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DŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module acts as an important bridge into AS and A Level Chemistry from the study of chemistry within ƐĐŝĞŶĐĞĐŽƵƌƐĞƐĂƚ^ůĞǀĞů

This module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of A Level Chemistry

atomic structure

ƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐamount of substance and the mole

ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

bonding and structure

The importance of these basic chemical concepts is seen as a prerequisite for all further chemistry modules and it is recommended that this module ƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƐƚƵĚŝĞĚĮƌƐƚĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞ

This module allows learners to develop important ƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŵĂƐƐĞƐŐĂƐĂŶĚƐŽůƵƟŽŶǀŽůƵŵĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐapparatus

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůskills during their study of amount of substance and ǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

ϮϭƚŽŵƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶďƵŝůĚƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵ^^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐƚĂƌƟŶŐwith basic atomic structure and isotopes

ŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚďĂƐŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂƌĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁƌŝƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨamount of substance

The role of acids bases and salts in chemistry is ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƐƚƵĚŝĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌ

ϮϭϭƚŽŵŝĐƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŝƐŽƚŽƉĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƚŽŵŝĐƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŝƐŽƚŽƉĞƐ

(a) isotopes as atoms of the same element with ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨŶĞƵƚƌŽŶƐĂŶĚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚmasses

(b) atomic structure in terms of the numbers of protons neutrons and electrons for atoms and ions given the atomic number mass number and any ionic charge

^tϭŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐĨŽƌĂƚŽŵŝĐƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĐĂŶďĞƵƐĞĚƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŚĞŶŽŵĞŶĂĞŐƚŚĞŽŚƌŵŽĚĞůĞdžƉůĂŝŶƐƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

HSW7 The changing accepted models of atomic ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽǀĞƌƟŵĞdŚĞƵƐĞŽĨĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞƚŽĂĐĐĞƉƚŽƌƌĞũĞĐƚƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌŵŽĚĞůƐ

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ZĞůĂƟǀĞŵĂƐƐ

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐƌĞůĂƟǀĞŝƐŽƚŽƉŝĐŵĂƐƐ (mass compared with 112th mass of carbon-12) and ƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂƚŽŵŝĐŵĂƐƐ (weighted mean mass compared with 112th mass of carbon-12) based on the mass of a 12C atom the standard for atomic masses

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

(d) use of mass spectrometry in (i) ƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞůĂƟǀĞŝƐŽƚŽƉŝĐ

ŵĂƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂďƵŶĚĂŶĐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞisotope

(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂƚŽŵŝĐŵĂƐƐŽĨĂŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂďƵŶĚĂŶĐĞƐŽĨŝƚƐisotopes

M02 M12 M31

Knowledge of the mass spectrometer not required

Limited to ions with single charges

(e) use of the terms ƌĞůĂƟǀĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŵĂƐƐ Mr and ƌĞůĂƟǀĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂŵĂƐƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂƚŽŵŝĐŵĂƐƐĞƐ

For simple molecules the term ƌĞůĂƟǀĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌmass will be used

For compounds with giant structures the term ƌĞůĂƟǀĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂŵĂƐƐ will be used

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƟǀĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŵĂƐƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƟǀĞformula mass will not be required

ϮϭϮŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ampŽƌŵƵůĂĞĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(a) ƚŚĞǁƌŝƟŶŐŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵionic charges including(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŝŽŶŝĐĐŚĂƌŐĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ

of an element in the periodic table(ii) recall of the names and formulae for the

ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŝŽŶƐEK3ndash CO3

2ndash SO42ndash OHndash

E4+ Zn2+ and Ag+

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƚĞĂŶĚƐƵůĨĂƚĞƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚƚŽďĞEK3

ndash and SO42ndash

Charges on ions other than in (i) and (ii) will be provided

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐͿŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƐƚĂƚĞƐLJŵďŽůƐĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚĂŶĚĨŽƌƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŐŝǀĞŶĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ

M02

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ϮϭϯŵŽƵŶƚŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

The mole

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) amount of substance(ii) mole (symbol lsquomolrsquo) as the unit for amount

of substance(iii) the Avogadro constant NA (the number of

ƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐƉĞƌŵŽůĞϲϬϮпϭϬ23 molndash1)(iv) molar mass (mass per mole units g molndash1)(v) molar gas volume (gas volume per mole

units dm3 molndash1)

M00 M01 M02 M04

Amount of substance will be used in exams using the formula of the substance ĞŐĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨEĂl amount of O2

The value for NA and the molar gas volume at RTP are provided on the Data Sheet

ĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞ

(b) use of the terms(i) empirical formula (the simplest whole

ŶƵŵďĞƌƌĂƟŽŽĨĂƚŽŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚĞůĞŵĞŶƚpresent in a compound)

(ii) molecular formula (the number and type of atoms of each element in a molecule)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐ not required

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞŵƉŝƌŝĐĂůĂŶĚŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞĨƌŽŵĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶďLJŵĂƐƐŽƌƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐďLJŵĂƐƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƟǀĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌmass

M02 M22 M23 M24

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŶŐĞŵƉŝƌŝĐĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞĨƌŽŵelemental analysis data (see also 632 e)

(d) the terms anhydrous hydrated and water of ĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂof a hydrated salt from given percentage ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŵĂƐƐĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽƌďĂƐĞĚŽŶexperimental results

M02 M22 M23 M24

PAG1

ĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŶŐŵĂƐƐĞƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚŵŽůĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞŝŶŵŽůinvolving(i) mass(ii) gas volume(iii) ƐŽůƵƟŽŶǀŽůƵŵĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶin mol dmndash3 and g dmndash3

(f) ƚŚĞŝĚĞĂůŐĂƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ pV = nRT

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

The value for R is provided on the Data Sheet gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĞdžƉƌĞƐƐƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶ SI units

ŐͿ ƵƐĞŽĨƐƚŽŝĐŚŝŽŵĞƚƌŝĐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐŝŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ M02

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WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞLJŝĞůĚƐĂŶĚĂƚŽŵĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞ(i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞLJŝĞůĚŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚ

ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂƚŽŵĞĐŽŶŽŵLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

M02 M11 M22 M23 M24

(i) the techniques and procedures required during experiments requiring the measurement of mass ǀŽůƵŵĞƐŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐ

PAG1 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(j) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐchemical processes with a high atom economy

HSW10 Use of processes with high atom economy in chemical industry and other areas

214 AcidsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(a) the formulae of the common acids (HCl H2SO4 EK3 and CH3COOH) and the common alkalis EĂKltKĂŶĚE3ͿĂŶĚĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐŝĚƐrelease H+ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐrelease OHndashŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ

(b) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐĂŶĚǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƌĞůĂƟǀĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂƐƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) H+ and OHndash to form H2O(ii) acids with bases including carbonates

metal oxides and alkalis (water-soluble ďĂƐĞƐͿƚŽĨŽƌŵƐĂůƚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨƵůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

ĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

PAG2 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨfamiliar and non-familiar acids and bases

M01 M02 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

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215 RedoxgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ

(a) ƌƵůĞƐĨŽƌĂƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŶŐŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶnumber for atoms in elements compounds and

ions

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŬŶŽǁŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶnumbers of O in peroxides and H in metal hydrides

(b) ǁƌŝƟŶŐĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞƵƐŝŶŐŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ ^tϴƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƵƐĞŽĨŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐŝŶǁƌŝƩĞŶĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ

(c) use of a Roman numeral to indicate the

ŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌǁŚĞŶan element may have compoundsions with

ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

Examples should include but not be limited to

iron(II) and iron(III) Learners will be expected to write formulae from

names such as chlorate(I) and chlorate(III) and vice versa

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚΖŶŝƚƌĂƚĞĂŶĚƐƵůĨĂƚĞ ǁŝƚŚŶŽƐŚŽǁŶŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ ĂƌĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚƚŽďĞEK

3

ndash and

SO4

2ndash

^tϴ^LJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂŶĚƵŶĂŵďŝŐƵŽƵƐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) electron transfer

(ii) ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ

Should include examples of s- p- and d-block

elements

(e) ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŵĞƚĂůƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐƚŽĨŽƌŵƐĂůƚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨƵůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 214 c)

Metals should be from s- p- and d-blocks

eg Mg Al Fe Zn

ŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐnot required

In (e)ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐĂƐĂůƚĂŶĚŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐnitric acid or concentrated sulfuric acid could be

assessed in the context of (f)

(f) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶ(e) and

ƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶůŽƐƐgain

M02

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A18

2

ϮϮůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨĂƚŽŵŝĐŽƌďŝƚĂůƐand develops a deeper understanding of electron ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐůŝŶŬĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ

The central role of electrons in ionic and covalent bonding is then studied The important role of

ŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶlooks at how bonding and structure contribute to ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ

ϮϮϭůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŶĞƌŐLJůĞǀĞůƐƐŚĞůůƐƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůƐĂƚŽŵŝĐŽƌďŝƚĂůƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶ

(a) ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĮůůƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĨŽƵƌshells

(b) atomic orbitals including (i) as a region around the nucleus that can hold

up to two electrons with opposite spins(ii) the shapes of s- and p-orbitals(iii) the number of orbitals making up s- p- and

d-sub-shells and the number of electrons ƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĮůůƐͲƉͲĂŶĚĚͲƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůƐ

HSW17 Development of models to explain electron structure

(c) ĮůůŝŶŐŽĨŽƌďŝƚĂůƐ(i) ĨŽƌƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƚŚƌĞĞƐŚĞůůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞϰƐĂŶĚϰƉ

orbitals in order of increasing energy(ii) for orbitals with the same energy

ŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶƐŝŶŐůLJďĞĨŽƌĞƉĂŝƌŝŶŐ

Learners are expected to be familiar with the ΖĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶďŽdžΖƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϭĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĮŶĞĚŵŽĚĞůƐĨŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶstructure

(d) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ

(i) atoms given the atomic number up to Z = 36

(ii) ions given the atomic number and ionic charge limited to s- and p-blocks up to Z = 36

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶŝĞĨŽƌoxygen 1s22s22p4

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 19

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ϮϮϮŽŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

(a) ŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƉŽƐŝƟǀĞĂŶĚŶĞŐĂƟǀĞŝŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨΖdot-and-crossΖĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞůLJĐŚĂƌŐĞĚŝŽŶƐƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚŝŶĂůůĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƐĞŐEĂl

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƐŽůŝĚliquid and aqueous states

HSW1 Use of ideas about ionic bonding to explain

ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

(d) ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĂƐƚŚĞƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂƐŚĂƌĞĚƉĂŝƌŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐĂŶĚthe nuclei of the bonded atoms

(e) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨdot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of

molecules and ions to describe

(i) single covalent bonding

(ii) ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ(iii) ĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

lsquoDot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of up to six electron pairs

(including lone pairs) surrounding a central atom

(f) use of the term average bond enthalpy as a

measurement of covalent bond strength

Learners should appreciate that the larger the value

of the average bond enthalpy the stronger the

covalent bond

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐnot required

ǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉŝĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐare covered in detail in 321 f

dŚĞƐŚĂƉĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐ

ŐͿ the shapes of and bond angles in molecules and

ions with up to six electron pairs (including lone

pairs) surrounding the central atom as predicted

ďLJĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞrepulsive strengths of bonded pairs and lone

pairs of electrons

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to

illustrate shapes of molecules and ions

HSW12 Using electron pair repulsion theory to

predict molecular shapes

(h) electron pair repulsion to explain the following

shapes of molecules and ions linear non-linear

trigonal planar pyramidal tetrahedral and

octahedral

Learners are expected to know that lone pairs repel

more than bonded pairs and the bond angles for

common examples of each shape including

CH4ϭϬϵϱΣͿE

3 (107deg) and H

2O (1045deg)

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A20

2

ůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂŶĚďŽŶĚƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJ

(i) ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂƐƚŚĞĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂŶĂƚŽŵƚŽĂƩƌĂĐƚƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨWĂƵůŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJǀĂůƵĞƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǁĂƌĞƚŚĂƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJincreases towards F in the periodic table

^tϭϮhƐŝŶŐŝĚĞĂƐĂďŽƵƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJƚŽpredict chemical bond type

(j) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) a polar bond and permanent dipole within

molecules containing covalently-bonded ĂƚŽŵƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƟĞƐ

(ii) a polar molecule and overall dipole in terms of permanent dipole(s) and molecular shape

A polar molecule requires polar bonds with dipoles ƚŚĂƚĚŽŶŽƚĐĂŶĐĞůĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶŐ2O and CO2 both have polar bonds but only H2O has an overall dipole

ŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ

ŬͿ intermolecular forces based on permanent ĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŝŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Permanent dipolendashdipole and induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶboth be referred to as van der Waalsrsquo forces

ŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞreferred to as London (dispersion) forces

^tϭϮŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƐĂŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶintermolecular bonding

(l) hydrogen bonding as intermolecular bonding ďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐEKŽƌampĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƚŽŵŽĨʹEʹKŽƌamp

Including the role of lone pairs

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽŵĂůŽƵƐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨ2O ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞŐ(i) the density of ice compared with water(ii) ŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJŚŝŐŚŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

HSW1 Use of ideas about hydrogen bonding to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(n) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐĂƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůLJďŽŶĚĞĚŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ eg I2 ice

(o) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 21

2

DŽĚƵůĞϯWĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞĂŶĚĞŶĞƌŐLJ

The focus of this module is inorganic and physical ĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƚŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĞƚŽeveryday life and industrial processes and current environmental concerns associated with sustainability

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of inorganic and physical chemistry

ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐĂŶĚŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ

ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

ƌĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚLJŝĞůĚŝŶŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐsustainability

This module allows learners to develop important ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂůƐŬŝůůƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞ

ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůwork

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry

31 The periodic table

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞhalogens as typical metal and non-metal groups ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂŶƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽďĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

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311 PeriodicitygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ

(a) the periodic table as the arrangement of elements(i) by increasing atomic (proton) number(ii) ŝŶƉĞƌŝŽĚƐƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƌĞƉĞĂƟŶŐƚƌĞŶĚƐ

ŝŶƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ(periodicity)

(iii) ŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƐŝŵŝůĂƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

HSW1711 The development of the Periodic Law ĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ

HSW711 The extension of the periodic table ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌLJĂŶĚĐŽŶĮƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĞǁelements

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(b) (i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐacross Periods 2 and 3 (see also 221 d)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŽƐͲƉͲĂŶĚd-blocks

(c) ĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨelectrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms) and ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂŶĚ(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ

energies across Periods 2 and 3 and down a ŐƌŽƵƉŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶŶƵĐůĞĂƌĐŚĂƌŐĞand atomic radius

(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶenergies of the number of electrons in each shell of an atom and the group of an element

M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŽŶůLJ džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞƐŵĂůůĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĂƐĂresult of s- and p-sub-shell energies (eg between ĞĂŶĚͿĂŶĚƉͲŽƌďŝƚĂůƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶĞŐďĞƚǁĞĞŶEand O)

^tϭϮdƌĞŶĚƐŝŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞBohr model of the atom

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŵĞƚĂůůŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐ

ĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐĂƟŽŶƐƉŽƐŝƟǀĞŝŽŶƐͿand delocalised electrons

(ii) ĂŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĞŐĂůůmetals

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨĐƵďŝĐŽƌŚĞdžĂŐŽŶĂůƉĂĐŬŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŽĨcarbon (diamond graphite and graphene) and silicon as networks of atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds

HSW19 Use of ideas about bonding to explain the ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚĞŶĞĂŶĚŝƚƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ

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(f) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐĂŶĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚbonding

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉĂƌƟĐůĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶĂůĂƫĐĞƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨĨŽƌĐĞƐĂŶĚďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŽďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐinvolved as appropriate

HSW1 Use of ideas about bonding to explain ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶŝŶŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐacross Periods 2 and 3 in terms of structure and bonding (see also 222 o)

M31

Trend in structure from giant metallic to giant ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞ

ϯϭϮƌŽƵƉϮgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƌŽƵƉϮŵĞƚĂůƐ

(a) the outer shell s2ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵ2+ ions

(b) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ Mg ĺĂƐŚŽǁŶďLJƚŚĞŝƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚ(i) oxygen(ii) water(iii) dilute acids

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞproducing a salt and hydrogen

(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐŝĞƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdown the group (see also 311 c)

M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝƐnot required but learners should be able to write an ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) ƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŽŶƌŽƵƉϮŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞƉŽĨĂŶLJƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐincluding the trend of increasing alkalinity

(e) ƵƐĞƐŽĨƐŽŵĞƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƐďĂƐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞďƵƚŶŽƚůŝŵŝƚĞĚto)(i) Ca(OH)2 in agriculture to neutralise acid

soils(ii) Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3ĂƐĂŶƚĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚƌĞĂƟŶŐ

ŝŶĚŝŐĞƐƟŽŶ

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ϯϭϯdŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) existence of halogens as diatomic molecules and ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨCl 2 Br2 and I2 in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(b) the outer shell s2p5ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶand the gaining of one electron in many redox ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵϭʹŝŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĨƵůůĂŶĚŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 215 Redox)

(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐl 2 Br2 and I2ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌŚĂůŝĚĞions

Including colour change in aqueous and organic ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ(c) from the decreasing ease of forming 1ndash ions ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶĂƚŽŵŝĐƌĂĚŝƵƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶshielding

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶ as ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚillustrated by(i) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚǁĂƚĞƌĂƐƵƐĞĚ

in water treatment(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚĐŽůĚĚŝůƵƚĞ

aqueous sodium hydroxide as used to form bleach

(iii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶ(i) and (ii)

(f) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞƵƐĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ(killing bacteria) contrasted with associated risks (eg hazards of toxic chlorine gas and ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚhydrocarbons)

HSW91012 Decisions on whether or not to ĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƐĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐƌŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨƉƵƌŝĨLJŝŶŐdrinking water

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĂŶŝŽŶƐl ndash Brndash and Indash with aqueous silver ions followed by aqueous ĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞĂƐĂƚĞƐƚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚhalide ions

Complexes with ammonia are not required other ƚŚĂŶŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ

PAG4 (see also 314 a) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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ϯϭϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound(i) anions ͻ K3

2ndashďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ+(aq) forming CO2(g) (see 214 c)

ͻ ^K42ndashďLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ2+(aq)

ͻ l ndash Brndash Indash ƐĞĞϯϭϯŐͿ(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁĂƌŵEĂKĂƋͿĨŽƌŵŝŶŐE3

Sequence of tests required is carbonate sulfate then halide (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble)

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

32 Physical chemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞgeneral theme of energy

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĮƌƐƚůĞĂƌŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵexperimental results including enthalpy cycles

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƚĂůLJƐŝƐ

ZĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and ƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨequilibrium

Finally the integrated roles of enthalpy changes rates catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand improving the sustainability of industrial processes

ϯϮϭŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ6HŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic (6HŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿŽƌĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ (6HƉŽƐŝƟǀĞͿ

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐcompared with products

M31

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(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams

M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states

ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy

ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)

(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)

(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)

(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ

^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K

(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

PAG3

Bond enthalpies

(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds

(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required

Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ

ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy

cycles

M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes

(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly

M31 M32

To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c

PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Simple collision theory

(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ

M31 M32 M35

^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ

Catalysts

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ

ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ

ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ

Details of processes are not required

(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts

(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ

PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ

(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)

M31

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)

M31

^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

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ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change

(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required

HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ

dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc

(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

M02 M11 M23 M24

Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc

ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc

M03

ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

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DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability

The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry

ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism

ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ

alcohols and haloalkanes

ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry

41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series

ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows

dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes

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ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups

^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity

^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic

formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2

(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3

(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol

H

C

H

H

C

H

H O H

(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol

OH

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See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required

In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO

The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene

^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context

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ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic

ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)

(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)

(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon

and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)

(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)

(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)

(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ

R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds

(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series

Isomerism

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula

M42

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)

(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)

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ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms

Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)

(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ

lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f

HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles

Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

M31

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)

HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK

(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ

Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron

ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

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ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ

M41 M42

^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the

same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ

ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)

ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)

(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers

M42 M43

C C

H

HE-but-2-ene

(trans)

M42 M43

Z-but-2-ene(cis)

CH3

H3C

H3C

C C

H

CH3

H

Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond

ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required

C C

R

R

M42 M43

R

R

(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula

M42 M43

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ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ

(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable

ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including

the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst

eg H3PO4 to form alcohols

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)

(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required

HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ

deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ

ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer

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tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the

ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals

(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources

(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ

ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

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(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7

2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including

(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones

(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes

Mechanism not required

(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes

Mechanism not required

ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and

ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)

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ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ

ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK

^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg

CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl

ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2

ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2

Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ

ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ

ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ

liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ

organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ

MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ

PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39

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ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40

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ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

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DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24

(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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ZĞůĂƟǀĞŵĂƐƐ

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐƌĞůĂƟǀĞŝƐŽƚŽƉŝĐŵĂƐƐ (mass compared with 112th mass of carbon-12) and ƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂƚŽŵŝĐŵĂƐƐ (weighted mean mass compared with 112th mass of carbon-12) based on the mass of a 12C atom the standard for atomic masses

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

(d) use of mass spectrometry in (i) ƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞůĂƟǀĞŝƐŽƚŽƉŝĐ

ŵĂƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂďƵŶĚĂŶĐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞisotope

(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂƚŽŵŝĐŵĂƐƐŽĨĂŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂďƵŶĚĂŶĐĞƐŽĨŝƚƐisotopes

M02 M12 M31

Knowledge of the mass spectrometer not required

Limited to ions with single charges

(e) use of the terms ƌĞůĂƟǀĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŵĂƐƐ Mr and ƌĞůĂƟǀĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂŵĂƐƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂƚŽŵŝĐŵĂƐƐĞƐ

For simple molecules the term ƌĞůĂƟǀĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌmass will be used

For compounds with giant structures the term ƌĞůĂƟǀĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂŵĂƐƐ will be used

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƟǀĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŵĂƐƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƟǀĞformula mass will not be required

ϮϭϮŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ampŽƌŵƵůĂĞĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(a) ƚŚĞǁƌŝƟŶŐŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵionic charges including(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŝŽŶŝĐĐŚĂƌŐĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ

of an element in the periodic table(ii) recall of the names and formulae for the

ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŝŽŶƐEK3ndash CO3

2ndash SO42ndash OHndash

E4+ Zn2+ and Ag+

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƚĞĂŶĚƐƵůĨĂƚĞƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚƚŽďĞEK3

ndash and SO42ndash

Charges on ions other than in (i) and (ii) will be provided

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐͿŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƐƚĂƚĞƐLJŵďŽůƐĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚĂŶĚĨŽƌƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŐŝǀĞŶĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ

M02

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ϮϭϯŵŽƵŶƚŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

The mole

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) amount of substance(ii) mole (symbol lsquomolrsquo) as the unit for amount

of substance(iii) the Avogadro constant NA (the number of

ƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐƉĞƌŵŽůĞϲϬϮпϭϬ23 molndash1)(iv) molar mass (mass per mole units g molndash1)(v) molar gas volume (gas volume per mole

units dm3 molndash1)

M00 M01 M02 M04

Amount of substance will be used in exams using the formula of the substance ĞŐĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨEĂl amount of O2

The value for NA and the molar gas volume at RTP are provided on the Data Sheet

ĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞ

(b) use of the terms(i) empirical formula (the simplest whole

ŶƵŵďĞƌƌĂƟŽŽĨĂƚŽŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚĞůĞŵĞŶƚpresent in a compound)

(ii) molecular formula (the number and type of atoms of each element in a molecule)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐ not required

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞŵƉŝƌŝĐĂůĂŶĚŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞĨƌŽŵĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶďLJŵĂƐƐŽƌƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐďLJŵĂƐƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƟǀĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌmass

M02 M22 M23 M24

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŶŐĞŵƉŝƌŝĐĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞĨƌŽŵelemental analysis data (see also 632 e)

(d) the terms anhydrous hydrated and water of ĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂof a hydrated salt from given percentage ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŵĂƐƐĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽƌďĂƐĞĚŽŶexperimental results

M02 M22 M23 M24

PAG1

ĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŶŐŵĂƐƐĞƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚŵŽůĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞŝŶŵŽůinvolving(i) mass(ii) gas volume(iii) ƐŽůƵƟŽŶǀŽůƵŵĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶin mol dmndash3 and g dmndash3

(f) ƚŚĞŝĚĞĂůŐĂƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ pV = nRT

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

The value for R is provided on the Data Sheet gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĞdžƉƌĞƐƐƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶ SI units

ŐͿ ƵƐĞŽĨƐƚŽŝĐŚŝŽŵĞƚƌŝĐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐŝŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ M02

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2

WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞLJŝĞůĚƐĂŶĚĂƚŽŵĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞ(i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞLJŝĞůĚŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚ

ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂƚŽŵĞĐŽŶŽŵLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

M02 M11 M22 M23 M24

(i) the techniques and procedures required during experiments requiring the measurement of mass ǀŽůƵŵĞƐŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐ

PAG1 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(j) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐchemical processes with a high atom economy

HSW10 Use of processes with high atom economy in chemical industry and other areas

214 AcidsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(a) the formulae of the common acids (HCl H2SO4 EK3 and CH3COOH) and the common alkalis EĂKltKĂŶĚE3ͿĂŶĚĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐŝĚƐrelease H+ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐrelease OHndashŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ

(b) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐĂŶĚǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƌĞůĂƟǀĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂƐƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) H+ and OHndash to form H2O(ii) acids with bases including carbonates

metal oxides and alkalis (water-soluble ďĂƐĞƐͿƚŽĨŽƌŵƐĂůƚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨƵůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

ĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

PAG2 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨfamiliar and non-familiar acids and bases

M01 M02 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 17

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215 RedoxgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ

(a) ƌƵůĞƐĨŽƌĂƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŶŐŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶnumber for atoms in elements compounds and

ions

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŬŶŽǁŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶnumbers of O in peroxides and H in metal hydrides

(b) ǁƌŝƟŶŐĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞƵƐŝŶŐŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ ^tϴƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƵƐĞŽĨŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐŝŶǁƌŝƩĞŶĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ

(c) use of a Roman numeral to indicate the

ŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌǁŚĞŶan element may have compoundsions with

ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

Examples should include but not be limited to

iron(II) and iron(III) Learners will be expected to write formulae from

names such as chlorate(I) and chlorate(III) and vice versa

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚΖŶŝƚƌĂƚĞĂŶĚƐƵůĨĂƚĞ ǁŝƚŚŶŽƐŚŽǁŶŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ ĂƌĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚƚŽďĞEK

3

ndash and

SO4

2ndash

^tϴ^LJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂŶĚƵŶĂŵďŝŐƵŽƵƐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) electron transfer

(ii) ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ

Should include examples of s- p- and d-block

elements

(e) ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŵĞƚĂůƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐƚŽĨŽƌŵƐĂůƚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨƵůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 214 c)

Metals should be from s- p- and d-blocks

eg Mg Al Fe Zn

ŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐnot required

In (e)ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐĂƐĂůƚĂŶĚŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐnitric acid or concentrated sulfuric acid could be

assessed in the context of (f)

(f) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶ(e) and

ƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶůŽƐƐgain

M02

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A18

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ϮϮůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨĂƚŽŵŝĐŽƌďŝƚĂůƐand develops a deeper understanding of electron ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐůŝŶŬĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ

The central role of electrons in ionic and covalent bonding is then studied The important role of

ŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶlooks at how bonding and structure contribute to ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ

ϮϮϭůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŶĞƌŐLJůĞǀĞůƐƐŚĞůůƐƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůƐĂƚŽŵŝĐŽƌďŝƚĂůƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶ

(a) ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĮůůƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĨŽƵƌshells

(b) atomic orbitals including (i) as a region around the nucleus that can hold

up to two electrons with opposite spins(ii) the shapes of s- and p-orbitals(iii) the number of orbitals making up s- p- and

d-sub-shells and the number of electrons ƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĮůůƐͲƉͲĂŶĚĚͲƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůƐ

HSW17 Development of models to explain electron structure

(c) ĮůůŝŶŐŽĨŽƌďŝƚĂůƐ(i) ĨŽƌƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƚŚƌĞĞƐŚĞůůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞϰƐĂŶĚϰƉ

orbitals in order of increasing energy(ii) for orbitals with the same energy

ŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶƐŝŶŐůLJďĞĨŽƌĞƉĂŝƌŝŶŐ

Learners are expected to be familiar with the ΖĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶďŽdžΖƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϭĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĮŶĞĚŵŽĚĞůƐĨŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶstructure

(d) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ

(i) atoms given the atomic number up to Z = 36

(ii) ions given the atomic number and ionic charge limited to s- and p-blocks up to Z = 36

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶŝĞĨŽƌoxygen 1s22s22p4

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 19

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ϮϮϮŽŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

(a) ŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƉŽƐŝƟǀĞĂŶĚŶĞŐĂƟǀĞŝŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨΖdot-and-crossΖĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞůLJĐŚĂƌŐĞĚŝŽŶƐƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚŝŶĂůůĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƐĞŐEĂl

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƐŽůŝĚliquid and aqueous states

HSW1 Use of ideas about ionic bonding to explain

ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

(d) ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĂƐƚŚĞƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂƐŚĂƌĞĚƉĂŝƌŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐĂŶĚthe nuclei of the bonded atoms

(e) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨdot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of

molecules and ions to describe

(i) single covalent bonding

(ii) ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ(iii) ĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

lsquoDot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of up to six electron pairs

(including lone pairs) surrounding a central atom

(f) use of the term average bond enthalpy as a

measurement of covalent bond strength

Learners should appreciate that the larger the value

of the average bond enthalpy the stronger the

covalent bond

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐnot required

ǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉŝĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐare covered in detail in 321 f

dŚĞƐŚĂƉĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐ

ŐͿ the shapes of and bond angles in molecules and

ions with up to six electron pairs (including lone

pairs) surrounding the central atom as predicted

ďLJĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞrepulsive strengths of bonded pairs and lone

pairs of electrons

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to

illustrate shapes of molecules and ions

HSW12 Using electron pair repulsion theory to

predict molecular shapes

(h) electron pair repulsion to explain the following

shapes of molecules and ions linear non-linear

trigonal planar pyramidal tetrahedral and

octahedral

Learners are expected to know that lone pairs repel

more than bonded pairs and the bond angles for

common examples of each shape including

CH4ϭϬϵϱΣͿE

3 (107deg) and H

2O (1045deg)

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A20

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ůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂŶĚďŽŶĚƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJ

(i) ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂƐƚŚĞĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂŶĂƚŽŵƚŽĂƩƌĂĐƚƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨWĂƵůŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJǀĂůƵĞƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǁĂƌĞƚŚĂƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJincreases towards F in the periodic table

^tϭϮhƐŝŶŐŝĚĞĂƐĂďŽƵƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJƚŽpredict chemical bond type

(j) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) a polar bond and permanent dipole within

molecules containing covalently-bonded ĂƚŽŵƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƟĞƐ

(ii) a polar molecule and overall dipole in terms of permanent dipole(s) and molecular shape

A polar molecule requires polar bonds with dipoles ƚŚĂƚĚŽŶŽƚĐĂŶĐĞůĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶŐ2O and CO2 both have polar bonds but only H2O has an overall dipole

ŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ

ŬͿ intermolecular forces based on permanent ĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŝŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Permanent dipolendashdipole and induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶboth be referred to as van der Waalsrsquo forces

ŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞreferred to as London (dispersion) forces

^tϭϮŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƐĂŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶintermolecular bonding

(l) hydrogen bonding as intermolecular bonding ďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐEKŽƌampĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƚŽŵŽĨʹEʹKŽƌamp

Including the role of lone pairs

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽŵĂůŽƵƐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨ2O ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞŐ(i) the density of ice compared with water(ii) ŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJŚŝŐŚŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

HSW1 Use of ideas about hydrogen bonding to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(n) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐĂƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůLJďŽŶĚĞĚŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ eg I2 ice

(o) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ

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DŽĚƵůĞϯWĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞĂŶĚĞŶĞƌŐLJ

The focus of this module is inorganic and physical ĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƚŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĞƚŽeveryday life and industrial processes and current environmental concerns associated with sustainability

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of inorganic and physical chemistry

ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐĂŶĚŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ

ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

ƌĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚLJŝĞůĚŝŶŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐsustainability

This module allows learners to develop important ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂůƐŬŝůůƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞ

ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůwork

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry

31 The periodic table

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞhalogens as typical metal and non-metal groups ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂŶƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽďĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

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311 PeriodicitygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ

(a) the periodic table as the arrangement of elements(i) by increasing atomic (proton) number(ii) ŝŶƉĞƌŝŽĚƐƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƌĞƉĞĂƟŶŐƚƌĞŶĚƐ

ŝŶƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ(periodicity)

(iii) ŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƐŝŵŝůĂƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

HSW1711 The development of the Periodic Law ĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ

HSW711 The extension of the periodic table ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌLJĂŶĚĐŽŶĮƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĞǁelements

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(b) (i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐacross Periods 2 and 3 (see also 221 d)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŽƐͲƉͲĂŶĚd-blocks

(c) ĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨelectrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms) and ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂŶĚ(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ

energies across Periods 2 and 3 and down a ŐƌŽƵƉŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶŶƵĐůĞĂƌĐŚĂƌŐĞand atomic radius

(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶenergies of the number of electrons in each shell of an atom and the group of an element

M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŽŶůLJ džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞƐŵĂůůĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĂƐĂresult of s- and p-sub-shell energies (eg between ĞĂŶĚͿĂŶĚƉͲŽƌďŝƚĂůƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶĞŐďĞƚǁĞĞŶEand O)

^tϭϮdƌĞŶĚƐŝŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞBohr model of the atom

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŵĞƚĂůůŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐ

ĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐĂƟŽŶƐƉŽƐŝƟǀĞŝŽŶƐͿand delocalised electrons

(ii) ĂŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĞŐĂůůmetals

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨĐƵďŝĐŽƌŚĞdžĂŐŽŶĂůƉĂĐŬŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŽĨcarbon (diamond graphite and graphene) and silicon as networks of atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds

HSW19 Use of ideas about bonding to explain the ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚĞŶĞĂŶĚŝƚƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ

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(f) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐĂŶĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚbonding

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉĂƌƟĐůĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶĂůĂƫĐĞƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨĨŽƌĐĞƐĂŶĚďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŽďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐinvolved as appropriate

HSW1 Use of ideas about bonding to explain ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶŝŶŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐacross Periods 2 and 3 in terms of structure and bonding (see also 222 o)

M31

Trend in structure from giant metallic to giant ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞ

ϯϭϮƌŽƵƉϮgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƌŽƵƉϮŵĞƚĂůƐ

(a) the outer shell s2ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵ2+ ions

(b) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ Mg ĺĂƐŚŽǁŶďLJƚŚĞŝƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚ(i) oxygen(ii) water(iii) dilute acids

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞproducing a salt and hydrogen

(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐŝĞƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdown the group (see also 311 c)

M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝƐnot required but learners should be able to write an ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) ƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŽŶƌŽƵƉϮŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞƉŽĨĂŶLJƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐincluding the trend of increasing alkalinity

(e) ƵƐĞƐŽĨƐŽŵĞƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƐďĂƐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞďƵƚŶŽƚůŝŵŝƚĞĚto)(i) Ca(OH)2 in agriculture to neutralise acid

soils(ii) Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3ĂƐĂŶƚĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚƌĞĂƟŶŐ

ŝŶĚŝŐĞƐƟŽŶ

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ϯϭϯdŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) existence of halogens as diatomic molecules and ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨCl 2 Br2 and I2 in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(b) the outer shell s2p5ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶand the gaining of one electron in many redox ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵϭʹŝŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĨƵůůĂŶĚŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 215 Redox)

(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐl 2 Br2 and I2ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌŚĂůŝĚĞions

Including colour change in aqueous and organic ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ(c) from the decreasing ease of forming 1ndash ions ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶĂƚŽŵŝĐƌĂĚŝƵƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶshielding

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶ as ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚillustrated by(i) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚǁĂƚĞƌĂƐƵƐĞĚ

in water treatment(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚĐŽůĚĚŝůƵƚĞ

aqueous sodium hydroxide as used to form bleach

(iii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶ(i) and (ii)

(f) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞƵƐĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ(killing bacteria) contrasted with associated risks (eg hazards of toxic chlorine gas and ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚhydrocarbons)

HSW91012 Decisions on whether or not to ĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƐĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐƌŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨƉƵƌŝĨLJŝŶŐdrinking water

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĂŶŝŽŶƐl ndash Brndash and Indash with aqueous silver ions followed by aqueous ĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞĂƐĂƚĞƐƚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚhalide ions

Complexes with ammonia are not required other ƚŚĂŶŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ

PAG4 (see also 314 a) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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ϯϭϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound(i) anions ͻ K3

2ndashďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ+(aq) forming CO2(g) (see 214 c)

ͻ ^K42ndashďLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ2+(aq)

ͻ l ndash Brndash Indash ƐĞĞϯϭϯŐͿ(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁĂƌŵEĂKĂƋͿĨŽƌŵŝŶŐE3

Sequence of tests required is carbonate sulfate then halide (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble)

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

32 Physical chemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞgeneral theme of energy

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĮƌƐƚůĞĂƌŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵexperimental results including enthalpy cycles

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƚĂůLJƐŝƐ

ZĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and ƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨequilibrium

Finally the integrated roles of enthalpy changes rates catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand improving the sustainability of industrial processes

ϯϮϭŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ6HŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic (6HŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿŽƌĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ (6HƉŽƐŝƟǀĞͿ

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐcompared with products

M31

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(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams

M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states

ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy

ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)

(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)

(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)

(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ

^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K

(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

PAG3

Bond enthalpies

(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds

(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required

Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ

ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy

cycles

M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes

(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly

M31 M32

To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c

PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Simple collision theory

(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ

M31 M32 M35

^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ

Catalysts

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ

ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ

ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ

Details of processes are not required

(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts

(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ

PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ

(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)

M31

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)

M31

^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

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ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change

(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required

HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ

dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc

(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

M02 M11 M23 M24

Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc

ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc

M03

ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

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DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability

The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry

ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism

ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ

alcohols and haloalkanes

ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry

41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series

ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows

dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes

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ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups

^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity

^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic

formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2

(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3

(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol

H

C

H

H

C

H

H O H

(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol

OH

M42

See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required

In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO

The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene

^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context

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ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic

ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)

(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)

(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon

and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)

(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)

(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)

(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ

R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds

(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series

Isomerism

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula

M42

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)

(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)

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ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms

Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)

(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ

lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f

HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles

Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

M31

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)

HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK

(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ

Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron

ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

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ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ

M41 M42

^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the

same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ

ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)

ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)

(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers

M42 M43

C C

H

HE-but-2-ene

(trans)

M42 M43

Z-but-2-ene(cis)

CH3

H3C

H3C

C C

H

CH3

H

Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond

ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required

C C

R

R

M42 M43

R

R

(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula

M42 M43

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ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ

(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable

ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including

the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst

eg H3PO4 to form alcohols

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)

(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required

HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ

deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ

ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer

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tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the

ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals

(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources

(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ

ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

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(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7

2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including

(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones

(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes

Mechanism not required

(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes

Mechanism not required

ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and

ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38

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ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ

ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK

^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg

CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl

ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2

ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2

Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ

ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ

ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ

liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ

organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ

MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ

PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39

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ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40

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ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41

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DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42

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ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24

(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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ϮϭϯŵŽƵŶƚŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

The mole

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) amount of substance(ii) mole (symbol lsquomolrsquo) as the unit for amount

of substance(iii) the Avogadro constant NA (the number of

ƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐƉĞƌŵŽůĞϲϬϮпϭϬ23 molndash1)(iv) molar mass (mass per mole units g molndash1)(v) molar gas volume (gas volume per mole

units dm3 molndash1)

M00 M01 M02 M04

Amount of substance will be used in exams using the formula of the substance ĞŐĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨEĂl amount of O2

The value for NA and the molar gas volume at RTP are provided on the Data Sheet

ĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞ

(b) use of the terms(i) empirical formula (the simplest whole

ŶƵŵďĞƌƌĂƟŽŽĨĂƚŽŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚĞůĞŵĞŶƚpresent in a compound)

(ii) molecular formula (the number and type of atoms of each element in a molecule)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐ not required

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞŵƉŝƌŝĐĂůĂŶĚŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞĨƌŽŵĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶďLJŵĂƐƐŽƌƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐďLJŵĂƐƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƟǀĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌmass

M02 M22 M23 M24

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŶŐĞŵƉŝƌŝĐĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞĨƌŽŵelemental analysis data (see also 632 e)

(d) the terms anhydrous hydrated and water of ĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂof a hydrated salt from given percentage ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŵĂƐƐĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽƌďĂƐĞĚŽŶexperimental results

M02 M22 M23 M24

PAG1

ĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŶŐŵĂƐƐĞƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚŵŽůĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞŝŶŵŽůinvolving(i) mass(ii) gas volume(iii) ƐŽůƵƟŽŶǀŽůƵŵĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶin mol dmndash3 and g dmndash3

(f) ƚŚĞŝĚĞĂůŐĂƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ pV = nRT

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

The value for R is provided on the Data Sheet gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĞdžƉƌĞƐƐƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶ SI units

ŐͿ ƵƐĞŽĨƐƚŽŝĐŚŝŽŵĞƚƌŝĐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐŝŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ M02

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A16

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WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞLJŝĞůĚƐĂŶĚĂƚŽŵĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞ(i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞLJŝĞůĚŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚ

ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂƚŽŵĞĐŽŶŽŵLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

M02 M11 M22 M23 M24

(i) the techniques and procedures required during experiments requiring the measurement of mass ǀŽůƵŵĞƐŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐ

PAG1 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(j) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐchemical processes with a high atom economy

HSW10 Use of processes with high atom economy in chemical industry and other areas

214 AcidsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(a) the formulae of the common acids (HCl H2SO4 EK3 and CH3COOH) and the common alkalis EĂKltKĂŶĚE3ͿĂŶĚĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐŝĚƐrelease H+ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐrelease OHndashŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ

(b) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐĂŶĚǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƌĞůĂƟǀĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂƐƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) H+ and OHndash to form H2O(ii) acids with bases including carbonates

metal oxides and alkalis (water-soluble ďĂƐĞƐͿƚŽĨŽƌŵƐĂůƚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨƵůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

ĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

PAG2 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨfamiliar and non-familiar acids and bases

M01 M02 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 17

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215 RedoxgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ

(a) ƌƵůĞƐĨŽƌĂƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŶŐŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶnumber for atoms in elements compounds and

ions

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŬŶŽǁŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶnumbers of O in peroxides and H in metal hydrides

(b) ǁƌŝƟŶŐĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞƵƐŝŶŐŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ ^tϴƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƵƐĞŽĨŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐŝŶǁƌŝƩĞŶĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ

(c) use of a Roman numeral to indicate the

ŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌǁŚĞŶan element may have compoundsions with

ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

Examples should include but not be limited to

iron(II) and iron(III) Learners will be expected to write formulae from

names such as chlorate(I) and chlorate(III) and vice versa

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚΖŶŝƚƌĂƚĞĂŶĚƐƵůĨĂƚĞ ǁŝƚŚŶŽƐŚŽǁŶŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ ĂƌĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚƚŽďĞEK

3

ndash and

SO4

2ndash

^tϴ^LJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂŶĚƵŶĂŵďŝŐƵŽƵƐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) electron transfer

(ii) ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ

Should include examples of s- p- and d-block

elements

(e) ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŵĞƚĂůƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐƚŽĨŽƌŵƐĂůƚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨƵůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 214 c)

Metals should be from s- p- and d-blocks

eg Mg Al Fe Zn

ŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐnot required

In (e)ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐĂƐĂůƚĂŶĚŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐnitric acid or concentrated sulfuric acid could be

assessed in the context of (f)

(f) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶ(e) and

ƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶůŽƐƐgain

M02

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ϮϮůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨĂƚŽŵŝĐŽƌďŝƚĂůƐand develops a deeper understanding of electron ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐůŝŶŬĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ

The central role of electrons in ionic and covalent bonding is then studied The important role of

ŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶlooks at how bonding and structure contribute to ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ

ϮϮϭůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŶĞƌŐLJůĞǀĞůƐƐŚĞůůƐƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůƐĂƚŽŵŝĐŽƌďŝƚĂůƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶ

(a) ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĮůůƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĨŽƵƌshells

(b) atomic orbitals including (i) as a region around the nucleus that can hold

up to two electrons with opposite spins(ii) the shapes of s- and p-orbitals(iii) the number of orbitals making up s- p- and

d-sub-shells and the number of electrons ƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĮůůƐͲƉͲĂŶĚĚͲƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůƐ

HSW17 Development of models to explain electron structure

(c) ĮůůŝŶŐŽĨŽƌďŝƚĂůƐ(i) ĨŽƌƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƚŚƌĞĞƐŚĞůůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞϰƐĂŶĚϰƉ

orbitals in order of increasing energy(ii) for orbitals with the same energy

ŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶƐŝŶŐůLJďĞĨŽƌĞƉĂŝƌŝŶŐ

Learners are expected to be familiar with the ΖĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶďŽdžΖƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϭĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĮŶĞĚŵŽĚĞůƐĨŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶstructure

(d) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ

(i) atoms given the atomic number up to Z = 36

(ii) ions given the atomic number and ionic charge limited to s- and p-blocks up to Z = 36

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶŝĞĨŽƌoxygen 1s22s22p4

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ϮϮϮŽŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

(a) ŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƉŽƐŝƟǀĞĂŶĚŶĞŐĂƟǀĞŝŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨΖdot-and-crossΖĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞůLJĐŚĂƌŐĞĚŝŽŶƐƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚŝŶĂůůĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƐĞŐEĂl

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƐŽůŝĚliquid and aqueous states

HSW1 Use of ideas about ionic bonding to explain

ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

(d) ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĂƐƚŚĞƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂƐŚĂƌĞĚƉĂŝƌŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐĂŶĚthe nuclei of the bonded atoms

(e) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨdot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of

molecules and ions to describe

(i) single covalent bonding

(ii) ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ(iii) ĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

lsquoDot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of up to six electron pairs

(including lone pairs) surrounding a central atom

(f) use of the term average bond enthalpy as a

measurement of covalent bond strength

Learners should appreciate that the larger the value

of the average bond enthalpy the stronger the

covalent bond

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐnot required

ǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉŝĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐare covered in detail in 321 f

dŚĞƐŚĂƉĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐ

ŐͿ the shapes of and bond angles in molecules and

ions with up to six electron pairs (including lone

pairs) surrounding the central atom as predicted

ďLJĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞrepulsive strengths of bonded pairs and lone

pairs of electrons

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to

illustrate shapes of molecules and ions

HSW12 Using electron pair repulsion theory to

predict molecular shapes

(h) electron pair repulsion to explain the following

shapes of molecules and ions linear non-linear

trigonal planar pyramidal tetrahedral and

octahedral

Learners are expected to know that lone pairs repel

more than bonded pairs and the bond angles for

common examples of each shape including

CH4ϭϬϵϱΣͿE

3 (107deg) and H

2O (1045deg)

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A20

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ůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂŶĚďŽŶĚƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJ

(i) ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂƐƚŚĞĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂŶĂƚŽŵƚŽĂƩƌĂĐƚƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨWĂƵůŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJǀĂůƵĞƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǁĂƌĞƚŚĂƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJincreases towards F in the periodic table

^tϭϮhƐŝŶŐŝĚĞĂƐĂďŽƵƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJƚŽpredict chemical bond type

(j) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) a polar bond and permanent dipole within

molecules containing covalently-bonded ĂƚŽŵƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƟĞƐ

(ii) a polar molecule and overall dipole in terms of permanent dipole(s) and molecular shape

A polar molecule requires polar bonds with dipoles ƚŚĂƚĚŽŶŽƚĐĂŶĐĞůĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶŐ2O and CO2 both have polar bonds but only H2O has an overall dipole

ŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ

ŬͿ intermolecular forces based on permanent ĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŝŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Permanent dipolendashdipole and induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶboth be referred to as van der Waalsrsquo forces

ŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞreferred to as London (dispersion) forces

^tϭϮŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƐĂŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶintermolecular bonding

(l) hydrogen bonding as intermolecular bonding ďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐEKŽƌampĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƚŽŵŽĨʹEʹKŽƌamp

Including the role of lone pairs

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽŵĂůŽƵƐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨ2O ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞŐ(i) the density of ice compared with water(ii) ŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJŚŝŐŚŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

HSW1 Use of ideas about hydrogen bonding to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(n) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐĂƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůLJďŽŶĚĞĚŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ eg I2 ice

(o) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ

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DŽĚƵůĞϯWĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞĂŶĚĞŶĞƌŐLJ

The focus of this module is inorganic and physical ĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƚŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĞƚŽeveryday life and industrial processes and current environmental concerns associated with sustainability

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of inorganic and physical chemistry

ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐĂŶĚŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ

ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

ƌĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚLJŝĞůĚŝŶŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐsustainability

This module allows learners to develop important ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂůƐŬŝůůƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞ

ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůwork

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry

31 The periodic table

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞhalogens as typical metal and non-metal groups ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂŶƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽďĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

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311 PeriodicitygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ

(a) the periodic table as the arrangement of elements(i) by increasing atomic (proton) number(ii) ŝŶƉĞƌŝŽĚƐƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƌĞƉĞĂƟŶŐƚƌĞŶĚƐ

ŝŶƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ(periodicity)

(iii) ŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƐŝŵŝůĂƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

HSW1711 The development of the Periodic Law ĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ

HSW711 The extension of the periodic table ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌLJĂŶĚĐŽŶĮƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĞǁelements

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(b) (i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐacross Periods 2 and 3 (see also 221 d)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŽƐͲƉͲĂŶĚd-blocks

(c) ĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨelectrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms) and ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂŶĚ(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ

energies across Periods 2 and 3 and down a ŐƌŽƵƉŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶŶƵĐůĞĂƌĐŚĂƌŐĞand atomic radius

(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶenergies of the number of electrons in each shell of an atom and the group of an element

M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŽŶůLJ džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞƐŵĂůůĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĂƐĂresult of s- and p-sub-shell energies (eg between ĞĂŶĚͿĂŶĚƉͲŽƌďŝƚĂůƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶĞŐďĞƚǁĞĞŶEand O)

^tϭϮdƌĞŶĚƐŝŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞBohr model of the atom

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŵĞƚĂůůŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐ

ĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐĂƟŽŶƐƉŽƐŝƟǀĞŝŽŶƐͿand delocalised electrons

(ii) ĂŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĞŐĂůůmetals

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨĐƵďŝĐŽƌŚĞdžĂŐŽŶĂůƉĂĐŬŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŽĨcarbon (diamond graphite and graphene) and silicon as networks of atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds

HSW19 Use of ideas about bonding to explain the ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚĞŶĞĂŶĚŝƚƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ

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(f) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐĂŶĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚbonding

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉĂƌƟĐůĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶĂůĂƫĐĞƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨĨŽƌĐĞƐĂŶĚďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŽďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐinvolved as appropriate

HSW1 Use of ideas about bonding to explain ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶŝŶŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐacross Periods 2 and 3 in terms of structure and bonding (see also 222 o)

M31

Trend in structure from giant metallic to giant ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞ

ϯϭϮƌŽƵƉϮgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƌŽƵƉϮŵĞƚĂůƐ

(a) the outer shell s2ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵ2+ ions

(b) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ Mg ĺĂƐŚŽǁŶďLJƚŚĞŝƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚ(i) oxygen(ii) water(iii) dilute acids

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞproducing a salt and hydrogen

(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐŝĞƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdown the group (see also 311 c)

M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝƐnot required but learners should be able to write an ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) ƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŽŶƌŽƵƉϮŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞƉŽĨĂŶLJƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐincluding the trend of increasing alkalinity

(e) ƵƐĞƐŽĨƐŽŵĞƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƐďĂƐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞďƵƚŶŽƚůŝŵŝƚĞĚto)(i) Ca(OH)2 in agriculture to neutralise acid

soils(ii) Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3ĂƐĂŶƚĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚƌĞĂƟŶŐ

ŝŶĚŝŐĞƐƟŽŶ

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ϯϭϯdŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) existence of halogens as diatomic molecules and ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨCl 2 Br2 and I2 in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(b) the outer shell s2p5ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶand the gaining of one electron in many redox ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵϭʹŝŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĨƵůůĂŶĚŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 215 Redox)

(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐl 2 Br2 and I2ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌŚĂůŝĚĞions

Including colour change in aqueous and organic ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ(c) from the decreasing ease of forming 1ndash ions ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶĂƚŽŵŝĐƌĂĚŝƵƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶshielding

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶ as ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚillustrated by(i) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚǁĂƚĞƌĂƐƵƐĞĚ

in water treatment(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚĐŽůĚĚŝůƵƚĞ

aqueous sodium hydroxide as used to form bleach

(iii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶ(i) and (ii)

(f) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞƵƐĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ(killing bacteria) contrasted with associated risks (eg hazards of toxic chlorine gas and ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚhydrocarbons)

HSW91012 Decisions on whether or not to ĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƐĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐƌŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨƉƵƌŝĨLJŝŶŐdrinking water

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĂŶŝŽŶƐl ndash Brndash and Indash with aqueous silver ions followed by aqueous ĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞĂƐĂƚĞƐƚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚhalide ions

Complexes with ammonia are not required other ƚŚĂŶŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ

PAG4 (see also 314 a) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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ϯϭϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound(i) anions ͻ K3

2ndashďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ+(aq) forming CO2(g) (see 214 c)

ͻ ^K42ndashďLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ2+(aq)

ͻ l ndash Brndash Indash ƐĞĞϯϭϯŐͿ(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁĂƌŵEĂKĂƋͿĨŽƌŵŝŶŐE3

Sequence of tests required is carbonate sulfate then halide (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble)

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

32 Physical chemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞgeneral theme of energy

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĮƌƐƚůĞĂƌŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵexperimental results including enthalpy cycles

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƚĂůLJƐŝƐ

ZĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and ƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨequilibrium

Finally the integrated roles of enthalpy changes rates catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand improving the sustainability of industrial processes

ϯϮϭŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ6HŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic (6HŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿŽƌĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ (6HƉŽƐŝƟǀĞͿ

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐcompared with products

M31

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(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams

M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states

ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy

ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)

(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)

(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)

(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ

^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K

(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

PAG3

Bond enthalpies

(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds

(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required

Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ

ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy

cycles

M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes

(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly

M31 M32

To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c

PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Simple collision theory

(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ

M31 M32 M35

^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ

Catalysts

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ

ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ

ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ

Details of processes are not required

(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts

(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ

PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ

(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)

M31

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)

M31

^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

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ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change

(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required

HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ

dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc

(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

M02 M11 M23 M24

Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc

ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc

M03

ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

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DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability

The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry

ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism

ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ

alcohols and haloalkanes

ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry

41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series

ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows

dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes

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ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups

^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity

^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic

formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2

(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3

(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol

H

C

H

H

C

H

H O H

(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol

OH

M42

See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required

In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO

The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene

^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context

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ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic

ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)

(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)

(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon

and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)

(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)

(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)

(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ

R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds

(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series

Isomerism

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula

M42

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)

(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)

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ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms

Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)

(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ

lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f

HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles

Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

M31

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)

HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK

(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ

Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron

ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

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ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ

M41 M42

^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the

same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ

ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)

ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)

(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers

M42 M43

C C

H

HE-but-2-ene

(trans)

M42 M43

Z-but-2-ene(cis)

CH3

H3C

H3C

C C

H

CH3

H

Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond

ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required

C C

R

R

M42 M43

R

R

(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula

M42 M43

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ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ

(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable

ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including

the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst

eg H3PO4 to form alcohols

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)

(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required

HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ

deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ

ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer

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tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the

ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals

(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources

(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ

ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

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(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7

2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including

(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones

(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes

Mechanism not required

(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes

Mechanism not required

ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and

ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)

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ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ

ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK

^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg

CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl

ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2

ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2

Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ

ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ

ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ

liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ

organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ

MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ

PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

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ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

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DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42

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ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24

(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A16

2

WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞLJŝĞůĚƐĂŶĚĂƚŽŵĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞ(i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞLJŝĞůĚŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚ

ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂƚŽŵĞĐŽŶŽŵLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

M02 M11 M22 M23 M24

(i) the techniques and procedures required during experiments requiring the measurement of mass ǀŽůƵŵĞƐŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐ

PAG1 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(j) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐchemical processes with a high atom economy

HSW10 Use of processes with high atom economy in chemical industry and other areas

214 AcidsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(a) the formulae of the common acids (HCl H2SO4 EK3 and CH3COOH) and the common alkalis EĂKltKĂŶĚE3ͿĂŶĚĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐŝĚƐrelease H+ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐrelease OHndashŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ

(b) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐĂŶĚǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƌĞůĂƟǀĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂƐƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) H+ and OHndash to form H2O(ii) acids with bases including carbonates

metal oxides and alkalis (water-soluble ďĂƐĞƐͿƚŽĨŽƌŵƐĂůƚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨƵůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

ĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

PAG2 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨfamiliar and non-familiar acids and bases

M01 M02 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 17

2

215 RedoxgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ

(a) ƌƵůĞƐĨŽƌĂƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŶŐŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶnumber for atoms in elements compounds and

ions

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŬŶŽǁŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶnumbers of O in peroxides and H in metal hydrides

(b) ǁƌŝƟŶŐĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞƵƐŝŶŐŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ ^tϴƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƵƐĞŽĨŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐŝŶǁƌŝƩĞŶĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ

(c) use of a Roman numeral to indicate the

ŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌǁŚĞŶan element may have compoundsions with

ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

Examples should include but not be limited to

iron(II) and iron(III) Learners will be expected to write formulae from

names such as chlorate(I) and chlorate(III) and vice versa

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚΖŶŝƚƌĂƚĞĂŶĚƐƵůĨĂƚĞ ǁŝƚŚŶŽƐŚŽǁŶŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ ĂƌĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚƚŽďĞEK

3

ndash and

SO4

2ndash

^tϴ^LJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂŶĚƵŶĂŵďŝŐƵŽƵƐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) electron transfer

(ii) ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ

Should include examples of s- p- and d-block

elements

(e) ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŵĞƚĂůƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐƚŽĨŽƌŵƐĂůƚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨƵůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 214 c)

Metals should be from s- p- and d-blocks

eg Mg Al Fe Zn

ŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐnot required

In (e)ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐĂƐĂůƚĂŶĚŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐnitric acid or concentrated sulfuric acid could be

assessed in the context of (f)

(f) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶ(e) and

ƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶůŽƐƐgain

M02

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A18

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ϮϮůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨĂƚŽŵŝĐŽƌďŝƚĂůƐand develops a deeper understanding of electron ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐůŝŶŬĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ

The central role of electrons in ionic and covalent bonding is then studied The important role of

ŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶlooks at how bonding and structure contribute to ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ

ϮϮϭůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŶĞƌŐLJůĞǀĞůƐƐŚĞůůƐƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůƐĂƚŽŵŝĐŽƌďŝƚĂůƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶ

(a) ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĮůůƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĨŽƵƌshells

(b) atomic orbitals including (i) as a region around the nucleus that can hold

up to two electrons with opposite spins(ii) the shapes of s- and p-orbitals(iii) the number of orbitals making up s- p- and

d-sub-shells and the number of electrons ƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĮůůƐͲƉͲĂŶĚĚͲƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůƐ

HSW17 Development of models to explain electron structure

(c) ĮůůŝŶŐŽĨŽƌďŝƚĂůƐ(i) ĨŽƌƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƚŚƌĞĞƐŚĞůůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞϰƐĂŶĚϰƉ

orbitals in order of increasing energy(ii) for orbitals with the same energy

ŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶƐŝŶŐůLJďĞĨŽƌĞƉĂŝƌŝŶŐ

Learners are expected to be familiar with the ΖĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶďŽdžΖƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϭĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĮŶĞĚŵŽĚĞůƐĨŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶstructure

(d) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ

(i) atoms given the atomic number up to Z = 36

(ii) ions given the atomic number and ionic charge limited to s- and p-blocks up to Z = 36

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶŝĞĨŽƌoxygen 1s22s22p4

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 19

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ϮϮϮŽŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

(a) ŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƉŽƐŝƟǀĞĂŶĚŶĞŐĂƟǀĞŝŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨΖdot-and-crossΖĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞůLJĐŚĂƌŐĞĚŝŽŶƐƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚŝŶĂůůĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƐĞŐEĂl

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƐŽůŝĚliquid and aqueous states

HSW1 Use of ideas about ionic bonding to explain

ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

(d) ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĂƐƚŚĞƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂƐŚĂƌĞĚƉĂŝƌŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐĂŶĚthe nuclei of the bonded atoms

(e) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨdot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of

molecules and ions to describe

(i) single covalent bonding

(ii) ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ(iii) ĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

lsquoDot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of up to six electron pairs

(including lone pairs) surrounding a central atom

(f) use of the term average bond enthalpy as a

measurement of covalent bond strength

Learners should appreciate that the larger the value

of the average bond enthalpy the stronger the

covalent bond

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐnot required

ǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉŝĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐare covered in detail in 321 f

dŚĞƐŚĂƉĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐ

ŐͿ the shapes of and bond angles in molecules and

ions with up to six electron pairs (including lone

pairs) surrounding the central atom as predicted

ďLJĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞrepulsive strengths of bonded pairs and lone

pairs of electrons

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to

illustrate shapes of molecules and ions

HSW12 Using electron pair repulsion theory to

predict molecular shapes

(h) electron pair repulsion to explain the following

shapes of molecules and ions linear non-linear

trigonal planar pyramidal tetrahedral and

octahedral

Learners are expected to know that lone pairs repel

more than bonded pairs and the bond angles for

common examples of each shape including

CH4ϭϬϵϱΣͿE

3 (107deg) and H

2O (1045deg)

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A20

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ůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂŶĚďŽŶĚƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJ

(i) ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂƐƚŚĞĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂŶĂƚŽŵƚŽĂƩƌĂĐƚƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨWĂƵůŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJǀĂůƵĞƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǁĂƌĞƚŚĂƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJincreases towards F in the periodic table

^tϭϮhƐŝŶŐŝĚĞĂƐĂďŽƵƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJƚŽpredict chemical bond type

(j) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) a polar bond and permanent dipole within

molecules containing covalently-bonded ĂƚŽŵƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƟĞƐ

(ii) a polar molecule and overall dipole in terms of permanent dipole(s) and molecular shape

A polar molecule requires polar bonds with dipoles ƚŚĂƚĚŽŶŽƚĐĂŶĐĞůĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶŐ2O and CO2 both have polar bonds but only H2O has an overall dipole

ŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ

ŬͿ intermolecular forces based on permanent ĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŝŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Permanent dipolendashdipole and induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶboth be referred to as van der Waalsrsquo forces

ŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞreferred to as London (dispersion) forces

^tϭϮŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƐĂŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶintermolecular bonding

(l) hydrogen bonding as intermolecular bonding ďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐEKŽƌampĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƚŽŵŽĨʹEʹKŽƌamp

Including the role of lone pairs

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽŵĂůŽƵƐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨ2O ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞŐ(i) the density of ice compared with water(ii) ŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJŚŝŐŚŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

HSW1 Use of ideas about hydrogen bonding to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(n) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐĂƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůLJďŽŶĚĞĚŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ eg I2 ice

(o) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ

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DŽĚƵůĞϯWĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞĂŶĚĞŶĞƌŐLJ

The focus of this module is inorganic and physical ĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƚŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĞƚŽeveryday life and industrial processes and current environmental concerns associated with sustainability

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of inorganic and physical chemistry

ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐĂŶĚŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ

ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

ƌĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚLJŝĞůĚŝŶŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐsustainability

This module allows learners to develop important ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂůƐŬŝůůƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞ

ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůwork

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry

31 The periodic table

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞhalogens as typical metal and non-metal groups ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂŶƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽďĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

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311 PeriodicitygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ

(a) the periodic table as the arrangement of elements(i) by increasing atomic (proton) number(ii) ŝŶƉĞƌŝŽĚƐƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƌĞƉĞĂƟŶŐƚƌĞŶĚƐ

ŝŶƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ(periodicity)

(iii) ŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƐŝŵŝůĂƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

HSW1711 The development of the Periodic Law ĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ

HSW711 The extension of the periodic table ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌLJĂŶĚĐŽŶĮƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĞǁelements

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(b) (i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐacross Periods 2 and 3 (see also 221 d)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŽƐͲƉͲĂŶĚd-blocks

(c) ĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨelectrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms) and ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂŶĚ(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ

energies across Periods 2 and 3 and down a ŐƌŽƵƉŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶŶƵĐůĞĂƌĐŚĂƌŐĞand atomic radius

(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶenergies of the number of electrons in each shell of an atom and the group of an element

M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŽŶůLJ džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞƐŵĂůůĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĂƐĂresult of s- and p-sub-shell energies (eg between ĞĂŶĚͿĂŶĚƉͲŽƌďŝƚĂůƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶĞŐďĞƚǁĞĞŶEand O)

^tϭϮdƌĞŶĚƐŝŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞBohr model of the atom

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŵĞƚĂůůŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐ

ĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐĂƟŽŶƐƉŽƐŝƟǀĞŝŽŶƐͿand delocalised electrons

(ii) ĂŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĞŐĂůůmetals

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨĐƵďŝĐŽƌŚĞdžĂŐŽŶĂůƉĂĐŬŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŽĨcarbon (diamond graphite and graphene) and silicon as networks of atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds

HSW19 Use of ideas about bonding to explain the ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚĞŶĞĂŶĚŝƚƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ

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(f) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐĂŶĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚbonding

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉĂƌƟĐůĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶĂůĂƫĐĞƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨĨŽƌĐĞƐĂŶĚďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŽďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐinvolved as appropriate

HSW1 Use of ideas about bonding to explain ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶŝŶŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐacross Periods 2 and 3 in terms of structure and bonding (see also 222 o)

M31

Trend in structure from giant metallic to giant ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞ

ϯϭϮƌŽƵƉϮgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƌŽƵƉϮŵĞƚĂůƐ

(a) the outer shell s2ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵ2+ ions

(b) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ Mg ĺĂƐŚŽǁŶďLJƚŚĞŝƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚ(i) oxygen(ii) water(iii) dilute acids

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞproducing a salt and hydrogen

(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐŝĞƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdown the group (see also 311 c)

M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝƐnot required but learners should be able to write an ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) ƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŽŶƌŽƵƉϮŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞƉŽĨĂŶLJƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐincluding the trend of increasing alkalinity

(e) ƵƐĞƐŽĨƐŽŵĞƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƐďĂƐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞďƵƚŶŽƚůŝŵŝƚĞĚto)(i) Ca(OH)2 in agriculture to neutralise acid

soils(ii) Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3ĂƐĂŶƚĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚƌĞĂƟŶŐ

ŝŶĚŝŐĞƐƟŽŶ

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ϯϭϯdŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) existence of halogens as diatomic molecules and ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨCl 2 Br2 and I2 in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(b) the outer shell s2p5ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶand the gaining of one electron in many redox ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵϭʹŝŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĨƵůůĂŶĚŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 215 Redox)

(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐl 2 Br2 and I2ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌŚĂůŝĚĞions

Including colour change in aqueous and organic ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ(c) from the decreasing ease of forming 1ndash ions ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶĂƚŽŵŝĐƌĂĚŝƵƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶshielding

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶ as ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚillustrated by(i) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚǁĂƚĞƌĂƐƵƐĞĚ

in water treatment(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚĐŽůĚĚŝůƵƚĞ

aqueous sodium hydroxide as used to form bleach

(iii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶ(i) and (ii)

(f) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞƵƐĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ(killing bacteria) contrasted with associated risks (eg hazards of toxic chlorine gas and ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚhydrocarbons)

HSW91012 Decisions on whether or not to ĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƐĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐƌŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨƉƵƌŝĨLJŝŶŐdrinking water

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĂŶŝŽŶƐl ndash Brndash and Indash with aqueous silver ions followed by aqueous ĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞĂƐĂƚĞƐƚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚhalide ions

Complexes with ammonia are not required other ƚŚĂŶŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ

PAG4 (see also 314 a) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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ϯϭϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound(i) anions ͻ K3

2ndashďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ+(aq) forming CO2(g) (see 214 c)

ͻ ^K42ndashďLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ2+(aq)

ͻ l ndash Brndash Indash ƐĞĞϯϭϯŐͿ(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁĂƌŵEĂKĂƋͿĨŽƌŵŝŶŐE3

Sequence of tests required is carbonate sulfate then halide (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble)

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

32 Physical chemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞgeneral theme of energy

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĮƌƐƚůĞĂƌŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵexperimental results including enthalpy cycles

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƚĂůLJƐŝƐ

ZĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and ƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨequilibrium

Finally the integrated roles of enthalpy changes rates catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand improving the sustainability of industrial processes

ϯϮϭŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ6HŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic (6HŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿŽƌĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ (6HƉŽƐŝƟǀĞͿ

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐcompared with products

M31

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(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams

M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states

ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy

ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)

(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)

(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)

(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ

^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K

(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

PAG3

Bond enthalpies

(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds

(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required

Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ

ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy

cycles

M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes

(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly

M31 M32

To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c

PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Simple collision theory

(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ

M31 M32 M35

^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ

Catalysts

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ

ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ

ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ

Details of processes are not required

(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts

(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ

PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ

(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)

M31

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)

M31

^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

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ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change

(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required

HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ

dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc

(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

M02 M11 M23 M24

Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc

ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc

M03

ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

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DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability

The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry

ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism

ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ

alcohols and haloalkanes

ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry

41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series

ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows

dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes

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ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups

^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity

^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic

formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2

(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3

(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol

H

C

H

H

C

H

H O H

(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol

OH

M42

See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required

In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO

The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene

^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context

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ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic

ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)

(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)

(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon

and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)

(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)

(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)

(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ

R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds

(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series

Isomerism

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula

M42

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)

(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)

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ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms

Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)

(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ

lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f

HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles

Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

M31

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)

HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK

(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ

Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron

ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

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ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ

M41 M42

^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the

same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ

ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)

ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)

(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers

M42 M43

C C

H

HE-but-2-ene

(trans)

M42 M43

Z-but-2-ene(cis)

CH3

H3C

H3C

C C

H

CH3

H

Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond

ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required

C C

R

R

M42 M43

R

R

(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula

M42 M43

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ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ

(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable

ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including

the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst

eg H3PO4 to form alcohols

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)

(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required

HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ

deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ

ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer

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tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the

ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals

(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources

(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ

ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

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(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7

2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including

(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones

(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes

Mechanism not required

(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes

Mechanism not required

ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and

ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)

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ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ

ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK

^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg

CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl

ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2

ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2

Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ

ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ

ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ

liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ

organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ

MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ

PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

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ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

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DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42

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ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24

(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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215 RedoxgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ

(a) ƌƵůĞƐĨŽƌĂƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŶŐŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶnumber for atoms in elements compounds and

ions

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŬŶŽǁŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶnumbers of O in peroxides and H in metal hydrides

(b) ǁƌŝƟŶŐĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞƵƐŝŶŐŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ ^tϴƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƵƐĞŽĨŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐŝŶǁƌŝƩĞŶĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ

(c) use of a Roman numeral to indicate the

ŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌǁŚĞŶan element may have compoundsions with

ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

Examples should include but not be limited to

iron(II) and iron(III) Learners will be expected to write formulae from

names such as chlorate(I) and chlorate(III) and vice versa

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚΖŶŝƚƌĂƚĞĂŶĚƐƵůĨĂƚĞ ǁŝƚŚŶŽƐŚŽǁŶŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ ĂƌĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚƚŽďĞEK

3

ndash and

SO4

2ndash

^tϴ^LJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂŶĚƵŶĂŵďŝŐƵŽƵƐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) electron transfer

(ii) ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ

Should include examples of s- p- and d-block

elements

(e) ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŵĞƚĂůƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐƚŽĨŽƌŵƐĂůƚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨƵůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 214 c)

Metals should be from s- p- and d-blocks

eg Mg Al Fe Zn

ŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐnot required

In (e)ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐĂƐĂůƚĂŶĚŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐnitric acid or concentrated sulfuric acid could be

assessed in the context of (f)

(f) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶ(e) and

ƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶůŽƐƐgain

M02

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A18

2

ϮϮůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨĂƚŽŵŝĐŽƌďŝƚĂůƐand develops a deeper understanding of electron ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐůŝŶŬĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ

The central role of electrons in ionic and covalent bonding is then studied The important role of

ŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶlooks at how bonding and structure contribute to ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ

ϮϮϭůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŶĞƌŐLJůĞǀĞůƐƐŚĞůůƐƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůƐĂƚŽŵŝĐŽƌďŝƚĂůƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶ

(a) ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĮůůƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĨŽƵƌshells

(b) atomic orbitals including (i) as a region around the nucleus that can hold

up to two electrons with opposite spins(ii) the shapes of s- and p-orbitals(iii) the number of orbitals making up s- p- and

d-sub-shells and the number of electrons ƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĮůůƐͲƉͲĂŶĚĚͲƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůƐ

HSW17 Development of models to explain electron structure

(c) ĮůůŝŶŐŽĨŽƌďŝƚĂůƐ(i) ĨŽƌƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƚŚƌĞĞƐŚĞůůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞϰƐĂŶĚϰƉ

orbitals in order of increasing energy(ii) for orbitals with the same energy

ŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶƐŝŶŐůLJďĞĨŽƌĞƉĂŝƌŝŶŐ

Learners are expected to be familiar with the ΖĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶďŽdžΖƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϭĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĮŶĞĚŵŽĚĞůƐĨŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶstructure

(d) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ

(i) atoms given the atomic number up to Z = 36

(ii) ions given the atomic number and ionic charge limited to s- and p-blocks up to Z = 36

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶŝĞĨŽƌoxygen 1s22s22p4

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 19

2

ϮϮϮŽŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

(a) ŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƉŽƐŝƟǀĞĂŶĚŶĞŐĂƟǀĞŝŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨΖdot-and-crossΖĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞůLJĐŚĂƌŐĞĚŝŽŶƐƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚŝŶĂůůĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƐĞŐEĂl

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƐŽůŝĚliquid and aqueous states

HSW1 Use of ideas about ionic bonding to explain

ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

(d) ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĂƐƚŚĞƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂƐŚĂƌĞĚƉĂŝƌŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐĂŶĚthe nuclei of the bonded atoms

(e) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨdot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of

molecules and ions to describe

(i) single covalent bonding

(ii) ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ(iii) ĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

lsquoDot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of up to six electron pairs

(including lone pairs) surrounding a central atom

(f) use of the term average bond enthalpy as a

measurement of covalent bond strength

Learners should appreciate that the larger the value

of the average bond enthalpy the stronger the

covalent bond

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐnot required

ǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉŝĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐare covered in detail in 321 f

dŚĞƐŚĂƉĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐ

ŐͿ the shapes of and bond angles in molecules and

ions with up to six electron pairs (including lone

pairs) surrounding the central atom as predicted

ďLJĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞrepulsive strengths of bonded pairs and lone

pairs of electrons

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to

illustrate shapes of molecules and ions

HSW12 Using electron pair repulsion theory to

predict molecular shapes

(h) electron pair repulsion to explain the following

shapes of molecules and ions linear non-linear

trigonal planar pyramidal tetrahedral and

octahedral

Learners are expected to know that lone pairs repel

more than bonded pairs and the bond angles for

common examples of each shape including

CH4ϭϬϵϱΣͿE

3 (107deg) and H

2O (1045deg)

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A20

2

ůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂŶĚďŽŶĚƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJ

(i) ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂƐƚŚĞĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂŶĂƚŽŵƚŽĂƩƌĂĐƚƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨWĂƵůŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJǀĂůƵĞƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǁĂƌĞƚŚĂƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJincreases towards F in the periodic table

^tϭϮhƐŝŶŐŝĚĞĂƐĂďŽƵƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJƚŽpredict chemical bond type

(j) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) a polar bond and permanent dipole within

molecules containing covalently-bonded ĂƚŽŵƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƟĞƐ

(ii) a polar molecule and overall dipole in terms of permanent dipole(s) and molecular shape

A polar molecule requires polar bonds with dipoles ƚŚĂƚĚŽŶŽƚĐĂŶĐĞůĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶŐ2O and CO2 both have polar bonds but only H2O has an overall dipole

ŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ

ŬͿ intermolecular forces based on permanent ĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŝŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Permanent dipolendashdipole and induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶboth be referred to as van der Waalsrsquo forces

ŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞreferred to as London (dispersion) forces

^tϭϮŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƐĂŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶintermolecular bonding

(l) hydrogen bonding as intermolecular bonding ďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐEKŽƌampĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƚŽŵŽĨʹEʹKŽƌamp

Including the role of lone pairs

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽŵĂůŽƵƐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨ2O ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞŐ(i) the density of ice compared with water(ii) ŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJŚŝŐŚŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

HSW1 Use of ideas about hydrogen bonding to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(n) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐĂƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůLJďŽŶĚĞĚŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ eg I2 ice

(o) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 21

2

DŽĚƵůĞϯWĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞĂŶĚĞŶĞƌŐLJ

The focus of this module is inorganic and physical ĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƚŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĞƚŽeveryday life and industrial processes and current environmental concerns associated with sustainability

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of inorganic and physical chemistry

ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐĂŶĚŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ

ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

ƌĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚLJŝĞůĚŝŶŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐsustainability

This module allows learners to develop important ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂůƐŬŝůůƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞ

ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůwork

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry

31 The periodic table

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞhalogens as typical metal and non-metal groups ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂŶƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽďĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

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311 PeriodicitygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ

(a) the periodic table as the arrangement of elements(i) by increasing atomic (proton) number(ii) ŝŶƉĞƌŝŽĚƐƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƌĞƉĞĂƟŶŐƚƌĞŶĚƐ

ŝŶƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ(periodicity)

(iii) ŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƐŝŵŝůĂƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

HSW1711 The development of the Periodic Law ĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ

HSW711 The extension of the periodic table ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌLJĂŶĚĐŽŶĮƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĞǁelements

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(b) (i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐacross Periods 2 and 3 (see also 221 d)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŽƐͲƉͲĂŶĚd-blocks

(c) ĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨelectrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms) and ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂŶĚ(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ

energies across Periods 2 and 3 and down a ŐƌŽƵƉŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶŶƵĐůĞĂƌĐŚĂƌŐĞand atomic radius

(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶenergies of the number of electrons in each shell of an atom and the group of an element

M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŽŶůLJ džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞƐŵĂůůĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĂƐĂresult of s- and p-sub-shell energies (eg between ĞĂŶĚͿĂŶĚƉͲŽƌďŝƚĂůƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶĞŐďĞƚǁĞĞŶEand O)

^tϭϮdƌĞŶĚƐŝŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞBohr model of the atom

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŵĞƚĂůůŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐ

ĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐĂƟŽŶƐƉŽƐŝƟǀĞŝŽŶƐͿand delocalised electrons

(ii) ĂŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĞŐĂůůmetals

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨĐƵďŝĐŽƌŚĞdžĂŐŽŶĂůƉĂĐŬŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŽĨcarbon (diamond graphite and graphene) and silicon as networks of atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds

HSW19 Use of ideas about bonding to explain the ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚĞŶĞĂŶĚŝƚƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ

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(f) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐĂŶĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚbonding

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉĂƌƟĐůĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶĂůĂƫĐĞƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨĨŽƌĐĞƐĂŶĚďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŽďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐinvolved as appropriate

HSW1 Use of ideas about bonding to explain ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶŝŶŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐacross Periods 2 and 3 in terms of structure and bonding (see also 222 o)

M31

Trend in structure from giant metallic to giant ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞ

ϯϭϮƌŽƵƉϮgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƌŽƵƉϮŵĞƚĂůƐ

(a) the outer shell s2ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵ2+ ions

(b) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ Mg ĺĂƐŚŽǁŶďLJƚŚĞŝƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚ(i) oxygen(ii) water(iii) dilute acids

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞproducing a salt and hydrogen

(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐŝĞƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdown the group (see also 311 c)

M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝƐnot required but learners should be able to write an ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) ƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŽŶƌŽƵƉϮŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞƉŽĨĂŶLJƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐincluding the trend of increasing alkalinity

(e) ƵƐĞƐŽĨƐŽŵĞƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƐďĂƐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞďƵƚŶŽƚůŝŵŝƚĞĚto)(i) Ca(OH)2 in agriculture to neutralise acid

soils(ii) Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3ĂƐĂŶƚĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚƌĞĂƟŶŐ

ŝŶĚŝŐĞƐƟŽŶ

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ϯϭϯdŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) existence of halogens as diatomic molecules and ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨCl 2 Br2 and I2 in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(b) the outer shell s2p5ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶand the gaining of one electron in many redox ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵϭʹŝŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĨƵůůĂŶĚŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 215 Redox)

(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐl 2 Br2 and I2ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌŚĂůŝĚĞions

Including colour change in aqueous and organic ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ(c) from the decreasing ease of forming 1ndash ions ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶĂƚŽŵŝĐƌĂĚŝƵƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶshielding

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶ as ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚillustrated by(i) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚǁĂƚĞƌĂƐƵƐĞĚ

in water treatment(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚĐŽůĚĚŝůƵƚĞ

aqueous sodium hydroxide as used to form bleach

(iii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶ(i) and (ii)

(f) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞƵƐĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ(killing bacteria) contrasted with associated risks (eg hazards of toxic chlorine gas and ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚhydrocarbons)

HSW91012 Decisions on whether or not to ĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƐĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐƌŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨƉƵƌŝĨLJŝŶŐdrinking water

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĂŶŝŽŶƐl ndash Brndash and Indash with aqueous silver ions followed by aqueous ĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞĂƐĂƚĞƐƚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚhalide ions

Complexes with ammonia are not required other ƚŚĂŶŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ

PAG4 (see also 314 a) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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ϯϭϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound(i) anions ͻ K3

2ndashďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ+(aq) forming CO2(g) (see 214 c)

ͻ ^K42ndashďLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ2+(aq)

ͻ l ndash Brndash Indash ƐĞĞϯϭϯŐͿ(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁĂƌŵEĂKĂƋͿĨŽƌŵŝŶŐE3

Sequence of tests required is carbonate sulfate then halide (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble)

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

32 Physical chemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞgeneral theme of energy

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĮƌƐƚůĞĂƌŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵexperimental results including enthalpy cycles

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƚĂůLJƐŝƐ

ZĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and ƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨequilibrium

Finally the integrated roles of enthalpy changes rates catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand improving the sustainability of industrial processes

ϯϮϭŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ6HŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic (6HŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿŽƌĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ (6HƉŽƐŝƟǀĞͿ

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐcompared with products

M31

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(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams

M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states

ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy

ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)

(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)

(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)

(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ

^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K

(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

PAG3

Bond enthalpies

(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds

(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required

Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ

ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy

cycles

M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes

(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly

M31 M32

To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c

PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Simple collision theory

(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ

M31 M32 M35

^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ

Catalysts

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ

ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ

ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ

Details of processes are not required

(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts

(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ

PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ

(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)

M31

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)

M31

^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

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ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change

(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required

HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ

dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc

(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

M02 M11 M23 M24

Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc

ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc

M03

ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

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DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability

The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry

ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism

ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ

alcohols and haloalkanes

ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry

41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series

ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows

dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes

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ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups

^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity

^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic

formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2

(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3

(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol

H

C

H

H

C

H

H O H

(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol

OH

M42

See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required

In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO

The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene

^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context

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ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic

ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)

(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)

(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon

and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)

(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)

(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)

(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ

R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds

(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series

Isomerism

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula

M42

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)

(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)

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ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms

Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)

(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ

lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f

HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles

Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

M31

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)

HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK

(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ

Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron

ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

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ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ

M41 M42

^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the

same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ

ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)

ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)

(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers

M42 M43

C C

H

HE-but-2-ene

(trans)

M42 M43

Z-but-2-ene(cis)

CH3

H3C

H3C

C C

H

CH3

H

Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond

ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required

C C

R

R

M42 M43

R

R

(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula

M42 M43

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ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ

(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable

ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including

the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst

eg H3PO4 to form alcohols

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)

(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required

HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ

deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ

ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer

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tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the

ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals

(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources

(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ

ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

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(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7

2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including

(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones

(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes

Mechanism not required

(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes

Mechanism not required

ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and

ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)

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ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ

ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK

^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg

CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl

ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2

ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2

Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ

ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ

ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ

liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ

organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ

MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ

PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39

2

ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40

2

ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41

2

DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42

2

ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24

(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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ϮϮůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨĂƚŽŵŝĐŽƌďŝƚĂůƐand develops a deeper understanding of electron ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐůŝŶŬĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ

The central role of electrons in ionic and covalent bonding is then studied The important role of

ŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶlooks at how bonding and structure contribute to ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ

ϮϮϭůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŶĞƌŐLJůĞǀĞůƐƐŚĞůůƐƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůƐĂƚŽŵŝĐŽƌďŝƚĂůƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶ

(a) ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĮůůƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĨŽƵƌshells

(b) atomic orbitals including (i) as a region around the nucleus that can hold

up to two electrons with opposite spins(ii) the shapes of s- and p-orbitals(iii) the number of orbitals making up s- p- and

d-sub-shells and the number of electrons ƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĮůůƐͲƉͲĂŶĚĚͲƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůƐ

HSW17 Development of models to explain electron structure

(c) ĮůůŝŶŐŽĨŽƌďŝƚĂůƐ(i) ĨŽƌƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƚŚƌĞĞƐŚĞůůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞϰƐĂŶĚϰƉ

orbitals in order of increasing energy(ii) for orbitals with the same energy

ŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶƐŝŶŐůLJďĞĨŽƌĞƉĂŝƌŝŶŐ

Learners are expected to be familiar with the ΖĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶďŽdžΖƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϭĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĮŶĞĚŵŽĚĞůƐĨŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶstructure

(d) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ

(i) atoms given the atomic number up to Z = 36

(ii) ions given the atomic number and ionic charge limited to s- and p-blocks up to Z = 36

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶŝĞĨŽƌoxygen 1s22s22p4

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ϮϮϮŽŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

(a) ŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƉŽƐŝƟǀĞĂŶĚŶĞŐĂƟǀĞŝŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨΖdot-and-crossΖĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞůLJĐŚĂƌŐĞĚŝŽŶƐƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚŝŶĂůůĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƐĞŐEĂl

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƐŽůŝĚliquid and aqueous states

HSW1 Use of ideas about ionic bonding to explain

ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

(d) ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĂƐƚŚĞƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂƐŚĂƌĞĚƉĂŝƌŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐĂŶĚthe nuclei of the bonded atoms

(e) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨdot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of

molecules and ions to describe

(i) single covalent bonding

(ii) ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ(iii) ĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

lsquoDot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of up to six electron pairs

(including lone pairs) surrounding a central atom

(f) use of the term average bond enthalpy as a

measurement of covalent bond strength

Learners should appreciate that the larger the value

of the average bond enthalpy the stronger the

covalent bond

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐnot required

ǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉŝĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐare covered in detail in 321 f

dŚĞƐŚĂƉĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐ

ŐͿ the shapes of and bond angles in molecules and

ions with up to six electron pairs (including lone

pairs) surrounding the central atom as predicted

ďLJĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞrepulsive strengths of bonded pairs and lone

pairs of electrons

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to

illustrate shapes of molecules and ions

HSW12 Using electron pair repulsion theory to

predict molecular shapes

(h) electron pair repulsion to explain the following

shapes of molecules and ions linear non-linear

trigonal planar pyramidal tetrahedral and

octahedral

Learners are expected to know that lone pairs repel

more than bonded pairs and the bond angles for

common examples of each shape including

CH4ϭϬϵϱΣͿE

3 (107deg) and H

2O (1045deg)

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ůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂŶĚďŽŶĚƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJ

(i) ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂƐƚŚĞĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂŶĂƚŽŵƚŽĂƩƌĂĐƚƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨWĂƵůŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJǀĂůƵĞƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǁĂƌĞƚŚĂƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJincreases towards F in the periodic table

^tϭϮhƐŝŶŐŝĚĞĂƐĂďŽƵƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJƚŽpredict chemical bond type

(j) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) a polar bond and permanent dipole within

molecules containing covalently-bonded ĂƚŽŵƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƟĞƐ

(ii) a polar molecule and overall dipole in terms of permanent dipole(s) and molecular shape

A polar molecule requires polar bonds with dipoles ƚŚĂƚĚŽŶŽƚĐĂŶĐĞůĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶŐ2O and CO2 both have polar bonds but only H2O has an overall dipole

ŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ

ŬͿ intermolecular forces based on permanent ĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŝŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Permanent dipolendashdipole and induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶboth be referred to as van der Waalsrsquo forces

ŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞreferred to as London (dispersion) forces

^tϭϮŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƐĂŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶintermolecular bonding

(l) hydrogen bonding as intermolecular bonding ďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐEKŽƌampĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƚŽŵŽĨʹEʹKŽƌamp

Including the role of lone pairs

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽŵĂůŽƵƐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨ2O ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞŐ(i) the density of ice compared with water(ii) ŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJŚŝŐŚŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

HSW1 Use of ideas about hydrogen bonding to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(n) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐĂƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůLJďŽŶĚĞĚŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ eg I2 ice

(o) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ

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DŽĚƵůĞϯWĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞĂŶĚĞŶĞƌŐLJ

The focus of this module is inorganic and physical ĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƚŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĞƚŽeveryday life and industrial processes and current environmental concerns associated with sustainability

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of inorganic and physical chemistry

ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐĂŶĚŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ

ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

ƌĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚLJŝĞůĚŝŶŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐsustainability

This module allows learners to develop important ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂůƐŬŝůůƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞ

ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůwork

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry

31 The periodic table

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞhalogens as typical metal and non-metal groups ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂŶƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽďĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

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311 PeriodicitygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ

(a) the periodic table as the arrangement of elements(i) by increasing atomic (proton) number(ii) ŝŶƉĞƌŝŽĚƐƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƌĞƉĞĂƟŶŐƚƌĞŶĚƐ

ŝŶƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ(periodicity)

(iii) ŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƐŝŵŝůĂƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

HSW1711 The development of the Periodic Law ĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ

HSW711 The extension of the periodic table ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌLJĂŶĚĐŽŶĮƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĞǁelements

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(b) (i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐacross Periods 2 and 3 (see also 221 d)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŽƐͲƉͲĂŶĚd-blocks

(c) ĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨelectrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms) and ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂŶĚ(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ

energies across Periods 2 and 3 and down a ŐƌŽƵƉŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶŶƵĐůĞĂƌĐŚĂƌŐĞand atomic radius

(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶenergies of the number of electrons in each shell of an atom and the group of an element

M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŽŶůLJ džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞƐŵĂůůĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĂƐĂresult of s- and p-sub-shell energies (eg between ĞĂŶĚͿĂŶĚƉͲŽƌďŝƚĂůƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶĞŐďĞƚǁĞĞŶEand O)

^tϭϮdƌĞŶĚƐŝŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞBohr model of the atom

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŵĞƚĂůůŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐ

ĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐĂƟŽŶƐƉŽƐŝƟǀĞŝŽŶƐͿand delocalised electrons

(ii) ĂŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĞŐĂůůmetals

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨĐƵďŝĐŽƌŚĞdžĂŐŽŶĂůƉĂĐŬŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŽĨcarbon (diamond graphite and graphene) and silicon as networks of atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds

HSW19 Use of ideas about bonding to explain the ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚĞŶĞĂŶĚŝƚƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ

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(f) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐĂŶĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚbonding

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉĂƌƟĐůĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶĂůĂƫĐĞƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨĨŽƌĐĞƐĂŶĚďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŽďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐinvolved as appropriate

HSW1 Use of ideas about bonding to explain ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶŝŶŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐacross Periods 2 and 3 in terms of structure and bonding (see also 222 o)

M31

Trend in structure from giant metallic to giant ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞ

ϯϭϮƌŽƵƉϮgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƌŽƵƉϮŵĞƚĂůƐ

(a) the outer shell s2ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵ2+ ions

(b) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ Mg ĺĂƐŚŽǁŶďLJƚŚĞŝƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚ(i) oxygen(ii) water(iii) dilute acids

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞproducing a salt and hydrogen

(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐŝĞƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdown the group (see also 311 c)

M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝƐnot required but learners should be able to write an ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) ƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŽŶƌŽƵƉϮŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞƉŽĨĂŶLJƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐincluding the trend of increasing alkalinity

(e) ƵƐĞƐŽĨƐŽŵĞƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƐďĂƐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞďƵƚŶŽƚůŝŵŝƚĞĚto)(i) Ca(OH)2 in agriculture to neutralise acid

soils(ii) Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3ĂƐĂŶƚĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚƌĞĂƟŶŐ

ŝŶĚŝŐĞƐƟŽŶ

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ϯϭϯdŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) existence of halogens as diatomic molecules and ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨCl 2 Br2 and I2 in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(b) the outer shell s2p5ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶand the gaining of one electron in many redox ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵϭʹŝŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĨƵůůĂŶĚŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 215 Redox)

(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐl 2 Br2 and I2ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌŚĂůŝĚĞions

Including colour change in aqueous and organic ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ(c) from the decreasing ease of forming 1ndash ions ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶĂƚŽŵŝĐƌĂĚŝƵƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶshielding

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶ as ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚillustrated by(i) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚǁĂƚĞƌĂƐƵƐĞĚ

in water treatment(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚĐŽůĚĚŝůƵƚĞ

aqueous sodium hydroxide as used to form bleach

(iii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶ(i) and (ii)

(f) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞƵƐĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ(killing bacteria) contrasted with associated risks (eg hazards of toxic chlorine gas and ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚhydrocarbons)

HSW91012 Decisions on whether or not to ĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƐĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐƌŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨƉƵƌŝĨLJŝŶŐdrinking water

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĂŶŝŽŶƐl ndash Brndash and Indash with aqueous silver ions followed by aqueous ĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞĂƐĂƚĞƐƚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚhalide ions

Complexes with ammonia are not required other ƚŚĂŶŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ

PAG4 (see also 314 a) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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ϯϭϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound(i) anions ͻ K3

2ndashďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ+(aq) forming CO2(g) (see 214 c)

ͻ ^K42ndashďLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ2+(aq)

ͻ l ndash Brndash Indash ƐĞĞϯϭϯŐͿ(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁĂƌŵEĂKĂƋͿĨŽƌŵŝŶŐE3

Sequence of tests required is carbonate sulfate then halide (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble)

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

32 Physical chemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞgeneral theme of energy

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĮƌƐƚůĞĂƌŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵexperimental results including enthalpy cycles

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƚĂůLJƐŝƐ

ZĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and ƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨequilibrium

Finally the integrated roles of enthalpy changes rates catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand improving the sustainability of industrial processes

ϯϮϭŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ6HŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic (6HŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿŽƌĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ (6HƉŽƐŝƟǀĞͿ

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐcompared with products

M31

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(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams

M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states

ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy

ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)

(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)

(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)

(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ

^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K

(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

PAG3

Bond enthalpies

(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds

(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required

Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ

ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy

cycles

M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes

(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly

M31 M32

To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c

PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Simple collision theory

(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ

M31 M32 M35

^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ

Catalysts

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ

ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ

ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ

Details of processes are not required

(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts

(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ

PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ

(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)

M31

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)

M31

^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A28

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ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change

(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required

HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ

dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc

(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

M02 M11 M23 M24

Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc

ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc

M03

ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 29

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DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability

The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry

ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism

ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ

alcohols and haloalkanes

ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry

41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series

ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows

dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A30

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ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups

^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity

^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic

formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2

(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3

(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol

H

C

H

H

C

H

H O H

(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol

OH

M42

See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required

In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO

The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene

^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context

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ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic

ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)

(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)

(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon

and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)

(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)

(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)

(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ

R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds

(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series

Isomerism

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula

M42

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)

(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)

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ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms

Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)

(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ

lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f

HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles

Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

M31

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)

HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK

(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ

Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron

ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

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ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ

M41 M42

^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the

same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ

ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)

ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)

(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers

M42 M43

C C

H

HE-but-2-ene

(trans)

M42 M43

Z-but-2-ene(cis)

CH3

H3C

H3C

C C

H

CH3

H

Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond

ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required

C C

R

R

M42 M43

R

R

(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula

M42 M43

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ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ

(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable

ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including

the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst

eg H3PO4 to form alcohols

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)

(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required

HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ

deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ

ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer

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tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the

ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals

(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources

(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ

ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

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(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7

2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including

(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones

(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes

Mechanism not required

(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes

Mechanism not required

ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and

ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)

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ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ

ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK

^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg

CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl

ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2

ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2

Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ

ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ

ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ

liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ

organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ

MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ

PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

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ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41

2

DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42

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ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43

2

(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24

(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 19

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ϮϮϮŽŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

(a) ŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƉŽƐŝƟǀĞĂŶĚŶĞŐĂƟǀĞŝŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨΖdot-and-crossΖĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞůLJĐŚĂƌŐĞĚŝŽŶƐƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚŝŶĂůůĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƐĞŐEĂl

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƐŽůŝĚliquid and aqueous states

HSW1 Use of ideas about ionic bonding to explain

ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

(d) ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĂƐƚŚĞƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂƐŚĂƌĞĚƉĂŝƌŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐĂŶĚthe nuclei of the bonded atoms

(e) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨdot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of

molecules and ions to describe

(i) single covalent bonding

(ii) ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ(iii) ĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

lsquoDot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of up to six electron pairs

(including lone pairs) surrounding a central atom

(f) use of the term average bond enthalpy as a

measurement of covalent bond strength

Learners should appreciate that the larger the value

of the average bond enthalpy the stronger the

covalent bond

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐnot required

ǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉŝĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐare covered in detail in 321 f

dŚĞƐŚĂƉĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐ

ŐͿ the shapes of and bond angles in molecules and

ions with up to six electron pairs (including lone

pairs) surrounding the central atom as predicted

ďLJĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞrepulsive strengths of bonded pairs and lone

pairs of electrons

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to

illustrate shapes of molecules and ions

HSW12 Using electron pair repulsion theory to

predict molecular shapes

(h) electron pair repulsion to explain the following

shapes of molecules and ions linear non-linear

trigonal planar pyramidal tetrahedral and

octahedral

Learners are expected to know that lone pairs repel

more than bonded pairs and the bond angles for

common examples of each shape including

CH4ϭϬϵϱΣͿE

3 (107deg) and H

2O (1045deg)

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A20

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ůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂŶĚďŽŶĚƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJ

(i) ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂƐƚŚĞĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂŶĂƚŽŵƚŽĂƩƌĂĐƚƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨWĂƵůŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJǀĂůƵĞƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǁĂƌĞƚŚĂƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJincreases towards F in the periodic table

^tϭϮhƐŝŶŐŝĚĞĂƐĂďŽƵƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJƚŽpredict chemical bond type

(j) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) a polar bond and permanent dipole within

molecules containing covalently-bonded ĂƚŽŵƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƟĞƐ

(ii) a polar molecule and overall dipole in terms of permanent dipole(s) and molecular shape

A polar molecule requires polar bonds with dipoles ƚŚĂƚĚŽŶŽƚĐĂŶĐĞůĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶŐ2O and CO2 both have polar bonds but only H2O has an overall dipole

ŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ

ŬͿ intermolecular forces based on permanent ĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŝŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Permanent dipolendashdipole and induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶboth be referred to as van der Waalsrsquo forces

ŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞreferred to as London (dispersion) forces

^tϭϮŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƐĂŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶintermolecular bonding

(l) hydrogen bonding as intermolecular bonding ďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐEKŽƌampĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƚŽŵŽĨʹEʹKŽƌamp

Including the role of lone pairs

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽŵĂůŽƵƐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨ2O ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞŐ(i) the density of ice compared with water(ii) ŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJŚŝŐŚŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

HSW1 Use of ideas about hydrogen bonding to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(n) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐĂƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůLJďŽŶĚĞĚŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ eg I2 ice

(o) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 21

2

DŽĚƵůĞϯWĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞĂŶĚĞŶĞƌŐLJ

The focus of this module is inorganic and physical ĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƚŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĞƚŽeveryday life and industrial processes and current environmental concerns associated with sustainability

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of inorganic and physical chemistry

ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐĂŶĚŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ

ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

ƌĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚLJŝĞůĚŝŶŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐsustainability

This module allows learners to develop important ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂůƐŬŝůůƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞ

ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůwork

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry

31 The periodic table

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞhalogens as typical metal and non-metal groups ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂŶƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽďĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

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311 PeriodicitygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ

(a) the periodic table as the arrangement of elements(i) by increasing atomic (proton) number(ii) ŝŶƉĞƌŝŽĚƐƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƌĞƉĞĂƟŶŐƚƌĞŶĚƐ

ŝŶƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ(periodicity)

(iii) ŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƐŝŵŝůĂƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

HSW1711 The development of the Periodic Law ĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ

HSW711 The extension of the periodic table ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌLJĂŶĚĐŽŶĮƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĞǁelements

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(b) (i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐacross Periods 2 and 3 (see also 221 d)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŽƐͲƉͲĂŶĚd-blocks

(c) ĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨelectrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms) and ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂŶĚ(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ

energies across Periods 2 and 3 and down a ŐƌŽƵƉŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶŶƵĐůĞĂƌĐŚĂƌŐĞand atomic radius

(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶenergies of the number of electrons in each shell of an atom and the group of an element

M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŽŶůLJ džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞƐŵĂůůĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĂƐĂresult of s- and p-sub-shell energies (eg between ĞĂŶĚͿĂŶĚƉͲŽƌďŝƚĂůƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶĞŐďĞƚǁĞĞŶEand O)

^tϭϮdƌĞŶĚƐŝŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞBohr model of the atom

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŵĞƚĂůůŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐ

ĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐĂƟŽŶƐƉŽƐŝƟǀĞŝŽŶƐͿand delocalised electrons

(ii) ĂŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĞŐĂůůmetals

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨĐƵďŝĐŽƌŚĞdžĂŐŽŶĂůƉĂĐŬŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŽĨcarbon (diamond graphite and graphene) and silicon as networks of atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds

HSW19 Use of ideas about bonding to explain the ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚĞŶĞĂŶĚŝƚƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ

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(f) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐĂŶĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚbonding

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉĂƌƟĐůĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶĂůĂƫĐĞƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨĨŽƌĐĞƐĂŶĚďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŽďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐinvolved as appropriate

HSW1 Use of ideas about bonding to explain ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶŝŶŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐacross Periods 2 and 3 in terms of structure and bonding (see also 222 o)

M31

Trend in structure from giant metallic to giant ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞ

ϯϭϮƌŽƵƉϮgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƌŽƵƉϮŵĞƚĂůƐ

(a) the outer shell s2ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵ2+ ions

(b) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ Mg ĺĂƐŚŽǁŶďLJƚŚĞŝƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚ(i) oxygen(ii) water(iii) dilute acids

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞproducing a salt and hydrogen

(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐŝĞƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdown the group (see also 311 c)

M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝƐnot required but learners should be able to write an ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) ƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŽŶƌŽƵƉϮŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞƉŽĨĂŶLJƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐincluding the trend of increasing alkalinity

(e) ƵƐĞƐŽĨƐŽŵĞƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƐďĂƐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞďƵƚŶŽƚůŝŵŝƚĞĚto)(i) Ca(OH)2 in agriculture to neutralise acid

soils(ii) Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3ĂƐĂŶƚĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚƌĞĂƟŶŐ

ŝŶĚŝŐĞƐƟŽŶ

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ϯϭϯdŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) existence of halogens as diatomic molecules and ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨCl 2 Br2 and I2 in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(b) the outer shell s2p5ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶand the gaining of one electron in many redox ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵϭʹŝŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĨƵůůĂŶĚŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 215 Redox)

(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐl 2 Br2 and I2ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌŚĂůŝĚĞions

Including colour change in aqueous and organic ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ(c) from the decreasing ease of forming 1ndash ions ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶĂƚŽŵŝĐƌĂĚŝƵƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶshielding

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶ as ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚillustrated by(i) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚǁĂƚĞƌĂƐƵƐĞĚ

in water treatment(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚĐŽůĚĚŝůƵƚĞ

aqueous sodium hydroxide as used to form bleach

(iii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶ(i) and (ii)

(f) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞƵƐĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ(killing bacteria) contrasted with associated risks (eg hazards of toxic chlorine gas and ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚhydrocarbons)

HSW91012 Decisions on whether or not to ĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƐĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐƌŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨƉƵƌŝĨLJŝŶŐdrinking water

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĂŶŝŽŶƐl ndash Brndash and Indash with aqueous silver ions followed by aqueous ĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞĂƐĂƚĞƐƚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚhalide ions

Complexes with ammonia are not required other ƚŚĂŶŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ

PAG4 (see also 314 a) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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ϯϭϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound(i) anions ͻ K3

2ndashďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ+(aq) forming CO2(g) (see 214 c)

ͻ ^K42ndashďLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ2+(aq)

ͻ l ndash Brndash Indash ƐĞĞϯϭϯŐͿ(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁĂƌŵEĂKĂƋͿĨŽƌŵŝŶŐE3

Sequence of tests required is carbonate sulfate then halide (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble)

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

32 Physical chemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞgeneral theme of energy

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĮƌƐƚůĞĂƌŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵexperimental results including enthalpy cycles

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƚĂůLJƐŝƐ

ZĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and ƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨequilibrium

Finally the integrated roles of enthalpy changes rates catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand improving the sustainability of industrial processes

ϯϮϭŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ6HŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic (6HŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿŽƌĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ (6HƉŽƐŝƟǀĞͿ

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐcompared with products

M31

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(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams

M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states

ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy

ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)

(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)

(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)

(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ

^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K

(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

PAG3

Bond enthalpies

(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds

(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required

Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ

ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy

cycles

M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes

(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly

M31 M32

To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c

PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Simple collision theory

(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ

M31 M32 M35

^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ

Catalysts

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ

ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ

ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ

Details of processes are not required

(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts

(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ

PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ

(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)

M31

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)

M31

^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

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ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change

(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required

HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ

dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc

(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

M02 M11 M23 M24

Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc

ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc

M03

ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

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DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability

The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry

ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism

ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ

alcohols and haloalkanes

ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry

41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series

ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows

dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes

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ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups

^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity

^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic

formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2

(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3

(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol

H

C

H

H

C

H

H O H

(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol

OH

M42

See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required

In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO

The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene

^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context

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ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic

ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)

(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)

(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon

and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)

(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)

(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)

(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ

R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds

(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series

Isomerism

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula

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ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)

(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)

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ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms

Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)

(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ

lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f

HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles

Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

M31

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)

HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK

(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ

Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron

ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

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ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ

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^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the

same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ

ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)

ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)

(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers

M42 M43

C C

H

HE-but-2-ene

(trans)

M42 M43

Z-but-2-ene(cis)

CH3

H3C

H3C

C C

H

CH3

H

Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond

ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required

C C

R

R

M42 M43

R

R

(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula

M42 M43

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ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ

(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable

ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including

the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst

eg H3PO4 to form alcohols

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)

(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required

HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ

deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ

ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer

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tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the

ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals

(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources

(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ

ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

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(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7

2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including

(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones

(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes

Mechanism not required

(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes

Mechanism not required

ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and

ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)

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ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ

ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK

^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg

CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl

ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2

ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2

Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ

ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ

ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ

liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ

organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ

MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ

PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39

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ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40

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ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

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DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24

(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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ůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂŶĚďŽŶĚƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJ

(i) ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂƐƚŚĞĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂŶĂƚŽŵƚŽĂƩƌĂĐƚƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨWĂƵůŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJǀĂůƵĞƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǁĂƌĞƚŚĂƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJincreases towards F in the periodic table

^tϭϮhƐŝŶŐŝĚĞĂƐĂďŽƵƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJƚŽpredict chemical bond type

(j) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) a polar bond and permanent dipole within

molecules containing covalently-bonded ĂƚŽŵƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƟĞƐ

(ii) a polar molecule and overall dipole in terms of permanent dipole(s) and molecular shape

A polar molecule requires polar bonds with dipoles ƚŚĂƚĚŽŶŽƚĐĂŶĐĞůĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶŐ2O and CO2 both have polar bonds but only H2O has an overall dipole

ŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ

ŬͿ intermolecular forces based on permanent ĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŝŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Permanent dipolendashdipole and induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶboth be referred to as van der Waalsrsquo forces

ŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞreferred to as London (dispersion) forces

^tϭϮŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƐĂŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶintermolecular bonding

(l) hydrogen bonding as intermolecular bonding ďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐEKŽƌampĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƚŽŵŽĨʹEʹKŽƌamp

Including the role of lone pairs

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽŵĂůŽƵƐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨ2O ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞŐ(i) the density of ice compared with water(ii) ŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJŚŝŐŚŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

HSW1 Use of ideas about hydrogen bonding to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(n) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐĂƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůLJďŽŶĚĞĚŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ eg I2 ice

(o) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ

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DŽĚƵůĞϯWĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞĂŶĚĞŶĞƌŐLJ

The focus of this module is inorganic and physical ĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƚŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĞƚŽeveryday life and industrial processes and current environmental concerns associated with sustainability

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of inorganic and physical chemistry

ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐĂŶĚŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ

ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

ƌĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚLJŝĞůĚŝŶŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐsustainability

This module allows learners to develop important ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂůƐŬŝůůƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞ

ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůwork

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry

31 The periodic table

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞhalogens as typical metal and non-metal groups ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂŶƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽďĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

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311 PeriodicitygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ

(a) the periodic table as the arrangement of elements(i) by increasing atomic (proton) number(ii) ŝŶƉĞƌŝŽĚƐƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƌĞƉĞĂƟŶŐƚƌĞŶĚƐ

ŝŶƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ(periodicity)

(iii) ŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƐŝŵŝůĂƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

HSW1711 The development of the Periodic Law ĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ

HSW711 The extension of the periodic table ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌLJĂŶĚĐŽŶĮƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĞǁelements

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(b) (i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐacross Periods 2 and 3 (see also 221 d)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŽƐͲƉͲĂŶĚd-blocks

(c) ĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨelectrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms) and ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂŶĚ(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ

energies across Periods 2 and 3 and down a ŐƌŽƵƉŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶŶƵĐůĞĂƌĐŚĂƌŐĞand atomic radius

(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶenergies of the number of electrons in each shell of an atom and the group of an element

M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŽŶůLJ džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞƐŵĂůůĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĂƐĂresult of s- and p-sub-shell energies (eg between ĞĂŶĚͿĂŶĚƉͲŽƌďŝƚĂůƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶĞŐďĞƚǁĞĞŶEand O)

^tϭϮdƌĞŶĚƐŝŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞBohr model of the atom

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŵĞƚĂůůŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐ

ĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐĂƟŽŶƐƉŽƐŝƟǀĞŝŽŶƐͿand delocalised electrons

(ii) ĂŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĞŐĂůůmetals

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨĐƵďŝĐŽƌŚĞdžĂŐŽŶĂůƉĂĐŬŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŽĨcarbon (diamond graphite and graphene) and silicon as networks of atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds

HSW19 Use of ideas about bonding to explain the ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚĞŶĞĂŶĚŝƚƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ

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(f) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐĂŶĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚbonding

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉĂƌƟĐůĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶĂůĂƫĐĞƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨĨŽƌĐĞƐĂŶĚďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŽďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐinvolved as appropriate

HSW1 Use of ideas about bonding to explain ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶŝŶŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐacross Periods 2 and 3 in terms of structure and bonding (see also 222 o)

M31

Trend in structure from giant metallic to giant ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞ

ϯϭϮƌŽƵƉϮgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƌŽƵƉϮŵĞƚĂůƐ

(a) the outer shell s2ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵ2+ ions

(b) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ Mg ĺĂƐŚŽǁŶďLJƚŚĞŝƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚ(i) oxygen(ii) water(iii) dilute acids

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞproducing a salt and hydrogen

(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐŝĞƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdown the group (see also 311 c)

M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝƐnot required but learners should be able to write an ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) ƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŽŶƌŽƵƉϮŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞƉŽĨĂŶLJƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐincluding the trend of increasing alkalinity

(e) ƵƐĞƐŽĨƐŽŵĞƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƐďĂƐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞďƵƚŶŽƚůŝŵŝƚĞĚto)(i) Ca(OH)2 in agriculture to neutralise acid

soils(ii) Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3ĂƐĂŶƚĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚƌĞĂƟŶŐ

ŝŶĚŝŐĞƐƟŽŶ

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ϯϭϯdŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) existence of halogens as diatomic molecules and ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨCl 2 Br2 and I2 in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(b) the outer shell s2p5ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶand the gaining of one electron in many redox ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵϭʹŝŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĨƵůůĂŶĚŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 215 Redox)

(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐl 2 Br2 and I2ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌŚĂůŝĚĞions

Including colour change in aqueous and organic ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ(c) from the decreasing ease of forming 1ndash ions ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶĂƚŽŵŝĐƌĂĚŝƵƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶshielding

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶ as ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚillustrated by(i) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚǁĂƚĞƌĂƐƵƐĞĚ

in water treatment(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚĐŽůĚĚŝůƵƚĞ

aqueous sodium hydroxide as used to form bleach

(iii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶ(i) and (ii)

(f) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞƵƐĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ(killing bacteria) contrasted with associated risks (eg hazards of toxic chlorine gas and ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚhydrocarbons)

HSW91012 Decisions on whether or not to ĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƐĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐƌŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨƉƵƌŝĨLJŝŶŐdrinking water

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĂŶŝŽŶƐl ndash Brndash and Indash with aqueous silver ions followed by aqueous ĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞĂƐĂƚĞƐƚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚhalide ions

Complexes with ammonia are not required other ƚŚĂŶŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ

PAG4 (see also 314 a) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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ϯϭϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound(i) anions ͻ K3

2ndashďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ+(aq) forming CO2(g) (see 214 c)

ͻ ^K42ndashďLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ2+(aq)

ͻ l ndash Brndash Indash ƐĞĞϯϭϯŐͿ(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁĂƌŵEĂKĂƋͿĨŽƌŵŝŶŐE3

Sequence of tests required is carbonate sulfate then halide (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble)

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

32 Physical chemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞgeneral theme of energy

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĮƌƐƚůĞĂƌŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵexperimental results including enthalpy cycles

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƚĂůLJƐŝƐ

ZĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and ƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨequilibrium

Finally the integrated roles of enthalpy changes rates catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand improving the sustainability of industrial processes

ϯϮϭŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ6HŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic (6HŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿŽƌĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ (6HƉŽƐŝƟǀĞͿ

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐcompared with products

M31

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(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams

M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states

ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy

ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)

(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)

(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)

(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ

^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K

(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

PAG3

Bond enthalpies

(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds

(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required

Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ

ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy

cycles

M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes

(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly

M31 M32

To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c

PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Simple collision theory

(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ

M31 M32 M35

^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ

Catalysts

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ

ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ

ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ

Details of processes are not required

(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts

(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ

PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ

(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)

M31

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)

M31

^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

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ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change

(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required

HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ

dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc

(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

M02 M11 M23 M24

Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc

ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc

M03

ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

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DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability

The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry

ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism

ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ

alcohols and haloalkanes

ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry

41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series

ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows

dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes

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ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups

^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity

^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic

formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2

(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3

(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol

H

C

H

H

C

H

H O H

(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol

OH

M42

See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required

In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO

The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene

^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context

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ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic

ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)

(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)

(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon

and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)

(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)

(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)

(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ

R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds

(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series

Isomerism

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula

M42

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)

(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)

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ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms

Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)

(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ

lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f

HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles

Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

M31

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)

HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK

(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ

Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron

ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

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ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ

M41 M42

^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the

same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ

ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)

ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)

(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers

M42 M43

C C

H

HE-but-2-ene

(trans)

M42 M43

Z-but-2-ene(cis)

CH3

H3C

H3C

C C

H

CH3

H

Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond

ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required

C C

R

R

M42 M43

R

R

(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula

M42 M43

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ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ

(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable

ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including

the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst

eg H3PO4 to form alcohols

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)

(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required

HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ

deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ

ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer

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tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the

ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals

(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources

(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ

ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

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(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7

2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including

(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones

(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes

Mechanism not required

(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes

Mechanism not required

ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and

ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)

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ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ

ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK

^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg

CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl

ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2

ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2

Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ

ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ

ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ

liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ

organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ

MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ

PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39

2

ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40

2

ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41

2

DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42

2

ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24

(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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DŽĚƵůĞϯWĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞĂŶĚĞŶĞƌŐLJ

The focus of this module is inorganic and physical ĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƚŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĞƚŽeveryday life and industrial processes and current environmental concerns associated with sustainability

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of inorganic and physical chemistry

ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐĂŶĚŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ

ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

ƌĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚLJŝĞůĚŝŶŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐsustainability

This module allows learners to develop important ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂůƐŬŝůůƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞ

ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůwork

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry

31 The periodic table

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞhalogens as typical metal and non-metal groups ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂŶƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽďĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

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311 PeriodicitygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ

(a) the periodic table as the arrangement of elements(i) by increasing atomic (proton) number(ii) ŝŶƉĞƌŝŽĚƐƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƌĞƉĞĂƟŶŐƚƌĞŶĚƐ

ŝŶƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ(periodicity)

(iii) ŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƐŝŵŝůĂƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

HSW1711 The development of the Periodic Law ĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ

HSW711 The extension of the periodic table ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌLJĂŶĚĐŽŶĮƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĞǁelements

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(b) (i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐacross Periods 2 and 3 (see also 221 d)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŽƐͲƉͲĂŶĚd-blocks

(c) ĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨelectrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms) and ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂŶĚ(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ

energies across Periods 2 and 3 and down a ŐƌŽƵƉŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶŶƵĐůĞĂƌĐŚĂƌŐĞand atomic radius

(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶenergies of the number of electrons in each shell of an atom and the group of an element

M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŽŶůLJ džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞƐŵĂůůĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĂƐĂresult of s- and p-sub-shell energies (eg between ĞĂŶĚͿĂŶĚƉͲŽƌďŝƚĂůƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶĞŐďĞƚǁĞĞŶEand O)

^tϭϮdƌĞŶĚƐŝŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞBohr model of the atom

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŵĞƚĂůůŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐ

ĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐĂƟŽŶƐƉŽƐŝƟǀĞŝŽŶƐͿand delocalised electrons

(ii) ĂŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĞŐĂůůmetals

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨĐƵďŝĐŽƌŚĞdžĂŐŽŶĂůƉĂĐŬŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŽĨcarbon (diamond graphite and graphene) and silicon as networks of atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds

HSW19 Use of ideas about bonding to explain the ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚĞŶĞĂŶĚŝƚƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ

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(f) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐĂŶĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚbonding

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉĂƌƟĐůĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶĂůĂƫĐĞƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨĨŽƌĐĞƐĂŶĚďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŽďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐinvolved as appropriate

HSW1 Use of ideas about bonding to explain ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶŝŶŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐacross Periods 2 and 3 in terms of structure and bonding (see also 222 o)

M31

Trend in structure from giant metallic to giant ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞ

ϯϭϮƌŽƵƉϮgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƌŽƵƉϮŵĞƚĂůƐ

(a) the outer shell s2ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵ2+ ions

(b) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ Mg ĺĂƐŚŽǁŶďLJƚŚĞŝƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚ(i) oxygen(ii) water(iii) dilute acids

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞproducing a salt and hydrogen

(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐŝĞƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdown the group (see also 311 c)

M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝƐnot required but learners should be able to write an ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) ƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŽŶƌŽƵƉϮŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞƉŽĨĂŶLJƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐincluding the trend of increasing alkalinity

(e) ƵƐĞƐŽĨƐŽŵĞƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƐďĂƐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞďƵƚŶŽƚůŝŵŝƚĞĚto)(i) Ca(OH)2 in agriculture to neutralise acid

soils(ii) Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3ĂƐĂŶƚĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚƌĞĂƟŶŐ

ŝŶĚŝŐĞƐƟŽŶ

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ϯϭϯdŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) existence of halogens as diatomic molecules and ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨCl 2 Br2 and I2 in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(b) the outer shell s2p5ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶand the gaining of one electron in many redox ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵϭʹŝŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĨƵůůĂŶĚŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 215 Redox)

(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐl 2 Br2 and I2ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌŚĂůŝĚĞions

Including colour change in aqueous and organic ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ(c) from the decreasing ease of forming 1ndash ions ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶĂƚŽŵŝĐƌĂĚŝƵƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶshielding

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶ as ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚillustrated by(i) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚǁĂƚĞƌĂƐƵƐĞĚ

in water treatment(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚĐŽůĚĚŝůƵƚĞ

aqueous sodium hydroxide as used to form bleach

(iii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶ(i) and (ii)

(f) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞƵƐĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ(killing bacteria) contrasted with associated risks (eg hazards of toxic chlorine gas and ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚhydrocarbons)

HSW91012 Decisions on whether or not to ĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƐĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐƌŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨƉƵƌŝĨLJŝŶŐdrinking water

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĂŶŝŽŶƐl ndash Brndash and Indash with aqueous silver ions followed by aqueous ĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞĂƐĂƚĞƐƚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚhalide ions

Complexes with ammonia are not required other ƚŚĂŶŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ

PAG4 (see also 314 a) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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ϯϭϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound(i) anions ͻ K3

2ndashďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ+(aq) forming CO2(g) (see 214 c)

ͻ ^K42ndashďLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ2+(aq)

ͻ l ndash Brndash Indash ƐĞĞϯϭϯŐͿ(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁĂƌŵEĂKĂƋͿĨŽƌŵŝŶŐE3

Sequence of tests required is carbonate sulfate then halide (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble)

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

32 Physical chemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞgeneral theme of energy

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĮƌƐƚůĞĂƌŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵexperimental results including enthalpy cycles

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƚĂůLJƐŝƐ

ZĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and ƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨequilibrium

Finally the integrated roles of enthalpy changes rates catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand improving the sustainability of industrial processes

ϯϮϭŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ6HŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic (6HŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿŽƌĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ (6HƉŽƐŝƟǀĞͿ

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐcompared with products

M31

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(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams

M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states

ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy

ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)

(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)

(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)

(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ

^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K

(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

PAG3

Bond enthalpies

(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds

(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required

Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ

ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy

cycles

M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes

(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly

M31 M32

To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c

PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Simple collision theory

(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ

M31 M32 M35

^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ

Catalysts

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ

ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ

ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ

Details of processes are not required

(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts

(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ

PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ

(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)

M31

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)

M31

^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

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ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change

(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required

HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ

dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc

(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

M02 M11 M23 M24

Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc

ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc

M03

ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

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DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability

The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry

ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism

ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ

alcohols and haloalkanes

ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry

41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series

ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows

dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes

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ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups

^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity

^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic

formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2

(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3

(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol

H

C

H

H

C

H

H O H

(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol

OH

M42

See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required

In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO

The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene

^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context

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ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic

ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)

(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)

(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon

and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)

(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)

(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)

(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ

R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds

(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series

Isomerism

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula

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ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)

(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)

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ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms

Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)

(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ

lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f

HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles

Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

M31

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)

HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK

(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ

Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron

ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

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ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ

M41 M42

^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the

same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ

ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)

ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)

(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers

M42 M43

C C

H

HE-but-2-ene

(trans)

M42 M43

Z-but-2-ene(cis)

CH3

H3C

H3C

C C

H

CH3

H

Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond

ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required

C C

R

R

M42 M43

R

R

(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula

M42 M43

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ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ

(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable

ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including

the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst

eg H3PO4 to form alcohols

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)

(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required

HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ

deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ

ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer

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tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the

ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals

(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources

(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ

ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

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(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7

2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including

(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones

(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes

Mechanism not required

(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes

Mechanism not required

ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and

ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)

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ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ

ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK

^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg

CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl

ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2

ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2

Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ

ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ

ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ

liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ

organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ

MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ

PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39

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ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40

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ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

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DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24

(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

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PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

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dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

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ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

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(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

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Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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311 PeriodicitygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ

(a) the periodic table as the arrangement of elements(i) by increasing atomic (proton) number(ii) ŝŶƉĞƌŝŽĚƐƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƌĞƉĞĂƟŶŐƚƌĞŶĚƐ

ŝŶƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ(periodicity)

(iii) ŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƐŝŵŝůĂƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

HSW1711 The development of the Periodic Law ĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ

HSW711 The extension of the periodic table ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌLJĂŶĚĐŽŶĮƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĞǁelements

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(b) (i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐacross Periods 2 and 3 (see also 221 d)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŽƐͲƉͲĂŶĚd-blocks

(c) ĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨelectrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms) and ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂŶĚ(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ

energies across Periods 2 and 3 and down a ŐƌŽƵƉŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶŶƵĐůĞĂƌĐŚĂƌŐĞand atomic radius

(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶenergies of the number of electrons in each shell of an atom and the group of an element

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ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŽŶůLJ džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞƐŵĂůůĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĂƐĂresult of s- and p-sub-shell energies (eg between ĞĂŶĚͿĂŶĚƉͲŽƌďŝƚĂůƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶĞŐďĞƚǁĞĞŶEand O)

^tϭϮdƌĞŶĚƐŝŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞBohr model of the atom

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŵĞƚĂůůŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐ

ĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐĂƟŽŶƐƉŽƐŝƟǀĞŝŽŶƐͿand delocalised electrons

(ii) ĂŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĞŐĂůůmetals

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨĐƵďŝĐŽƌŚĞdžĂŐŽŶĂůƉĂĐŬŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŽĨcarbon (diamond graphite and graphene) and silicon as networks of atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds

HSW19 Use of ideas about bonding to explain the ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚĞŶĞĂŶĚŝƚƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ

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(f) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐĂŶĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚbonding

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉĂƌƟĐůĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶĂůĂƫĐĞƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨĨŽƌĐĞƐĂŶĚďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŽďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐinvolved as appropriate

HSW1 Use of ideas about bonding to explain ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶŝŶŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐacross Periods 2 and 3 in terms of structure and bonding (see also 222 o)

M31

Trend in structure from giant metallic to giant ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞ

ϯϭϮƌŽƵƉϮgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƌŽƵƉϮŵĞƚĂůƐ

(a) the outer shell s2ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵ2+ ions

(b) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ Mg ĺĂƐŚŽǁŶďLJƚŚĞŝƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚ(i) oxygen(ii) water(iii) dilute acids

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞproducing a salt and hydrogen

(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐŝĞƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdown the group (see also 311 c)

M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝƐnot required but learners should be able to write an ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) ƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŽŶƌŽƵƉϮŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞƉŽĨĂŶLJƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐincluding the trend of increasing alkalinity

(e) ƵƐĞƐŽĨƐŽŵĞƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƐďĂƐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞďƵƚŶŽƚůŝŵŝƚĞĚto)(i) Ca(OH)2 in agriculture to neutralise acid

soils(ii) Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3ĂƐĂŶƚĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚƌĞĂƟŶŐ

ŝŶĚŝŐĞƐƟŽŶ

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ϯϭϯdŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) existence of halogens as diatomic molecules and ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨCl 2 Br2 and I2 in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(b) the outer shell s2p5ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶand the gaining of one electron in many redox ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵϭʹŝŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĨƵůůĂŶĚŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 215 Redox)

(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐl 2 Br2 and I2ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌŚĂůŝĚĞions

Including colour change in aqueous and organic ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ(c) from the decreasing ease of forming 1ndash ions ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶĂƚŽŵŝĐƌĂĚŝƵƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶshielding

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶ as ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚillustrated by(i) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚǁĂƚĞƌĂƐƵƐĞĚ

in water treatment(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚĐŽůĚĚŝůƵƚĞ

aqueous sodium hydroxide as used to form bleach

(iii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶ(i) and (ii)

(f) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞƵƐĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ(killing bacteria) contrasted with associated risks (eg hazards of toxic chlorine gas and ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚhydrocarbons)

HSW91012 Decisions on whether or not to ĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƐĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐƌŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨƉƵƌŝĨLJŝŶŐdrinking water

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĂŶŝŽŶƐl ndash Brndash and Indash with aqueous silver ions followed by aqueous ĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞĂƐĂƚĞƐƚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚhalide ions

Complexes with ammonia are not required other ƚŚĂŶŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ

PAG4 (see also 314 a) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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ϯϭϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound(i) anions ͻ K3

2ndashďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ+(aq) forming CO2(g) (see 214 c)

ͻ ^K42ndashďLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ2+(aq)

ͻ l ndash Brndash Indash ƐĞĞϯϭϯŐͿ(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁĂƌŵEĂKĂƋͿĨŽƌŵŝŶŐE3

Sequence of tests required is carbonate sulfate then halide (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble)

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

32 Physical chemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞgeneral theme of energy

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĮƌƐƚůĞĂƌŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵexperimental results including enthalpy cycles

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƚĂůLJƐŝƐ

ZĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and ƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨequilibrium

Finally the integrated roles of enthalpy changes rates catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand improving the sustainability of industrial processes

ϯϮϭŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ6HŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic (6HŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿŽƌĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ (6HƉŽƐŝƟǀĞͿ

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐcompared with products

M31

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(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams

M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states

ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy

ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)

(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)

(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)

(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ

^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K

(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

PAG3

Bond enthalpies

(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds

(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required

Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ

ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy

cycles

M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes

(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly

M31 M32

To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c

PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Simple collision theory

(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ

M31 M32 M35

^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ

Catalysts

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ

ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ

ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ

Details of processes are not required

(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts

(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ

PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ

(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)

M31

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)

M31

^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A28

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ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change

(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required

HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ

dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc

(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

M02 M11 M23 M24

Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc

ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc

M03

ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

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DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability

The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry

ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism

ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ

alcohols and haloalkanes

ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry

41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series

ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows

dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes

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ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups

^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity

^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic

formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2

(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3

(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol

H

C

H

H

C

H

H O H

(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol

OH

M42

See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required

In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO

The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene

^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context

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ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic

ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)

(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)

(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon

and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)

(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)

(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)

(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ

R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds

(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series

Isomerism

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula

M42

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)

(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)

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ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms

Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)

(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ

lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f

HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles

Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

M31

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)

HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK

(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ

Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron

ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

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ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ

M41 M42

^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the

same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ

ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)

ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)

(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers

M42 M43

C C

H

HE-but-2-ene

(trans)

M42 M43

Z-but-2-ene(cis)

CH3

H3C

H3C

C C

H

CH3

H

Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond

ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required

C C

R

R

M42 M43

R

R

(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula

M42 M43

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ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ

(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable

ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including

the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst

eg H3PO4 to form alcohols

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)

(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required

HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ

deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ

ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer

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tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the

ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals

(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources

(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ

ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

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(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7

2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including

(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones

(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes

Mechanism not required

(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes

Mechanism not required

ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and

ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)

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ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ

ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK

^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg

CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl

ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2

ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2

Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ

ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ

ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ

liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ

organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ

MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ

PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

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ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

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DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42

2

ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43

2

(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45

2

ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24

(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

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(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

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Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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(f) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐĂŶĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚbonding

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉĂƌƟĐůĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶĂůĂƫĐĞƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨĨŽƌĐĞƐĂŶĚďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŽďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐinvolved as appropriate

HSW1 Use of ideas about bonding to explain ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶŝŶŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐacross Periods 2 and 3 in terms of structure and bonding (see also 222 o)

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Trend in structure from giant metallic to giant ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞ

ϯϭϮƌŽƵƉϮgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƌŽƵƉϮŵĞƚĂůƐ

(a) the outer shell s2ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵ2+ ions

(b) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ Mg ĺĂƐŚŽǁŶďLJƚŚĞŝƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚ(i) oxygen(ii) water(iii) dilute acids

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞproducing a salt and hydrogen

(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐŝĞƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdown the group (see also 311 c)

M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝƐnot required but learners should be able to write an ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) ƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŽŶƌŽƵƉϮŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞƉŽĨĂŶLJƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐincluding the trend of increasing alkalinity

(e) ƵƐĞƐŽĨƐŽŵĞƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƐďĂƐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞďƵƚŶŽƚůŝŵŝƚĞĚto)(i) Ca(OH)2 in agriculture to neutralise acid

soils(ii) Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3ĂƐĂŶƚĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚƌĞĂƟŶŐ

ŝŶĚŝŐĞƐƟŽŶ

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ϯϭϯdŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) existence of halogens as diatomic molecules and ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨCl 2 Br2 and I2 in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(b) the outer shell s2p5ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶand the gaining of one electron in many redox ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵϭʹŝŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĨƵůůĂŶĚŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 215 Redox)

(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐl 2 Br2 and I2ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌŚĂůŝĚĞions

Including colour change in aqueous and organic ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ(c) from the decreasing ease of forming 1ndash ions ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶĂƚŽŵŝĐƌĂĚŝƵƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶshielding

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶ as ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚillustrated by(i) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚǁĂƚĞƌĂƐƵƐĞĚ

in water treatment(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚĐŽůĚĚŝůƵƚĞ

aqueous sodium hydroxide as used to form bleach

(iii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶ(i) and (ii)

(f) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞƵƐĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ(killing bacteria) contrasted with associated risks (eg hazards of toxic chlorine gas and ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚhydrocarbons)

HSW91012 Decisions on whether or not to ĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƐĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐƌŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨƉƵƌŝĨLJŝŶŐdrinking water

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĂŶŝŽŶƐl ndash Brndash and Indash with aqueous silver ions followed by aqueous ĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞĂƐĂƚĞƐƚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚhalide ions

Complexes with ammonia are not required other ƚŚĂŶŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ

PAG4 (see also 314 a) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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ϯϭϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound(i) anions ͻ K3

2ndashďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ+(aq) forming CO2(g) (see 214 c)

ͻ ^K42ndashďLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ2+(aq)

ͻ l ndash Brndash Indash ƐĞĞϯϭϯŐͿ(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁĂƌŵEĂKĂƋͿĨŽƌŵŝŶŐE3

Sequence of tests required is carbonate sulfate then halide (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble)

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

32 Physical chemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞgeneral theme of energy

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĮƌƐƚůĞĂƌŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵexperimental results including enthalpy cycles

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƚĂůLJƐŝƐ

ZĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and ƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨequilibrium

Finally the integrated roles of enthalpy changes rates catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand improving the sustainability of industrial processes

ϯϮϭŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ6HŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic (6HŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿŽƌĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ (6HƉŽƐŝƟǀĞͿ

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐcompared with products

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(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams

M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states

ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy

ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)

(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)

(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)

(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ

^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K

(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

PAG3

Bond enthalpies

(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds

(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required

Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ

ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy

cycles

M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes

(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly

M31 M32

To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c

PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 27

2

ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Simple collision theory

(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ

M31 M32 M35

^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ

Catalysts

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ

ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ

ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ

Details of processes are not required

(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts

(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ

PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ

(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)

M31

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)

M31

^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A28

2

ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change

(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required

HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ

dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc

(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

M02 M11 M23 M24

Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc

ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc

M03

ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 29

2

DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability

The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry

ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism

ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ

alcohols and haloalkanes

ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry

41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series

ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows

dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes

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ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups

^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity

^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic

formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2

(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3

(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol

H

C

H

H

C

H

H O H

(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol

OH

M42

See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required

In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO

The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene

^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context

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ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic

ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)

(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)

(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon

and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)

(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)

(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)

(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ

R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds

(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series

Isomerism

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula

M42

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)

(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)

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ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms

Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)

(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ

lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f

HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles

Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

M31

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)

HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK

(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ

Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron

ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

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ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ

M41 M42

^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the

same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ

ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)

ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)

(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers

M42 M43

C C

H

HE-but-2-ene

(trans)

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Z-but-2-ene(cis)

CH3

H3C

H3C

C C

H

CH3

H

Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond

ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required

C C

R

R

M42 M43

R

R

(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula

M42 M43

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ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ

(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable

ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including

the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst

eg H3PO4 to form alcohols

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)

(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required

HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ

deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ

ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer

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tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the

ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals

(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources

(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ

ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

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(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7

2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including

(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones

(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes

Mechanism not required

(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes

Mechanism not required

ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and

ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)

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ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ

ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK

^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg

CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl

ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2

ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2

Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ

ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ

ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ

liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ

organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ

MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ

PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40

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ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41

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DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42

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ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

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Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

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pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

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HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

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(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

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ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

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Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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ϯϭϯdŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) existence of halogens as diatomic molecules and ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨCl 2 Br2 and I2 in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(b) the outer shell s2p5ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶand the gaining of one electron in many redox ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵϭʹŝŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĨƵůůĂŶĚŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 215 Redox)

(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐl 2 Br2 and I2ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌŚĂůŝĚĞions

Including colour change in aqueous and organic ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ(c) from the decreasing ease of forming 1ndash ions ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶĂƚŽŵŝĐƌĂĚŝƵƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶshielding

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶ as ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚillustrated by(i) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚǁĂƚĞƌĂƐƵƐĞĚ

in water treatment(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚĐŽůĚĚŝůƵƚĞ

aqueous sodium hydroxide as used to form bleach

(iii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶ(i) and (ii)

(f) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞƵƐĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ(killing bacteria) contrasted with associated risks (eg hazards of toxic chlorine gas and ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚhydrocarbons)

HSW91012 Decisions on whether or not to ĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƐĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐƌŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨƉƵƌŝĨLJŝŶŐdrinking water

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĂŶŝŽŶƐl ndash Brndash and Indash with aqueous silver ions followed by aqueous ĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞĂƐĂƚĞƐƚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚhalide ions

Complexes with ammonia are not required other ƚŚĂŶŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ

PAG4 (see also 314 a) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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ϯϭϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound(i) anions ͻ K3

2ndashďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ+(aq) forming CO2(g) (see 214 c)

ͻ ^K42ndashďLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ2+(aq)

ͻ l ndash Brndash Indash ƐĞĞϯϭϯŐͿ(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁĂƌŵEĂKĂƋͿĨŽƌŵŝŶŐE3

Sequence of tests required is carbonate sulfate then halide (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble)

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

32 Physical chemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞgeneral theme of energy

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĮƌƐƚůĞĂƌŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵexperimental results including enthalpy cycles

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƚĂůLJƐŝƐ

ZĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and ƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨequilibrium

Finally the integrated roles of enthalpy changes rates catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand improving the sustainability of industrial processes

ϯϮϭŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ6HŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic (6HŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿŽƌĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ (6HƉŽƐŝƟǀĞͿ

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐcompared with products

M31

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(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams

M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states

ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy

ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)

(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)

(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)

(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ

^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K

(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

PAG3

Bond enthalpies

(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds

(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required

Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ

ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy

cycles

M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes

(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly

M31 M32

To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c

PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 27

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ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Simple collision theory

(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ

M31 M32 M35

^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ

Catalysts

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ

ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ

ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ

Details of processes are not required

(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts

(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ

PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ

(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)

M31

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)

M31

^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A28

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ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change

(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required

HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ

dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc

(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

M02 M11 M23 M24

Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc

ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc

M03

ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 29

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DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability

The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry

ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism

ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ

alcohols and haloalkanes

ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry

41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series

ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows

dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes

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ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups

^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity

^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic

formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2

(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3

(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol

H

C

H

H

C

H

H O H

(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol

OH

M42

See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required

In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO

The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene

^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context

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ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic

ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)

(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)

(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon

and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)

(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)

(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)

(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ

R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds

(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series

Isomerism

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula

M42

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)

(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)

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ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms

Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)

(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ

lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f

HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles

Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

M31

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)

HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK

(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ

Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron

ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

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ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ

M41 M42

^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the

same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ

ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)

ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)

(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers

M42 M43

C C

H

HE-but-2-ene

(trans)

M42 M43

Z-but-2-ene(cis)

CH3

H3C

H3C

C C

H

CH3

H

Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond

ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required

C C

R

R

M42 M43

R

R

(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula

M42 M43

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2

ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ

(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable

ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including

the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst

eg H3PO4 to form alcohols

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)

(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required

HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ

deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ

ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer

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tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the

ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals

(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources

(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ

ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

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(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7

2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including

(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones

(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes

Mechanism not required

(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes

Mechanism not required

ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and

ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)

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ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ

ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK

^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg

CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl

ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2

ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2

Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ

ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ

ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ

liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ

organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ

MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ

PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40

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ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41

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DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42

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ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

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Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

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pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

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HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

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(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

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ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

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Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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ϯϭϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound(i) anions ͻ K3

2ndashďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ+(aq) forming CO2(g) (see 214 c)

ͻ ^K42ndashďLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ2+(aq)

ͻ l ndash Brndash Indash ƐĞĞϯϭϯŐͿ(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁĂƌŵEĂKĂƋͿĨŽƌŵŝŶŐE3

Sequence of tests required is carbonate sulfate then halide (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble)

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

32 Physical chemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞgeneral theme of energy

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĮƌƐƚůĞĂƌŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵexperimental results including enthalpy cycles

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƚĂůLJƐŝƐ

ZĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and ƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨequilibrium

Finally the integrated roles of enthalpy changes rates catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand improving the sustainability of industrial processes

ϯϮϭŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ6HŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic (6HŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿŽƌĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ (6HƉŽƐŝƟǀĞͿ

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐcompared with products

M31

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(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams

M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states

ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy

ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)

(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)

(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)

(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ

^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K

(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

PAG3

Bond enthalpies

(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds

(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required

Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ

ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy

cycles

M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes

(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly

M31 M32

To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c

PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Simple collision theory

(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ

M31 M32 M35

^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ

Catalysts

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ

ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ

ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ

Details of processes are not required

(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts

(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ

PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ

(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)

M31

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)

M31

^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A28

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ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change

(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required

HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ

dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc

(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

M02 M11 M23 M24

Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc

ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc

M03

ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

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DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability

The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry

ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism

ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ

alcohols and haloalkanes

ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry

41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series

ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows

dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes

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ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups

^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity

^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic

formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2

(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3

(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol

H

C

H

H

C

H

H O H

(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol

OH

M42

See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required

In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO

The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene

^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context

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ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic

ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)

(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)

(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon

and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)

(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)

(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)

(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ

R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds

(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series

Isomerism

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula

M42

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)

(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)

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ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms

Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)

(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ

lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f

HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles

Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

M31

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)

HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK

(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ

Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron

ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

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ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ

M41 M42

^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the

same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ

ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)

ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)

(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers

M42 M43

C C

H

HE-but-2-ene

(trans)

M42 M43

Z-but-2-ene(cis)

CH3

H3C

H3C

C C

H

CH3

H

Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond

ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required

C C

R

R

M42 M43

R

R

(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula

M42 M43

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ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ

(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable

ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including

the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst

eg H3PO4 to form alcohols

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)

(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required

HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ

deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ

ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer

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tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the

ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals

(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources

(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ

ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

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(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7

2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including

(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones

(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes

Mechanism not required

(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes

Mechanism not required

ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and

ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)

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ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ

ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK

^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg

CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl

ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2

ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2

Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ

ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ

ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ

liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ

organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ

MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ

PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

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ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

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DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42

2

ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43

2

(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45

2

ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24

(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams

M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states

ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy

ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)

(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)

(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)

(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ

^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K

(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

PAG3

Bond enthalpies

(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds

(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)

M00 M02 M22 M23 M24

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required

Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ

ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ

ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy

cycles

M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes

(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly

M31 M32

To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c

PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Simple collision theory

(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ

M31 M32 M35

^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ

Catalysts

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ

ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ

ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ

Details of processes are not required

(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts

(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ

PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ

(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)

M31

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)

M31

^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A28

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ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change

(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required

HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ

dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc

(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

M02 M11 M23 M24

Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc

ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc

M03

ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

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DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability

The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry

ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism

ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ

alcohols and haloalkanes

ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry

41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series

ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows

dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes

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ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups

^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity

^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic

formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2

(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3

(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol

H

C

H

H

C

H

H O H

(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol

OH

M42

See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required

In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO

The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene

^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context

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ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic

ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)

(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)

(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon

and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)

(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)

(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)

(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ

R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds

(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series

Isomerism

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula

M42

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)

(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)

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ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms

Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)

(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ

lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f

HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles

Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

M31

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)

HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK

(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ

Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron

ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

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ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ

M41 M42

^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the

same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ

ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)

ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)

(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers

M42 M43

C C

H

HE-but-2-ene

(trans)

M42 M43

Z-but-2-ene(cis)

CH3

H3C

H3C

C C

H

CH3

H

Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond

ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required

C C

R

R

M42 M43

R

R

(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula

M42 M43

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ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ

(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable

ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including

the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst

eg H3PO4 to form alcohols

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)

(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required

HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ

deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ

ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer

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tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the

ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals

(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources

(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ

ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

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(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7

2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including

(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones

(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes

Mechanism not required

(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes

Mechanism not required

ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and

ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)

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ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ

ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK

^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg

CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl

ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2

ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2

Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ

ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ

ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ

liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ

organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ

MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ

PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39

2

ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40

2

ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41

2

DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42

2

ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24

(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

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dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Simple collision theory

(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ

M31 M32 M35

^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ

Catalysts

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ

ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ

ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ

Details of processes are not required

(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts

(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ

PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ

(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)

M31

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)

M31

^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

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ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change

(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required

HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ

dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc

(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

M02 M11 M23 M24

Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc

ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc

M03

ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

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DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability

The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry

ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism

ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ

alcohols and haloalkanes

ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry

41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series

ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows

dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes

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ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups

^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity

^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic

formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2

(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3

(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol

H

C

H

H

C

H

H O H

(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol

OH

M42

See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required

In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO

The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene

^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context

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ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic

ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)

(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)

(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon

and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)

(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)

(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)

(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ

R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds

(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series

Isomerism

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula

M42

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)

(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)

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ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms

Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)

(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ

lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f

HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles

Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

M31

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)

HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK

(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ

Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron

ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

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ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ

M41 M42

^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the

same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ

ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)

ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)

(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers

M42 M43

C C

H

HE-but-2-ene

(trans)

M42 M43

Z-but-2-ene(cis)

CH3

H3C

H3C

C C

H

CH3

H

Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond

ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required

C C

R

R

M42 M43

R

R

(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula

M42 M43

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ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ

(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable

ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including

the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst

eg H3PO4 to form alcohols

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)

(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required

HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ

deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ

ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer

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tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the

ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals

(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources

(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ

ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

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(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7

2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including

(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones

(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes

Mechanism not required

(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes

Mechanism not required

ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and

ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38

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ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ

ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK

^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg

CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl

ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2

ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2

Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ

ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ

ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ

liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ

organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ

MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ

PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39

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ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40

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ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41

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DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42

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ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24

(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change

(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required

HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ

dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc

(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

M02 M11 M23 M24

Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc

ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc

M03

ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

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DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability

The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry

ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism

ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ

alcohols and haloalkanes

ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry

41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series

ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows

dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes

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ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups

^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity

^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic

formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2

(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3

(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol

H

C

H

H

C

H

H O H

(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol

OH

M42

See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required

In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO

The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene

^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context

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ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic

ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)

(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)

(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon

and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)

(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)

(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)

(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ

R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds

(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series

Isomerism

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula

M42

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)

(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)

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ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms

Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)

(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ

lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f

HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles

Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

M31

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)

HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK

(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ

Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron

ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

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ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ

M41 M42

^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the

same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ

ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)

ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)

(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers

M42 M43

C C

H

HE-but-2-ene

(trans)

M42 M43

Z-but-2-ene(cis)

CH3

H3C

H3C

C C

H

CH3

H

Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond

ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required

C C

R

R

M42 M43

R

R

(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula

M42 M43

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ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ

(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable

ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including

the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst

eg H3PO4 to form alcohols

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)

(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required

HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ

deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ

ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer

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tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the

ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals

(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources

(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ

ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

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(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7

2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including

(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones

(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes

Mechanism not required

(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes

Mechanism not required

ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and

ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38

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ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ

ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK

^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg

CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl

ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2

ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2

Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ

ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ

ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ

liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ

organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ

MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ

PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39

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ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40

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ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41

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DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42

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ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24

(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability

The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry

ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism

ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ

alcohols and haloalkanes

ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry

41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series

ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows

dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes

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ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups

^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity

^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic

formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2

(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3

(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol

H

C

H

H

C

H

H O H

(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol

OH

M42

See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required

In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO

The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene

^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context

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ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic

ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)

(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)

(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon

and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)

(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)

(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)

(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ

R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds

(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series

Isomerism

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula

M42

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)

(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)

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ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms

Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)

(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ

lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f

HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles

Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

M31

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)

HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK

(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ

Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron

ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

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ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ

M41 M42

^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the

same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ

ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)

ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)

(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers

M42 M43

C C

H

HE-but-2-ene

(trans)

M42 M43

Z-but-2-ene(cis)

CH3

H3C

H3C

C C

H

CH3

H

Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond

ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required

C C

R

R

M42 M43

R

R

(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula

M42 M43

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2

ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ

(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable

ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including

the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst

eg H3PO4 to form alcohols

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)

(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required

HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ

deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ

ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer

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tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the

ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals

(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources

(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ

ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

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(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7

2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including

(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones

(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes

Mechanism not required

(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes

Mechanism not required

ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and

ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)

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ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ

ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK

^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg

CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl

ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2

ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2

Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ

ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ

ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ

liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ

organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ

MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ

PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40

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ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41

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DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42

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ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

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Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

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pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

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HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

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(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

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ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

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Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups

^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity

^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic

formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2

(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3

(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol

H

C

H

H

C

H

H O H

(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol

OH

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See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required

In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO

The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene

^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context

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ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic

ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)

(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)

(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon

and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)

(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)

(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)

(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ

R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds

(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series

Isomerism

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula

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ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)

(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)

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ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms

Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)

(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ

lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f

HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles

Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

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Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

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ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)

HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK

(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ

Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron

ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

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ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ

M41 M42

^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the

same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ

ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)

ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)

(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers

M42 M43

C C

H

HE-but-2-ene

(trans)

M42 M43

Z-but-2-ene(cis)

CH3

H3C

H3C

C C

H

CH3

H

Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond

ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required

C C

R

R

M42 M43

R

R

(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula

M42 M43

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ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ

(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable

ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including

the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst

eg H3PO4 to form alcohols

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)

(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required

HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ

deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ

ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer

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tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the

ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals

(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources

(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ

ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

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(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7

2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including

(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones

(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes

Mechanism not required

(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes

Mechanism not required

ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and

ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)

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2

ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ

ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK

^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg

CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl

ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2

ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2

Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ

ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ

ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ

liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ

organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ

MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ

PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39

2

ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40

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ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41

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DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42

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ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24

(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

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PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

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dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

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ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

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(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

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Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic

ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)

(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)

(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon

and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)

(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)

(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)

(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ

R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds

(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series

Isomerism

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula

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ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ

atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)

(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)

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ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms

Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)

(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ

lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f

HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles

Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

M31

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)

HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK

(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ

Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron

ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

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ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ

M41 M42

^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the

same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ

ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)

ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)

(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers

M42 M43

C C

H

HE-but-2-ene

(trans)

M42 M43

Z-but-2-ene(cis)

CH3

H3C

H3C

C C

H

CH3

H

Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond

ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required

C C

R

R

M42 M43

R

R

(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula

M42 M43

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ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ

(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable

ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including

the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst

eg H3PO4 to form alcohols

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)

(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required

HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ

deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ

ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer

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tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the

ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals

(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources

(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ

ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

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(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7

2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including

(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones

(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes

Mechanism not required

(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes

Mechanism not required

ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and

ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)

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ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ

ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK

^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg

CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl

ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2

ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2

Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ

ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ

ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ

liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ

organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ

MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ

PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

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ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

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DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42

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ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24

(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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2

ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms

Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)

(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ

lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f

HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles

Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

M31

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)

HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK

(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ

Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron

ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

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ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ

M41 M42

^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the

same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ

ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)

ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)

(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers

M42 M43

C C

H

HE-but-2-ene

(trans)

M42 M43

Z-but-2-ene(cis)

CH3

H3C

H3C

C C

H

CH3

H

Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond

ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required

C C

R

R

M42 M43

R

R

(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula

M42 M43

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ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ

(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable

ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including

the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst

eg H3PO4 to form alcohols

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)

(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required

HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ

deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ

ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer

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tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the

ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals

(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources

(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ

ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

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(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7

2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including

(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones

(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes

Mechanism not required

(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes

Mechanism not required

ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and

ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)

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ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ

ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK

^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg

CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl

ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2

ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2

Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ

ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ

ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ

liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ

organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ

MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ

PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

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ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

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DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42

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ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24

(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ

M31

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)

HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK

(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ

Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron

ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

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ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ

M41 M42

^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the

same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ

ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)

ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)

(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers

M42 M43

C C

H

HE-but-2-ene

(trans)

M42 M43

Z-but-2-ene(cis)

CH3

H3C

H3C

C C

H

CH3

H

Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond

ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required

C C

R

R

M42 M43

R

R

(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula

M42 M43

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ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ

(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable

ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including

the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst

eg H3PO4 to form alcohols

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)

(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required

HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ

deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ

ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer

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tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the

ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals

(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources

(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ

ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

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(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7

2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including

(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones

(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes

Mechanism not required

(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes

Mechanism not required

ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and

ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)

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ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ

ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK

^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg

CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl

ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2

ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2

Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ

ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ

ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ

liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ

organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ

MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ

PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40

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ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41

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DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42

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ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24

(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ

LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ

M41 M42

^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the

same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ

ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)

ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)

(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers

M42 M43

C C

H

HE-but-2-ene

(trans)

M42 M43

Z-but-2-ene(cis)

CH3

H3C

H3C

C C

H

CH3

H

Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond

ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required

C C

R

R

M42 M43

R

R

(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula

M42 M43

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ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ

(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable

ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including

the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst

eg H3PO4 to form alcohols

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)

(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required

HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ

deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ

ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer

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tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the

ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals

(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources

(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ

ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

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(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7

2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including

(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones

(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes

Mechanism not required

(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes

Mechanism not required

ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and

ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)

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ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ

ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK

^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg

CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl

ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2

ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2

Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ

ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ

ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ

liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ

organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ

MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ

PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39

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ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40

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ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

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DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24

(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ

(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable

ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including

the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ

(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst

eg H3PO4 to form alcohols

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)

(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ

džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required

HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ

(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ

deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ

ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer

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tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the

ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals

(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources

(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ

ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

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(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7

2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including

(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones

(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes

Mechanism not required

(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes

Mechanism not required

ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and

ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)

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ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ

ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK

^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg

CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl

ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2

ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2

Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ

ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ

ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ

liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ

organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ

MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ

PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

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ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

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DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42

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ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24

(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the

ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals

(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources

(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ

ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ

Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)

(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ

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(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7

2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including

(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones

(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes

Mechanism not required

(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes

Mechanism not required

ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and

ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)

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ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ

ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK

^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg

CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl

ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2

ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2

Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ

ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ

ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ

liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ

organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ

MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ

PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

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ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41

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DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42

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ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43

2

(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45

2

ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

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(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7

2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including

(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones

(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes

Mechanism not required

(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes

Mechanism not required

ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ

(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and

ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)

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ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ

ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK

^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg

CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl

ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2

ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2

Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ

ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ

ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ

liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ

organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ

MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ

PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40

2

ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41

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DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42

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ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

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HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

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(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

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ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ

ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK

^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg

CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl

ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2

ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2

Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ

ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ

ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ

liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ

organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ

MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ

PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

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ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

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DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42

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ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24

(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Infrared spectroscopy

(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy

(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage

^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ

OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ

peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ

ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ

(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M31

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass

M31

Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

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ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

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DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

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aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

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Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

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pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

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HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

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(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

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ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

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Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

M31

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions

^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra

M31

gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ

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DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24

(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table

The main areas of physical chemistry studied include

ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step

equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ

ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ

entropy and free energy

electrochemical cells

The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include

redox chemistry

ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ

Enthalpy changes

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ

Chemical equilibrium

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42

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ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24

(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42

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ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step

(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ

rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2

M02

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required

PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ

M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24

ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ

(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ

to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ

(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12

M31 M32

Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12

M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ

ndashkt

ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ

respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ

M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35

ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far

HSW5 Link between order and rate

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24

(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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(h) the techniques and procedures used to

ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)

WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ

(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ

rate-determining step

(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ

(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ

M03

ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ

rate constant k and temperature T given by

ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT

(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically

using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the

ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34

aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ

R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required

ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet

HSW5 Link between k and T

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24

(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure

^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data

M02

(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ

Not for Kp

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)

M02

EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions

(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)

M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst

M03

ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

M03

(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25

pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

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HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

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(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

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ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

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ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

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ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

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(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

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Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ

(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)

(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ

^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour

(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ

(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)

(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa

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pH and [H+(aq)]

(d) use of the expression for pH as

ƉсʹůŽŐ+

+сϭϬndashpH

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HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+

(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24

(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids

(ii) strong bases using Kw

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ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ

M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25

ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

equilibrium ~undissociated

ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium

ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

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EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ

M03

Including reasons why

equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid

HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ

ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base

(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali

eg excess CH3KKEĂK

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH

(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ

M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25

(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ

The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ

maintaining a pH between 735 and 745

EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ

indicators given the pH range of the indicator

(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator

M31

EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA

(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter

PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding

Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change

Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ

(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1

mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of

1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required

(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ

M22 M23 M24 M31

^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ

522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Entropy

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system

HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability

(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ

the number of gaseous molecules

(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products

M22 M23 M24

ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H

HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ

M00 M22 M23 M24

HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility

(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Redox

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)

(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

M02

(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer

ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ

(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ

^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4

ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо

(ii) non-familiar redox systems

M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24

EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ

ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode

൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ

ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their

ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ

ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode

ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar

PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ

(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ

M03

^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ

(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells

ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ

ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode

ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied

ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds

ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell

(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ

state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ

(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ

(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2

EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ

(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands

Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl

ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)

In exams other ligands could be introduced

(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů

shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ

or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ

M41 M42

Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6

2+ampĞ2O)63+

Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4

2ndash and CoCl 42ndash

^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ

(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2

ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ

EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)

M41 M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW8

ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ

^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ

gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2

2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from

Ƶ2O)62+

(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6

3+ (see also 531 j)

Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ

(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO

WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia

ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6

2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6

3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6

3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+

(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash

(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu

Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+

reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7

2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ

Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ

(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž

ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

Tests for ions

(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound

(i) anions CO32ndash Cl

ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash

(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4

+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ

PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis

The main areas of organic chemistry studied include

ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

carboxylic acids and esters

organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids

ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis

^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry

Atoms moles and stoichiometry

ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

Bonding and structure

Organic nomenclature and structures

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols and haloalkanes

Synthesis and analysis

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry

ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4

ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis

The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied

ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ

Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ

or

HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ

(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)

HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ

(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds

hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ

^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ

ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ

(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of

concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen

carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the

ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)

Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides

(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ

ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2

+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ

Phenols

(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol

EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)

ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate

HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ

^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ

ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+

(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used

PAG7 (see also 631 c)

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)

(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE

ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O

ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+

^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ

(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in

an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ

dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ

ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver

ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable

PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required

PAG7 (see 631 c)

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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Esters

(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the

presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)

(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids

and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate

salts and alcohols

Acyl chlorides

(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2

(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ

ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able

ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product

dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ

(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

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PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

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dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

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ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

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(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ

haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines

(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid

ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)

ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ

(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ

ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)

(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ

Amides

(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ

Chirality

(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ

M42 M43

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism

HSW18

(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound

M42 M43

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ

(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides

ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers

(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ

of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ

See also 413 j

ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ

(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ

(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including

ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)

(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ

(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ

amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)

ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ

(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ

PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ

^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ

^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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63 Analysis

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules

dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ

dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests

ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values

M31

PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ

components in a mixture

M31 M32

dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ

^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ

(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ

(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ

nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ

with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)

(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)

(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)

PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

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ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

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(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ

(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash

(see also 613 b)

632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of

NMR Spectroscopy

(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the

molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ

ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired

(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule

(v) possible structures for the molecule

M31

ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ

^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds

(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule

M31

(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ

(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ

(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63

2

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds

copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63

2

ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding

(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ

M31

Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet

ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds

^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds