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Федеральное агентство по образованию

ENGLISH FOR BEGINNERS

Учебно-методическое пособие для вузов

Составители: О.М. Золина

С.В. Колтакова М.С. Хаханова

Воронеж 2007

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Утверждено научно-методическим советом факультета РГФ 6 февраля 2007 г., протокол №2 Рецензент д.ф.н., проф. М.А. Стернина Учебно-методическое пособие подготовлено на кафедре английского языка в профессиональной международной деятельности факультета РГФ Воронежского государственного университета. Рекомендовано для студентов 1-го курса факультета международных отношений, обучающихся по специальности – Международные отношения 030701 (350200), изучающих английский язык как второй иностранный. Для специальности 030701 (350200) – Международные отношения

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Lesson 1

English alphabet

1. Listen to the letters of the alphabet. Practise saying them.

[eΙ] a h j k

[i:] b c d e g p t v

[e] f l m n s x z

[aΙ] i y

[əʊ] o

[u:] q u w

[ɑ:] r

2. Practise saying these abbreviations:

BBC, USSR, IQ, WC, KGB, CNN, UFO, CBI, CIA, EU, PhD, VSU, TV, SMS,

MMS, DJ, ID, PR, GPRS, SOS.

Letter Sound Letter Sound

Aa

Bb

Cc

Dd

Ee

Ff

Gg

Hh

Ii

Jj

Kk

Ll

Mm

[eΙ]

[bi:]

[si:]

[di:]

[i:]

[ef]

[ʤi:]

[eɪt∫]

[aΙ]

[ʤeΙ]

[keΙ]

[el]

[em]

Nn

Oo

Pp

Qq

Rr

Ss

Tt

Uu

Vv

Ww

Xx

Yy

Zz

[en]

[əʊ]

[pi:]

[kju:]

[ɑ:]

[es]

[ti:]

[ju:]

[vi:]

[´dΛblju:]

[eks]

[waΙ]

[zed]

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3. Find the abbreviations in this chart.

For example: USA. U M T V O

S D V D K

A P V I P

C C W C I

D F B I Q

4. Spell the names of the famous people: Mel Gibson, George Bush, Hugh Grant, Tina Turner, Naomi Campbell, Madonna, Louis Armstrong, Tom Cruise.

5. Unscramble the names: leneH, kMra, vaDid, artiMn, niontoA, andAlraex, danLi.

6. Read and listen to the conversation: A How do you spell your first name? B J – A – M – E – S. A How do you spell your surname? B H – A - double R – I – S – O – N. A James Harrison. B That’s right. In pairs, ask and answer the same questions. 7. Work in pairs. Student 1 dictates the words, Student 2 writes them down.

Student A Student B William Shakespeare Charles Dickens Oscar Wild Jerome K. Jerome Lewis Carroll

Elizabeth II Tony Blair Margaret Thatcher Winston Churchill Horatio Nelson

8. Read and learn:

Two and four and six and eight. What’s your name? My name is Kate. One, three, seven, nine and ten. Please, what is your name, again?

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Lesson 2 Sounds: [i:], [e], [æ], [eI], [m], [p], [b], [f], [v], [t], [d], [n], [l], [h]. Letters: e, a, b, d, f, l, m, n, p, t, v, h. Practise saying: B, b → [b]: bin, Bob, bill, bet, bed, bid, mob, sob, rob, snob, bell, belt, lob, Ben. P, p → [p]: Pit, pet, pop, pin, pip, mop, pen, pin, pick, dip, lop, pit, Pete, pond. N, n → [n]: Nick, not, net, non, nest, tent, nip, nickel, nipple, sin, pin, tin, vent. L, l → [l]: lip, leap, peel, lick, till, kill, still, let, live, little, ill, tell, bead, lit. D, d → [d]: din, don, vend, dent, desk, dot, doc, kid, dip, did, Ted, Dom, pod. T, t → [t]: ten, tin, net, Kent, sent, bent, vent, let, tip, sit, set, tepid, tend. V, v → [v]: vet, vend, vent, vim, vex, visit, velvet, vest, vessel, visa, vis-a-vie. F, f → [f]: fin, fob, fit, fill, sniff, fox, self, frisk, fix, fest, flop, flip, flip-flop. H, h → [h]: hill, hell, hello, hid, hi-fi, hem, hilt, helm, helmet, Holland.

[b-p] bin-pin Ben-pen mop-mob nip - nib dib-dip

[d-t] den-ten din-tin

bend-bent vend-vent send-sent

[v-f] vend-fend

vest-fest eve [i:v]-if

live [laIv]-life [laIf] leave [li:v]-leaf [li:f]

E, e [i:] [i:]

me [mi:] be [bi:]

Pete [pi:t] eve [i:v]

[e] pet [pet] ten [ten]

men [men] bet [bet]

‘ee’→ [i:]:feet, meet, peel, feel, leek, teen, fee, deed, free, fee, Lee, beef.

‘ea’→ [i:]: bean, veal, seal, leak, meal, dean, bead, flea. But! bread [e], head [e].

‘ie’+ consonant → [i:]: niece, piece, field, mien. But! friend [frend].

[i: - e]

peek – peck meet – met leek - let feed - fed

teen – ten seed –send veal – vet beet - bet

1. Practise [i:] - [e]: leek, net, me, set, test, be, tea, deep, beet, tent, meet, mead, feet, peel, meal, pet, met, eat, beat, been, feed, veal, men, leaf, leave, vet, bet, men, ten, beef, vent, sent tempt, let, fee, beetle, step, feed, set, mead, beef, peel, bean, bet, pen, leek, meat, vet, send, beat, bend, deed, Pete, Crete, Kent. 2. Read the following: Drink ten teas. I see ten trees. Eat veal and beef. I see ten leaves. I eat peas and beans. I see you and Tim. The lesson begins in ten minutes. Eve is Pete’s niece. Ten men set out to climb Ben Nevis.

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3. Dialogue: - What do you like eating, Eve? - Bread and cheese, beans and peas. - Do you like meat? - Yes, I like beef and veal. - What is your favourite drink? - Tea with milk. Ask your partner what he /she likes eating. 4. Read and learn : A bee and a beetle beat a beefeater. A bee and a beetle are busy eating beef and drinking beer. Be as busy as a bee. See new places, meet new faces. A friend in need is a friend indeed. All’s well that ends well.

A, a [eΙ ] [eI ]

pane [peIn] tale [teIl]

name [neIm] mate [meIt]

[æ] man [mæn] bad [bæd]

map [mæp] pan [pæn]

5. Practise saying: pan, mane, lame, pane, sat, mate, sad, name, mat, tap, tale, ten–tan, men–man, pen–pan, bend–band, send–sand, met–mat, pet–pat. Tell Ben my name. My name’s Ann. Send Ben my map, please. Send Bess my map and my plan, please. That sad man has red hat and black slacks. 6. Dialogue: - Have you got a pet? - Yes, I have a cat. His name is Patrick. - Not a bad name for a cat. My friend Sam has a rat. It’s black and fat. - I hate rats. They are bad pets. 7. Have you got a pet? Tell what his/her name is and how you feed it.

What’s your pet’s favourite dish? 8. Read and learn: A black cat sat on a mat and ate a fat rat. Manners make the man. That man sat on my hat in a tram. He is a bad man, that man, that’s a fact. I am glad I had my bag in my hand Or he might have sat on that.

I feed my pet on

• meat (beef, veal, chicken) • beans • peas • bread • cheese • tea

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Lesson 3 Sounds: [aI], [I] [s], [k], [t∫]. Letters: c , i . Read: I, i [aI]

‘ai ’ → [eI]: pain, main, vain, stain, mail, maid, tail, fail. ‘ay’→ [eI]: May, day, gay, say, lay, way. ‘ind’→ [aInd]: kind, mind, find, bind, grind. ‘ild’→ [aIld]: mild, wild, child ‘igh’ → [aI]: high, night, bright, light, right, sight. 1. Practise saying: like, pistol, dislike, bind, pit, night, maid, line, fatal, pine, pipe, tie, pin, Mike, bad, main, lip, mail, mane, man, file, fill, lap, pale, kind, light, mild, tan, pie, tame, take, fail, sin, sane, pill, sand, sip, child, pit-a-pat, die, lie, tan, right, lime, pain, tail, made, dine, cap, taste, din, Anne, afraid, life, bag, kite, apple, hide, ride, tale, sail, Nike, Nile (the).

C, c [si:] c + e, i, y → [s]

place [plaIs] cite [saIt] icy ['aIsI] face [faIs]

cycle [saIkl]

c + other letters → [k] cat [kæt]

clean [kli:n] doc [dɒk]

cycle [saIkl]

2. Practise saying: cake, cent, crime, cave, cat, 'centre, cent, pence, 'pencil, case, can, can’t, cod, icy, cot, 'accent, cop, 'civil, place, cafe, accident, cede, cell, 'central, 'coffee, fence, 'Celsius, Cinderella, 'Canada, 'Scotland, Mace'donia. ‘ck’ → [k]: kick, black, cock, lick, sick, clock, 'cockpit, black, pick, Patrick. ‘ch’, ‘tch’ → [t∫] chop, cheap, match, catch, cheese, chat, chain, check, cheek. 3. Transcribe the words: black, crisis, crisp, chimpanzee, match, cent, sack, chat, cat, cheap, cell, cap, chick, van, child, bad, cheese, catch, nice, Chinese. 4. Write the words: [baIk], [kaInd], [haI], [pIk], [t∫i:p], [mæt∫], [t∫i:z], [naIs].

li:t lIt let læt bi:t bId bed bæd hi:d hId hed hæd si:t sIt set sæt li:d lId led læd bi:t bIt bet bæt

[aI] like [laIk] fine [faIn] five [faIv]

Nike [naIk] But! live 1) [lIv] 2) [laIv]

[I] tin [tIn] fin [fIn] sin [sIn]

bin [bIn]

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5. Use the words to complete the table: beef, veal, like, ten, bike, bed, sight, site, mile, peal, men, tin, five, pen, tea, Nile, see, meet, pet, be, mill, net, pill, tell, bean, tea, till, ban, pin, pat, mine, mild, pick, bit, bill, black, step, bad, pike, vet, beef, nine, men, pan, peel, cat, lick, leap, bright, child.

[i:]

[e]

[aI] [æ] [I]

6. Practise saying: e I - a I æ- e I - i: I -e a I - I

pane – pine late – line pain – pie tame – time lame – lime

tan – ten vat – vet man – men pan – pen bad – bed

pill – peel sill – seal lip – leap bit – beat tin - teen

pin – pen tin – ten lit – let till – tell bit – bet

like – lick spy – spin sky – skin lime –limp fine – fin

7. Read the following: Tim lives in a city. It is a big busy city. I like ice-cream. Little Nick likes eating ice-cream. It’s nine o’clock in the evening. It’s time to go to bed. Little Tommy likes apple-pies and self-made cakes. He likes eating them. His mum gives him a piece of apple-pie every day. Little Mike likes looking at bright lights. Mike’s niece is nice. 8. Dialogue: Bill: Is Tim in? Liz: Is he coming to the pictures? ÿÿ Mrs. Smith: Tim’s ill. ÿÿ Bill: Here he is! Hello, Tim. Tim: Hello, Bill. Liz: Are you ill, Tim? Tim: Is it an interesting film? Liz: It’s “Big Jim and the Indians”. Bill: And it begins in ten minutes. Mrs. Smith: If you are ill, Tim….. Tim: Quick! Or we’ll miss the beginning of the film! 9. Underline the word with a different sound: Nike kind tin line late sad fake day cake coffee can centre film slip mild milt 10. Read and learn: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. Can you can a can as a canner can can a can? I like my tie and my pipe. Never mind. It slipped my mind. Mind your manners. As pretty as a picture. Big fish eat little fish. Eat to live not live to eat. Time will tell.

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Lesson 4 Sounds: [g], [ʤ ], [aI], [I], [j], [ŋ] Letters: G g, Y y, J j, ‘dge’, ‘ing’.

Read the words in phonetics:

[g] [get] [eg] [bæg] [grIn] [gri:n]

[ʤi:] [ʤi:nz] [ʤǽk] [ʤaIv] [eʤ]

[j] [jet] [jes] [jel] [jelp]

['jeləʊ]

[t∫] [mæt∫] [t∫i:z] [t∫i:ks] [kæt∫] [fet∫]

Gg [ʤi:]

g + e, i, y → [ʤ] gem[ʤem] gin[ʤIn] gel [ʤel]

gene [ʤi:n]

g + other letters→ [g ] gas [gæz] bag [bæg]

glad [glæd] egg [eg]

But! give [gIv], get [get], girl [gɜ:l], gift [gIft], giggle [gIgl] etc. ‘gu’ + vowel → [g]: guess, guest, guild, guile, guilt, guinea-pig, disguise. 1. Practise saying: grace, grant, gem, glide, gin, guest, gimp, gain, gap, a'gain, guilt, gene, ge'netic, guile, gape, 'garage, 'gender, game, slag, gale, 'savage, 'colleague, 'genius, glade, gland, glad, guess, Greece, Ge'neva, 'Belgium. Jj [ʤeΙ]→ [ʤ]: Jack, jam, jet, joy, jazz, jeans, job, jail, joke, Jamaica, Ja'pan.

‘dge’ → [ʤ]: edge, bridge, budget, badge, budge, budgie, wedge. ‘ing’ → [ŋ]: speaking, skating, skiing, playing, ding, sing, ting, wing, king. 2. Read and compare:

3. Read the phrases: a cheap jeep; teach Japa'nese at college; the edge of the bridge; orange juice; a village jail; a 'dangerous bridge; drink gin; George likes telling jokes; Jane enjoys feeding the budgies; Jack en'joys jam and jazz. 4. Read and learn: Be just before you are 'generous. Can you i'magine an i'maginary 'manager i'magining 'managing?

[ʤ ] - [t∫] gin - chin jeep - cheap Jerry - cherry age - H Jane - chain Jilly - chilly

[k] - [g] kop - glop coat – goat catch – get cane – gain can – gang kilt - guilt

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Yy [waI] [I]

gym cyst

lynch hyp'notic

[aI] my sky try

type

[j] yes

'yellow yell yelp

But: dynasty [I]; pyramid [I]; syrup [I]; syringe [I]; Syria [I]; typical [I] etc. “Yy” in syllables that are not stressed → [I]: happy, easy, sadly, rainy, windy, Daddy, 'symmetry, nanny, ferry, Harry, day, 'agency, chilly, badly. 5. Practise saying: dye, dy'namic, 'dynamite, gym, 'typist, hy'ena, hyp'nosis, hyp'notic, lynch, 'mystical, my'self, 'nylon, rye, yet, sym'metrical, 'symbol, yep, 'symptom, 'system, 'syndicate, style, yell, yes, Bye-bye, yak, 'gypsy, chilly, by, dry, nanny, ferry, silly, gene, try, gin, gleam, gentle, type, Yalta, 'Yankee. 6. Read and learn: Why do you cry, Willie? Why do you cry? Why, Willie, why, Willie, why, Willie, why? Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday. A windy day, a rainy day, a sunny day, a snowy day, a chilly day. 7. Ask your partner: What do you do on a windy/ rainy/snowy/chilly day?

• watch TV ● invite friends and give a party • drink gin ● cry • play computer games ● play chess • play in the rain ● read plays

8. Dialogue: Myra: Hello, Mike! Mike: Hello, Myra. Hello, Violet! You look nice, Violet. Would you like some ice-cream, Violet? Violet: No, thanks, Mike. I’m busy typing. I have to type ninety-nine pages by Friday. Mike: Never mind. Would you like to come riding with me tonight, Violet? Violet: Not tonight, Mike. I’m going for a drive with Nigel. Mike: What about Friday? Violet: I’m going climbing with Miles. Mike: Hm! Oh, all right. Bye! Myra: Violet, he’s put something behind your typewriter. Violet: Is it something nice, Myra? Myra: No. It’s a spider. 9. Use the prompts in brackets to make up the dialogue: A: Do you like …….? (flying / driving / climbing / horse riding / bicycle riding ) B: Yes. It’s quite exciting. A: Would you like to come ………with me on Friday? B: Not Friday. Some other time.

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Lesson 5 Sounds: [s–z], [ks–gz], [ɒ], [əʊ], [ɔɪ]; [u:], [∫n], [ʒn].

Letters: s, x, z, o, ‘oo’, ‘oi’, ‘oy’, ‘oa’, ‘tion’, ‘sion’.

Read the words in phonetics:

Ss [s] [z]

sand, sea, seat, safe, save, nest, spell, rest, beast, feast, stress, press.

tease, please, ease, peas, fees, means, teams, bags, rags, meals.

1. Practise saying [s–z]: peas, sat, sad, zeal, pens, zip, seeds, zero, maps, zinc, meals, prize, desks, hats, saint, zany, stands, zed, teams, dads, zebra, webs, fizz, plates, lamps, bags, dress, jeans, seal, Z, zap, Santa, 'Scotland, 'Zambia. 2. Read and compare:

said - Z sip - zip piece - peas price - prize

pence - pens police - please seal - zeal rice - rise

Xx [ks] [gz]

text, next, tax, fax, Max, X-ray, mix, extra, ex'plain, 'Texas, Mexico.

exotic, exact, exam, e'xample, e'xaggerate, e'xamine.

Sh → [∫]: shave, shake, shame, she, ship, sheep, flash, smash, 'Shakespeare.

3. Read and compare:

sea - she sip - ship

sack - shack

seats - sheets seep - sheep mass – mash

sell - shell sake - shake save - shave

4. Read [Iz]:

page - pages age - ages cage - cages

dress - dresses press - presses stress - stresses

price - prices prize - prizes

Alice - Alice’s

dash - dashes crash - crashes match - matches

...‘tion’→ [∫n]: action, motion, revolution, constitution, fraction, execution.

...‘sion→ [ʒn]: division, invasion, decision, provision, conclusion.

[zi:l] [zIp] [zed]

[ti:mz] ['i:zI]

[∫i:p] [∫Ip] [sæ∫] [dæ∫]

[smæ∫]

[sIn] [si:t] [set] [sænd] [bi:st]

[tekst] [nekst] [tæks]

[I'gzæm] [I'gzækt]

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...‘sure’→ [ʒə]: pleasure, measure, leisure, treasure, exposure. 5. Read and learn: She sells sea-shells on the sea-shore. The shells she sells are surely seashells. Action speak louder than words. Eat with pleasure, drink with measure.

Oo [əʊ]

[ɒ]

pot

shock box

[əʊ]

rose go home

'nobody 6. Practise saying: so, smoke, smog, spoke, job, dock, office, cotton, shot, flock, hole, lorry, code, foxes, nobody, open, sorry, note, rob, robe, holiday, sorry, often, horrible, October, November, Ro'meo, Rome, 'Poland, 'Tokyo. ‘oi’,’oy’→ [ɔɪ]: oil, soil, choice, spoil, joint; toy, en'joy, em'ploy, boy, moist. ‘o’ +’ll’, ‘ld’, ‘st’→ [əʊ]: toll, roll, old, cold, bold, post, most. But! doll [ɒ].

‘oa’ → [əʊ]: road, load, boat, coat, loaf, roast, toast, soap, moan, groan, loan.

‘ow’ →[əʊ]: low, sow, snow, n'arrow. [αʊ]: town, down, brown, gown, power.

oo [υ] [u:]

shook look book

But! blood [Λ] flood [Λ] -But! good [gʊd ], wood [wʊd ], foot [fʊt ]

soon mood stool goose zoo

7. Practise saying: book, wood, wool, hook, noon, zoo, soot, took, cool, zoom, look, food, pool, rook, room, goose, loop, loose, loom, soon, shampoo, tattoo.

8. Use the words to complete the table: road, close, foot, roll, moist, coat, zoom, soap, oil, post, note, lot, stool, cold, dot, cotton, so, wool, box, coil, cod, boat, float, coin, Joan, spot, boy, soil, load, mood, look, pot, toast, taboo.

[ɒ]

[əʊ] [ɔɪ] [ʊ] [u:]

9. Practise saying: The stool is made of wood. It’s cold on the road. The boy enjoys the toy. It’s cool near the pool. The robe is made of cotton. Look up the cookery-book. The coat is in the boat. Take a loaf and make a toast. 10. Find the rhyming words: roll, sorry, bowl, low, town, hello, down, lorry.

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11. Repeat after your teacher: 1) A cook A good cook A good cook took A good cook took a book A good cook took a cookery-book A good cook took a good cookery- book A good cook took a good cookery-book to cook 2) Most cotton robes were sold to unknown old boatmen. 12. Dialogue: A: Oh what a shame! You broke the rose pot! B: It’s not my fault! The boss crashed the pot because he was angry. A: Who smoked in the office and spoilt the woolen sofa! B: Again it was the boss. A: Bad boy! 13. Read and learn: Lots and lots of clocks and watches have gone wrong. Oh, no! Don’t go home alone. Nobody knows how lonely the road is As you sow, so you will mow. A rolling stone gathers no moss. Honesty is the best policy. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.

Lesson 6 Sounds: [θ], [ð], [w], [h], [u:], [ʌ], [aʊ], [ju:], [ə]. Letters: ‘th’, ‘w’, ‘wh’, ‘u’, ‘ou’, ‘er’, ‘or’, ‘ew’. Read the words in phonetics:

θi:m θɪk θɪn θi:f

fɪfθ sɪksθ tenθ welθ

ðeɪ ðem ðeə wɪð

ðɪs ði:s ðæt ðəʊ

wʌn f ʌn ðʌs rʌn

ləʊ snəʊ braʊn gaʊn

‘th’ [θ] [ð]

bath moth breath tenth

bathe mother breathe within

1. Practise [θ]: tooth, teeth, toothpick, toothy, thanks, theme, thin, thick, thief, theft, third, thirsty, depth, tenth, faith. [ð]: the, then, that, this, thane, them, thy, they, these, those, with, these, though. 2. Practise saying numerals: fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth…. Ask your partner: What date is it today? For example: 12/3 the twelfth of March 25/2/2007 the twenty-fifth of February, two thousand and seven.

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Ask your partner: When is your birthday? ‘er’, ‘or’ → [ə] : to'gether, 'feather, 'leather, 'brother, 'father, 'mother, a'nother, 'rather, 'other, 'doctor, 'motor, 'teacher, 'worker, 'sailor, 'winter, 'summer. 3. Read and compare:

[s] – [θ] mouse - mouth sick - thick sink - think pass – path

[f] – [θ] free – three fin – thin Fred – thread phone – throne

[s] – [ð] bays – bathe close – cloth whiz – with breeze-breathe

[d] – [ð] Dan – than day – they doze – those die – thy

4. Dialogue: A Who is that woman? B Where? A Over there. B Do you mean that lady with a thick cat? A No, I mean the lady with a thick handbag. B Ah, this is Jack’s mother. A And where is his brother? B He got thirsty and went out. 5. Read and learn: This fish has a thick fin, that fish has a thin fin. Mother, father, sister, brother, hand in hand with one another. Like father, like son. Like mother, like daughter. Wealth is nothing without health. Birds of a feather flock together. ‘w’ → [w]: win, with, twelve, well, week, weak, wake, without, web, window. ‘qu’ → [kw]: quit, quite, 'quiet, quick, quiz, quote, quilt, Quaker, quack, queen. ‘qua’→ [kwɒ]: quality, quantity, quarrel, squash, quarry, 'quandary, squat.

‘wh’→ [w]: why, when, watch, wish. ‘wh’+ o → [h]: who, whose, whole. 6. Practise: who, wheat, wheeze, quick, wick, wide, whoop, whiskers, wheel, why, woke, squash, weave, web, queen, weep, wage, wood, witch, wish, Wales.

U, u [ju:], [u:] [ʌ]

due [dju:] use [ju:s]

mute [mju:t] rude [ru:d]

bus [bʌs] run [rʌn] fun [fʌn]

‘ew’→ [ju:]: few, pew, new, view, Sew, knew, chew [u:]. ‘o’ + m, n, v → [ʌ]: love, honey, money, company, wonderful, onion, London. ‘ou’ → [ʌ]: country, young, couple, enough [In'Λf ], cousin, tough [tʌf]. ‘ou’→ [aʊ]: house, mouse, out, sound, about, doubt [daut], without, pound. 7. Practise: un'til, funny, computer, just, about, lucky, under, use, rude,

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'summer, 'subject, hurry, some, proud, 'currency, uni'versity, u'nite, country, company, wi'thout, shut, few, come, must, chew, much, 'current, 'June, Ju'ly, 'Russia, 'Ulster, 'Utah, 'Cuba, 'Budapest. dress - undress

written – unwritten used - unused

usual – unusual wanted - unwanted

welcome - unwelcome

well – unwell wise – unwise true - untrue

8. Dialogue I Love You Russ: Honey, why are you so sad? (Janet says nothing) Russ: Honey, why are so unhappy? I don’t understand. Janet: You don’t love me, Russ! Russ: But, honey, I love you very much. Janet: That’s untrue. You love my cousin, Sunny. You think she is lovely and I’m ugly. Russ: Janet, just once last [la:st] month I took Sunny out for lunch. You mustn’t worry. I like your company much better than Sunny’s. Janet: Oh, shut up, Russ. Russ: But, honey, I think you are wonderful. You mustn’t … Janet: Oh, SHUT UP! 9. Work n pairs: Student 1: Let’s buy a cup. Student 2: Let’s buy a cup and some nuts. Student 3: Let’s buy a cup, some nuts and some honey….(a brush, a bus, a bun, some butter, one onion, a rubber duck, a monkey, a lovely butterfly). 10. a) Read the dialogue. Pay attention to the sound [u:]: A: Excuse me. B: Yes? A: Could you tell me where I can get some good shoes. B: Yes. There’s a very good shop next to the supermarket that sells good shoes. I’m going there too. b) Use the following prompts to act out similar dialogues: toothpaste, football boots, chewing gum, fruit juice, cookery book / supermarket, fruit shop, newspaper stand. 11. Underline the word with a different sound: hurry sunny tune fun thanks these third theme why wage wish whole thing link nothing sing come some home love few knew pew chew 12. Read and learn: As snug as a bug in a rug. Well begun is half done. Where there’s will, there’s a way. Out of sight, out of mind.

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Lesson 7 Sounds: [r]; [ɜ:]; [ɪə]; [aɪə], [jʊə]. Letters: ‘r’; ‘wr’; ‘rh’; ‘ir’; ‘er’; ‘ur’; ‘yr’. Read the words in phonetics:

ru:m rʊk rəʊp rəʊl

fɜ: bɜ:n tɜ:n gɜ:l

hɪə mɪə dɪə pɪə

faɪə waɪə spɪə dɪ'zaɪə

'kjʊə 'pjʊə 'djʊə ɪnd'jʊə

R, r → [r] rent, reed, read, re'fine, relo'cate, re'ject, repeat, repay, sorry, lorry hurry, current, carry, berry, merry, cherry, ferry, marry. ‘wr’ → [r] wrap, wreak, wreath, wreckage, wren, wrench, wrest, wrestle, wretch, wriggle, wring, wrinkle, wrist, writ, write, writhe, writing, wrong. ‘rh’→ [r] rhetorical, rhino, rhyme, rhythm, rhythmical, rhapsody, rhetoric, Rhine (the), Rhesus factor (Rh. factor), Rhodes. 1. Read and learn: Robert Rowley rolled around a roll-round. Where is a roll-round Robert Rowley rolled around? The rain is raining all around. ‘ir’; ‘er’; ‘ur’; ‘yr’ → [ɜ:]: skirt [skɜ:t], her [hɜ:], fur [fɜ:], myrtle [mɜ:tl]. ‘ir’+vowel→ [aɪə]: fire [faɪə], wire, hire, re'tire, ins'pire. ‘yr’ → [aɪə]: lyre [laɪə], tyre, tyrant ['taɪərənt] ‘er’+ vowel →[ɪə ]: here [hɪə], mere, severe [sɪ'vɪə]. ‘ur’+vowel → [jʊə]: cure [kjʊə], pure, endure [ɪn'djʊə]. ‘eer’ → [ɪə]: deer [dɪə], beer, peer, leer, veer, pio'neer, engi'neer. ‘ear’→ [ɪə]: dear [dɪə], hear, fear, near, ear. ‘ear’ + consonant → [ɜ:]: search [sɜ:t∫], pearl, earn, learn, re'search. But! heart [hα :t] But! bear [beə], pear, wear. ‘wor’ → [wɜ:]: word, work, world, worm, worse, worst, 'worship, worth. 2. Practise saying: skirt, lyre, shirt, search, fire, perch, per, bird, mire, myrtle, circle, circus, church, fear, mere, pure, tyre, swirl, bear, beer, pearl, work, curse, worm, ear, hear, veer, hire, cure, search, worse, 'merchant, 'mercy, deer, dear, girl, nurse, thirsty, world, pear, severe, Bert, Serbia, Luxemburg, Berlin, Turkey. 3. Write the words: [fɜ:st], [skɜ:t], [dɪə], [hɪə], [fɜ:], [hɜ:], [lɜ:n], [bɜ:d], [faɪə], [t∫ɜ:t∫], [wɜ:k], [bɪə], [wɜ:ld].

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4. Study the table and then complete it: [i:] he me …

[e] hen men …

[ɜ:] her term …

[ɪə] here mere …

[aɪ] ice time …

[ɪ] lip six …

[ɜ:] bird girl …

[aɪə] fire hire …

[ju:] tune tube …

[ʌ] cup up …

[ɜ:] fur purse …

[jʊə] pure during …

5. Listen and repeat: er sir early world Thursday

Herbert Sherman Turner weren’t colonel

worst thirsty dirty Burton

skirts shirts nurse Curse these nurses!

6. Dialogue The Worst Nurse Sir Herbert: Nurse! Colonel Burton: Nurse! I’m thirsty! Sir Herbert: Nurse! My head hurts! Colonel Burton: NURSE! Sir Herbert: Curse these nurses! Colonel Burton: Nurse Sherman always wears such dirty shirts! Sir Herbert: And such short skirts! Colonel Burton: She never arrives at work early! Sir Herbert: She and ... er ... Nurse Turner weren’t at work on Thursday, were they? Colonel Burton: No, they weren’t. Sir Herbert: Nurse Sherman is the worst nurse in the ward, isn’t she? Sir Herbert: No, she isn’t. She is the worst nurse in the world! 7. Read and learn: A little girl with a pretty curl. Bert flirts with all the girls. An early bird catches a worm. A picture is worth a thousand words. Early to bed, early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. 8. Find the rhyming words and write a poem: girl, dear, fire, cure, earn, curl, near, desire, learn, pure.

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Lesson 8 Sounds: [α:], [ɜ:], [eə]. Letters: ‘ar’, ‘are’, ‘ear’,’ar’ + vowel, a vowel + consonants + le. Read the words in phonetics:

beə speə deə

kəm'peə weə

ə'fα: ə'pα:t ə'kα:

'pα:t∫mənt kəm'pα:tmənt

wɜ:k wɜ:ld wɜ:m 'wɜ:∫Ip

'α:mI 'fα:mə '∫α:p '∫α:k '∫eə

‘ar’ → [α:] : far [fα:], arm [α:m], dark [dα:k], park [pα:k], yard [yα:d]. ‘ar ’+ vowel → [eə]: bare [beə], spare [speə], dare [deə], compare [kəm'peə]. But! are [α:] ‘air’→ [eə]: pair [peə], hair [heə], fair [feə], chair [t∫eə]. 1. Practise saying: start, park, dart, dare, mare, smart, spare, cart, care, compare, farm, fare, farther, tar, afar, air, rare, farce, parch, parchment, pardon, pair, pare, 'sarcasm, bar, yard, 'varnish, 'Jaguar, Tony Blair, 'Denmark. ‘a’→ [α:] before sk, ss, st, th, n + consonant: dance, glass, grass, last, ask, class, past, bath, father, task, mask, glance, brass, branch, chance, France. 2. Compare:

[æ – α:] [Λ – α:]

match – march cap – carp cat – cart ban – barn hat – heart

cup – carp hut – hart cut – cart

bun – barn much – march

3. Use the words to complete the table: face, hat, rare, what, watch, arm, name, are, plate, hare, park, past, place, yard, bag, was, take, flag, share, scarf, ware, wash, dark, quality, table, square, wander, quarrel, carp, care, spare, bath, vase, march, class, branch, wasp.

[eɪ] [æ] [α:] [eə] [ɒ ] race

rash

part

pare

want

4. Listen and repeat:

Ah Arnold So they are! can’t garden

marvellous bar far car star

guitar Barbara Margaret Charles smart

Martin Martha dark laugh photograph

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5. Dialogue At a party. Margaret: Where’s your glass, Barbara? Barbara: It’s on the bar. Martin: Barbara! Margaret! Come into the garden! Martha and Charles are dancing in the dark. Margaret: In the garden!? What a laugh! Barbara: So they are! They are dancing on the grass! Margaret: They are dancing under the stars! Martin: And Arnold is playing hid guitar. Barbara: Doesn’t Martha look smart! Margaret: Look at Charles! What a marvellous dancer! Barbara: Ah1 Let’s take a photograph of Martha and Charles. Martin: We can’t. It’s too dark. 6. a) Listen and repeat: What a fast car! What a funny dancer! What a fantastic guitar! b) Practise the conversation using the words below: A: Look at that car! B: What a fast car! (glass, guitar, car, dancer, photograph, scarf, star, carpet / dark, fast, dirty, marvellous, smart, funny, fantastic) 7. Work in pairs: What do senior citizens of your country normally do in the evenings? Choose from the list and make a report. You can add something to the list.

• walk in a park arm in arm • sit on benches in the yard in the dark • darn holes in a scarf • drink beer at a bar • go to live on a farm • become very calm • grow palms and other plants

8. Read and learn: A large car comes to the dark park in the afternoon. He laughs best who laughs last. Old habits die hard. 9. a) Words ending in ‘le’. Group the words according to the pronunciation [eI ] - [æ]: apple, table, sable, saddle, able, fable, maple, cable. b) Underline the word with a different sound: middle riddle idle giggle goggle noble toddle cobble hydroelectric hypnosis hysterical hymnal

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Lesson 9 Sounds: [ɔ:]. Letters: ‘or’, ‘or’ + vowel, ‘oor’, our’, oar’, ‘aw’. Silent letters. Practise:

ʊ pull full

could would

u: pool fool

cooed wooed

ɒ Polly folly cod what

ɔ: Paul fall cord ward

‘or’ → [ɔ:] : short [∫ɔ:t], horse [hɔ:s], lord [lɔ:d], north [n:θ]. ‘or’ + vowel → [ɔ:] : sore [sɔ:], shore [ʃɔ:], store [stɔ:]. ‘oor’→ [ɔ:] : door [dɔ:], floor [flɔ:], But! poor [pʊə], moor [mʊə]. ‘our’ →[ɔ:] : four [fɔ:], course [kɔ:s], source [sɔ:s]. But! sour [aʊə], our [aʊə], hour [aʊə]. ‘oar’→ [ɔ:]: board [bɔ: ], coarse [kɔ:s], soar [sɔ:]. ‘al’→ [ɔ:]: tall [tɔ:l], call, salt, ball, small, alter. ‘alk’ → [ɔ:]: talk [tɔ:k], chalk, walk. ‘aw’ → [ɔ:]: saw [sɔ:], dawn, paw, awful, law, claw. 1. Practise saying: norm, gorge, orbit, order, ore, port, pork, portly, nor, north, pour, ignore, sore, shore, offshore, core, four, more, dawn, call, small, source, tall, hour, paw, horse, torn, torch, sour, cord, pork, more, lord, our, walk, 'Portugal, 'Norway, 'Georgia, the 'Caucasus, York, Baltic, Malta, 'Capricorn. ‘war’ → [ɔ:]: war [wɔ:], warm , ward, warn, water, wander. ‘wor’ → [wз:] : work [wз:k], word, world, worth, worthy. 2. Compare:

[ɒ] – [ɔ:] [ɔ:] – [ɜ:] Don – dawn cod – cord pot – port fox – forks

spots – sports

short – shirt four – fur torn – turn warm – worm walk – work

3. Use the words to complete the table: no, fork, rose, month, worm, box, stone, more, word, come, curl, some, dot, short, work, spot, sport, world, rope, road, snob, code, word, done, company, phone, cord, worse, onion, four, door, Monday, clock, sworn, mole, coal, ford, cozy, cop, woe, worry, worthy, follow, swallow, copy, foggy, fold, cold, postpone, most, coast, cost, once, oh.

[əʊ] [ɒ] [ɔ:] [ɜ:] [ʌ]

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4. Listen and repeat: or score four all always

footballer Paul towards audience forward

George the ‘Roarers’ awful airport morning

reporter forty walking York falling

5. Dialogue A football match Announcer: This morning the Roarers football team arrived back from York. Paul Short is our sports reporter, and he was at the airport. Paul Short: Good morning. This is Paul Short. All the footballers are walking towards me. Here’s George Ball, the goalkeeper. Good morning, George. George Ball: Good morning. Are you a reporter? Paul Short: Yes. I’m from Channel 4. Please tell our audience about the football match with York. George Ball: Well, it was awful. We lost. And the score was four, forty-four. But it wasn’t my fault. Paul Short: Whose fault was it? George Ball: The forwards. Paul Short: The forwards? George Ball: Yes. The forwards. They were always falling down or losing the ball! 6. Work in pairs: Imagine you are on the seashore. What can you do in the morning, afternoon, evening? • take a short walk along the shore • ignore the whole world, relax more • explore the shore • ride a horse • forget all awful things • swim in warm salty water • do a crossword • watch the dawn 7. Read and learn: The dawn is gorgeous in the gorge. Forty plus four is forty-four. The more you get, the more you want. Any port in a storm. 8. Silent letters. a) Practise: debt [det], eight [eIt], sign [saIn], hymn [hIm]. b) Cross out the silent letters in these words (see the table at p. 28 ): a) autumn d) writer g) comb j) half m) climb b) listen e) walk h) knight k) foreign n) psalm c) know f) psychic i) high l) daughter o) doubt c) Write the words: a) [wɔ:k] _____ d) ['raItə] _____ g) [waIt] ____ j) [kα :sl] ____ b) ['lIsən] _____ e) ['dɔ:tə] _____ h) [naIf] ____ k) [hu:z] _____ c) ['ɔ:təm] _____ f) ['α :nsə] _____ i) [tɔ:k] ____ l) ['krIsməs] ____

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Lesson 10 Sound [ə] We use the sound [ə] in words and syllables that are not stressed. 1. a) Practise these. In the words on the right the spelling has been changed to show you when to make the sounds [ə]. 1. a photograph of Barbara ə photəgrəph əf Barbərə 2. a glass of water ə glass əf watə 3. a pair of binoculars ə pair əf binoculəs 4. a photograph of her mother ə photəgraph əf hə mothər and father ənd fathər 5. a book about South America ə book əbout South əmericə b) Listen and repeat: Look at the clock. Look ət thə clock. What’s the time? What’s thə time? It’s six o’clock. It’s six ə’clock. It’s a quarter to seven. It’s ə quartə tə seven. c) Now practise these. Pay attention to the sound [ə]. Example: A: What’s thə time? B: It’s ə quartə tə twelve. 1) 9.15 2) 3.00 3) 11.15 4) 5.45 4) 5.00 5) 7.45 6) 8.15 7) 6.00 8) 9.45 2. Read the story aloud. The spelling has been changed to show you when to make the sound [ə]. Bob Ellis, 29, is ə dolphin trainə. His day starts ət five ə’clock in thə morning. He gets up, həs ə showə, ənd then he gets dressed. Aftə breakfəst, ət əbout six ə’clock, he catches thə bus tə work. He arrives ət thə əquariəm ət half past six ənd feeds thə dolphins. Aftə that, they practise for thə show until lunchtime. Bob həs ə break for lunch from half past twelve till half past one, then thə show starts. ət five ə’clock in thə aftənoon, he feeds thə dolphins əgain ənd then he goes home. In his free time Bob loves going for long walks in thə countryside with his dog, Jack. Bob cən swim very well, ənd he likes swimming in thə pool, bət he nevə swims in thə sea becəse he is əfraid əf sharks.

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3. Study the examples and then put more questions to the text, and answer them, paying attention to weak and strong forms of the verbs. Weak forms: Strong forms: Does [dəz] Bob’s day start at five a.m.? Yes, it does [dʌz]. Has [həz] Bob got a dog? Yes, he has [hæz]. Does [dəz] Bob feed the dolphins twice a day? Yes, he does [dʌz]. Can [kən] Bob swim very well? Yes, he can [kæn]. 4. a) Dialogue. Shopping The words in italics are weak forms and have the sound [ə ] here. A: I’m going to the post office. B: Can you buy something for me at the supermarket? A: But the supermarket is a long way from the post office. B: No. Not that supermarket. Not the one that’s next to the cinema. I mean the one that’s near the fruit shop. A: Oh, yes. Well, what do you want? B: Some cigarettes and a box of matches and an envelope. b) Use the prompts to act out similar dialogues: library, tobacconist’s, mile, swimming pool, butcher’s, cigars, tin of sweets, address book. 5. Practise saying. Pay attention to the sound [ə]

i: - ɪə E-ear

bee-beer tea-tear pea-pier

bead-beard geese- gear

ɪə - e ə ear – air

beer – bear pier – pear hear – hair tear – tear

Cheers! - chairs

6. Put the phrases in the correct order and act out the dialogue. Mrs Lear: Look, dear! That mountaineer is drinking beer. Mrs Lear: Cheers! Here’s to the mountaineer! Mr Lear: Let’s have a beer here, dear. Mrs Lear: Sh, dear! He might hear. Mrs Lear: What’s a good idea! They have very good beer here. Mr Lear: The atmosphere here is very clear.

Two beers please. Mr. Lear (drinking his beer): Cheers, dear! Mr. Lear: His beard is in his beer. Waiter: Here you are, sir. Two beers.

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Таблицы правил чтения Таблица 1

Четыре типа чтения английских гласных букв в ударных

слогах

Гласные буквы Типы чтения

a [eI]

o [əʊ]

i [aI]

y [waI]

e [i:]

u [ju:]

I

Открытый слог

[eI]

fate [əʊ]

note

[aI]

dine

[aI]

type

[i:]

mete

[ju:]

due

II

Закрытый слог

[æ]

fat

[ɒ]

not

[I]

fit

[I]

gym

[e]

met

[Λ]

cut

III

Слог, закрытый

буквой r в

конце слова

или перед

согласной

[ɑ:]

far

hard

[ɔ:]

nor

short

[ɜ:]

fir

firm

[ɜ:]

Byrd

[ɜ:]

her

term

[ɜ:]

fur

turn

IV

Слог,

прикрытый

букв�й r �

«немой» e или

л�бой

читаемой

гласной

[eə]

fare

daring

[ɔ:]

more

snoring

[´aIə]

fire

firing

[´aIə]

tyre

tyrant

[Iə]

here

zero

[jʊə]

cure

during

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Таблица 2 Чтение гласных букв в неударном слоге

Буквы Чтение Положение в слове Примеры

a [ə] в предударном и

послеударном слогах

a´side, a´cademy

´capital, ´slogan

[ə] в послеударном слоге перед

n + согласная ´student, ´present

[I] в предударном и

послеударном слогах ex´plain, ´ticket

e

не читается перед конечными l, n ´vessel, ´open

[I] в предударном и

послеударном слогах

in´vite, ´music,

´incident i

не читается перед конечной l ´pencil, pupil

[ə] в предударном и

послеударном слогах to´day, ´freedom

o

не читается перед конечными l, n ´pistol, ´lesson

[ju:] в открытом слоге u´nite u

[ə] в закрытом слоге ´difficult

y [I] в открытом и закрытом

слогах ´fifty, ´Egypt

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Таблица 3 Чтение сочетаний гласных букв в ударном слоге

Буквосочетания Чтение Примеры

ai

ay [eI]

Spain, wait, nail

day, play, say

ai + r [eə] chair, fair, dairy

au [ɔ:] August, Austria, auction

ea

ee

ei

[i:]

sea, tea, leak, meat

meet, need, feed, seed

deceive, receive

ea + r [Iə]

[eə]

near, dear, fear

bear, wear

ee + r [Iə] beer, engineer, deer

eu в начале и в середине

слова [ju:] Euclid, Europe, neutral

ey [eI] they, grey, survey

ia [´aIə] diagram [æ], liar, diary

ie [´aIə]

[i:]

quiet, diet

piece, niece

io [´aIə] pioneer, riot, lion

oa [əʊ] coat, boat, coach

oa + r [ɔ:] board, coarse, hoarse

oi

oy [ɒI]

noise, poison, voice boy, alloy, destroy

oo в конце слова и перед l,

m, n [u:] too, cool, loom, spoon

oo + k [ʊ] book, look, cook, took

oo + r [ɔ:] door, floor

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Таблица 4

Чтение согласных букв, имеющих два чтения

Буква Чтение Положение в слове Примеры

c

[si:]

[s]

[k]

перед e, i, y

в остальных случаях

nice, pencil, cycle

clean, cat, cot, cut

g

[ʤi:]

[ʤ ]

[g]

перед e, i, y

в остальных случаях, также в исключениях give, forgive, get, forget, target

page, gin, gypsy

green, garden, go, gun

s

[es]

[s]

[z]

в начале слова, перед и после глухой согласной после гласной, звонкой согласной и между гласными

see, test, caps

bees, opens, please

x

[eks]

[ks]

[gz]

в конце слова и перед согласной перед ударной гласной

six, text

exact, exam

Таблица 5

Чтение сочетаний согласных букв Буквы Чтение Положение в слове Примеры

ck [k] после гласной, читаемой кратко

black, Nick, tick

ch

[t∫]

[k]

[∫]

в словах иностранного происхождения

chess, teach

chemistry, school

chivalry, machine

tch [t∫] после гласной, читаемой match, sketch, patch

ou [aʊ] [Λ]

[u], [u:]

house, sound, out cousin, country, courage. could, would, wound [u:]

ou + r [´aʊə] [ɔ:]

sour, our, hour

four, court, source

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кратко

nk [ŋk] в конце слова ink, thank, think

ng

[ŋ]

[ŋg]

в конце слова и перед сочетаниями ing, er в словах глагольного происхождения

перед буквами l, r, а также u + гласная (где u читается [w])

sing, singing, singer

single, hungry, language

ss [s] в середине и в конце слова missing, Bess, mess

sh [∫] в любом положении shave, dish, she

ph [f] везде phrase, geography

th

[θ]

[ð]

в начале и в конце знаменательных слов между гласными, в начале служебных слов, в указательных местоимениях и некоторых наречиях

thick, myth, earth

bathe, the, this, then

wh

[w]

[h]

перед гласными, кроме o

перед o

when, why, which who [hu:], whose [hu:z], whole

wr [r] в начале слова write, wrap, wrong

Таблица 6

Чтение сочетаний гласных с согласными Буквы Чтение Положение в слове Примеры

gu + гласная [g] в начале слова guess, guide, guest

согласная + se [s] в конце слова tense, nurse, purse

ign [aIn] в конце слова sign, de´sign

ange [eInʤ] везде arrange, strange

aste [eIst] в середине и в конце слова

waste, haste, taste

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ought [ɔ:t] везде sought, brought, ought

dge [ʤ] в середине и в конце слова

edge, bridge, dodge

sion [�n] после гласной vision, division, decision, explosion

sure [�ə] после гласной pleasure, treasure

tion [∫n] в конце слова revolution, option

qu [kw] перед гласными question, quite, quick

al [ɔ:l] в ударном слоге salt, malt, all, always

alk [ɔ:k] в ударном слоге chalk, walk, talk

aw [ɔ:] в ударном слоге law, saw, draw

a + ft [ɑ:ft] в ударном слоге after, afterwards

a + n + согласная

[ɑ:n] в ударном слоге dance, chance, glance

a + sk [ɑ:sk] в ударном слоге ask, mask, task

a + ss [ɑ:s] в ударном слоге class, glass, grass

a + st [ɑ:st] в ударном слоге cast, last, past, vast

a + th [ɑ:θ] [ɑ:ð]

в ударном слоге bath, path

father, rather

ear+согласная [ɜ:] в ударном слоге learn, earn, early

eigh [eI] в ударном слоге eight, weigh, weight

ew [ju:, u:] в ударном слоге new, dew, blew

igh [aI] в ударном слоге night, fight, sight, light

i + ld [aIld] в ударном слоге child, mild

i + nd [aInd] в ударном слоге kind, mind, find, blind

ow [əʊ]

[aʊ] в ударном слоге

slow, know

how, brown, town

30

ow + er [´aʊə] в ударном слоге flower, shower, tower

o + m, n, th, v [Λ] в ударном слоге come, son, mother, love, some, brother

wa [wɔ:] в ударном слоге want, wall, was, war

wor [wɜ:] в ударном слоге work, word, world

Таблица 7

«Немые» (нечитаемые) буквы «Немая» буква Сочетания Примеры

b в диграфе bt debt [det], doubt [daʊt]

b в диграфе mb comb [kəʊm], climb [klaɪm]

g в диграфе gn foreign [´fɔ:rɪn], sign [saɪn]

gh в сочетаниях igh, eigh, ough, augh

high [haɪ], eight [eɪt], brought [brɔ:t],daughter [´dɔ:tə]

h в диграфе wh, за которым не следует буква o

when [wen], why [waɪ]

k в диграфе kn в начале слова

knife [naɪf], knee [ni:], kneel [ni:l], knight [naɪt]

l в сочетаниях alf, alk,

alm half [hɑ:f], walk [wɔ:k], calm [kɑ:m]

n в диграфе mn autumn [´ɔ:təm], hymn [hIm]

p в диграфе ps psalm [sɑ:m], psychу ['sɑIkI]

t в сочетании stle wrestle [´resl], whistle [´wɪsl]

w в диграфе wr write [raɪt], wrong [rɒŋ]

u в сочетании gu+гласн guess [ges], guide [gaɪd]

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Учебное издание

English for Beginners

Учебно-методическое пособие для вузов

Составители: Золина Ольга Михайловна

Колтакова Софья Владимировна Хаханова Марина Сергеевна

Редактор Т. Д. Бунина