occurrence of cfp in japaniocwestpac.org/files/upload_manual/l2 oshiro.pdf · 2014. 11. 12. ·...
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THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
Occurrence of CFP in Japan
Naomasa OSHIRO
Section Chief of the Second Laboratory,Division of Biomedical Food Research,
National Institute of Health Sciences
NIHS
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
Naomasa OSHIROwas born, bred, educated and employed in Okinawa.
joined as a section chief of Marine Biotoxin lab. (the 2nd lab. ),
Div. Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health.
Education
1992 Department of Chemistry, University of the Ryukyus, BSc
1994 Graduate School of Science, University of the Ryukyus, MSc
2009 Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University
of Marine Science and Technology, PhD (Marine Science)
Employment
1994 Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment
2010 Environmental Preservation Division, Okinawa Prefectural
Government
2012 Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health
Sciences
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
Pathogens of Food Poisoning
• Bacteria
• Virus
• Chemical Substances
• Natural Toxins– Plant (including mushrooms)
– Animal
• Parasite
• Others
• Unknown
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
Collection of the food poisoning incidents.
Patients
Clinical Doctors
LocalHealth Center
Local Government
Ministry of Health, Labourand Welfare, GOJ
diagnose
report report
report
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
Food Poisoning Statistics, 2009.Inspection and Safety Division, Department of Food Safety, Pharmaceutical and Food Safety Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Government of Japan.
Annual variation in the percentage of incidents from food poisoning by Pathogenic substance.
Bacteria
Unknown Virus
Natural Toxins
Chemicals
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013Number of incidents, patients and death, attack rate, and fatality of food poisoning
caused by natural toxins in Japan (1989-2010)*.
Causative agentNumber of incidents
Number of people
consumed
Number of patients
Attack rate(%)
Number of death
Fatality(%)
Animal toxins
Pufferfish poisoning 651 1,644 976 59.4 56 3.4
Ciguatera 78 493 284 57.6 0 0.0
Tetramin 60 183 144 78.7 0 0.0
Palytoxin like toxin 19 119 65 54.6 1 0.8
DSP and PSP 12 136 57 41.9 1 0.7
Others** 18 96 52 - 0 -
Plant toxins
Mushroom 1,172 5,075 4,291 84.6 30 0.6
Plant 287 2,129 1,546 72.6 7 0.3
Others 54 134 128 - 0 -
* Suspected cases are also included.** escolar (wax) 1, striped Jewfish (vitamin A) 2, scavenging marine snail (TTX) 2, long shanny Stichaeus
grigorjewi (dinogunellin) 1, sea turtle 1, unidentified 11.
Toda et al., 2010
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
Fatal Cases of Food Poisoning in Japan (1989-2010)
自然毒, 95 細菌他, 49
56 2 30 7
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
自然毒による死者数(計95名)
全体の死者数(計144名)
フグ その他(動物性) キノコ 高等植物
other animal toxins ↓
Total: 144 cases
Natural toxins: 95 cases
Natural toxins: 95 bacteria: 49
pufferfish: 56 mushroom: 30
plant toxins ↓
Toda et al., 2010
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
Trends of natural toxin food poisoning (NTFP)in Japan, 1989–2011.
• The number of incidents of NTFP in each year has not been reduced.
• The major site for all hazards was “at home”.
• Consumer education is critically important to inform about NTFP occurrence, preventive measures and emergency treatments.
• Countermeasures for NTFPs which have never occurred in the past in Japan should be considered, because of the increasing variety of imported foods and changes resulting from the increase of sea temperature with global warming.
Toda et al., 2012
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: CFP
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
Ciguatera is …
• the disease caused by ingestion of tropical finfish.
• prevalent in tropical and sub-tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans and Caribbean Sea.
• derived from Caribbean name ‘cigua’ for shellfish Turbo pica.
• most frequent seafood poisoning in the world.– 20,000 – 50,000 patients, annually
• rarely fatal.
• persistent for months or years in severe case.
• caused by ciguatoxins.
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013Symptoms
• Incubation period ------ 1-36 hours (mostly within 24 h)
• Gastrointestinal ---------- early stage– vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain
• Neurological ------------- most common– dry ice sensation ----- “paradoxical” perception or reversal of
temperature perception to cold stimulus– paresthesia of extremities and circumoral region– arthralgia, pruritus, rash.
• Cardiovascular ------------- not common but severe– bradycardia, hypotension.
• most of the patients recover within 3 days
• malaise, paresthesia and pruritus may persist for weeks or even years in severe cases.
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
via food chain
dinoflagellate
G. toxicus
intoxication
dry ice sensation
Accumulation of ciguatoxins
herbivorous
animals
carnivorous fish
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
O
O
O
O
O
OO
O
O
O O
O
Me
MeOH
Me
Me
OH
MeOH
OHOH
HH H H
H H
H
H
H H HH
H H H HH
H
H
H H
H
O
OH
A B C D
E F
G
H
IJ
K
L M
1
54
52
OO
O
O
O
OO
Me
MeOH
Me
Me
Me
OH
H
HH
H HH
H
HH
H HH
H
O
O
O
OO
O
OHH H H
H
H H HH
A B C D
EF
GH
I
J
K
LM
51
49
1
Structures of ciguatoxins, CTX1B, CTX3C and C-CTX-1
CTX1B
CTX3C
C-CTX-1
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
Table 2. Representative studies and synonyms of ciguatoxins.
compound synonym reference m.w.Lethality to
mice (i.p.)remarks
CTX Scheuer et al. (1967) 0.5 mg/kg isolation
Legrand et al. (1989) 1110.6 0.4 μg/kg isolation, some property
Murata et al. (1989) planar structure
Murata et al. (1990) 0.35 μg/kg configuration
Satake et al. (1997b) absolute configuration
Inoue et al. (2006) 1.64 μg/kg synthesized
Hamajima and Isobe (2009) synthesized
CTX1B Satake et al. (1997a)
CTX1 Lewis et al. (1991) 1110.6 0.25 μg/kg isolation, identification
P-CTX-1 Vernoux and Lewis (1997)
54-deoxyCTX CTX-3 Lewis et al. (1991) 1095.5 0.9 μg/kg isolation, determination
P-CTX3 Vernoux and Lewis (1997)
52-epi -54-deoxyCTX CTX-2 Lewis et al. (1991) 1094.5 2.3 μg/kg isolation, planar structure
Lewis et al. (1993) configuration
P-CTX2 Vernoux and Lewis (1997)
CTX4A Satake et al. (1997a) 1060.6 2 μg/kg isolation, determination
(52-epi -CTX4B) Satake et al. (1997b) absolute configuration
scaritoxin Satake et al. (1997b) mixture of CTX4A and 4B
P-CTX4A Vernoux and Lewis (1997)
CTX4B no name Murata et al. (1989) 1060.6 isolation, planar structure
GTX4B Murata et al. (1990) 4 μg/kg configuration
CTX4B Satake et al. (1997b) absolute configuration
P-CTX4B Vernoux and Lewis (1997)
Representative studies and synonyms of ciguatoxins
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013Representative studies and synonyms of ciguatoxins
(Table 2. continued)
CTX3C CTX3C Satake et al. (1993) 1022.6 1.3 μg/kg isolation and determination
Hirama et al. (2001) ~1.5 μg/kg synthesized
P-CTX3C Vernoux and Lewis (1997)
51-hydroxyCTX3C Satake et al. (1998a) 1038.6 0.27 μg/kg isolation and determination
Inoue et al. (2006) 0.31 μg/kg synthesized
2,3,-dihydroxyCTX3C Satake et al. (1998a) 1056.6 1.8 μg/kg isolation and determination
Caribbean ciguatoxin-1 C-CTX-1 Crouch et al. (1995) 1122.6 isolation
Vernoux and Lewis (1997) 1140.7 3.6 μg/kg isolation
Lewis et al. (1998) 1140.6 determination
Caribbean ciguatoxin-2 C-CTX-2 Vernoux and Lewis (1997) 1140.7 ~ 1 μg/kg isolation
Lewis et al. (1998) 1140.6 determination
Indian Ocean ciguatoxin-1 I-CTX-1 Hamilton et al. (2002b) 1140.6 isolation
Hamilton et al. (2002a) 1140.6 isolation
Indian Ocean ciguatoxin-2 I-CTX-2 Hamilton et al. (2002a) 1140.6 isolation
Indian Ocean ciguatoxin-3 I-CTX-3 Hamilton et al. (2002a) 1156.6 isolation
Indian Ocean ciguatoxin-4 I-CTX-4 Hamilton et al. (2002a) 1156.6 isolation
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
CTX1B congeners CTX3C congeners
OO
O
O
O
OO
O
O
OO
O
MeOH
Me
OH
Me
OH
OH
H H H H H H
H
H
H HH
H
H H H H HH
HH
H
H
O
Me
OH
Me OH
AB
CD
EF
G
H
I
JK
LM
1
54
52
シガトキシンCTX1B (1110)
O
O
OHOH
OH
A
LM
1
52
52-epi-54-deoxyCTX
(1094)
54
O
O
OH
A
LM
1
52
CTX4A
(1060)
OO
OH
A
LM
1
52
CTX4B
(1060)
OOH
OHOH
M-seco-CTX4A/B
(1078)1
A
L 52
OO
OHOH
OH
A
LM
1
52
54-deoxyCTX
(1094)54
OO
O
OH
OH
A
LM
51
49
1
2,3-dihydroxyCTX3C
(1056)
OO
O
OHA
L
M
51
49
1
2-hydroxyCTX3C
(1040)
O
O
O
A
LM
5149
1
49-epiCTX3C
(1022)
OO
OHO
A
LM
51
49
1
51-hydroxyCTX3C
(1038)
OO
O
O
O
OO
Me
MeOH
Me
Me
Me
OH
H
HH
H HH
H
HH
H HH
H
O
O
O
OO
O
OHH H H
H
H H HH
A B C D
EF
G
H
I
J
K
LM
51
49
1
CTX3C
(1022)
OOH
OHO
A
L 49
1
M-seco-CTX3C
(1040)
OOMe
OHO
A
L 49
1
M-seco-CTX3C methyl acetal
(1054)
54-deoxyCTX1B
(1094)
52-epi-54-deoxyCTX1B(1094)
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
Number of incidents and cases of CFP in Japan (1989-2010)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
2
4
6
8
10
患者数(人)
食中毒発生件数(件)
患者数(人) 発生件数(件)
Number of incidents
Number ofcases
’89 ’91 ’93 ’95 ’97 ’99 ’01 ’03 ’05 ’07 ‘09
Number ofcases
Number of incidents
Toda et al., 2012
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013CFP incidents in Japan
(1989-2010)
OkinawaKagoshimaMiyazaki
Hyogo
Ibaraki
Kanagawa
Okinawa 70Kagoshima 3Ibaraki 1Kanagawa 1Hyogo 1Osaka* 1Miyazaki* 1
Total 78
Osaka
An incident reported as unidentified is suspected to be CFP due to consumption of Spotted Knifejaw, Oplegnathus punctatuscollected off Chiba.
Chiba
* Implicated fish was spotted Knifejaw, Oplegnathus punctatuscollected off the mainland Japan.
Toda et al., 2012
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
Ciguatera Incidents in Okinawa
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
Okinawa, also known as Ryukyu, is located in the south-westernmost end of Japan, consisting of 48 islands.
Its climate is subtropical and It has been recognized as ciguatera endemic area.
The population of Okinawa is 1.3 million.
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013Natural toxin and chemical food
poisoning in Okinawa
puffers ciguatera
mushroom plant puffers
JAPAN
OKINAWA
histamine
others
CFP accounted for 70% of chemical or natural toxin food poisoning in Okinawa.
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013Officially reported CFP in
Okinawa, 1997-2006.
•33 incidents were reported.
•Many cases might be remain unreported.
•Seasonality seems thin.
•Leftover foods and/or uncooked fish flesh could be obtained for analysis in 12 incidents.
0.024incidents/10,000 people/year
No. Date fish species Japanese nametoxicity
MU/g
1 18/Jan/97 6 9 67 L. monostigma イッテンフエダイ n.t.2
2 21/Sep/97 3 5 60 Lutjanus sp. フエダイ類 0.29
3 17/May/98 3 7 43 L. bohar バラフエダイ n.t.
4 17/Jun/98 3 5 60 V. louti バラハタ 0.1
5 25/Feb/99 1 1 100 E. fuscoguttatus アカマダラハタ n.t.
6 26/Feb/99 1 2 50 E. fuscoguttatus アカマダラハタ n.t.
7 08/May/99 1 7 14 L. bohar バラフエダイ n.t.
8 24/May/99 2 6 33 L. bohar バラフエダイ n.t.
9 03/Aug/99 1 4 25 L. monostigma イッテンフエダイ n.t.
10 31/Aug/99 3 3 100 Caranx ignobilis ロウニンアジ n.t.
11 21/Sep/99 6 6 100 unidentified 不明 n.t.
12 18/Oct/99 1 11 9 L. bohar バラフエダイ n.t.
13 16/Jan/00 7 7 100 E. polyphekadion マダラハタ 0.05
14 20/May/00 5 5 100 L. bohar バラフエダイ n.t.
15 24/Jun/00 4 26 15 snapper フエダイ類 n.t.
16 19/May/01 3 3 100 unidentified 不明 n.t.
17 31/Aug/01 3 3 100 L. monostigma イッテンフエダイ >0.2
18 21/Jun/02 2 5 40 L. bohar バラフエダイ n.t.
19 04/Nov/02 2 2 100 P. areolatus オオアオノメアラ n.t.
20 30/Nov/02 3 3 100 L. monostigma イッテンフエダイ >0.8
21 01/Apr/03 2 5 40 O. punctatus イシガキダイ n.t.
22 03/Jul/03 4 4 100 L. monostigma イッテンフエダイ 0.2
23 22/Jul/03 3 3 100 L. monostigma イッテンフエダイ >0.2
24 06/Oct/03 4 4 100 V. louti バラハタ 0.4
25 06/Mar/04 2 3 67 moray eel ウツボ n.t.
26 18/Nov/04 3 4 75 V. louti バラハタ >0.2
27 06/Jul/05 7 9 78 V. louti バラハタ n.t.
28 10/Sep/05 6 6 100 V. louti バラハタ 0.1
29 24/Jan/06 2 2 100 V. louti バラハタ n.t.
30 18/Mar/06 2 2 100 L. bohar バラフエダイ n.t.
31 26/May/06 1 27 4 L. bohar バラフエダイ 0.1
32 29/Jun/06 4 4 100 V. louti バラハタ 0.05
33 31/Dec/06 3 8 38 V. louti バラハタ n.t.
Attack rate
(%)
Number of
people consumed
Number of
patients
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
speciesnumber of
outbreaks
ratio
(%)
Variola louti 8 24
Lutjanus bohar 8 24
L. monostigma 6 18
Epinephelus fuscoguttatus 2 6
Lutjanidae 2 6
Plectropomus areolatus 1 3
Oplegnathus punctatus 1 3
E. polyphekadion 1 3
surgeonfish 1 3
moray eel 1 3
unidentified 2 6
total 33
Variola louti
Lutjanus bohar
Lutjanus monostigma
Frequency of causative species inthe CFP incidents in Okinawa.
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
No. fish species test sampletoxicity
MU/g
2 Lutjanus sp. cooked flesh 0.29
4 V. louti raw flesh 0.1
13 E. polyphekadion cooked flesh 0.05
soup1 < 0.025
17 L. monostigma cooked flesh >0.2
20 L. monostigma cooked flesh >0.8
22 L. monostigma raw flesh >0.2
mixed soup2 0.025
23 L. monostigma mixed soup2 >0.2
24 V. louti raw flesh 0.4
mixed soup2 0.1
26 V. louti flesh3 >0.2
V. louti flesh3 0.1
28 V. louti raw flesh 0.1
31 L. bohar cooked flesh 0.1
32 V. louti raw flesh 0.051 flesh and bones were removed and remainig were mixed.
2 bones were removed and remainig were mixed.
3 treated with boiling water
Toxicity (MU/g) of the leftover meals and/or remnant fish.
• Lowest toxicity of fish flesh0.05 MU/g (No. 13 & 32)
• Lowest toxicity of meal≦ 0.025 MU/g (No. 13 & 22)
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
No. fish species test sampletoxicity
MU/g
2 Lutjanus sp. cooked flesh 0.29
4 V. louti raw flesh 0.1
13 E. polyphekadion cooked flesh 0.05
soup1 < 0.025
17 L. monostigma cooked flesh >0.2
20 L. monostigma cooked flesh >0.8
22 L. monostigma raw flesh >0.2
mixed soup2 0.025
23 L. monostigma mixed soup2 >0.2
24 V. louti raw flesh 0.4
mixed soup2 0.1
26 V. louti flesh3 >0.2
V. louti flesh3 0.1
28 V. louti raw flesh 0.1
31 L. bohar cooked flesh 0.1
32 V. louti raw flesh 0.051 flesh and bones were removed and remainig were mixed.
2 bones were removed and remainig were mixed.
3 treated with boiling water
Toxicity (MU/g) of the leftover meals and/or remnant fish.
• Lowest toxicity of fish flesh0.05 MU/g (No. 13 & 32)
• Lowest toxicity of meal≦ 0.025 MU/g (No. 13 & 22)
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
No. fish species test sampletoxicity
MU/g
2 Lutjanus sp. cooked flesh 0.29
4 V. louti raw flesh 0.1
13 E. polyphekadion cooked flesh 0.05
soup1 < 0.025
17 L. monostigma cooked flesh >0.2
20 L. monostigma cooked flesh >0.8
22 L. monostigma raw flesh >0.2
mixed soup2 0.025
23 L. monostigma mixed soup2 >0.2
24 V. louti raw flesh 0.4
mixed soup2 0.1
26 V. louti flesh3 >0.2
V. louti flesh3 0.1
28 V. louti raw flesh 0.1
31 L. bohar cooked flesh 0.1
32 V. louti raw flesh 0.051 flesh and bones were removed and remainig were mixed.
2 bones were removed and remainig were mixed.
3 treated with boiling water
Toxicity (MU/g) of the leftover meals and/or remnant fish.
• Lowest toxicity of fish flesh0.05 MU/g (No. 13 & 32)
• Lowest toxicity of meal≦ 0.025 MU/g (No. 13 & 32)
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
No. fish species test sampletoxicity
MU/g
2 Lutjanus sp. cooked flesh 0.29
4 V. louti raw flesh 0.1
13 E. polyphekadion cooked flesh 0.05
soup1 < 0.025
17 L. monostigma cooked flesh >0.2
20 L. monostigma cooked flesh >0.8
22 L. monostigma raw flesh >0.2
mixed soup2 0.025
23 L. monostigma mixed soup2 >0.2
24 V. louti raw flesh 0.4
mixed soup2 0.1
26 V. louti flesh3 >0.2
V. louti flesh3 0.1
28 V. louti raw flesh 0.1
31 L. bohar cooked flesh 0.1
32 V. louti raw flesh 0.051 flesh and bones were removed and remainig were mixed.
2 bones were removed and remainig were mixed.
3 treated with boiling water
Toxicity (MU/g) of the leftover meals and/or remnant fish.
• Lowest toxicity of fish flesh0.05 MU/g (No. 13 & 32)
• Lowest toxicity of meal≦ 0.025 MU/g (No. 13 & 32)
• The maximum allowance level should be set below 0.025 MU/g
(0.175 ng CTX1B/g)
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
No. fish species test sampletoxicity
MU/g
2 Lutjanus sp. cooked flesh 0.29
4 V. louti raw flesh 0.1
13 E. polyphekadion cooked flesh 0.05
soup1 < 0.025
17 L. monostigma cooked flesh >0.2
20 L. monostigma cooked flesh >0.8
22 L. monostigma raw flesh >0.2
mixed soup2 0.025
23 L. monostigma mixed soup2 >0.2
24 V. louti raw flesh 0.4
mixed soup2 0.1
26 V. louti flesh3 >0.2
V. louti flesh3 0.1
28 V. louti raw flesh 0.1
31 L. bohar cooked flesh 0.1
32 V. louti raw flesh 0.051 flesh and bones were removed and remainig were mixed.
2 bones were removed and remainig were mixed.
3 treated with boiling water
Toxicity (MU/g) of the leftover meals and/or remnant fish.
• Lowest toxicity of fish flesh0.05 MU/g (No. 13 & 32)
• Lowest toxicity of meal≦ 0.025 MU/g (No. 13 & 32)
• The maximum allowance level should be set below 0.025 MU/g
(0.175 ng CTX1B/g)
• The minimum amount of consumption was estimated as 140 g (No. 28)
0.1 MU/g x 140 g = 14 MU= 98 ng CTX1B
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
Toxicity of Fishes from Okinawan Waters
Oshiro et al.
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
Lujanus argentimaculatus ゴマフエダイ
Lujanus boharバラフエダイ
Lujanus russelliiクロホシフエダイ
Lujanus monostigma イッテンフエダイ
Variola loutiバラハタ
Variola louti albimarginata オジロバラハタEpinephelus fuscoguttatus アカマダラハタ
Toxicity of Fishes from Okinawan Waters
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013Frequency of toxic specimens in
representative fish species.
L. monostigma 226 73 32.3
E. fuscoguttatus 24 5 20.8
V. louti 49 7 14.3
L. bohar 168 20 11.9
V. albimarginata 36 1 2.8
L. russellii 74 2 2.7
L. argentimaculatus 35 0 0.0
total 612 108
speciestoxic*examined
ratio of toxic
specimen (%)
number of specimens
The species frequently implicated in CFP are highly toxic.
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 2 4 6 8 10 12weight (kg)
sta
nd
ard
le
ng
th (
cm
)
↑50 cm
→ 4 kg
Toxicity(%)
entire 11.9
> 4 kg 37.7
> 7 kg 61.1
◆ nontoxic
◆ toxic
バラフエダイLutjanus bohar
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 5 10 15 20 25weight (kg)
sta
nda
rd len
gth
(cm
)
Toxicity (%)
entire 20.8
> 10 kg 50.0
→ 10kg
↑70cm
◆ nontoxic
◆ toxic
アカマダラハタEpinephelus fuscoguttatus
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1 2 3 4 5weight (kg)
sta
nd
ard
len
gth
(cm
)
Toxicity (%)
entire 14.3
> 1.5 kg 25.0→ 1.5 kg
◆ nontoxic
◆ toxic
バラハタVariola louti
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5weight (kg)
sta
nd
ard
length
(cm
)◆ nontoxic
◆ toxic
Toxicity (%)
entire 32.3
> 1 kg 48.0
イッテンフエダイLutjanus monostigma
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
Toxicity-based profiling of fish species
L. monostigma 29 4 (14) 7 (24) 8 (28) 6 (21) 4 (14)
L. bohar 20 9 (45) 6 (30) 5 (25)
V. louti 7 5 (71) 2 (29)
E. fuscoguttatus 5 4 (80) 1 (20)
* number of specimen (%)
number of toxic
specimenspecies
toxicity range*
0.025 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4
The occurrence of strongly toxic specimens was high inL. monostigma, agreeing with the fishermen’s view thatL. monostigma was the most dangerous species.
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
CFP in Mainland Japan
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013CFP incidents in Japan
(1989-2010)
OkinawaKagoshimaMiyazaki
Hyogo
Ibaraki
Kanagawa
Okinawa 70Kagoshima 3Ibaraki 1Kanagawa 1Hyogo 1Osaka* 1Miyazaki* 1
Total 78
Osaka
An incident reported as unidentified is suspected to be CFP due to consumption of Spotted Knifejaw, Oplegnathus punctatuscollected off Chiba.
Chiba
* Implicated fish was spotted Knifejaw, Oplegnathus punctatuscollected off the mainland Japan.
Toda et al., 2012
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
39/70
CFP in mainland Japan
Higshi-izu, Shizuoka 2007spotted Knifejaw (2.5 kg)Suspected (undiagnosed)
Katsuura, Chiba 1967Amberjack (19.5kg)
Manazuru, Kanagawa 2008spotted Knifejaw, Diagnosed but unreported
Hatijo-jima, Tokyo 2006spotted KnifejawSuspected (undiagnosed)
Minami-Ise 2008spotted Knifejaw (3 kg)Suspected (undiagnosed)
Susami, Wakayama 2007spotted KnifejawReported
Patients of three incidents were
undiagnosed at hospital.
They searched using by internet
and found CFP
CFP are supposed to be present in Mainland Japan
Katsuura, Chiba 1999spotted KnifejawReported as unkown
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
40
There should be many incidents.
• undiagnosed…• diagnosed but unreported…
spotted KnifejawOplegnathus punctatus
THE 3rd IOC/WESTPAC – TMO TRAINING WORKSHOP“Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan”Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan, 5-6 November, 2013
Acknowledgement
• Dr. Miou TODA (National Institute of Health Sciences)
• Prof. Takeshi YASUMOTO (Japan Food Research Center)
• Prof. Masahiro HIRAMA (Tohoku Univ.)
• Dr. Yasuo INAFUKU, Mr. Takashi UEHARA, Mr. KentaroYOGI, Ms. Satsuki SAKUGAWA, Ms. Ayuko KOJA. (Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment)
• Dr. Hidemasa HIGA (Chibana Clinic)
• Dr. Yoshimitsu MIYAGI (Okinawa Prefectural Chubu Hospital)