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OCRA Fall Conference, 2010

Elfrieda H. Hiebert www.textproject.org 1

www.textproject.org

Rich Teacher Talk in Everyday Events

Zeno et al., 1995

Words in American Schoolbooks

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

6=135,473

5=13,882

4=2980

3=1676

2=620

1=203

0=107

Word ZonesTM



(from Calfee & Drum, 1981)

Anglo-Saxon Common, everyday, down-to-earth words

EX: cold, sweat, dirt New Words through compounding: cold-blooded, cold-natured,

cold-drink, cold-running

b. Sources of English Greek/Latin

Specialized words used mostly in

science EX: thermometer,

geography New Words through compounding

of word parts: thermosphere, geopolitical

Romance 1066 (Norman Conquest)-1399 (Henry IV, a

native Anglo-Saxon speaker assumes throne): French is spoken by upper classes; English by

lower-classes. French loan words remain. EX: frigid, perspiration, soil

New Words through derivations: frigidity, frigidness, refrigerator

2.  Content-specific words

3. General Academic words

4. Literary Words

5. Core Words

Origins of School Vocabularies [Adaptation of Calfee & Drum, 1981]

Anglo-Saxon origins

Romance origins

Greek/Latin origins

1. Words of school tasks

c.  What’s different between the vocabularies of narrative & informational texts?

Percentage of conceptually complex words is higher in informational than in narrative texts. It is the conceptual complexity of words that influences learning from context (Nagy, Anderson, & Herman, 1987)

Categories 1‐3 Category 4

Narrative 100% (slithering, wincing, kindling, gestures)

Science 64% (absorb, microscope)

36% (e.g.: fermentation, cytoplasm)

Reading/Language Arts

Science

Content Area Sample Words

Civics abuse of power, campaign, elected representative, geographical representation, individual liberty, Labor Day, national origin, patriotism, school board, Uncle Sam, welfare

English Language Arts

abbreviation, capitalization, e-mail, genre, illustration, learning log, paragraph, reading strategy, table, verb

Geography billboards, discovery, fall line, harbor, Japan, land clearing, national capital, Pacific rim, rain forest, technology, vegetation region

Mathematics addend, capacity, equation, gram, improbability, mass, obtuse angle, quotient, sample, unit conversion

Science bedrock, Earth’s axis, gases, inherited characteristic, magnetic attraction, ocean currents, recycle, technology, water capacity

From Marzano (2004)

Content of Curriculum is Ill-Defined



Designing Mixtures substanceproperty

dissolve

abrasive

acid

ingredient

combine

solution

soluble

mixture

pure

chemical

absorb

odorElectricity

& Magnets

•pole•attracts•repels

•magnetic field•magnetic

•nonmagnetic•compass

•electric charges•static

electricity

•electrical discharge

•negatively charged•atoms

•electric current

•conductors•electric cell

•electric circuit•insulators

•parallel circuit•series circuit•simple circuit

•switch•circuit breaker

•fuse

•magnetic poles•temporary

magnet•permanent

magnetic•electromagnet

•generator•motor

•volt•amperes•voltage

•alternating current (AC)

•direct current (DC)•circuit breakers

•armature•commutator

•cathode ray tube•negative terminal

•electrons•phosphor

•steering coils•pixels

•positive terminal•anode

•magnetic data storage•magnetic dipoles

•magneto-optical disks

Grades 2, 4, & 6



(© 2007 by Yomi955 at en.wikipedia. Some rights reserved http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/)

Word Pictures: Weekly this school year: download a set of Word Pictures

@www.quickreads.org

(©2005 by Bluemoose at en.wikipedia. Some rights reserved (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)

draft etched fascinated frost parlor terror timid drab* hermit* hypnotized*

The Stranger (Chris van Allsburg): Reading Street (©2007) Gr. 4, Theme 3

*NOT TESTED



Words You Already Know

Match the story words with words you know.

NOTE: Some words have more than one meaning.

Story Words Words You Know

parlor dull

drab shy

timid living room

colorless

fearful

Use the story words to finish the sentences.

parlor drab timid

1. The new student was too _______ to say hello.

2. The dog sneaked into the _________ and slept on the couch.

3. The gray shirt was too ______ for me to wear.

Sometimes, a new word has a meaning closeto that of a word you already know.

WORDREMINDER

Highlighted vocabulary

44

Filter 1 10

34

Words You Can Picture

Use the story word to finish the sentence:

1. etched: carved or engraved

Words and a picture have been________ onto this piece of metal.

12. draft: a breeze or air moving

The windmill is making a _______ thatis lifting off the seeds from the plants.

3. frost: ice

The branches of the trees are coveredwith _______.

1. hermit: a person who choosesto live alone, often very quietly

The ______ lived alone far from townin the woods. He spent his days insilence.

Sometimes, a picture can help you remembera word’s meaning.

WORDREMINDER



Highlighted vocabulary

34 (44‐10)

Filter 2 12

22

Word Meaning Families

Word Family 1: fascinated

Word Family 2: terror

Definition: to have a strong interest in something or someoneExample: The cat was fascinated with the bird in the yard.Directions: Decide if the word in the middle means the same or opposite offascinated. Write the word in the correct column.

Opposite meaning(Antonym)

Same meaning(Synonym)

1 Bored2 Charmed3 Tired of something4 Hypnotized5 Interested6 Uninterested7 Excited8 Put under a spell

Definition: a feeling of great fearExample: He watched with terror as the fire came closer.Directions: Put these words on the word line according to how close they are toterror or to unafraid.

worried, frightened, concerned, afraid, scared, alarmed

Terror Unafraid

5 4 3 2 1 0

Often, the meanings of words are connected tothe meanings of other words.

WORDREMINDER

Word Family 3: timid

Definition: not brave, unsure, shyExample: The baseball player was timid in his first time up to bat.

Directions: Read the sentences that follow. Then describe ways in which timidand outgoing people might act, talk, and feel differently and the same.

The class is having a party with the class next door. Most of the students knoweach other. But not everyone knows every student there. Kevin is a timidperson. Susan is an outgoing person.

•Write down words that describe how Kevin and Susan might act, talk, orfeel differently at the party.

•Write down words that describe how Kevin and Susan might act, talk, orfeel the same at the party.

Susan(outgoing)Kevin

(timid)Kevin &Susan



Word Part Families

Directions: Write the story word based on this information on the Spanish wordand the shared root word?

English Common root word Spanish worderemita ermitañofascinare fascinarhypno hipnotizartimidus timido

Directions: Identify members of the word part families of some of the storywords.

terror

add -ize add -ist add -ism

terror terrorist terrorizing

1. The animals fled in ___________ before the oncoming flames.

2. There are many rules to keep _________ from boarding planes.

Many words belong to families of words that have the sameroot words and meanings. Some of these root words are thesame in English and Spanish.

WORDREMINDER

fascinate

minus eadd es

minus eadd ed

minus ateadd ation

minus eadd ing

fascinating fascination fascinated

1. We saw the most _____________ movie.

2. The boy had a ______________ with car racing.

3. I was ________________ to learn that a group of crows is called amurder.

Hypno-Greek for "sleep"

add -tadd -ize

add -tadd -ist

add -tadd ic

add -sis

add -d

hypnotic hypnotized hypnotist

1. The swaying of the boat ___________ her and she fell asleep.

2. He almost fell asleep. The sounds of the waves were so ______.

For the fifth filter--Word Changes--all of the words in the group are considered.

Word Changes

Word Change 1: Compound Words

Hermit You now know the meaning of the word hermit. The word hermit isused in several compound words that name animals. Write a sentence aboutwhat you think these animals might be like.

Animal characteristicsHermit crab

hermit-bird

hermit sheep

Parlor The word parlor was used for living room many years now. Today,parlor is sometimes added to the name of some businesses that provide aservice like cutting someone’s hair. Businesses that only sell things usually usethe word store. Make compound words using parlor or store for thesebusinesses:

Business Compound wordbeautybookclothesfuneralgroceryhardwareice creampizza

Sometimes, the same word can have differentmeanings. Often, the meaning of a word canchange when it is part of a compound word orin a phrase.

WORDREMINDER

Word Change 2: Idioms

Word Change 3: Many different meanings

Idioms are groups of words that have a special meaning that is different from theusual meaning of each word by itself. Use the idioms with story words to finishthe sentences:

Jack Frost dribs and drabs timid as a mouse

1. She did her homework in ________________________.

2. A song we sing in winter tells about _______________________ “nippingat your nose.”

2. My grandmother used to say that __________________ had left the frostypatterns on the windows.

4. He had never seen the door to the candy cupboard open. He movedtoward it _________________.

draft The word draft comes from an old word (draught) that means todraw, or pull in. Today we usually spell the word as draft. Draft has come tomean many things. Write about what you think the meaning might be.

I think that this could mean….

Draft/draught horse

Drafted into thearmyRough draft

Draft of money

Air draft

Drafting table

Football draft picks

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