorific content of the fuels entering theprocess is a complex matter as transformation (intoblast furnace gas) and consumption (heat of combus-tion) occur simultaneously. Some carbon is alsoretained in the pig-iron; almost all of this reappearslater in the oxygen steel furnace gas (or converter gas)when the pig-iron is converted to steel. In the 1992/1993 annual questionnaires, Member Countries were

asked for the first time to report in transformationprocessesthe quantities of all fuels (e.g.pulverised coalinjection [PCI] coal, coke oven coke, natural gas andoil) entering blast furnaces and the quantity of blastfurnace gas and oxygen steel furnace gas produced.The Secretariat then needed to split these inputs into thetransformation and consumption components. Thetransformation component is shown in the row blastfurnacesin the column appropriate for the fuel, and theconsumption component is shown in the row iron andsteel, in the column appropriate for the fuel. Originally,the Secretariat assumed that there was a transformation

efficiency of 100%, which meant that the energy going

into the transformation process was equal to the energycoming out (i.e.equivalent to the energy content of thegases produced). However, when the IEA data wereused to calculate CO2emissions from fuel combustionusing the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) methodology, as published in theRevised 1996IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inven-tories,4the blast furnaces were showing a carbon gain.Starting with the 1998 edition, the Secretariat decidedto assume a transformation efficiency such that thecarbon input into the blast furnaces should equal thecarbon output. This is roughly equivalent to assumingan energy transformation efficiency of 40%.

Gas works covers the quantities of fuels used for theproduction of town gas. Note, this item also includesother gases blended with natural gas.

Coke/patent fuel/BKB/PB plants covers the use offuels for the manufacture of coke, coke oven gas,patent fuels, BKB and peat briquettes (PB).

Oil refineriescovers the use of hydrocarbons for themanufacture of finished oil products.

Petrochemical plantscovers backflows returned fromthe petrochemical industry. Note that backflows fromoil products that are used for non-energy purposes(i.e.white spirit and lubricants) are not included here,but in non-energy use.

Liquefaction plants includes diverse liquefaction

processes, such as coal liquefaction plants and gas-to-liquid plants.

Other transformation includes the transformation ofprimary solid biofuels into charcoal and other non-specified transformation.

Energy industry own use

Energy industry own use covers the amount of fuelsused by the energy producing industries (e.g.for heat-

ing, lighting and operation of all equipment used inthe extraction process, for traction and for distribu-tion). It includes energy consumed by energyindustries for heating, pumping, traction and lightingpurposes [ISIC

5Divisions 05, 06, 19 and 35, Group 091

and Classes 0892 and 0721].

4. The Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse GasInventories are available from the IPCC National Greenhouse GasInventories Programme at http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp.

5. International Standard Industrial Classification of All EconomicActivities, Series M, No. 4/Rev. 4, United Nations, New York, 2008.


14/430



Fuel mining and extraction includes both coal min-

ing and oil and gas extraction. For hard coal andlignite mining, this represents the energy which is

used directly within the coal industry. It excludes coal

burned in pithead power stations (included underelectricity plants in transformation processes) and free

allocations to miners and their families (considered as

part of household consumption and therefore includedunder residential). For oil and gas extraction, flared

gas is not included.

Oil refineries.

Electricity, CHP and heat plants.

Pumped storage plants(electricity consumed in hydro-electric plants).

Other energy industry own use (including own con-

sumption in patent fuel plants, coke ovens, gas works,blast furnaces, BKB, peat briquette and lignite coke

plants, coal liquefaction plants, gas-to-liquids plants,

charcoal production plants, nuclear plants as well as use

in non-specified energy industries).

Losses

Losses includes losses in energy distribution, trans-mission and transport.

Final consumption

The termfinal consumption(equal to the sum of the

consumption in the end-use sectors) implies that energy

used for transformation processes and for own use of

the energy producing industries is excluded. Final

consumption reflects for the most part deliveries to

consumers (see note onstock changes).

Backflows from the petrochemical industry are not

included in final consumption (seefrom other sourcesunder supply andpetrochemical plantsin transformation).

Industry

Industry consumption is specified by sub-sector as

listed below: (Note - energy used for transport by

industry is not included here but is reported under

transport.)

Iron and steel industry [ISIC Group 241 and

Class 2431];

Chemical and petrochemical industry [ISICDivisions 20 and 21] excluding petrochemicalfeedstocks;

Non-ferrous metalsbasic industries [ISIC Group 242and Class 2432];

Non-metallic minerals such as glass, ceramic,cement, etc. [ISIC Division 23];

Transport equipment[ISIC Divisions 29 and 30];

Machinery. Fabricated metal products, machineryand equipment other than transport equipment [ISICDivisions 25 to 28];

Mining (excluding fuels) and quarrying [ISICDivisions 07 and 08 and Group 099];

Food and tobacco[ISIC Divisions 10 to 12];

Paper, pulp and print[ISIC Divisions 17 and 18];

Wood and wood products(other than pulp and paper)[ISIC Division 16];

Construction[ISIC Divisions 41 to 43];

Textile and leather[ISIC Divisions 13 to 15];

Non-specified (any manufacturing industry not in-cluded above) [ISIC Divisions 22, 31 and 32].

Note: Most countries have difficulties supplying anindustrial breakdown for all fuels. In these cases, the

non-specified industry row has been used. Regionalaggregates of industrial consumption should there-fore be used with caution.

Transport

Consumption in transport covers all transport activity(in mobile engines) regardless of the economic sectorto which it is contributing [ISIC Divisions 49 to 51],and is specified as follows:

Domestic aviationincludes deliveries of aviation fuelsto aircraft for domestic aviation - commercial, private,agricultural, etc. It includes use for purposes otherthan flying, e.g.bench testing of engines, but not air-line use of fuel for road transport. The domestic/international split should be determined on the basis ofdeparture and landing locations and not by the national-ity of the airline. Note that this may include journeys ofconsiderable length between two airports in a country(e.g.San Francisco to Honolulu). For many countriesthis incorrectly includes fuel used by domesticallyowned carriers for outbound international traffic (see

international aviation bunkers).


15/430



Road includes fuels used in road vehicles as well as

agricultural and industrial highway use. Excludesmilitary consumption as well as motor gasoline used

in stationary engines and diesel oil for use in tractorsthat are not for highway use.

Rail includes quantities used in rail traffic, includingindustrial railways.

Pipeline transportincludes energy used in the supportand operation of pipelines transporting gases, liquids,

slurries and other commodities, including the energyused for pump stations and maintenance of the pipeline.Energy for the pipeline distribution of natural gas orcoal gases, hot water or steam (ISIC Division 35) fromthe distributor to final users is excluded and should be

reported in energy industry own use, while the energyused for the final distribution of water (ISIC Divi-

sion 36) to household, industrial, commercial and otherusers should be included in commercial/public services.Losses occurring during the transport between distribu-tor and final users should be reported as losses.

Domestic navigation includes fuels delivered to

vessels of all flags not engaged in international naviga-tion (see international marine bunkers). The domestic/international split should be determined on the basis

of port of departure and port of arrival and not by theflag or nationality of the ship. Note that this may in-

clude journeys of considerable length between twoports in a country (e.g.San Francisco to Honolulu).Fuel used for ocean, coastal and inland fishing andmilitary consumption are excluded.

Non-specified includes all transport not elsewherespecified.

Note: International marine bunkers and internationalaviation bunkers are shown in Supply and are notincluded in transport as part of final consumption.

Other

Residential includes consumption by households, ex-

cluding fuels used for transport. Includes householdswith employed persons [ISIC Divisions 97 and 98]which is a small part of total residential consumption.

Commercial and public services [ISIC Divisions 33,36-39, 45-47, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58-66, 68-75, 77-82, 84(excluding Class 8422), 85-88, 90-96 and 99].

Agriculture/forestryincludes deliveries to users clas-

sified as agriculture, hunting and forestry by the ISIC,and therefore includes energy consumed by such users

whether for traction (excluding agricultural highwayuse), power or heating (agricultural and domestic)[ISIC Divisions 01 and 02].

Fishing includes fuels used for inland, coastal anddeep-sea fishing. Fishing covers fuels delivered to

ships of all flags that have refuelled in the country

(including international fishing) as well as energy

used in the fishing industry [ISIC Division 03].

Prior to the 2007 edition, fishing was included withagriculture/forestry and this may continue to be thecase for some countries.

Non-specified includes all fuel use not elsewhere

specified as well as consumption in the above-

designated categories for which separate figureshave not been provided. Military fuel use for all

mobile and stationary consumption is included here

(e.g.ships, aircraft, road and energy used in livingquarters) regardless of whether the fuel delivered is

for the military of that country or for the military of

another country.

Non-energy use

Non-energy use covers those fuels that are used asraw materials in the different sectors and are not con-sumed as a fuel or transformed into another fuel. Non-

energy use is shown separately in final consumptionunder the heading non-energy use.

Note that for biofuels, only the amounts of biomass

specifically used for energy purposes (a small part ofthe total) are included in the energy statistics. There-fore, the non-energy use of biomass is not taken intoconsideration and the quantities are null by definition.

of which: chemical/petrochemical. The petrochemical

industry includes cracking and reforming processesfor the purpose of producing ethylene, propylene,butylene, synthesis gas, aromatics, butadene and otherhydrocarbon-based raw materials in processes such assteam cracking, aromatics plants and steam reforming[part of ISIC Group 201].

Note: this flow was called of which: petrochemicalfeedstocks in previous editions.


16/430


17/430



2. NOTES ON ENERGY SOURCES

Coal

Coal classification

In previous editions, sub-bituminous coal was excep-tionally included under hard coal for 12 countries. Inorder to maximise the consistency of this definitionand to harmonize terminology with other energy-focused organisations, the decision has been made toexclude any sub-bituminous coal exceptions from thehard coal definition. This therefore means that browncoal now comprises lignite and sub-bituminous coaland hard coal comprises anthracite, coking coal andother bituminous coal for all countries. As a result,revisions in time series may appear for Australia,

Belgium, Chile, Finland, France, Iceland, Japan,Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Portugal and theUnited States.

Primary coal data prior to 1978 are only classified ashard coal or brown coal. Unless specified, no attempthas been made to estimate and relocate possible sub-bituminous components in this data, if any exist. Sofor the same group of countries listed above, hard coaldata prior to 1978 may include some sub-bituminouscoal.

In addition, following international recommendationson energy statistics, oil shale is now presented sepa-rately from lignite, and not included any longer underthe coal category.

With the exception of the coal gases, the fuels in thissection are expressed in thousand tonnes. The coalgases are expressed in terajoules on a gross calorificvaluebasis.

Coking coal

Coking coal refers to bituminous coal with a qualitythat allows the production of a coke suitable to support

a blast furnace charge. Its gross calorific value is equal

to or greater than 24 000 kJ/kg (5 732 kcal/kg) on anash-free but moist basis.

Other bituminous coal and anthracite

Other bituminous coal is used mainly for steamraising and space heating purposes and includes allbituminous coal that is not included under coking coalnor anthracite. It is characterized by higher volatilematter than anthracite (more than 10%) and lowercarbon content (less than 90% fixed carbon). Its grosscalorific value is equal to or greater than 24 000 kJ/kg(5 732 kcal/kg) on an ash-free but moist basis.

Anthracite is a high rank coal used for industrial and resi-dential applications. It has generally less than 10%volatile matter and a high carbon content (about 90%

fixed carbon). Its gross calorific value is equal to orgreater than 24 000 kJ/kg (5 732 kcal/kg) on an ash-free but moist basis.

Sub-bituminous coal

Non-agglomerating coals with a gross calorific valueequal to or greater than 20 000 kJ/kg (4 777 kcal/kg) andless than 24 000 kJ/kg (5 732 kcal/kg) containing morethan 31% volatile matter on a dry mineral matter freebasis.

Lignite

Lignite is a non-agglomerating coal with a gross calo-rific value of less than 20 000 kJ/kg (4 777 kcal/kg),

and greater than 31% volatile matter on a dry mineralmatter free basis.

Note: starting with the 2014 edition, oil shale is pre-sented separately and not included with lignite anylonger.

Coke oven coke, gas coke and coal tar

Coke oven coke is the solid product obtained from thecarbonisation of coal, principally coking coal, at high

temperature. It is low in moisture content and volatile


18/430



matter. Coke oven coke is used mainly in the iron andsteel industry, acting as an energy source and achemical agent. Also included are semi-coke (a solidproduct obtained from the carbonisation of coal at alow temperature), lignite coke (a semi-coke madefrom lignite), coke breeze and foundry coke. Theheading other energy industry own use includes theconsumption at the coking plants themselves. Con-sumption in the iron and steel industry does notinclude coke converted into blast furnace gas. Toobtain the total consumption of coke oven coke in theiron and steel industry, the quantities converted intoblast furnace gas have to be added (these are includedin blast furnaces).

Gas coke is a by-product of hard coal used for theproductionof town gas in gas works. Gas coke is usedfor heating purposes. Other energy industry own use

includes the consumption of gas coke at gas works.

Coal tar is a result of the destructive distillation ofbituminous or of the low-temperature carbonisation ofbrown coal. Coal tar from bituminous coal is the liq-uid by-product of the distillation of coal to make cokein the coke oven process. Coal tar can be further dis-tilled into different organic products (e.g.benzene,toluene, naphthalene), which normally would be re-ported as a feedstock to the petrochemical industry.

Patent fuel and brown coal briquettes (BKB)

Patent fuel is a composition fuel manufactured fromhard coal fines with the addition of a binding agent.The amount of patent fuel produced may, therefore,be slightly higher than the actual amount of coal con-sumed in the transformation process. Consumption ofpatent fuels during the patent fuel manufacturingprocess is included under other energy industry own use.

BKB is a composition fuel manufactured from ligniteor sub-bituminous coal, produced by briquetting underhigh pressure with or without the addition of a bindingagent. These figures include peat briquettes, dried

lignite fines and dust. The heading other energy in-dustry own use includes consumption by briquettingplants.

Gas works gas

Gas works gas covers all types of gas produced inpublic utility or private plants, whose main purpose isthe manufacture, transport and distribution of gas. Itincludes gas produced by carbonisation (including gasproduced by coke ovens and transferred to gas works),by total gasification (with or without enrichment withoil products) and by reforming and simple mixing of

gases and/or air.

Coke oven gas

Coke oven gas is obtained as a by-product of themanufacture of coke oven coke for the production ofiron and steel.

Recovered gasesBlast furnace gas is produced during the combustionof coke in blast furnaces in the iron and steel industry.It is recovered and used as a fuel, partly within theplant and partly in other steel industry processes or inpower stations equipped to burn it.

Other recovered gases is obtained as a by-product ofthe production of steel in an oxygen furnace and is re-covered on leaving the furnace. The gases are alsoknown as converter gas, LD gas or BOS gas.

Peat

Peat and peat products

Peat is a combustible soft, porous or compressed,fossil sedimentary deposit of plant origin with highwater content (up to 90% in the raw state), easily cut,of light to dark brown colour. Peat used for non-energy purposes is not included here. Milled peat isincluded here.

Peat products are products such as peat briquettes de-rived directly or indirectly from sod peat and milled peat.

Note: for presentational purposes, in the statisticstables, the column of peat also includes data for oilshale, where applicable.

Oil shale

Oil shale and oil sands

Oil shale and oil sands produced and combusteddirectly are included in this category. Oil shale and oilsands used as inputs for other transformation proc-esses are also included here (this includes the portionconsumed in the transformation process). Shale oiland other products derived from liquefaction are in-cluded in from other sources under crude oil (otherhydrocarbons).

Note: starting with the 2014 edition, oil shale is notincluded with lignite any longer. For presentationalpurposes, in the statistics tables, data for oil shalehave been included within the column of peat, where

applicable.


19/430



Natural gas

Natural gas is expressed in terajoules on a gross

calorific valuebasis.

Natural gas comprises gases, occurring in under-

ground deposits, whether liquefied or gaseous,

consisting mainly of methane. It includes both "non-

associated" gas originating from fields producing only

hydrocarbons in gaseous form, and "associated" gas

produced in association with crude oil as well as

methane recovered from coal mines (colliery gas) or

from coal seams (coal seam gas).

Production represents dry marketable production

within national boundaries, including offshore pro-

duction and is measured after purification and

extraction of NGL and sulphur. It includes gas con-

sumed by gas processing plants and gas transported

by pipeline. Quantities of gas that are re-injected,

vented or flared are excluded.

Crude oil, NGL, refineryfeedstocks

The fuels in this section are expressed in thousand

tonnes.

Crude oil

Crude oil is a mineral oil of natural origin consisting

of a mixture of hydrocarbons of natural origin and

associated impurities, such as sulphur. It exists in the

liquid phase under normal surface temperatures and

pressure and its physical characteristics (density, vis-

cosity, etc.) are highly variable. It includes field or

lease condensates (separator liquids) which are recov-

ered from associated and non-associated gas where it

is commingled with the commercial crude oil stream.

Other hydrocarbons, including synthetic crude oil

from tar sands, shale oil, etc., liquids from coal lique-

faction, output of liquids from natural gas conversion

into gasoline, hydrogen and emulsified oils (e,g, Ori-

mulsion), are included here.

Natural gas liquids (NGL)

NGLs are the liquid or liquefied hydrocarbonsrecovered from natural gas in separation facilities orgas processing plants. Natural gas liquids include

ethane, propane, (normal and iso-) butane (iso),

pentane and pentanes plus (sometimes referred to as

natural gasoline or plant condensate).

Refinery feedstocks

A refinery feedstock is a processed oil destined for

further processing (e.g.straight run fuel oil or vacuumgas oil) other than blending in the refining industry.

With further processing, it will be transformed into

one or more components and/or finished products.

This definition also covers returns from the

petrochemical industry to the refining industry

(e.g. pyrolysis gasoline, C4 fractions, gasoil and fuel

oil fractions).

Additives

Additives are non-hydrocarbon compounds added to

or blended with a product to modify its properties, forexample, to improve its combustion characteristics.

Alcohols and ethers (MTBE, methyl tertiary-butyl

ether) and chemical alloys such as tetraethyl lead are

included here. The biofuel fractions of biogasoline,

biodiesel and ethanol are not included here, but under

liquid biofuels. This differs from the presentation of

additives in the Oil Informationpublication.

Oil products

The fuels in this section are expressed in thousand

tonnes.

Oil products are any oil-based products which can be

obtained by distillation and are normally used outside

the refining industry. The exceptions to this are those

finished products which are classified as refinery

feedstocks.

Productionof oil products shows gross refinery out-put for each product.

Refinery fuel (row oil refineries, under energy indus-try own use) represents consumption of oil products,both intermediate and finished, within refineries,

e.g.for heating, lighting, traction, etc.

Refinery gas (not liquefied)

Refinery gas includes a mixture of non-condensedgases mainly consisting of hydrogen, methane, ethaneand olefins obtained during distillation of crude oil ortreatment of oil products (e.g.cracking) in refineries.It also includes gases which are returned from thepetrochemical industry. Refinery gas production re-

fers to gross production. Own consumption is shown


20/430


21/430



Petroleum coke

Petroleum coke is defined as a black solid by-product,

obtained mainly by cracking and carbonising of

petroleum derived feedstocks, vacuum bottoms, tar

and pitches in processes such as delayed coking or

fluid coking. It consists mainly of carbon (90 to 95%)

and has a low ash content. It is used as a feedstock in

coke ovens for the steel industry, for heating pur-

poses, for electrode manufacture and for production of

chemicals. The two most important qualities are

"green coke" and "calcinated coke". This category

also includes "catalyst coke" deposited on the catalyst

during refining processes: this coke is not recoverable

and is usually burned as refinery fuel.

Other oil products

In this publication, the category other oil productsgroups together white spirit and SBP, lubricants, bi-

tumen, paraffin waxes and others.

White spirit and SBP are refined distillate interme-

diates with a distillation in the naphtha/kerosene

range. White spirit has a flash point above 30oC and a

distillation range of 135oC to 200

oC. Industrial spirit

(SBP) comprises light oils distilling between 30oC and

200oC, with a temperature difference between 5%

volume and 90% volume distillation points, including

losses, of not more than 60o

C. In other words, SBP isa light oil of narrower cut than motor spirit. There are

seven or eight grades of industrial spirit, depending on

the position of the cut in the distillation range defined

above.

Lubricants are hydrocarbons produced from distillate

or residue; they are mainly used to reduce friction

between bearing surfaces. This category includes all

finished grades of lubricating oil, from spindle oil to

cylinder oil, and those used in greases, including mo-

tor oils and all grades of lubricating oil base stocks.

Bitumen is a solid, semi-solid or viscous hydrocarbon

with a colloidal structure that is brown to black in

colour. It is obtained by vacuum distillation of oil

residues from atmospheric distillation of crude oil.

Bitumen is often referred to as asphalt and is primarily

used for surfacing of roads and for roofing material.

This category includes fluidised and cut back bitumen.

Paraffin waxes are saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons.

These waxes are residues extracted when dewaxing

lubricant oils, and they have a crystalline structure

which is more or less fine according to the grade. Their

main characteristics are that they are colourless, odour-

less and translucent, with a melting point above 45oC.

Other oil products not classified above (e.g.tar, sul-phur and grease) are included here. This category alsoincludes aromatics (e.g.BTX or benzene, toluene and

xylene) and olefins (e.g.propylene) produced withinrefineries.

Biofuels and Waste

The fuels in this section are expressed in terajoules on

a net calorific value basis, with the exception ofliquid biofuels and charcoal, which are in thousand

tonnes.

Note that for biomass commodities, only the amounts

specifically used for energy purposes (a small part ofthe total) are included in the energy statistics. There-fore, the non-energy use of biomass is not taken intoconsideration and the quantities are null by definition.

Solid biofuels

Solid biofuels are defined as any plant matter used

directly as fuel or converted into other forms before

combustion. This covers a multitude of woody mate-

rials generated by industrial process or provided

directly by forestry and agriculture (firewood, wood

chips, bark, sawdust, shavings, chips, sulphite lyesalso known as black liquor, animal materials/wastes

and other solid biofuels).

Charcoal produced from solid biofuels is also in-

cluded here. Since charcoal is a secondary product, its

treatment is slightly different than that of the other

primary biofuels. Production of charcoal (an output in

the transformation process) is offset by the inputs of

primary biofuels into the charcoal production process.

The losses from this process are included in the row

other transformation. Other supply (e.g.trade andstock changes) as well as consumption are aggregateddirectly with the primary biofuels. In most countries,

only the primary biofuels are reported.

Biogases

Biogases are gases arising from the anaerobic fermen-tation of biomass and the gasification of solid biomass

(including biomass in wastes). The biogases fromanaerobic fermentation are composed principally of

methane and carbon dioxide and comprise landfillgas, sewage sludge gas and other biogases from an-

aerobic fermentation.


22/430



Biogases can also be produced from thermal processes

(by gasification or pyrolysis) of biomass and are mix-tures containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide

(usually known as syngas) along with other compo-nents. These gases may be further processed tomodify their composition and can be further processed

to produce substitute natural gas.

Biogases are used mainly as a fuel but can be used asa chemical feedstock.

Liquid biofuels

Liquid biofuels include the liquid biofuels that areblended into gasoline and gas/diesel oil and other

liquid biofuels. It does not include the total volume ofgasoline or diesel into which the biofuels are blended.

Biogasoline includes bioethanol (ethanol produced

from biomass and/or the biodegradable fraction ofwaste), biomethanol (methanol produced from bio-mass and/or the biodegradable fraction of waste),bioETBE (ethyl-tertio-butyl-ether produced on the

basis of bioethanol; the percentage by volume of bio-ETBE that is calculated as biofuel is 37%) andbioMTBE (methyl-tertio-butyl-ether produced on the

basis of biomethanol: the percentage by volume ofbioMTBE that is calculated as biofuel is 22%).

Biodiesels includes biodiesel (a methyl-ester produced

from vegetable or animal oil, of diesel quality), bio-

dimethylether (dimethylether produced frombiomass), Fischer Tropsh (Fischer Tropsh producedfrom biomass), cold pressed bio-oil (oil producedfrom oil seed through mechanical processing only)

and all other liquid biofuels which are added to,blended with or used straight as transport diesel or for

electricity and heat generation.

Other liquid biofuels include liquid biofuels useddirectly as fuel, not reported in either biogasoline orbiodiesels.

Waste and other non-specifiedMunicipal waste consists of products that are com-

busted directly to produce heat and/or power and

comprises wastes produced by households, industry,

hospitals and the tertiary sector that are collected

by local authorities for incineration at specific

installations.

Industrial waste of non-renewable origin consists of solid

and liquid products (e.g.tyres) combusted directly, usu-ally in specialised plants, to produce heat and/or power.

Renewable industrial waste is not included here, but with

solid biofuels, biogases or liquid biofuels.

Electricity and heat

Electricity is expressed in gigawatt hours and heat isexpressed in terajoules.

Electricity

Gross electricity production is measured at the termi-

nals of all alternator sets in a station; it therefore

includes the energy taken by station auxiliaries and

losses in transformers that are considered integral

parts of the station.

The difference between gross and net production is

generally estimated as 7% for conventional thermal

stations, 1% for hydro stations, and 6% for nuclear,

geothermal and solar stations. Production in hydrostations includes production from pumped storage

plants.

Heat

Heat production includes all heat produced by main

activity producer CHP and heat plants, as well as heat

sold by autoproducer CHP and heat plants to third

parties.

Fuels used to produce quantities of heat for sale are

included in transformation processes under the rowsCHP plantsand heat plants. The use of fuels for heatwhich is not sold is included under the sectors in

which the fuel use occurs.

Hydro energy

Hydro energy represents the potential and kinetic

energy of water converted into electricity in hydro-electric plants.

Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy is the energy available as heat

emitted from within the earths crust, usually in the

form of hot water or steam. It is exploited at suitable

sites:

for electricity generation using dry stream or high

enthalpy brine after flashing

directly as heat for district heating, agriculture, etc.

Solar energy

Solar energy is the solar radiation exploited for hot

water production and electricity generation, by:


23/430



flat plate collectors, mainly of the thermosyphontype, for domestic hot water or for the seasonal

heating of swimming pools

photovoltaic cells

solar thermal-electric plants

Passive solar energy for the direct heating, coolingand lighting of dwellings or other buildings is notincluded.

Tide/wave/ocean energy

Tide, wave and ocean represents the mechanical en-ergy derived from tidal movement, wave motion orocean current and exploited for electricity generation.

Wind energyWind energy represents the kinetic energy of windexploited for electricity generation in wind turbines.


24/430


25/430



3. COUNTRY NOTES

General notes

The notes given below refer to data for the years 1960to 2012 and cover the summary tables at the back of

the book, as well as the information on CD-ROM and

the on-line data service. In general, more detailed

notes are available for data starting in 1990.

Prior to 1974, most fuel inputs and electricity and heat

outputs for autoproducers are included in main activ-

ity producers. The figures for the quantities of fuels

used for the generation of electricity and heat and the

corresponding outputs in CHP and heat plants should

be used with caution. Despite estimates introduced by

the Secretariat, inputs and outputs are not alwaysconsistent. Please refer to notes below underElectric-ity and Heat.

Data for anthracite, coking coal, other bituminous

coal, sub-bituminous coal and lignite are available

separately from 1978. Prior to 1978, only data for

hard coal and brown coal (lignite/sub-bituminous

coal) are available.

In 1996, the IEA Secretariat extensively revised data

on coal and coke use in blast furnaces, and in the iron

and steel industry (for those countries with blast fur-

naces), based on data provided to the OECD Steel

Committee and other sources. The quantities of fuels

transformed into blast furnace gas have been esti-

mated by the IEA Secretariat based on its blast

furnace model.

Moreover, in 1996 and 1997, the IEA Secretariatextensively revised data on biofuels and waste(i.e.solid biofuels, biogases, liquid biofuels, industrialwaste and municipal waste) based on data from

Eurostat (for the EU-15 Member countries) and onother national sources for other OECD Member coun-

tries. As consumption data for biofuels and waste

from Eurostat are generally available from 1989, theremay be breaks in series between 1988 and 1989 forsome EU Member countries. Generally data on biofuelsand waste are reported in non-specified prior to 1989for EU Member countries.

Australia

In the 2013 edition, data for Australia were revised

back to 2003 due to the adoption of the National

Greenhouse and Energy Reporting (NGER) as the main

energy consumption data source for the Australian En-

ergy Statistics. As a result, there are breaks in the time

series for many data between 2002 and 2003. The

revisions have also introduced some methodologicalproblems. The national statistics appear to have prob-

lems identifying inputs and outputs to certain

transformation processes such as gas works plants,

electricity plants and CHP plants. Energy industry

own use and inputs to the transformation processes

are sometimes not reported separately in the correct

categories. More detail is given in the notes below.

All data refer to the fiscal year (e.g.July 2011 to June2012 for 2012). For the 2002 data, the Australian

Administration started to use a new survey methodol-

ogy which caused shifts in the structure of industryconsumption. The Australian Administration is plan-

ning to revise the historical series.

Coal:Hard coal data prior to 1978 may include sub-

bituminous coal. Data on blast furnace gas for elec-

tricity production by autoproducers begins in 1986.

Consumption in wood and wood products is included

in paper, pulp and print from 2001 onwards. The drop

in BKB production in 2004 was due to a fire in the

main production plant. Only anthracite for export is

reported separately; the remainder that is consumed

domestically is included with other bituminous coal.


26/430


27/430



Endgltige Energiebilanz. Due to a change in thesurvey methodology, the heat produced in smallplants (capacity inferior to 1 MW) is not reportedstarting in 2002. Prior to 2002, data for biogases onlyinclude plants of 1 MW or larger. A large autopro-ducer electricity plant was reclassified as anautoproducer CHP plant and therefore creates a breakin series for municipal waste in 2011.

Electricity and Heat: Heat from chemical processes

used for electricity production is available from 2004.

Electricity plants data may include some CHP plants

operating in electricity only mode. Inputs of other oil

products to autoproducer CHP plants were reclassified

as refinery gas and natural gas in 2009. Revisions to

the historical time series are planned by the Austrian

Administration.

From 1990 to 2009, small amounts of electricity usedin heat pumps have been included in the residential

sector. Electricity consumption in oil refineries in-

cludes consumption in gas works plants prior to 1991.

Also prior to 1991, electricity consumption in the iron

and steel industry includes consumption in coke ovens

and blast furnaces. Consumption in commercial/

public services includes electricity used in the field of

electricity supply, district heating and water supply

prior to 1990. Starting in 1990, consumption of elec-

tricity in the field of electricity supply, district heating

and water supply are included in other energy indus-try own use.

Belgium

Coal: Hard coal data prior to 1978 may include sub-

bituminous coal. Sub-bituminous coal data reported in

from other sourcesrefer to coal recuperated from coaldumps. Production of other bituminous coal ceased on

31 August 1992. The use of coke oven gas in chemical

and petrochemical activities ceased in 1996. The de-

crease of bituminous coal and coke oven coke in the ironand steel industry in 2002 is due to the closure of several

plants. Supply-side data are obtained through surveying

questionnaires in lieu of customs data.

Oil:The decrease of fuel oil in industry consumption

since 1993 is due to the introduction of an excise tax

as well as increased use of natural gas. In 2002, patent

fuel plants used fuel oil to increase the calorific value

of patent fuel. Historical revisions of naphtha back-

flows are pending. In the 2014 edition, some amounts

of additives have been reclassified as motor gasoline

for the most recent years.

Natural Gas: As of 2000, natural gas has started to

replace blast furnace gas in the iron and steel industry.The large decrease in non-specified industry in 2003

is due to improvements in data collection. New legis-lation for data collection has led to breaks in series forindustry and energy industry own use between 2004

and 2005, and between 2007 and 2008. Starting in2009, gas trade in Belgium includes imported LNG

which is regasified and subsequently exported to othercountries. Trade data for 2012, energy sector own useand final consumption data for 2011 and 2012 havebeen estimated by the IEA Secretariat.

Biofuels and Waste:In 2003, combustion of munici-pal waste for electricity and heat generation purposes

increased significantly. However, because a largeportion of the heat produced is not used (sold), plantefficiencies dropped significantly between 2002 and

2003. Data for biodiesels are available starting in2007. Data for biogasoline are available starting in2008. A new series for industrial waste used in thechemical sector for one region were reported in 2011,

causing a break series. New data on consumptioncause breaks in series for primary solid biofuels be-

tween 2011 and 2012.

Electricity and Heat:For 1998 and 1999, electricity

production at CHP plants with annual heat output

below 0.5 TJ is reported with electricity only plants.

In 2000, most autoproducer electricity plants using

combustible fuels were reclassified as autoproducerCHP plants; the heat production from these plants was

used for internal industrial processes and not sold to

third parties until 2005. Heat from chemical processes

used for electricity production is available from 2005.

Heat production from chemical sources has been es-

timated in 2012 by the IEA secretariat. In the 2014edition, the refinery gas main activity CHP plants

have been reclassified as autoproducer CHP plants for

data from 2010 to 2012. In 2012, the electricity pro-duction from wind autoproducer electricity plants was

213 MWh, which appears as rounded to 0 GWh in this

publication.

For 2012, oil refineries electricity consumption has

been estimated by the IEA Secretariat based on refin-ery activity data. Part of the estimated amount hasbeen removed from consumption in the chemical and

petrochemical sector. Electricity consumption in themining and quarrying sector has been estimated by theIEA secretariat for 2012. Breaks in series exist be-tween 1991 and 1992 for heat consumption inchemical and non-specified industry. Breaks in seriesmay exist between 2007 and 2008 due to revisions of

NACE classifications. There is no heat consumption


28/430



starting in 2007 in the iron and steel industry because

the installation concerned became an autoproducer inJuly 2006 and the heat is no longer sold.

Canada

Revisions received by the Canadian Administration

and incorporated into the 2002 edition have resulted

in breaks in series between 1989 and 1990. For the

2014 edition of this publication, the Canadian Ad-

ministration revised time series for the period 2005-

2011 to include more complete survey results.

Coal:Due to a Canadian confidentiality law, it is not

possible for the Canadian Administration to submit

disaggregated series for all of the coal types. Between

2002 and 2006, the IEA Secretariat has estimatedsome of the missing series. The data for 2007 onwards

are given directly as reported, however data may be

present in non-representative products, and addition-

ally these ad hoc reclassification methodologies

contribute significantly to larger than normal statisti-

cal differences across products. In the 2014 edition,

some revisions to the 2004 to 2006 data were received

in addition to some time series and products for 2007

to 2011. The Canadian Administration is planning to

further refine its reporting.

Oil: From 1988 onwards, data for several industrialsub-sectors are no longer available. Transfers include

purchases of feedstock and other additives from non-

reporting companies. The reporting of LPG supply

data changed starting in 1989. Production data, as

well as products transferred, will therefore show

changes in series between 1988 and 1989. Prior to

1990, LPG includes ethane and condensates (pentanes

plus). Ethane is mainly used as a petrochemical feed-

stock. Prior to 1990, hydrogen used for the upgrading

of synthetic crude oil production was included in

natural gas supply; from 1990, a different methodol-

ogy was adopted by the Canadian Administration andthese amounts are now shown in other hydrocarbons(part of crude oil). Canada imported orimulsion from

Venezuela from 1994 to 2000. Due to confidentiality

reasons, biodiesel data for 2012 were partially esti-

mated by the IEA secretariat. Time series for other oilproductsmay fluctuate as they have been computed asresiduals.

Natural Gas: Gas production data includes collierygas, as well as associated gas produced in Alberta.Gas-to-liquids (transformation) represents quantities

of natural gas consumed in the production of synthetic

crude oil. Non-specified transformation representsquantities of natural gas used for the upgrading ofrefined oil products. The 2012 increased consumptionin non-metallic mineral is due to switching from coalto natural gas in cement manufacturing. Prior to 1978,consumption in the non-specified category of theindustry sector includes gas used as fuel in oil refiner-ies. Data on natural gas consumption in the chemicalindustry is not available before 1976; in 1976 and1977, the figure includes only natural gas used as afeedstock (excluding use as energy). Prior to 1978,agriculture is included in industry, and no detailedindustry sub-sector data are available. Prior to 1990,data for consumption of natural gas for construction isnot available. Starting in 1992, consumption of naturalgas in main activity producer CHP plants includes usein three new facilities in the province of Ontario. In

2000, the increase in main activity producer electricitydata is due to new generation plants in Alberta andOntario, while the increase in autoproducer electricityis due to the addition of independent power produc-tion. For the 2014 edition, revisions back to 2005were submitted by the national administration, creat-ing a break in series between 2004 and 2005. Furtherrevisions are pending.

Biofuels and Waste: The IEA Secretariat has esti-mated the data for industrial waste from 1990 to 2007,biogasoline (ethanol) from 1998 to 2004, municipal

waste from 1990 to 2004, and landfill gas from 1997to 2006 based on information supplied by Natural

Resources Canada. The IEA Secretariat estimatedlandfill gas production and consumption for 2007

from information supplied by Environment Canada,Waste Management. Heat generation and input dataare estimated by the Canadian Administration. Forconfidentiality reasons, production of biodiesel for2012 was estimated by the IEA secretariat using the

2011 figure.

Electricity and Heat: Heat production includes heatproduced by nuclear power stations for distribution to

other consumers up to 1997. The breakdown of elec-tricity and heat generation between natural gas and oilproducts in main activity producer CHP plants hasbeen estimated by the Canadian Administration start-ing in 1990. This may cause breaks in the time seriesbetween 1989 and 1990. Starting in 2009, a newsource has been used for electricity production fromsolar, wind, and tide. This new source covers produc-tion from solar and wind only from plants withcapacity higher than 500 kW. For the 2014 edition,the Canadian Administration has started revising heatproduction and demand accordingly to a new method-

ology. Since the revisions will be finalised for the


29/430



next edition, some breaks or inconsistencies couldappear.

Starting from 2012, heat consumption in the chemicaland petrochemical sector became confidential and isincluded under the not elsewhere specified industry

sector. Electricity transmission and distribution lossescould include statistical difference for some years.

Chile

Data are available starting in 1971.

From 1990, consumption in paper and pulp includes

forestry and consumption in agriculture is included innon-specified industry. In general, a new methodol-ogy has been applied for data since 1990, leading to

other breaks in series between 1989 and 1990.

Coal:Other bituminous coal includes sub-bituminouscoal. Hard coal data prior to 1978 may include sub-

bituminous coal.

Oil:There are breaks in series between 2008 and 2009due to a change in methodology by the ChileanAdministration.

Natural Gas: For 2009 and 2010, inputs of natural

gas to autoproducer CHP plants were estimated by thenational administration. For other years, these inputs

are included in autoproducer electricity. Data reportedinfrom other sources - oilrepresent LPG injected intothe natural gas distribution network. These data are

available from 2009. Natural gas used for oil and gasextraction is included in gas consumption for energy

use in refineries.

Biofuels and Waste:Production of landfill gas ceasedin 2001 as landfill sites stopped producing adequategas to continue collection. Charcoal production andconsumption have been estimated by the IEASecretariat. Industrial waste data for 2011 have been

estimated by the IEA Secretariat. Solar thermal heatproduction for 2012 was estimated by the ChileanAdministration. A new survey on primary solidbiofuels causes breaks in production and input toautoproducer CHP between 2011 and 2012.

Electricity and Heat:The split of electricity genera-tion by main activity and autoproducer by fuel wasestimated by the Chilean Administration for the pe-riod 1990 to 2003. Electricity production from othersources is from a conveyor belt transporting crushedrock from a high altitude to a lower altitude in a mine,as well as waste heat. Production of chemical heat

used for electricity generation started in 2013.

Czech Republic

Data are available starting in 1971.

Coal:In the 2014 edition, residential consumption forthe period 1990 through 2011 was revised for other

bituminous coal, lignite, coke oven coke and BKB, as

more accurate consumption data became available.This resulted in large statistical differences. For all

other flows, final consumption data were submitted by

the Czech Administration starting with 1996 data.

Due to economic restructuring in consumption in the

late 1990s (big state enterprises subdividing and/or

privatising and the utilisation of new technologies by

businesses), there may be breaks in time series in

these sectors. Data for 1990 to 1995 were estimated

based on the Czech publicationEnergy Economy YearBook. In 1995, town gas production (included in gasworks gas) ceased. Revisions by the Czech Admini-

stration have resulted in some breaks in seriesbetween 2001 and 2002. Production from othersourcesof other bituminous coal is from coal slurries.Sub-bituminous coal is included in other bituminouscoal.

Oil:Data prior to 1994 are estimated by the IEA Se-

cretariat. The Czech Administration submitted an OilQuestionnaire to the IEA for the first time with 1994

data. Breaks in series between 1998 and 1999 for thefinal consumption of gas/diesel oil are due to a newdata management system implemented by the Czech

Administration.

Natural Gas: Data from 1993 onwards have beenofficially submitted by the Czech Statistical Office.

The breaks in series between 1993 and 1994 are due

to a change in the energy balance methodology be-tween former Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic.

Prior to 1994, data in transport are for former

Czechoslovakia. Natural gas inputs into gas worksceased in 1996. From 2008, hydrogen production is

reported in petrochemical feedstocks as non-energy

use.

Biofuels and Waste: Data for solid biofuels are notavailable prior to 1990. The restructuring of the Czechelectricity market leads to breaks in the time series inall sectors between 1998 and 1999. Data for liquidbiofuels are available starting in 1992 and for munici-pal waste starting in 1999. New survey systems causebreaks in final consumption in 1999 and in 2002.Breaks in both supply and consumption of biofuelsand waste occur again in 2003. Hospital waste previ-

ously reported as municipal waste is reported under


30/430



industrial waste since 2008. Due to a reclassificationof plant types, there is a break in series in 2011 formunicipal waste used for electricity and heat generation.

Electricity and Heat:Electricity statistics from 1971

to 1989 have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat

except for final consumption and trade which weresubmitted by the Czech Administration. Data on heat

production, and the corresponding fuel inputs, have

been estimated from 1980 to 1989 based on consump-

tion in residential and commercial/public services.

Prior to that, inputs are included in industry. Data

from 1990 onwards have been officially submitted by

the Czech Administration. This may lead to breaks in

series between 1989 and 1990. Prior to 1990, electric-

ity production in main activity producer CHP and

autoproducer CHP plants is included in main activity

producer electricity plants. Heat production prior to1990 excludes heat sold by industry. In addition, heat

production prior to 1990 is reported under main activ-

ity heat plants because the breakdown by producer

and plant type is not available before then. The

amount of heat reported under other sources is wasteheat from the glass industry. In 1999 and 2000, vari-

ous big enterprises have been divided, sold and

merged. This causes breaks in the time series of all

types of plants. The new reporting methodology used

by the Czech Administration for biofuels and wastes

causes some breaks in time series between 2002 and

2003. In 2012, a main activity producer electricity

plant using solid biofuels started to produce also heat

and was reclassified as main activity CHP plant.

From 2000 onwards, the consumption of electricity in

the non-specified transportsector includes trams andother transport activities within companies properties.

Prior to 2000, the split of road transport and non-

specified transport is not available.

DenmarkIn the 2004 edition, major revisions were made by the

Danish Administration for the 1990 to 2001 data,

which may cause breaks in time series between 1989

and 1990.

Coal: Declines in stocks on hand of thermal coal stem

from extensive deployment of renewable generation

technologies and policy to further reduce Denmarks

utilisation of coal-fired power and implement co-

firing with renewable fuels as a part of their Energy

Strategy 2050.

Oil:Consumption data are based on a detailed survey

sent to companies in Denmark every other year. Fornon-survey years, the consumption figures are esti-

mated by the Danish Energy Agency. As of 1987,

separate data for paraffin waxes are no longer avail-able. Information on waste oil recycling and final

consumption begins in 1989 and is reported in otheroil products. Prior to 1990, Greenland and the DanishFaroes are included in the oil data. Also prior to 1990,

gas/diesel oil consumption and fuel oil consumption

for fishing are included in domestic navigation. Dueto better survey methods, inputs to electricity and heat

generation have been reclassified, causing a break in

series between 1993 and 1994. Industry detail for

1994 and 1995 is based on a new survey. Between

1995 and 2004, other hydrocarbon imports and inputs

to main activity producer CHP plants represent ori-

mulsion. The oil inputs used in industrial sub-sectorsfor producing surplus heat, which is delivered to dis-

trict heating networks, are allocated to these industrialsub-sectors.

Biofuels and Waste: Fish oil used in main activity

producer heat plants is included with solid biofuels.The number of heating companies burning wood chipsthat are equipped with boilers with flue-gas condensa-

tion is increasing. This implies a very high efficiencyof heat plants. For 2012, biogasoline is included under

biodiesels, for confidentiality reasons. In the 2014

edition, time series for liquid biofuels main activityheat plants became available. Although they refer tobiodiesels and biogasoline, they are reported underother liquid biofuels for confidentiality reasons.

Electricity and Heat: In the 2014 edition, total heatproduction has been revised back to 1994, due to theavailability of new data for heat production from liq-

uid biofuels. Heat produced for sale by heat pumpsstarts in 1994. Prior to 1994 the electricity and heat

production are estimated based on fuel inputs. Theamount of heat reported under other sources is heatrecovered from industrial processes and sold for dis-trict heating. For 2012, autoproducer heat plants fornatural gas and biogases show efficiencies larger than

100%, on a net calorific value basis, due to the use ofa condensing boiler that recovers the latent heat ofvaporisation.

Electricity consumption in other energy industry ownuseincludes consumption in district heating plants anduse for the distribution of electricity. From 1984 on-wards, small amounts of heat have been imported fromGermany. For 2012, the breakdown of heat consump-tion for industry, the energy sector, agriculture and

forestry is estimated by the Danish Administration.


31/430



Estonia

Data for Estonia are available starting in 1990. Prior

to that, they are included in Former Soviet Union in

Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries.Coal: In the 2013 edition, data for oil shale produc-

tion for the period 1991 to 1997 were revised to match

Estonian GHG National Inventory values. Consump-

tion data remained unchanged. Fuels reported as coke

oven coke (semi-coke) and gas works gas are by-

products of oil shale liquefaction.

Oil:For the years 1990 to 2007, oil data are based on

direct communication with Statistics Estonia and

UNECE. Breaks in time series occur for 2012 for

trade figures, now including re-exports, and for inter-

national bunkers.

Natural Gas: In 2009, Estonias main producer of

fertilisers ceased activity, resulting in a sharp decrease

in the non-energy use of natural gas. The plant re-

opened in 2012.

Biofuels and Waste:Data for biogases include land-

fill gas starting in 2005.

Electricity and Heat:From 1990 to 1999, some of the

electricity and heat production are reported under

other oil productswhile the inputs are reported underthe individual fuels. Revisions to classify the electric-ity and heat production by oil product are pending.

Inputs of fuel oil and gas works gas to transformation

processes include shale oil.

Fin

oecd energy stats 2014

Documents