occupational safety and health management stud slide 1

8/2/2019 Occupational Safety and Health Management Stud Slide 1

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Occupational Safety and Health

Management



Philosophy of Safety and Health

• Life is full of hazards.

• Terms

– Safety

–

Hazard – Health

– Accidents

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Safety

• Safety can be defined as a situation that is

protected or prevented from hazards,catastrophy or disturbances that may be

caused by unpredictable physical or

environmental sources.

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Workplace Safety

• Free from hazards or risks of injury

• A place that enables us to control loss caused

by accidents

•

A place that enables us to protect loss of human, properties as well as income or profit.

3



Hazard

• Workplace condition which exists or can be

caused in combination with other variables,which has the potential for accidents, seriousinjuries, diseases and/or property damages.

• Hazard in industries: – Chemical

– Ergonomics

– Physical

– Biological

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Health

• As an un existence of risks that can cause

harm and injury to human such as accidents,illness or natural catastrophies.

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Accident

• An unplanned event that will produce

unacceptable / unwanted results or outcomes.

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DEVELOPMENTS BEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

•Understanding the past can help safety & health

professionals examine the present and future

with a sense of perspective and continuity.•Modern developments in health & safety are part

of the long continuum of developments.

Beginning in the days of the ancient Babylonians.

•Circa 2000 BC, their ruler developed his Code of Hammurabi, which encompassed all the laws of

the land at that time.

Showed Hammurabi to be a just ruler, and set a

precedent followed by other Mesopotamian kings.

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•Significance of the code from the perspective of safety &

health are clauses dealing with injuries.

Allowable fees for physicians & monetary damagesassessed against those who injured others.

•Later emerged in the industrious Egyptian civilization.

Much labor was provided by slaves & slaves were

not treated well—unless it suited the needs of Egyptian taskmasters.

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• To ensure maintenance of a workforce to build a huge

temple bearing his name, Rameses II created

an industrial medical service to care for the workers.They were required to bathe daily in the Nile and

given regular medical examinations, & sick workers

isolated.

•The Romans were vitally concerned with safety &

health, as seen from their construction projects.

Aqueducts, sewerage systems, public baths, latrines,

and well-ventilated houses.

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•In 1567, Philippus Aureolus produced a treatise

on the pulmonary diseases of miners.

•

Covered diseases of smelter workers & metallurgists.•Diseases associated with handling/exposure to

mercury.

•Around the same time, Georgius Agricola published De

Re Metallica, emphasizing need for ventilation in mines,showing devices to bring fresh air into mines.

•The eighteenth century saw Bernardino Ramazzini, who

wrote Discourse on the Diseases of Workers.

•Drew conclusive parallels between diseases sufferedby workers and their occupations.

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•The Industrial Revolution changed forever the methods

of producing goods, summarized as:

•

Introduction of inanimate power (i.e., steam power)to replace people and animal power.

•Substitution of machines for people.

•Introduction of new methods for converting raw

materials.•Organization/specialization of work, resulting in a

division of labor.

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•These changes necessitated a greater focusing of

attention on the safety and health of workers.

•Steam power increased markedly the potential for

life-threatening injuries, as did machines.

•The new methods used for converting raw materialsalso introduced new risks of injuries and diseases.

•Specialization, by increasing the likelihood of

boredom and inattentiveness, also made theworkplace a more dangerous environment.

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MILESTONES IN THE SAFETY MOVEMENT

The safety movement traces its roots to England.

In the Industrial Revolution, child labor in factories

was common.Hours were long, work hard, and conditions often

unhealthy & unsafe.

After an outbreak of fever among children workingin their cotton mills, people of Manchester, England,

demanded better factory working conditions.

In 1802 the Health & Morals of Apprentices Act passed.

oMarked the beginning of governmentalinvolvement in workplace safety.

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EVOLUTION OF OSH LEGISLATION

Malaysian legislation based on 19th century British

Legislation

Industrial Revolution in the UK resulted in manyaccidents.

1844- safety provision addressing fencing of dangerous

machinery

Roben’s Report – enforcement approach make peoplethink that safety and health were matter of detailed

regulation.

Piecemeal regulatory, haphazard law, paid

insufficient regard to organizational and humanfactors, did not cover all workers and some hazards.

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EVOLUTION OF OSH LEGISLATION

Recommendations by Roben:

More self regulation by employers and employees

Single comprehensive Act based on common lawSupport by regulations and voluntary codes

(standard code of practice)

Self regulation – creating a better framework for bettersafety and health for industry itself

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TRAGEDIES THAT HAVE CHANGED THE SAFETY

MOVEMENTThe Chernobyl accident in 26 April 1986 was the result

of a flawed reactor design that was operated with

inadequately trained personnel.

The resulting steam explosion and fires released atleast 5% of the radioactive reactor core into the

atmosphere and downwind.

Two Chernobyl plant workers died on the night of the

accident, and a further 28 people died within a few

weeks as a result of acute radiation poisoning.

UNSCEAR says that apart from increased thyroid

cancers, "there is no evidence of a major public health

impact attributable to radiation exposure 20 years after

the accident."

Resettlement of areas from which people were

relocated is ongoing.

15a




MOVEMENT

Bhopal Tragedy - On Dec. 3, 1984, over 40 tons

of methyl isocyanate (MIC) & other gases, including

hydrogen cyanide, leaked into north Bhopal, India.

Killing more than 3,000 people in its aftermath.

It was discovered the protective equipment that could

have halted impending disaster was notin full working order.

The International Medical Commission found that

as many as 50,000 people were exposed, and

may still suffer disability as a result.This disaster shocked the world.

15b




MOVEMENT

Union Carbide Corporation, owner of the plant, was

accused of many things, including:

Criminal negligence.

Corporate prejudice - choosing poverty-stricken

Bhopal, on the assumption few would care if anything

went wrong. Avoidance - putting its plant in Bhopal to avoid

stricter US safety & health standards.

• In February 1989, India’s Supreme Court ordered Union

Carbide India Ltd., to pay $470 million in compensatorydamages.

– Funds were paid to the Indian government to be

used to compensate the victims.

15c



OSH LEGISLATION IN MALAYSIA

Selangor Boiler Enactment 1892 followed by Perak,

Pahang and Negri Sembilan

Machinery Ordinance 1913Machinery Enactment 1932 (Machinery Branch,

Department of Mines)

Machinery Ordinance 1953 (Machinery Department,

Ministry of Labour)Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (Factories and

Machinery Department, Ministry of Labour)

Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994

(Department of Occupational Safety and Health,Ministry of Human Resouces)

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INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

Roben style legislation – Australia, UK, Sweden and

OSHA 1994

Safety and Health Committee, general duty of care

provisions and improvement / prohibition notices.

UK – Her Majesty Factory Inspectorate and thenHealth and Safety Executive

USA – detailed OSH standards and regulations,

reliance on inspectors (NIOSH, Labor Department)

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MANAGEMENT OF OSH IN MALAYSIA

Huge losses due to accidents

Proactive approach

OSH is a management function

SHO – ensure compliance with regulations andpromote safe work practices

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DUTIES OF SAFETY AND HEALTH OFFICER

Provide advice on safety measures and assist in

safety program

Inspect and audit the workplace

Invesigate all accidents and incidents

Assist supervisors in investigating accidents

Keep statistics on accidents

Secretary to safety and health committee

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