occupational safety and health admin., labor pt. 1918

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor Pt. 1918

(4) Fuel storage. (i) Stored fuel con-tainers shall be located to minimize ex-posure to excessive temperatures andphysical damage.

(ii) Containers shall not be storednear exits, stairways or areas normallyused or intended for egress.

(iii) Outlet valves of containers instorage or transport shall be closed.Relief valves shall connect with vaporspaces.

(5) Vehicle storage and servicing. (i)Liquefied gas fueled vehicles may bestored or serviced inside garages orshops only if there are no fuel systemleaks.

(ii) Liquefied gas fueled vehiclesunder repair shall have container shut-off valves closed unless engine oper-ation is necessary for repairs.

(iii) Liquefied gas fueled vehiclesshall not be parked near open flames,sources of ignition or unventilatedopen pits.

[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62FR 40202, July 25, 1997]

§ 1917.157 Battery charging and chang-ing.

(a) Only designated persons shallchange or charge batteries.

(b) Battery charging and changingshall be performed only in areas des-ignated by the employer.

(c) Smoking and other ignitionsources are prohibited in chargingareas.

(d) Filler caps shall be in place whenbatteries are being moved.

(e) Parking brakes shall be appliedbefore batteries are charged orchanged.

(f) When a jumper battery is con-nected to a battery in a vehicle, theground lead shall connect to groundaway from the vehicle’s battery. Igni-tion, lights and accessories on the vehi-cle shall be turned off before connec-tions are made.

(g) Batteries shall be free of corro-sion buildup and cap vent holes shall beopen.

(h) Adequate ventilation shall be pro-vided during charging.

(i) Facilities for flushing the eyes,body and work area with water shall beprovided wherever electrolyte is han-dled, except that this requirement doesnot apply when employees are only

checking battery electrolyte levels oradding water.

(j) Carboy tilters or siphons shall beused to handle electrolyte in large con-tainers.

(k) Battery handling equipmentwhich could contact battery terminalsor cell connectors shall be insulated orotherwise protected.

(l) Metallic objects shall not beplaced on uncovered batteries.

(m) When batteries are beingcharged, the vent caps shall be inplace.

(n) Chargers shall be turned off whenleads are being connected or discon-nected.

(o) Installed batteries shall be se-cured to avoid physical or electricalcontact with compartment walls orcomponents.

[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62FR 40202, July 25, 1997]

§ 1917.158 Prohibited operations.(a) Spray painting and abrasive blast-

ing operations shall not be conductedin the vicinity of cargo handling oper-ations.

(b) Welding and burning operationsshall not be conducted in the vicinityof cargo handling operations unlesssuch hot work is part of the cargo oper-ation.

PART 1918—SAFETY AND HEALTHREGULATIONS FOR LONGSHORING

Subpart A—Scope and Definitions

Sec.1918.1 Scope and application.1918.2 Definitions.1918.3 Incorporation by reference

Subpart B—Gear Certification

1918.11 Gear certification (See also §§ 1918.2,definition of ‘‘Vessel’s cargo handlinggear’’ and 1918.51).

Subpart C—Gangways and Other Meansof Access

1918.21 General requirements.1918.22 Gangways.1918.23 Jacob’s ladders.1918.24 Fixed and portable ladders.1918.25 Bridge plates and ramps (See also

§ 1918.86).1918.26 Access to barges and river towboats.

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29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–98 Edition) § 1918.1

Subpart D—Working Surfaces 1918.31Hatch coverings.

1918.32 Stowed cargo and temporary landingsurfaces.

1918.33 Deck loads.1918.34 Other decks.1918.35 Open hatches.1918.36 Weather deck rails.1918.37 Barges.

Subpart E—Opening and Closing Hatches

1918.41 Coaming clearances.1918.42 Hatch beam and pontoon bridles.1918.43 Handling hatch beams and covers.

Subpart F—Vessel’s Cargo Handling Gear

1918.51 General requirements (See also§ 1918.11 and appendix III of this part).

1918.52 Specific requirements.1918.53 Cargo winches.1918.54 Rigging gear.1981.55 Cranes (See also § 1918.11).

Subpart G—Cargo Handling Gear andEquipment Other Than Ship’s Gear

1918.61 General (See also appendix IV of thispart).

1918.62 Miscellaneous auxiliary gear.1918.63 Chutes, gravity conveyors and roll-

ers.1918.64 Powered conveyors.1918.65 Mechanically-powered vehicles used

aboard vessels.1918.66 Cranes and derricks other than ves-

sel’s gear.1918.67 Notifying ship’s officers before using

certain equipment.1918.68 Grounding.1918.69 Tools.1918.70–.80 [Reserved]

Subpart H—Handling Cargo

1918.81 Slinging.1918.82 Building drafts.1918.83 Stowed cargo; tiering and breaking

down.1918.84 Bulling cargo.1918.85 Containerized cargo operations.1918.86 Roll-on roll-off (Ro-Ro) operations

(See also § 1918.25).1918.87 Ship’s cargo elevators.1918.88 Log operations.1918.89 Handling hazardous cargo (See also

§ 1918.2 and § 1918.99).

Subpart I—General Working Conditions

1918.90 Hazard communication (See also§ 1918.1(b)(4)).

1918.91 Housekeeping.1918.92 Illumination.1918.93 Hazardous atmospheres and sub-

stances (See also § 1918.2(j)).

1918.94 Ventilation and atmospheric condi-tions (See also § 1918.2).

1918.95 Sanitation.1918.96 Maintenance and repair work in the

vicinity of longshoring operations.1918.97 First aid and lifesaving facilities.

(See appendix V of this part).1918.98 Qualifications of machinery opera-

tors and supervisory training.1918.99 Retention of DOT markings, plac-

ards, and labels.1918.100 Emergency action plans.

Subpart J—Personal Protective Equipment

1918.101 Eye and face protection.1918.102 Respiratory protection.1918.103 Head protection.1918.104 Foot protection.1918.105 Other protective measures.

APPENDIX I TO PART 1918—CARGO GEAR REG-ISTER AND CERTIFICATES (NON-MANDA-TORY)

APPENDIX II TO PART 1918—TABLES FOR SE-LECTED MISCELLANEOUS AUXILIARY GEAR(MANDATORY)

APPENDIX III TO PART 1918—THE MECHANICSOF CONVENTIONAL CARGO GEAR (NON-MAN-DATORY)

APPENDIX IV TO PART 1918—SPECIAL CARGOGEAR (MANDATORY)

APPENDIX V TO PART 1918—BASIC ELEMENTSOF A FIRST AID TRAINING PROGRAM (NON-MANDATORY)

SUBJECT INDEX FOR 29 CFR 1918—LONGSHORING

AUTHORITY: Secs. 4, 6, and 8 of the Occupa-tional Safety and Health Act, 29 U.S.C. 653,655, 657; Walsh-Healey Act, 41 U.S.C. 35 etseq.; Service Contract Act of 1965, 41 U.S.C.351 et seq.; Sec. 107, Contract Work Hours andSafety Standards Act (Construction SafetyAct), 40 U.S.C. 333; Sec. 41, Longshore andHarbor Workers’ Compensation Act, 33U.S.C. 941; National Foundation of Arts andHumanities Act, 20 U.S.C. 951 et seq.; Sec-retary of Labor’s Order No. 6–96 (62 FR 111).

SOURCE: 62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, unlessotherwise noted.

Subpart A—Scope and Definitions

§ 1918.1 Scope and application.(a) The regulations of this part apply

to longshoring operations and relatedemployments aboard vessels. All cargotransfer accomplished with the use ofshore-based material handling devicesis covered by part 1917 of this chapter.

(b) Part 1910 of this chapter does notapply to longshoring except for the fol-lowing provisions:

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor § 1918.2

1 The International Maritime Organizationpublishes the International Maritime Dan-gerous Goods Code to aid compliance withthe international legal requirements of theInternational Convention for the Safety ofLife at Sea, 1960.

(1) Access to employee exposure andmedical records. Subpart Z, § 1910.1020;

(2) Commercial diving operations. Sub-part T;

(3) Electrical. Subpart S when shore-based electrical installations providepower for use aboard vessels;

(4) Hazard communication. Subpart Z,§ 1910.1200;

(5) Ionizing radiation. Subpart Z,§ 1910.1096;

(6) Noise. Subpart G, § 1910.95;(7) Nonionizing radiation. Subpart G,

§ 1910.97;

NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (B)(7): Exposuresto nonionizing radiation emissionsfrom commercial vessel radar trans-mitters are considered hazardous underthe following situations: (a) where theradar is transmitting, the scanner isstationary, and the exposure distanceis 19 feet (6 m) or less; or (b) where theradar is transmitting, the scanner isrotating, and the exposure distance is 5feet (1.8 m.) or less.

(8) Respiratory protection. Subpart I,§ 1910.134; and

(9) Toxic and hazardous substances.Subpart Z applies to marine cargo han-dling activities except for the follow-ing:

(i) When a substance or cargo is con-tained within a sealed, intact means ofpackaging or containment complyingwith Department of Transportation orInternational Maritime Organizationrequirements;1

(ii) Bloodborne pathogens, § 1910.1030;(iii) Carbon monoxide, § 1910.1000 (See

§ 1918.94(a)); and(iv) Hydrogen sulfide, § 1910.1000 (See

§ 1918.94(f)).

§ 1918.2 Definitions.Barge means an unpowered,

flatbottomed, shallow draft vessel in-cluding river barges, scows, carfloats,and lighters. It does not include shipshaped or deep draft barges.

Bulling means the horizontal drag-ging of cargo across a surface with

none of the weight of the cargo sup-ported by the fall.

Danger zone means any place in orabout a machine or piece of equipmentwhere an employee may be struck byor caught between moving parts,caught between moving and stationaryobjects or parts of the machine, caughtbetween the material and a movingpart of the machine, burned by hot sur-faces or exposed to electric shock. Ex-amples of danger zones are nip andshear points, shear lines, drive mecha-nisms, and areas underneath counter-weights.

Designated person means a person whopossesses specialized abilities in a spe-cific area and is assigned by the em-ployer to do a specific task in thatarea.

Dockboards (car and bridge plates)mean devices for spanning short dis-tances between, for example, twobarges, that is not higher than fourfeet (1.2 m) above the water or nextlower level.

Employee means any longshore work-er or other person engaged inlongshoring operations or related em-ployments other than the master,ship’s officers, crew of the vessel, orany person engaged by the master toload or unload any vessel of less than18 net tons.

Employer means a person that em-ploys employees in longshoring oper-ations or related employments, as de-fined in this section.

Enclosed space means an interiorspace in or on a vessel that may con-tain or accumulate a hazardous atmos-phere due to inadequate natural ven-tilation. Examples of enclosed spacesare holds, deep tanks and refrigeratedcompartments.

Fall hazard means the following situ-ations:

(1) Whenever employees are workingwithin three feet (.9 m) of the unpro-tected edge of a work surface that is 8feet or more (2.4 m) above the adjoiningsurface and twelve inches (.3 m) ormore, horizontally, from the adjacentsurface; or

(2) Whenever weather conditions mayimpair the vision or sound footing ofemployees working on top of contain-ers.

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Fumigant is a substance or mixture ofsubstances, used to kill pests or pre-vent infestation, that is a gas or is rap-idly or progressively transformed tothe gaseous state, although some non-gaseous or particulate matter may re-main and be dispersed in the treatmentspace.

Gangway means any ramp-like orstair-like means of access provided toenable personnel to board or leave avessel, including accommodation lad-ders, gangplanks and brows.

Hatch beam or strongback mean aportable transverse or longitudinalbeam placed across a hatchway thatacts as a bearer to support the hatchcovers.

Hazardous cargo, materials, substanceor atmosphere means:

(1) Any substance listed in 29 CFRpart 1910, subpart Z;

(2) Any material in the HazardousMaterials Table and Hazardous Mate-rials Communications Regulations ofthe Department of Transportation, 49CFR part 172;

(3) Any article not properly describedby a name in the Hazardous MaterialsTable and Hazardous Materials Com-munication Regulations of the Depart-ment of Transportation, 49 CFR part172, but which is properly classifiedunder the definitions of those cat-egories of dangerous articles given in49 CFR part 173; or

(4) Any atmosphere with an oxygencontent of less than 19.5 percent orgreater than 23 percent.

Intermodal container means a reusablecargo container of a rigid constructionand rectangular configuration; fittedwith devices permitting its ready han-dling, particularly its transfer fromone mode of transport to another; sodesigned to be readily filled andemptied; intended to contain one ormore articles of cargo or bulk commod-ities for transportation by water andone or more other transport modes.The term includes completely enclosedunits, open top units, fractional heightunits, units incorporating liquid or gastanks and other variations fitting intothe container system. It does not in-clude cylinders, drums, crates, cases,cartons, packages, sacks, unitizedloads or any other form of packaging.

Longshoring operations means theloading, unloading, moving or handlingof cargo, ship’s stores, gear, or anyother materials, into, in, on, or out ofany vessel.

Mississippi River System includes theMississippi River from the head ofnavigation to its mouth, and navigabletributaries including the Illinois Wa-terway, Missouri River, Ohio River,Tennessee River, Allegheny River,Cumberland River, Green River,Kanawha River, Monongahela River,and such others to which barge oper-ations extend.

Public vessel means a vessel ownedand operated by a government and notregularly employed in merchant serv-ice.

Ramp means other flat surface de-vices for passage between levels andacross openings not covered under theterm dockboards.

Related employments means any em-ployments performed incidental to orin conjunction with longshoring oper-ations, including, but not restricted to,securing cargo, rigging, and employ-ment as a porter, clerk, checker, or se-curity officer.

River towboat means a shallow draft,low freeboard, self-propelled vessel de-signed to tow river barges by pushingahead. It does not include other towingvessels.

Small trimming hatch means a smallhatch or opening, pierced in the be-tween deck or other intermediate deckof a vessel, and intended for the trim-ming of dry bulk cargoes. It does notrefer to the large hatchways throughwhich cargo is normally handled.

Vessel includes every description ofwatercraft or other artificial contriv-ance used or capable of being used fortransportation on water, including spe-cial purpose floating structures notprimarily designed for or used fortransportation on water.

Vessel’s cargo handling gear includesthat gear that is a permanent part ofthe vessel’s equipment and used for thehandling of cargo other than bulk liq-uids. The term covers all stationary ormobile cargo handling appliances usedon board ship for suspending, raising orlowering loads or moving them fromone position to another while sus-pended or supported. This includes, but


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is not limited to, cargo elevators, fork-lifts, and other powered industrialequipment. It does not include gearused only for handling or holdinghoses, handling ship’s stores or han-dling the gangway, or boom conveyorbelt systems for the self-unloading ofbulk cargo vessels.

§ 1918.3 Incorporation by reference.(a) (1) The standards of agencies of

the U.S. Government, and organiza-tions which are not agencies of theU.S. Government which are incor-porated by reference in this part, havethe same force and effect as otherstandards in this part. Only the manda-tory provisions (i.e. provisions contain-ing the word ‘‘shall’’ or other manda-tory language) of standards incor-porated by reference are adopted asstandards under the Occupational Safe-ty and Health Act.

(2) Any changes in the standards in-corporated by reference in this partand an official historic file of suchchanges are available for inspection atthe national office of the OccupationalSafety and Health Administration,U.S. Department of Labor, Washington,DC 20210.

(3) The materials listed in paragraph(b) of this section are incorporated byreference in the corresponding sectionsnoted as they exist on the date of theapproval, and a notice of any change inthese materials will be published in theFEDERAL REGISTER. Theseincorporations by reference (IBRs)were approved by the Director of theFederal Register in accordance with 5U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51.

(4) Copies of the following standardsthat are issued by the respective pri-vate standards organizations may beobtained from the issuing organiza-tions. The materials are available forpurchase at the corresponding address-es of the private standards organiza-tions noted in paragraph (b) of this sec-tion. In addition, all are available forinspection at the Office of the FederalRegister, 800 North Capitol Street,NW., suite 700, Washington DC, andthrough the OSHA Docket Office, roomN2625, U.S. Department of Labor, 200Constitution Ave., Washington, DC20210, or any of OSHA’s regional of-fices.

(b) The following material is avail-able for purchase from the AmericanNational Standards Institute (ANSI),11 West 42nd St., New York, NY 10036:

(1) ANSI A14.1–1990, Safety Require-ments for Portable Wood Ladders; IBRapproved for § 1918.24(g)(1).

(2) ANSI A14.2–1990, Safety Require-ments for Portable Metal Ladders; IBRapproved for § 1918.24(g)(2).

(3) ANSI A14.5–1992, Safety Require-ments for Portable Reinforced PlasticLadders; IBR approved for§ 1918.24(g)(3).

(4) ANSI Z–87.1–1989, Practice for Oc-cupational and Educational Eye andFace Protection; IBR approved for§ 1918.101(a)(1).

(5) ANSI Z–89.1–1986, Personnel Pro-tection-Protective Headwear for Indus-trial Workers-Requirements; IBR ap-proved for § 1918.103(b).

(6) ANSI Z–41–1991, American Na-tional Standard for Personal Protec-tion-Protective Footwear; IBR ap-proved for § 1918.104(b).

Subpart B—Gear Certification§ 1918.11 Gear certification (See also

§§ 1918.2, definition of ‘‘Vessel’scargo handling gear’’ and 1918.51).

(a) The employer shall not use thevessel’s cargo handling gear until ithas been ascertained that the vesselhas a current and valid cargo gear reg-ister and certificates that in form andcontent are in accordance with the rec-ommendations of the InternationalLabor Office, as set forth in appendix Iof this part, and as provided by Inter-national Labor Organization Conven-tion No. 152, and that shows that thecargo gear has been tested, examinedand heat treated by or under the super-vision of persons or organizations de-fined as competent to make registerentries and issue certificates pursuantto paragraphs (b) and (c) of this sec-tion.

(1) Annual thorough examinationsunder ILO 152 are required after July27, 1998.

(2) Testing under ILO 152 is requiredafter July 16, 2001.

(3) In the interim period(s), prior tothe effective dates noted in paragraph(a) (1) and (2), vessels with cargo gearand a cargo gear register according to


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2 § 1918.92 requires, along with other re-quirements, an average light intensity offive foot-candles (54 lux).

ILO 32 are deemed to meet the require-ments of this paragraph (a).

(b) Public vessels and vessels holdinga valid Certificate of Inspection issuedby the U.S. Coast Guard pursuant to 46CFR part 91 are deemed to meet the re-quirements of paragraph (a) of this sec-tion.

(c) With respect to U.S. vessels notholding a valid Certificate of Inspec-tion issued by the U.S. Coast Guard,entries in the registers and theissuance of certificates required byparagraph (a) of this section shall bemade only by competent persons cur-rently accredited by the U.S. Depart-ment of Labor (OSHA) for full functionvessels or loose gear and wire rope test-ing, as appropriate, as provided in part1919 of this chapter.

(d) With respect to vessels under for-eign registries, persons or organiza-tions competent to make entries in theregisters and issue the certificates re-quired by paragraph (a) of this sectionshall be:

(1) Those acceptable as such to anyforeign nation;

(2) Those acceptable to the Com-mandant of the U.S. Coast Guard; or

(3) Those currently accredited by theU.S. Department of Labor (OSHA), forfull function vessels or loose gear andwire rope testing, as appropriate and asprovided in part 1919 of this chapter.

Subpart C—Gangways and OtherMeans of Access

§ 1918.21 General requirements.The employer shall not permit em-

ployees to board or leave any vessel,except a barge or river towboat, untilall of the applicable requirements ofthis subpart have been met.

(a) If possible, the vessel’s means ofaccess shall be located so that sus-pended loads do not pass over it. In anyevent, suspended loads shall not bepassed over the means of access whileemployees or others are on it.

(b) When the upper end of the meansof access rests on or is flush with thetop of the bulwark, substantial steps,properly secured, trimmed andequipped with at least one substantialhandrail, 33 inches (.84 m) in height,shall be provided between the top ofthe bulwark and the deck.

(c) The means of access shall be illu-minated for its full length in accord-ance with § 1918.92.2

§ 1918.22 Gangways.(a) Whenever practicable, a gangway

of not less than 20 inches (.51 m) inwidth, of adequate strength, main-tained in safe repair and safely securedshall be used. If a gangway is not prac-ticable, a straight ladder meeting therequirements of § 1918.24 that extendsat least 36 inches (.91 m) above theupper landing surface and is securedagainst shifting or slipping shall beprovided. When conditions are suchthat neither a gangway nor straightladder can be used, a Jacob’s laddermeeting the requirements of § 1918.23may be used.

(b) Each side of the gangway, and theturntable, if used, shall have a handrail with a minimum height of 33inches (.84 m) measured perpendicu-larly from rail to walking surfaces atthe stanchion, with a midrail. Railsshall be of wood, pipe, chain, wire, ropeor materials of equivalent strength andshall be kept taut always. Portablestanchions supporting railings shall besupported or secured to prevent acci-dental dislodgement.

(c) The gangway shall be kept prop-erly trimmed.

(d) When a fixed flat tread accommo-dation ladder is used, and the angle islow enough to require employees towalk on the edge of the treads, cleatedduckboards shall be laid over and se-cured to the ladder.

(e) When the gangway overhangs thewater so that there is danger of em-ployees falling between the ship andthe dock, a net or suitable protectionshall be provided to prevent employeesfrom receiving serious injury from fallsto a lower level.

(f) If the foot of a gangway is morethan one foot (.30 m) away from theedge of the apron, the space betweenthem shall be bridged by a firm walk-way equipped with a hand rail with aminimum height of approximately 33inches (.84 m) with midrails on bothsides.


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(g) Gangways shall be kept clear ofsupporting bridles and other obstruc-tions, to provide unobstructed passage.If, because of design, the gangway bri-dle cannot be moved to provide unob-structed passage, then the hazard shallbe properly marked to alert employeesof the danger.

(h) Obstructions shall not be laid onor across the gangway.

(i) Handrails and walking surfaces ofgangways shall be maintained in a safecondition to prevent employees fromslipping or falling.

(j) Gangways on vessels inspected andcertificated by the U.S. Coast Guardare deemed to meet the requirementsof this section.

§ 1918.23 Jacob’s ladders.(a) Jacob’s ladders shall be of the

double rung or flat tread type. Theyshall be well maintained and properlysecured.

(b) A Jacob’s ladder shall either hangwithout slack from its lashings or bepulled up entirely.

(c) When a Jacob’s ladder is used asthe means of access to a barge beingworked, spacers (bumpers) shall behung between the vessel, barge, orother structure to which the barge istied alongside, or other equally effec-tive means shall be provided to preventdamage to the bottom rungs of the lad-der.

(d) When a Jacob’s ladder is beingused so that there is a danger of an em-ployee falling or being crushed betweenthe vessel, barge, or other structure(pier), suitable protection shall be pro-vided.

§ 1918.24 Fixed and portable ladders.(a) There shall be at least one safe

and accessible ladder for each gangworking in a single hatch. An effectivemeans of gaining a handhold shall beprovided at or near the head of eachvertical fixed ladder. No more than twoladders are required in any hatch re-gardless of the number of gangspresent.

(b) When any fixed ladder is visiblyunsafe (or known to be unsafe), the em-ployer shall identify such ladder andprohibit its use by employees.

(c) Where portable straight laddersare used, they shall be of sufficient

length to extend three feet (.91 m)above the upper landing surface, and bepositively secured or held against shift-ing or slipping. When conditions aresuch that a straight ladder cannot beused, Jacob’s ladders meeting the re-quirements of § 1918.23 may be used.

(d) For vessels built after July 16,2001, when six inches (15.2 cm) or moreclearance does not exist behind therungs of a fixed ladder, the ladder shallbe deemed ‘‘unsafe’’ for the purposes ofthis section. Alternate means of access(for example, a portable ladder) mustbe used.

(e)(1) Where access to or from astowed deckload or other cargo is need-ed and no other safe means is available,ladders or steps of adequate strengthshall be furnished and positively se-cured or held against shifting or slip-ping while in use. Steps formed by thecargo itself are acceptable when theemployer demonstrates that the natureof the cargo and the type of stowageprovides equivalent safe access.

(2) Where portable straight laddersare used they shall be of sufficientlength to extend at least three feet (.91m) above the upper landing surface.

(f) The following standards for exist-ing manufactured portable laddersmust be met:

(1) Rungs of manufactured portableladders obtained before January 21,1998 shall be capable of supporting a200-pound (890 N) load without deforma-tion.

(2) Rungs shall be evenly spaced fromnine to sixteen and one-half inches (22.9to 41.9 cm), center to center.

(3) Rungs shall be continuous mem-bers between rails. Each rung of a dou-ble-rung ladder (two side rails and acenter rail) shall extend the full widthof the ladder.

(4) Width between side rails at thebase of the ladder shall be at least 12inches (30 cm) for ladders 10 feet (3.05m) or less in overall length, and shallincrease at least one-fourth inch (0.6cm) for each additional two feet (0.61m) of ladder length.

(g) Portable manufactured laddersobtained after January 21, 1998 shallbear identification showing that theymeet the appropriate ladder construc-tion requirements of the followingstandards:


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3 When the gap to be bridged is greaterthan 36 inches (.91m), an acceptalbe means ofpreventing vehicles from running off theedge is a minimum side board height of twoand three-quarter inches.

4 When the gap to be bridged is greaterthan 36 inches (.91m), an acceptable means ofpreventing vehicles from running off theedge is a minimum side board height of twoand three-quarter inches.

(1) ANSI A14.1–1990, Safety Require-ments for Portable Wood Ladders;

(2) ANSI A14.2–1990, Safety Require-ments for Portable Metal Ladders;

(3) ANSI A14.5–1992, Safety Require-ments for Portable Reinforced PlasticLadders.

(h) Job-made ladders shall:(1) Have a uniform distance between

rungs of at least 12 inches (30 cm) cen-ter to center;

(2) Be capable of supporting a 250-pound (1100 N) load without deforma-tion; and

(3) Have a minimum width betweenside rails of 12 inches (30 cm) for lad-ders 10 feet (3.05 m) or less in height.Width between rails shall increase atleast one-fourth inch (0.6 cm) for eachadditional two feet (0.61 m) of ladderlength.

(i) The employer shall:(1) Maintain portable ladders in safe

condition. Ladders with the followingdefects shall not be used, and shall ei-ther be tagged as unusable if kept onboard, or shall be removed from thevessel:

(i) Broken, split or missing rungs,cleats or steps;

(ii) Broken or split side rails;(iii) Missing or loose bolts, rivets or

fastenings;(iv) Defective ropes; or(v) Any other structural defect.(2) Ladders shall be inspected for de-

fects before each day’s use, and afterany occurrence, such as a fall, whichcould damage the ladder.

(j) Ladders shall be used in the fol-lowing manner:

(1) Ladders shall be securely posi-tioned on a level and firm base.

(2) Ladders shall be fitted with slip-resistant bases and/or be positively se-cured or held in place to prevent slip-ping or shifting while in use.

(3) Except for combination ladders,self-supporting ladders shall not beused as single straight ladders.

(4) Unless intended for cantilever op-eration, non-self-supporting laddersshall not be used to climb above thetop support point.

(5) Ladders shall not be used:(i) As guys, braces or skids; or(ii) As platforms, runways or scaf-

folds.

(6) Metal and wire-reinforced ladders(even with wooden side rails) shall notbe used when employees on the laddermight contact energized electrical con-ductors.

(7) Individual sections from differentmulti-sectional ladders or two or moresingle straight ladders shall not be tiedor fastened together to achieve addi-tional length.

(8) Single rail ladders (i.e. made byfastening rungs or devices across a sin-gle rail) shall not be used.

§ 1918.25 Bridge plates and ramps (Seealso § 1918.86).

(a) Bridge and car plates (dockboards).Bridge and car plates used afloat shallbe well maintained and shall:

(1) Be strong enough to support theloads imposed on them;

(2) Be secured or equipped with de-vices to prevent their dislodgement;

(3) Be equipped with hand holds orother effective means to permit safehandling; and

(4) Be designed, constructed, andmaintained to prevent vehicles fromrunning off the edge.3

(b) Portable ramps. Portable rampsused afloat shall be well maintainedand shall:

(1) Be strong enough to support theloads imposed on them;

(2) Be equipped with a railing meet-ing the requirements of § 1918.21(b), ifthe slope is more than 20 degrees to thehorizontal or if employees could fallmore than four feet (1.2 m);

(3) Be equipped with a slip resistantsurface;

(4) Be properly secured; and(5) Be designed, constructed, and

maintained to prevent vehicles fromrunning off the edge.4


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§ 1918.26 Access to barges and rivertowboats.

(a) With the exception of§ 1918.25(b)(2), ramps used solely for ve-hicle access to or between barges shallmeet the requirements of § 1918.25.

(b) When employees cannot step safe-ly to or from the wharf and a float,barge, or river towboat, either a rampmeeting the requirements of paragraph(a) of this section or a safe walkwaymeeting the requirements of § 1918.22(f)shall be provided. When a ramp orwalkway cannot be used, a straightladder meeting the requirements of§ 1918.24 and extending at least threefeet (.91 m) above the upper landingsurface and adequately secured or heldagainst shifting or slipping shall beprovided. When neither a walkway nora straight ladder can be used, a Jacob’sladder meeting the requirements of§ 1918.23 shall be provided. Exception:For barges operating on the MississippiRiver System, where the employershows that these requirements cannotreasonably be met due to local condi-tions, other safe means of access shallbe provided.

(c) When a barge or raft is beingworked alongside a larger vessel, a Ja-cob’s ladder meeting the requirementsof § 1918.23 shall be provided for eachgang working alongside unless othersafe means of access is provided. How-ever, no more than two Jacob’s laddersare required for any single barge orraft being worked.

(d) When longshoring operations arein progress on barges, the barges shallbe securely made fast to the vessel,wharf, or dolphins.

Subpart D—Working Surfaces

§ 1918.31 Hatch coverings.

(a) No cargo, dunnage, or other mate-rial shall be loaded or unloaded bymeans requiring the services of em-ployees at any partially opened inter-mediate deck unless either the hatchat that deck is sufficiently covered oran adequate landing area suitable forthe prevailing conditions exists. In noevent shall such work be done unlessthe working area available for suchemployees extends for a distance of 10

feet (3.05 m) or more fore and aft andathwartships.

(b) Cargo shall not be landed on orhandled over a covered hatch or‘tween-decks unless all hatch beamsare in place under the hatch covers.

(c) Missing, broken, or poorly fittinghatch covers that would not protectemployees shall be reported at once tothe officer in charge of the vessel.Pending replacement or repairs by thevessel, work shall not be performed inthe section containing the unsafe cov-ers or in adjacent sections unless theflooring is made safe.

(d) Hatch covers and hatch beams notof uniform size shall be placed only inthe hatch, deck, and section in whichthey fit properly.

(e) Small trimming hatches in inter-mediate decks shall be securely cov-ered or guarded while work is going onin the hatch in which they are found,unless they are actually in use.

§ 1918.32 Stowed cargo and temporarylanding surfaces.

(a) Temporary surfaces on whichloads are to be landed shall be of suffi-cient size and strength to permit em-ployees to work safely.

(b) When the edge of a hatch sectionor of stowed cargo may constitute afall hazard to an employee, the edgeshall be guarded by a vertical safetynet, or other means providing equalprotection, to prevent an employeefrom falling. When the employer candemonstrate that vertical nets or otherequally effective means of guardingcannot be used due to the type ofcargo, cargo stowage, or other cir-cumstances, a trapeze net shall berigged at the top edge of the elevationor other means shall be taken to pre-vent injury if an employee falls. Safetynets shall be maintained in good condi-tion and be of adequate strength forthe purpose intended.

(c) When two gangs are working inthe same hatch on different levels, avertical safety net shall be rigged andsecurely fastened to prevent employeesor cargo from falling. Safety nets shallbe maintained in good condition and beof adequate strength for the purposeintended.


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§ 1918.33 Deck loads.(a) Employees shall not be permitted

to pass over or around deck loads un-less there is a safe route of passage.

(b) Employees giving signals to craneoperators shall not be permitted towalk over deck loads from rail to coa-ming unless there is a safe route of pas-sage. If it is necessary to stand or walkat the outboard or inboard edge of thedeck load having less than 24 inches(.61 m) of bulwark, rail, coaming, orother protection, those employees shallbe provided with protection againstfalling from the deck load.

§ 1918.34 Other decks.(a) Cargo shall not be worked on

decks that were not designed to sup-port the load being worked.

(b) Grated decks shall be properlyplaced, supported, maintained and de-signed to support employees.

§ 1918.35 Open hatches.Open weather deck hatches around

which employees must work that arenot protected to a height of 24 inches(.61 m) by coamings shall be guarded bytaut lines or barricades at a height of36 to 42 inches (.91 to 1.07 m) above thedeck, except on the side on which cargois being worked. Any portable stan-chions or uprights used shall be sup-ported or secured to prevent accidentaldislodgement.

§ 1918.36 Weather deck rails.Removable weather deck rails shall

be kept in place except when cargo op-erations require them to be removed,in which case they shall be replaced assoon as such cargo operations are com-pleted.

§ 1918.37 Barges.(a) Walking shall be prohibited along

the sides of covered lighters or bargeswith coamings or cargo more than fivefeet (1.5 m) high unless a three-foot (.91m) clear walkway or a grab rail or tauthandline is provided.

(b) Walking or working shall be pro-hibited on the decks of barges to beloaded unless the walking or workingsurfaces have been determined by vis-ual inspection to be structurally soundand maintained properly. If, while dis-

charging a barge, an unsound deck sur-face is discovered, work shall be dis-continued and shall not be resumeduntil means have been taken to ensurea safe work surface.

Subpart E—Opening and ClosingHatches

§ 1918.41 Coaming clearances.(a) Weather decks. If a deck load (such

as lumber or other smooth sided deckcargo) more than five feet (1.5 m) highis stowed within three feet (.91 m) ofthe hatch coaming and employees han-dling hatch beams and hatch covers arenot protected by a coaming at least 24-inch (.61 m) high, a taut handline shallbe provided along the side of thedeckload. The requirements of § 1918.35are not intended to apply in this situa-tion.

(b) Intermediate decks. (1) There shallbe a three-foot (.91 m) working spacebetween the stowed cargo and the coa-ming at both sides and at one end ofthe hatches with athwartship hatchbeams, and at both ends of those hatch-es with fore and aft hatch beams, be-fore intermediate deck hatch coversand hatch beams are removed or re-placed. Exception: The three-foot (.91m) clearance is not required on thecovered portion of a partially openhatch, nor is it required when lowerdecks have been filled to hatch beamheight with cargo of such a nature asto provide a safe surface upon whichemployees may work.

(2) For purposes of paragraph (b)(1) ofthis section, fitted gratings that are ingood condition shall be considered apart of the decking when properlyplaced within the three-foot (.91 m)area.

(c) Grab rails or taut handlines shallbe provided for the protection of em-ployees handling hatch beams andhatch covers, when bulkheads, lockers,reefer compartments or large spareparts are within three feet (.91 m) ofthe coaming.

(d) The clearances in this section donot apply to hatches opened or closedsolely by hydraulic or other mechani-cal means; except that, in all cases inwhich the three-foot (.91 m) clearancedoes not exist, cargo that is stowedwithin three feet (.91 m) of the edge of


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the hatch shall be adequately securedto prevent cargo from falling into thehold.

§ 1918.42 Hatch beam and pontoon bri-dles.

(a) Hatch beam and pontoon bridlesshall be:

(1) Long enough to reach the holes,rings, or other lifting attachments onthe hatch beams and pontoons easily;

(2) Of adequate strength to lift theload safely; and

(3) Properly maintained, includingcovering or blunting of protruding endsin wire rope splices.

(b) Bridles for lifting hatch beamsshall be equipped with toggles, shack-les, or hooks, or other devices of suchdesign that they cannot become acci-dentally dislodged from the hatchbeams with which they are used. Hooksother than those described in this sec-tion may be used only when they arehooked into the standing part of thebridle. Toggles, when used, shall be atleast one inch (2.5 cm) longer thantwice the largest diameter of the holesinto which they are placed.

(c) Bridles used for lifting pontoonsand plugs shall have the number of legsrequired by the design of the pontoonor plug, and all of which shall be used.Where any use of a bridle requiresfewer than the number of legs provided,idle legs shall be hung on the hook orring, or otherwise prevented fromswinging free.

(d) At least two legs of all strongbackand pontoon bridles shall be equippedwith a lanyard at least eight feet (2.4m) long and in good condition. The bri-dle end of the lanyard shall be of chainor wire.

§ 1918.43 Handling hatch beams andcovers.

Paragraphs (f)(2), (g), and (h) of thissection apply only to folding, sliding,or hinged metal hatch covers or tothose hatch covers handled by cranes.

(a) (1) When hatch covers or pontoonsare stowed on the weather deck abreastof hatches, they shall be arranged instable piles not closer to the hatch coa-ming than three feet (.91 m). Excep-tion: On the working side of the hatch,hatch covers or pontoons may bespread one high between the coaming

and bulwark with no space betweenthem, provided the height of the hatchcoaming is no less than 24 inches (.61m). Under no circumstances shallhatch covers or pontoons be stackedhigher than the hatch coaming or bul-wark on the working side of the hatch.

(2) On seagoing vessels, hatch boardsor similar covers removed from thehatch beams in a section of partiallyopened hatch during cargo handling,cleaning or other operations shall notbe stowed on the boards or covers leftin place within that section.

(b) Hatch beams shall be laid on theirsides, or stood on an edge close to-gether and lashed. Exception: Thisparagraph (b) shall not apply in caseswhere hatch beams are of such designthat:

(1) The width of the flange is 50 per-cent or more of the height of the web;and

(2) The flange rests flat on the deckwhen the hatch beam is stood upright.

(c) Strongbacks, hatch covers, andpontoons removed from hatch openingsand placed on the weather deck shallnot obstruct clear fore-and-aft or coa-ming-to-bulwark passageways andshall be lashed or otherwise secured toprevent accidental dislodgement.Dunnage or other suitable materialshall be used under and between tiersof strongbacks and pontoons to preventthem from sliding when stowed on steeldecks.

(d) Hatch covers unshipped in an in-termediate deck shall be placed atleast three feet (.91 m) from the coa-ming or they shall be removed to an-other deck. Strongbacks unshipped inan intermediate deck shall not beplaced closer than six inches (15.2 cm)from the coaming and, if placed closerthan three feet (.91 m), shall be securedso that they cannot be tipped ordragged into a lower compartment. Ifsuch placement or securement is notpossible, strongbacks shall be removedto another deck.

(e) Any hatch beam or pontoon left inplace next to an open hatch sectionbeing worked shall be locked or other-wise secured, so that it cannot be acci-dentally displaced. All portable, manu-ally handled hatch covers, includingthose bound together to make a larger


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cover, shall be removed from any work-ing section, and adjacent sections, un-less securely lashed.

(f)(1) The roller hatch beam at theedge of the open section of the hatchshall be lashed or pinned back so thatit cannot be moved toward the opensection.

(2) Rolling, sectional or telescopichatch covers of barges that open in afore and aft direction shall be securedagainst unintentional movement whilein the open position.

(g) Hinged or folding hatch coversnormally stowed in an approximatelyvertical position shall be positively se-cured when in the upright position, un-less the design of the system otherwiseprevents unintentional movement.

(h) Hatches shall not be opened orclosed while employees are in thesquare of the hatch below.

(i) All materials such as dunnage,lashings, twist locks, or stacking conesshall be removed from the hatch coveror be secured to prevent them fromfalling off the cover before the hatchcover is moved.

(j) When a hatch is to be covered,hatch covers or night tents shall beused. Any covering that only partiallycovers the hatch, such as alternatehatch covers or strips of dunnage, shallnot be covered by a tarpaulin. Excep-tion: A tarpaulin may be used to coveran open or partially open hatch to re-duce dust emissions during bulk cargoloading operations, if positive meansare taken to prevent employees fromwalking on the tarpaulin.

Subpart F—Vessel’s CargoHandling Gear

§ 1918.51 General requirements (Seealso § 1918.11 and appendix III ofthis part).

(a) The safe working load specified inthe cargo gear certification papers ormarked on the booms shall not be ex-ceeded. Any limitations imposed by thecertificating authority shall be fol-lowed.

(b) All components of cargo handlinggear, including tent gantlines and asso-ciated rigging, shall be inspected bythe employer or a designated personbefore each use and at appropriate in-tervals during use. Any gear that is

found unsafe shall not be used until itis made safe.

(c) The employer shall determine theload ratings shown on the vessel’s wirerope certificates for all wire rope andwire rope slings comprising part ofship’s gear and shall observe these loadratings.

(d) The following limitations shallapply to the use of wire rope as a partof the ship’s cargo handling gear:

(1) Eye splices in wire ropes shallhave at least three tucks with a wholestrand of the rope and two tucks withone-half of the wire cut from eachstrand. Other forms of splices or con-nections that the employer dem-onstrates will provide the same level ofsafety may be used;

(2) Except for eye splices in the endsof wires, each wire rope used in hoist-ing or lowering, in guying derricks, oras a topping lift, preventer, segment ofa multi-part preventer, or pendant,shall consist of one continuous piecewithout knot or splice; and

(3) Wire rope or wire rope slings ex-hibiting any of the defects or condi-tions specified in § 1918.62(b)(4) (i)through (vi) shall not be used.

(e) Natural and synthetic fiber ropeslings exhibiting any of the defects orconditions specified in § 1918.62(e) (1)through (7) shall not be used.

(f) Synthetic web slings exhibitingany of the defects or conditions speci-fied in § 1918.62(g)(2) (i) through (v)shall not be used.

(g) Chains, including slings, exhibit-ing any of the defects or conditionsspecified in § 1918.62 (h)(3) (iii), (iv), or(h)(6) shall not be used.

§ 1918.52 Specific requirements.(a) Preventers. (1) When preventers

are used they shall be of sufficientstrength for the intended purpose.They shall be secured to the head ofthe boom independent of working guysunless, for cast fittings, the strength ofthe fitting exceeds the total strengthof all lines secured to it. Any tails, fit-tings, or other means of making thepreventers fast on the deck shall pro-vide strength equal to that of the pre-venter itself.

(2) Wire rope clips or knots shall notbe used to form eyes in, nor to join sec-tions of, preventer guys.


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(b) Stoppers. (1) Chain topping liftstoppers shall be in good condition,equipped with fiber tails, and longenough to allow not fewer than threehalf-hitches in the chain.

(2) Chain stoppers shall be shackledor otherwise secured so that their linksare not bent by being passed aroundfittings. The point of attachment shallbe of sufficient strength and so placedthat the stoppers are in line with thenormal topping lift lead at the timethe stopper is applied.

(3) Patent stoppers of the clamp typeshall be appropriate for the size of therope used. Clamps shall be in good con-dition and free of any substance thatwould prevent their being drawn tight.

(c) Falls. (1) The end of the winch fallshall be secured to the drum by clamps,U-bolts, shackles, or other equallystrong methods. Fiber rope fasteningsshall not be used.

(2) Winch falls shall not be used withfewer than three turns on the winchdrum.

(3) Eyes in the ends of wire ropecargo falls shall not be formed byknots and, in single part falls, shall notbe formed by wire rope clips.

(4) When the design of the winch per-mits, the fall shall be wound on thedrum so that the cargo hook rises whenthe winch control lever is pulled backand lowers when the lever is pushedforward.

(d) Heel blocks. (1) When an employeeworks in the bight formed by the heelblock, a preventer at least three-quar-ters of an inch (1.9 cm) diameter wirerope shall be securely rigged, or equal-ly effective means shall be taken, tohold the block and fall if the heel blockattachments fail. Where physical limi-tations prohibit the fitting of a wirerope preventer of the required size, twoturns of a one-half inch (1.3 cm) diame-ter wire rope shall be sufficient.

(2) If the heel block is not so riggedas to prevent its falling when not understrain, it shall be secured to prevent al-ternate raising and dropping of theblock. This requirement shall notapply when the heel block is at least 10feet (3.0 m) above the deck when at itslowest point.

(e) Coaming rollers. Portable coamingrollers shall be secured by wire pre-

venters in addition to the regular coa-ming clamps.

(f) Cargo hooks. Cargo hooks shall beas close to the junction of the falls asthe assembly permits, but never far-ther than two feet (.61 m) from it. Ex-ception: This provision shall not applywhen the construction of the vessel andthe operation in progress are such thatfall angles are greater than 120 degrees.Overhaul chains shall not be shortenedby bolting or knotting.

§ 1918.53 Cargo winches.

(a) Moving parts of winches and otherdeck machinery shall be guarded.

(b) Winches shall not be used if con-trol levers operate with excessive fric-tion or excessive play.

(c) Double gear winches or otherwinches equipped with a clutch shallnot be used unless a positive means oflocking the gear shift is provided.

(d) There shall be no load other thanthe fall and cargo hook assembly onthe winch when changing gears on atwo-gear winch.

(e) Any defect or malfunction ofwinches that could endanger employeesshall be reported immediately to theofficer in charge of the vessel, and thewinch shall not be used until the defector malfunction is corrected.

(f) Temporary seats and shelters forwinch drivers that create a hazard tothe winch operator or other employeesshall not be used.

(g) Except for short handles on wheeltype controls, winch drivers shall notbe permitted to use winch control ex-tension levers unless they are providedby either the ship or the employer.Such levers shall be of adequatestrength and securely fastened withmetal connections at the fulcrum andat the permanent control lever.

(h) Extension control levers thattend to fall due to their own weightshall be counterbalanced.

(i) Winch brakes shall be monitoredduring use. If winch brakes are unableto hold the load, the winch shall be re-moved from service.

(j) Winches shall not be used whenone or more control points, eitherhoisting or lowering, are not operatingproperly. Only authorized personnelshall adjust control systems.


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(k) When winches are left unat-tended, control levers shall be placedin the neutral position and the powershall be shut off or control levers shallbe locked at the winch or the operatingcontrols.

§ 1918.54 Rigging gear.(a) Guy and preventer placement. Each

guy or preventer shall be placed to pre-vent it from making contact with anyother guy, preventer, or stay.

(b) Guys. When alternate positionsfor securing guys are provided, theguys shall be so placed as to produce aminimum stress and not permit theboom to jackknife.

(c) Boom placement. The head of themidship boom shall be spotted no far-ther outboard of the coaming than isnecessary for control of the load.

(d) Preventers. (1) Preventers shall beproperly secured to suitable fittingsother than those to which the guys aresecured, and shall be as nearly parallelto the guys as the fittings will permit.

(2) Unless the cleat is also a chockand the hauling part is led through thechock opening, the leads of preventersto cleats shall be such that the direc-tion of the line pull of the preventer isas parallel as possible to the plane ofthe surface on which the cleat ismounted.

(3) Guys and associated preventersshall be adjusted to share the load asequally as possible where cargo oper-ations are being conducted byburtoning. Exception: Where guys aredesigned and intended for trimmingpurposes only, and the preventer is in-tended to do the function of the guy,the guy may be left slack.

(e) Cargo falls. Cargo falls under loadshall not be permitted to chafe on anystanding or other running rigging. Ex-ception: Rigging shall not be construedto mean hatch coamings or other simi-lar structural parts of the vessel.

(f) Bull wire. (1) Where a bull wire istaken to a gypsy head for lowering ortopping a boom, the bull wire shall besecured to the gypsy head by shackleor other equally strong method. Secur-ing by fiber rope fastening does notmeet this requirement.

(2) When, in lowering or topping aboom, it is not possible to secure thebull wire to the gypsy head, or when

the topping lift itself is taken to thegypsy head, at least five turns of wireshall be used.

(g) Trimming and deckloads. Whendeck loads extend above the rail andthere is less than 12 inches (30.48 cm)horizontal clearance between the edgeof the deck load and the inside of thebulwark or rail, a pendant or other al-ternate device shall be provided toallow trimming of the gear and to pre-vent employees from going over theside.

§ 1918.55 Cranes (See also § 1918.11).The following requirements shall

apply to the use of cranes forming partof a vessel’s permanent equipment.

(a) Defects. Cranes with a visible orknown defect that affects safe oper-ation shall not be used. Defects shall bereported immediately to the officer incharge of the vessel.

(b) Operator’s station. (1) Cranes withmissing, broken, cracked, scratched, ordirty glass (or equivalent) that impairsoperator visibility shall not be used.

(2) Clothing, tools and equipmentshall be stored so as not to interferewith access, operation or the operator’sview.

(c) Cargo operations. (1) Accessibleareas within the swing radius of thebody of a revolving crane or within thetravel of a shipboard gantry crane shallbe physically guarded or other equallyeffective means shall be taken duringoperations to prevent an employeefrom being caught between the body ofthe crane and any fixed structure, orbetween parts of the crane. Verbalwarnings to employees to avoid thedangerous area do not meet this re-quirement.

(2) Limit switch bypass systems shallbe secured during all cargo operations.Such bypass systems shall not be usedexcept in an emergency or during non-cargo handling operations such asstowing cranes or derricks or perform-ing repairs. Any time a bypass systemis used, it shall be done only under thedirection of an officer of the vessel.

(3) Under all operating conditions, atleast three full turns of rope shall re-main on ungrooved drums, and two fullturns on grooved drums.

(4) Crane brakes shall be monitoredduring use. If crane brakes are unable


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to hold the load, the crane shall not beused.

(5) Cranes shall not be used if controllevers operate with excessive frictionor excessive play.

(6) When cranes are equipped withpower down capability, there shall beno free fall of the gear when a load isattached.

(7) When two or more cranes hoist aload in unison, a designated personshall direct the operation and instructpersonnel in positioning, rigging of thegear and movements to be made.

(d) Unattended cranes. When cranesare left unattended between work peri-ods, § 1918.66(b) (4)(i) through (v) shallapply.

Subpart G—Cargo Handling Gearand Equipment Other ThanShip’s Gear

§ 1918.61 General (See also appendixIV of this part).

(a) Employer provided gear inspection.All gear and equipment provided by theemployer shall be inspected by the em-ployer or designated person before eachuse and, when appropriate, at intervalsduring its use, to ensure that it is safe.Any gear that is found upon such in-spection to be unsafe shall not be useduntil it is made safe.

(b) Safe working load. (1) The safeworking load of gear as specified in§§ 1918.61 through 1918.66 shall not beexceeded.

(2) All cargo handling gear providedby the employer with a safe working

load greater than five short tons (10,000lbs. or 4.5 metric tons) shall have itssafe working load plainly marked on it.

(c) Gear weight markings. The weightshall be plainly marked on any articleof stevedoring gear hoisted by ship’sgear and weighing more than 2,000 lbs.(.91 metric tons).

(d) Certification. The employer shallnot use any material handling devicelisted in paragraphs (f) and (g) of thissection until the device has been cer-tificated, as evidenced by current andvalid documents attesting to compli-ance with the requirements of para-graph (e) of this section.

(e) Certification procedures. Each cer-tification required by this section shallbe performed in accordance with part1919 of this chapter, by a person thencurrently accredited by OSHA as pro-vided in that part.

(f) Special gear. (1) Special stevedor-ing gear provided by the employer, thestrength of which depends upon compo-nents other than commonly used stockitems such as shackles, ropes, orchains, and that has a Safe WorkingLoad (SWL) greater than five shorttons (10,000 lbs or 4.5 metric tons) shallbe inspected and tested as a unit beforeinitial use (see table A).

(2) Special stevedoring gear providedby the employer that has a SWL of fiveshort tons (10,000 or 4.5 metric tons) orless shall be inspected and tested as aunit before initial use according toparagraphs (d) and (e) of this section orby a designated person (see table A).

TABLE A

Safe working load Proof load

Up to 20 short tons (18.1 metric tons) .................................................................................. 25 percent in excess.From 20 through 50 short tons (18.1 to 45.3 metric tons) .................................................... 5 short tons in excess.Over 50 short tons (45.3 metric tons) ................................................................................... 10 percent in excess.

(g) Every spreader that is not a partof ship’s gear and is used for handlingintermodal containers shall be in-spected and tested before initial use toa proof load equal to 25 percent greaterthan its rated capacity. In addition,any spreader that suffers damage ne-cessitating structural repair shall beinspected and retested after repair andbefore being returned to service.

(h) All cargo handling gear coveredby this section with a SWL greaterthan five short tons (10,000 lbs. or 4.5metric tons) shall be proof load testedaccording to table A in paragraph (f) orparagraph (g), as applicable, of thissection every four years and in accord-ance with paragraphs (d) and (e) of thissection or by a designated person.


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(i) Certificates and inspection andtest records attesting to the tests re-quired by this section shall be avail-able for inspection.

§ 1918.62 Miscellaneous auxiliary gear.(a) Routine inspection. (1) At the com-

pletion of each use, loose gear such asslings, chains, bridles, blocks andhooks shall be so placed as to avoiddamage to the gear. Loose gear shall beinspected and any defects corrected be-fore reuse.

(2) Defective gear, as defined by themanufacturers’ specifications (whenavailable), shall not be used. Distortedhooks, shackles or similar gear shall bediscarded.

NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (A): When manu-facturers’ specifications are not avail-able to determine whether gear is de-fective, the employer shall use the ap-propriate paragraphs of this section tomake these determinations.

(b) Wire rope and wire rope slings. (1)The employer shall follow the manu-facturers’ recommended ratings forwire rope and wire rope slings providedfor use aboard ship, and shall have suchratings available for inspection. Whenthe manufacturer is unable to supplysuch ratings, the employer shall usethe tables for wire rope and wire ropeslings found in appendix II to this part.A design safety factor of at least fiveshall be maintained for the commonsizes of running wire used as falls inpurchases, or in such uses as light loadslings.

(2) Wire rope with a safety factor ofless than five may be used only as fol-lows:

(i) In specialized equipment, such ascranes, designed to be used with lesserwire rope safety factors;

(ii) According to design factors instanding rigging applications; or

(iii) For heavy lifts or other purposesfor which a safety factor of five is notfeasible and for which the employercan show that equivalent safety is en-sured.

(3) Wire rope or wire rope slings pro-vided by the employer and having anyof the following conditions shall not beused:

(i) Ten randomly distributed brokenwires in one rope lay or three or more

broken wires in one strand in one ropelay;

(ii) Kinking, crushing, bird caging orother damage resulting in distortion ofthe wire rope structure;

(iii) Evidence of heat damage;(iv) Excessive wear or corrosion, de-

formation or other defect in the wire orattachments, including cracks in at-tachments;

(v) Any indication of strand or wireslippage in end attachments; or

(vi) More than one broken wire closeto a socket or swaged fitting.

(4) Protruding ends of strands insplices on slings and bridles shall becovered or blunted. Coverings shall beremovable so that splices can be exam-ined. Means used to cover or blunt endsshall not damage the wire.

(5) Where wire rope clips are used toform eyes, the employer shall followthe manufacturers’ recommendations,which shall be available for inspection.If ‘‘U’’ bolt clips are used and the man-ufacturers’ recommendations are notavailable, table 1 of appendix II to thispart shall be used to determine thenumber and spacing of clips. ‘‘U’’ boltsshall be applied with the ‘‘U’’ sectionin contact with the dead end of therope.

(6) Wire rope shall not be secured byknotting.

(7) Eyes in wire rope bridles, slings,bull wires, or in single parts used forhoisting shall not be formed by wirerope clips or knots.

(8) Eye splices in wire ropes shallhave at least three tucks with a wholestrand of the rope, and two tucks withone-half of the wire cut from eachstrand. Other forms of splices or con-nections that the employer dem-onstrates to be equivalently safe maybe used.

(9) Except for eye splices in the endsof wires and endless rope slings, eachwire rope used in hoisting or lowering,or bulling cargo, shall consist of onecontinuous piece without knot orsplice.

(c) Natural fiber rope. (1) The em-ployer shall follow the manufacturers’recommended ratings for natural fiberrope and natural fiber rope slings pro-vided for use aboard ship, and shallhave such ratings available for inspec-tion.


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(2) If the manufacturers’ rec-ommended ratings and use rec-ommendations are unavailable, the em-ployer shall use table 2 of appendix IIto this part to determine safe workingloads of natural fiber rope slings com-prising part of pre-slung drafts.

(3) Eye splices shall consist of atleast three full tucks. Short splicesshall consist of at least six tucks, threeon each side of the centerline.

(d) Synthetic rope. (1) The employershall follow the manufacturers’ ratingsand use recommendations for the spe-cific synthetic fiber rope and syntheticfiber rope slings provided for useaboard ship, and shall have such rat-ings available for inspection.

(2) If the manufacturers’ rec-ommended ratings and use rec-ommendations are unavailable, tables3A and B of appendix II to this partshall be used to determine the safeworking load of synthetic fiber ropeand of synthetic rope slings that com-prise this part of pre-slung drafts.

(3) Unless otherwise recommended bythe manufacturer, when synthetic fiberropes are substituted for natural fiberropes of less than three inches (7.62 cm)in circumference, the substitute shallbe of equal size. Where substituted fornatural fiber rope of three inches (7.62cm) or more in circumference, the sizeof the synthetic rope shall be deter-mined from the formula:C=0.6Cs2 +0.4Cm2

Where C=the required circumference ofthe synthetic rope in inches (centi-meters); Cs=the circumference tothe nearest one-quarter inch (.6 cm)of a synthetic rope having a break-ing strength no less than that ofthe natural rope that is required byparagraph (c) of this section; andCm=the circumference of the natu-ral rope in inches (centimeters)that is required by paragraph (c) ofthis section. In making each substi-tution, the employer shall ascer-tain that the inherent characteris-tics of the synthetic fiber are suit-able for hoisting.

(e) Removal of natural and syntheticrope from service. Natural and syntheticrope having any of the following de-fects shall be removed from service:

(1) Abnormal or excessive wear in-cluding heat and chemical damage;

(2) Powdered fiber between strands;(3) Sufficient cut or broken fibers to

affect the capability of the rope;(4) Variations in the size or round-

ness of strands;(5) Discolorations other than stains

not associated with rope damage;(6) Rotting; or(7) Distortion or other damage to at-

tached hardware.(f) Thimbles. Properly fitting thimbles

shall be used when any rope is securedpermanently to a ring, shackle or at-tachment, where practicable.

(g) Synthetic web slings. (1) Slings andnets or other combinations of morethan one piece of synthetic webbing as-sembled and used as a single unit (syn-thetic web slings) shall not be used tohoist loads greater than the sling’srated capacity.

(2) Synthetic web slings shall be re-moved from service if they exhibit anyof the following defects:

(i) Acid or caustic burns;(ii) Melting or charring of any part of

the sling surface;(iii) Snags, punctures, tears or cuts;(iv) Broken or worn stitches;(v) Distortion or damage to fittings;

or(vi) Display of visible warning

threads or markers designed to indi-cate excessive wear or damage.

(3) Defective synthetic web slings re-moved from service shall not be re-turned to service unless repaired by asling manufacturer or an entity ofsimilar competence. Each repairedsling shall be proof tested by the re-pairer to twice the sling’s rated capac-ity before its return to service. Theemployer shall retain a certificate ofthe proof test and make it available forinspection.

(4) Synthetic web slings provided bythe employer shall only be used accord-ing to the manufacturers’ use rec-ommendations, which shall be avail-able.

(5) Fittings shall have a breakingstrength at least equal to that of thesling to which they are attached andshall be free of sharp edges.

(h) Chains and chain slings used forhoisting. (1) The employer shall followthe manufacturers’ recommended rat-ings for safe working loads for the sizeof wrought iron and alloy steel chains


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and chain slings and shall have suchratings available for inspection. Whenthe manufacturer does not providesuch ratings, the employer shall usetable 4A of appendix II to this part todetermine safe working loads for alloysteel chains and chain slings only.

(2) Proof coil steel chain, also knownas common or hardware chain, andother chain not recommended by themanufacturer for slinging or hoistingshall not be used for slinging or hoist-ing.

(3)(i) Sling chains, including end fas-tenings, shall be inspected for visibledefects before each day’s use and asoften as necessary during use to ensureintegrity of the sling.

(ii) Thorough inspections of chains inuse shall be made quarterly to detectwear, defective welds, deformation orincrease in length or stretch. Themonth of inspection shall be shown oneach chain by color of paint on a linkor by other equally effective means.

(iii) Chains shall be removed fromservice when maximum allowable wear,as indicated in table 4B of appendix IIto this part, is reached at any point ofa link.

(iv) Chain slings shall be removedfrom service when stretch has in-creased the length of a measured sec-tion by more than 5 percent; when alink is bent, twisted or otherwise dam-aged; or when a link has a raised scarfor defective weld.

(v) Only designated persons shall in-spect chains used for slinging andhoisting.

(4) Chains shall only be repaired by adesignated person. Links or portions ofa chain defective under any of the cri-teria of paragraph (h)(3)(iv) of this sec-tion shall be replaced with properly di-mensioned links or connections of ma-terial similar to that of the originalchain. Before repaired chains are re-turned to service, they shall be testedto the proof test load recommended bythe manufacturer for the originalchain. Tests shall be done by the manu-facturer or shall be certified by anagency accredited for the purposeunder part 1919 of this chapter. Testcertificates shall be available for in-spection.

(5)(i) Wrought iron chains in constantuse shall be annealed or normalized at

intervals not exceeding six months.Heat treatment certificates shall beavailable for inspection. Alloy chainsshall not be annealed.

(ii) Any part of a lifting appliance oritem of loose gear installed after Janu-ary 21, 1998 shall not be manufacturedof wrought iron.

(6) Kinked or knotted chains shallnot be used for lifting. Chains shall notbe shortened by bolting, wiring orknotting. Makeshift links or fastenerssuch as wire, bolts or rods shall not beused.

(7) Hooks, rings, links and attach-ments affixed to sling chains shall haverated capacities at least equal to thoseof the chains to which they are at-tached.

(8) Chain slings shall bear identifica-tion of size, grade and rated capacity.

(i) Shackles. (1) If the manufacturers’recommended safe working loads forshackles are available, they shall notbe exceeded. If the manufacturers’ rec-ommendations are not available, table5 of appendix II to this part shall apply.

(2) Screw pin shackles provided bythe employer and used aloft shall havetheir pins positively secured.

(j) Hooks other than hand hooks. (1)The manufacturers’ recommended safeworking loads for hooks shall not beexceeded. Hooks other than hand hooksshall be tested according to the provi-sions of paragraphs (a), (c) and (d) of§ 1919.31 of this chapter.

(2) Bent or sprung hooks shall be dis-carded.

(3) Teeth of case hooks shall be main-tained in safe condition.

(4) Jaws of patent clamp-type platehooks shall be maintained in conditionto grip plates securely.

(5) Loads shall be applied to thethroat of the hook only.

(k) Pallets. (1) Pallets shall be madeand maintained to support and carryloads being handled safely. Fasteningsof reusable pallets used for hoistingshall be bolts and nuts, drive screws(helically threaded nails), annularthreaded nails or fastenings of equiva-lent holding strength.

(2) Reusable wing or lip-type palletsshall be hoisted by bar bridles or othersuitable gear and shall have an over-hanging wing or lip of at least three


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inches (7.6 cm). They shall not be hoist-ed by wire slings alone.

(3) Loaded pallets that do not meetthe requirements of this paragraphshall be hoisted only after being placedon pallets meeting such requirements,or shall be handled by other means pro-viding equivalent safety.

(4) Bridles for handling flush end orbox-type pallets shall be designed toprevent disengagement from the palletunder load.

(5) Pallets shall be stacked or placedto prevent falling, collapsing or other-wise causing a hazard under standardoperating conditions.

(6) Disposable pallets intended onlyfor one use shall not be reused forhoisting.

§ 1918.63 Chutes, gravity conveyorsand rollers.

(a) Chutes shall be of adequate lengthand strength to support the conditionsof use, and shall be free of splinters andsharp edges.

(b) When necessary for the safety ofemployees, chutes shall be equippedwith sideboards to afford protectionfrom falling objects.

(c) When necessary for the safety ofemployees, provisions shall be made forstopping objects other than bulk com-modities at the delivery end of thechute.

(d) Chutes and gravity conveyor roll-er sections shall be firmly placed andsecured to prevent displacement, shift-ing, or falling.

(e) Gravity conveyors shall be of suf-ficient strength to support the weightof materials placed upon them safely.Conveyor rollers shall be installed in away that prevents them from falling orjumping out of the frame.

(f) Frames shall be kept free of burrsand sharp edges.

§ 1918.64 Powered conveyors.

(a) Emergency stop. Readily accessiblestop controls shall be provided for usein an emergency. Whenever the oper-ation of any power conveyor requirespersonnel to work close to the con-veyor, the conveyor controls shall notbe left unattended while the conveyoris in operation.

(b) Guarding. All conveyor and trim-mer drives that create a hazard shallbe adequately guarded.

(c) Approved for location. Electric mo-tors and controls on conveyors andtrimmers used to handle grain and ex-posed to grain dust shall be of a typeapproved by a nationally recognizedtesting laboratory for use in Class II,Division I locations. (See § 1910.7 of thischapter.)

(d) Grain trimmer control box. Eachgrain trimmer shall have a control boxon the weather deck close to the spoutfeeding the trimmer.

(e) Grain trimmer power cable. Powercables between the deck control boxand the grain trimmer shall be usedonly in continuous lengths withoutsplice or tap between connections.

(f) Portable conveyors. Portable con-veyors shall be stable within their op-erating ranges. When used at variablefixed levels, the unit shall be securedat the operating level.

(g) Delivery and braking. When nec-essary for the safety of employees, pro-visions shall be made for braking ob-jects at the delivery end of the con-veyor.

(h) Electric brakes. Conveyors usingelectrically released brakes shall beconstructed so that the brakes cannotbe released until power is applied andthe brakes are automatically engagedif the power fails or the operating con-trol is returned to the ‘‘stop’’ position.

(i) Starting powered conveyors. Pow-ered conveyors shall not be starteduntil all employees are clear of theconveyor or have been warned that theconveyor is about to start up.

(j) Loading and unloading. The areaaround conveyor loading and unloadingpoints shall be kept clear of obstruc-tions during conveyor operations.

(k) Lockout/tagout. (1) Conveyorsshall be stopped and their powersources locked out and tagged out dur-ing maintenance, repair, and servicing.If power is necessary for testing or formaking minor adjustments, powershall only be supplied to the servicingoperation.

(2) The starting device shall belocked out and tagged out in the stopposition before an attempt is made toremove the cause of a jam or overloadof the conveying medium.


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(l) Safe practices. (1) Only designatedpersons shall operate, repair or servicepowered conveyors.

(2) The employer shall ensure thateach employee stays off operating con-veyors.

(3) Conveyors shall be operated onlywith all overload devices, guards andsafety devices in place and operable.

§ 1918.65 Mechanically powered vehi-cles used aboard vessels.

(a) Applicability. This section appliesto every type of mechanically poweredvehicle used for material or equipmenthandling aboard a vessel.

(b) General. (1) Modifications, such asadding counterweights that might af-fect the vehicle’s capacity or safety,shall not be done without either themanufacturers’ prior written approvalor the written approval of a registeredprofessional engineer experienced withthe equipment, who has consulted withthe manufacturer, if available. Capac-ity, operation and maintenance in-struction plates, tags or decals shall bechanged to conform to the equipmentas modified.

(2) Rated capacities, with and with-out removable counterweights, shallnot be exceeded. Rated capacities shallbe marked on the vehicle and shall bevisible to the operator. The vehicleweight, with and without a counter-weight, shall be similarly marked.

(3) If loads are lifted by two or moretrucks working in unison, the totalweight shall not exceed the combinedsafe lifting capacity of all trucks.

(c) Guards for fork lift trucks. (1) Ex-cept as noted in paragraph (c)(5) of thissection, fork lift trucks shall beequipped with overhead guards se-curely attached to the machines. Theguard shall be of such design and con-struction as to protect the operatorfrom boxes, cartons, packages, baggedmaterial, and other similar items ofcargo that might fall from the loadbeing handled or from stowage.

(2) Overhead guards shall not ob-struct the operator’s view, and open-ings in the top of the guard shall notexceed six inches (15.2 cm) in one of thetwo directions, width or length. Largeropenings are permitted if no openingallows the smallest unit of cargo beinghandled through the guard.

(3) Overhead guards shall be built sothat failure of the vehicle’s mast tilt-ing mechanism will not displace theguard.

(4) Overhead guards shall be largeenough to extend over the operatorduring all truck operations, includingforward tilt.

(5) An overhead guard may be re-moved only when it would prevent atruck from entering a work space andonly if the operator is not exposed tolow overhead obstructions in the workspace.

(6) Where necessary to protect theoperator, fork lift trucks shall be fittedwith a vertical load backrest extensionto prevent the load from hitting themast when the mast is positioned atmaximum backward tilt. For this pur-pose, a ‘‘load backrest extension’’means a device extending verticallyfrom the fork carriage frame to pre-vent raised loads from falling back-ward.

(d) Guards for bulk cargo-moving vehi-cles. (1) Every crawler type, rider oper-ated, bulk cargo-moving vehicle shallbe equipped with an operator’s guard ofsuch design and construction as to pro-tect the operator, when seated, againstinjury from contact with a projectingoverhead hazard.

(2) Overhead guards and their attach-ment points shall be so designed as tobe able to withstand, without excessivedeflection, a load applied horizontallyat the operator’s shoulder level equalto the drawbar pull of the machine.

(3) Overhead guards are not requiredwhen the vehicle is used in situationsin which the seated operator cannotcontact projecting overhead hazards.

(4) After July 26, 1999, bulk cargo-moving vehicles shall be equipped withrollover protection of such design andconstruction as to prevent the possibil-ity of the operator being crushed be-cause of a rollover or upset.

(e) Approved trucks. (1) ‘‘Approvedpower-operated industrial truck’’means one listed as approved for theintended use or location by a nation-ally recognized testing laboratory (see§ 1910.7 of this chapter).

(2) Approved power-operated indus-trial trucks shall bear a label or otheridentification indicating testing lab-oratory approval.


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(3) When the atmosphere in an area ishazardous (see § 1918.2 and § 1918.93),only approved power-operated indus-trial trucks shall be used.

(f) Maintenance. (1) Mechanicallypowered vehicles shall be maintainedin safe working order. Safety devicesshall not be removed or made inoper-ative except where permitted in thissection. Vehicles with a fuel systemleak or any other safety defect shallnot be operated.

(2) Braking systems or other mecha-nisms used for braking shall be oper-able and in safe condition.

(3) Replacement parts whose functionmight affect operational safety shall beequivalent in strength and performancecapability to the original parts thatthey replace.

(4) Repairs to the fuel and ignitionsystems of mechanically powered vehi-cles that involve fire hazards shall beconducted only in locations designatedas safe for such repairs.

(5) Batteries on all mechanicallypowered vehicles shall be disconnectedduring repairs to the primary electricalsystem except when power is necessaryfor testing and repair. On vehiclesequipped with systems capable of stor-ing residual energy, that energy shallbe safely discharged before work on theprimary electrical system begins.

(6) Only designated persons shall domaintenance and repair.

(g) Parking brakes. All mechanicallypowered vehicles purchased after Janu-ary 21, 1998, shall be equipped withparking brakes.

(h) Operation. (1) Only stable andsafely arranged loads within the ratedcapacity of the mechanically poweredvehicle shall be handled.

(2) The employer shall require driversto ascend and descend grades slowly.

(3) If the load obstructs the forwardview, the employer shall require driv-ers to travel with the load trailing.

(4) Steering knobs shall not be usedunless the vehicle is equipped withpower steering.

(5) When mechanically powered vehi-cles use cargo lifting devices that havea means of engagement hidden fromthe operator, a means shall be providedto enable the operator to determinethat the cargo has been engaged.

(6) No load on a mechanically pow-ered vehicle shall be suspended orswung over any employee.

(7) When mechanically powered vehi-cles are used, provisions shall be madeto ensure that the working surface cansupport the vehicle and load, and thathatch covers, truck plates, or othertemporary surfaces cannot be dislodgedby movement of the vehicle.

(8) When mechanically powered vehi-cles are left unattended, load-engagingmeans shall be fully lowered, controlsneutralized, brakes set and power shutoff. Wheels shall be blocked or curbedif the vehicle is on an incline.

(9) When lift trucks or other me-chanically powered vehicles are beingoperated on open deck-type barges, theedges of the barges shall be guarded byrailings, sideboards, timbers, or othermeans sufficient to prevent vehiclesfrom rolling overboard. When such ve-hicles are operated on covered lighterswhere door openings other than thosebeing used are left open, means shall beprovided to prevent vehicles from roll-ing overboard through such openings.

(10) Unauthorized personnel shall notride on mechanically powered vehicles.A safe place to ride shall be providedwhen riding is authorized.

(11) An employee may be elevated byfork lift trucks only when a platform issecured to the lifting carriage or forks.The platform shall meet the followingrequirements:

(i) The platform shall have a railingcomplying with § 1917.112(c) of thischapter.

(ii) The platform shall havetoeboards complying with § 1917.112(d)of this chapter, if tools or other objectscould fall on employees below.

(iii) When the truck has controls ele-vated with the lifting carriage, meansshall be provided for employees on theplatform to shut off power to the vehi-cle.

(iv) Employees on the platform shallbe protected from exposure to movingtruck parts.

(v) The platform floor shall be skidresistant.

(vi) An employee shall be at thetruck’s controls whenever employeesare elevated.


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(vii) While an employee is elevated,the truck may be moved only to makeminor adjustments in placement.

§ 1918.66 Cranes and derricks otherthan vessel’s gear.

(a) General. The following require-ments shall apply to the use of cranesand derricks brought aboard vessels forconducting longshoring operations.They shall not apply to cranes and der-ricks forming part of a vessel’s perma-nent equipment.

(1) Certification. Cranes and derricksshall be certificated in accordance withpart 1919 of this chapter.

(2) Posted weight. The crane weightshall be posted on all cranes hoistedaboard vessels for temporary use.

(3) Rating chart. All cranes and der-ricks having ratings that vary withboom length, radius (outreach) or othervariables shall have a durable ratingchart visible to the operator, coveringthe complete range of the manufactur-ers’ (or design) capacity ratings. Therating chart shall include all operatingradii (outreach) for all permissibleboom lengths and jib lengths, as appli-cable, with and without outriggers, andalternate ratings for optional equip-ment affecting such ratings. Pre-cautions or warnings specified by theowner or manufacturer shall be in-cluded along with the chart.

(4) Rated loads. The manufacturers’(or design) rated loads for the condi-tions of use shall not be exceeded.

(5) Change of rated loads. Designatedworking loads shall not be increasedbeyond the manufacturers’ ratings ororiginal design limitations unless suchincrease receives the manufacturers’approval. When the manufacturers’services are not available or where theequipment is of foreign manufacture,engineering design analysis shall bedone or approved by a person accred-ited for certificating the equipmentunder part 1919 of this chapter. Engi-neering design analysis shall be doneby a registered professional engineercompetent in the field of cranes andderricks. Any structural changes re-quired by the change in rating shall becarried out.

(6) Radius indicator. When the ratedload varies with the boom radius, thecrane or derrick shall be fitted with a

boom angle or radius indicator visibleto the operator.

(7) Operator’s station. The cab, con-trols and mechanism of the equipmentshall be so arranged that the operatorhas a clear view of the load or signal-man, when one is used. Cab glass, whenused, shall be safety plate glass orequivalent. Cranes with missing, bro-ken, cracked, scratched, or dirty glass(or equivalent), that impairs operatorvision shall not be used. Clothing,tools, and equipment shall be stored soas not to interfere with access, oper-ation, and the operator’s view.

(8) Counterweights or ballast. Cranesshall be operated only with the speci-fied type and amount of ballast orcounterweights. Ballast or counter-weights shall be located and securedonly as provided in the manufacturers’or design specifications, which shall beavailable for inspection.

(9) Outriggers. Outriggers shall beused according to the manufacturers’specifications or design data, whichshall be available for inspection.Floats, when used, shall be securely at-tached to the outriggers. Wood blocksor other support shall be of sufficientsize to support the outrigger, free ofdefects that may affect safety, and ofsufficient width and length to preventthe crane from shifting or topplingunder load.

(10) Exhaust gases. Engine exhaustgases shall be discharged away fromcrane operating personnel.

(11) Electrical/Guarding. Electricalequipment shall be so placed or en-closed that live parts will not be ex-posed to accidental contact. Des-ignated persons may work on energizedequipment only if necessary during in-spection, maintenance, or repair; oth-erwise the equipment shall be stoppedand its power source locked out andtagged out.

(12) Fire extinguisher. (i) At least oneportable approved or listed fire extin-guisher of at least a 5-B:C rating orequivalent shall be accessible in thecab of the crane or derrick.

(ii) No portable fire extinguisherusing carbon tetrachloride orchlorobromomethane extinguishingagents shall be used.

(13) Rope on drums. At least three fullturns of rope shall remain on


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ungrooved drums, and two turns ongrooved drums, under all operatingconditions. Wire rope shall be securedto drums by clamps, U-bolts, shacklesor equivalent means. Fiber rope fasten-ings are prohibited.

(14) Brakes. (i) Each independenthoisting unit of a crane shall beequipped with at least one holdingbrake, applied directly to the motorshaft or gear train.

(ii) Each independent hoisting unit ofa crane shall, in addition to the hold-ing brake, be equipped with a con-trolled braking means to control lower-ing speeds.

(iii) Holding brakes for hoist unitsshall have not less than the followingpercentage of the rated load hoistingtorque at the point where the brake isapplied:

(A) 125 percent when used with another than mechanically controlledbraking means; or

(B) 100 percent when used with a me-chanically controlled braking means.

(iv) All power control braking meansshall be capable of maintaining safelowering speeds of rated loads.

(15) Operating controls. Crane and der-rick operating controls shall be clearlymarked, or a chart showing their func-tion shall be posted at the operator’sposition.

(16) Booms. Cranes with elevatablebooms and without operable automaticlimiting devices shall be provided withboom stops if boom elevation can ex-ceed maximum design angles from thehorizontal.

(17) Foot pedals. Foot pedals shallhave a non-skid surface.

(18) Access. Ladders, stairways, stan-chions, grab irons, foot steps or equiva-lent means shall be provided as nec-essary to ensure safe access tofootwalks, cab platforms, the cab andany portion of the superstructure thatemployees must reach.

(b) Operations. (1) Use of cranes to-gether. When two or more cranes hoista load in unison, a designated personshall direct the operation and instructpersonnel in positioning, rigging of theload and movements to be made.

(2) Guarding of swing radius. Acces-sible areas within the swing radius ofthe body of a revolving crane shall bephysically guarded during operations

to prevent an employee from beingcaught between the body of the craneand any fixed structure or betweenparts of the crane.

(3) Prohibited usage. (i) Equipmentshall not be used in a way that exertsside loading stresses upon the crane orderrick boom.

(ii) No crane or derrick having a visi-ble or known defect that may affectsafe operation shall be used.

(4) Unattended cranes. The followingsteps shall be taken before leaving acrane unattended between work peri-ods:

(i) Suspended loads, such as thosehoisted by lifting magnets or clamshellbuckets, shall be landed unless thestorage position or maximum hoistingof the suspended device will provideequivalent safety;

(ii) Clutches shall be disengaged;(iii) The power supply shall be shut

off;(iv) The crane shall be secured

against accidental travel; and(v) The boom shall be lowered or se-

cured against movement.(c) Protection for employees being hoist-

ed. (1) No employee shall be hoisted bythe load hoisting apparatus of a craneor derrick except on a platform meet-ing the following requirements:

(i) Enclosed by a railing or othermeans providing protection equivalentto that described in § 1917.112(c) of thischapter;

(ii) Fitted with toe boards if the plat-form has open railings;

(iii) A safety factor of four based onultimate strength;

(iv) Bearing a plate or permanentmarking indicating maximum load rat-ing, which shall not be exceeded, andthe weight of the platform itself;

(v) Equipped with a device to preventaccess doors, when used, from openingaccidentally;

(vi) Equipped with overhead protec-tion for employees on the platform ifthey are exposed to falling objects oroverhead hazards; and

(vii) Secured to the load line bymeans other than wedge and socket at-tachments, unless the free (bitter) endof the line is secured back to itself bya clamp placed as close above thewedge as possible.


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(2) Except in an emergency, thehoisting mechanism of all cranes orderricks used to hoist personnel shalloperate only in power up and powerdown, with automatic brake applica-tion when not hoisting or lowering.

(3) All cranes and derricks used tohoist personnel shall be equipped withan anti-two-blocking device.

(4) Variable radius booms of a craneor derrick used to hoist personnel shallbe so constructed or secured as to pre-vent accidental boom movement.

(5) Platforms or devices used to hoistemployees shall be inspected for de-fects before each day’s use and shall beremoved from service if defective.

(6) Employees being hoisted shall re-main in continuous sight of and com-munication with the operator or sig-nalman.

(7) Operators shall remain at the con-trols when employees are hoisted.

(8) Cranes shall not travel while em-ployees are hoisted, except in emer-gencies or in normal tier-to-tier trans-fer of employees during container oper-ations.

(d) Routine inspection. (1) Designatedpersons shall visually inspect eachcrane and derrick on each day of usefor defects in functional operatingcomponents and shall report any defectfound to the employer. The employershall inform the operator of the resultof the inspection.

(2) A designated person shall thor-oughly inspect all functional compo-nents and accessible structural fea-tures of each crane or device at month-ly intervals.

(3) Any defects found during such in-spections that may create a safety haz-ard shall be corrected before furtherequipment use. Repairs shall be doneonly by designated persons.

(4) A record of each monthly inspec-tion shall be maintained for six monthsin or on the crane or derrick or at theterminal.

(e) Protective devices. (1) When ex-posed moving parts such as gears,chains and chain sprockets present ahazard to employees during crane andderrick operations, those parts shall besecurely guarded.

(2) Crane hooks shall be latched orotherwise secured to prevent acciden-tal load disengagement.

(f) Load-indicating devices. (1) Unlessexempted by the provisions of para-graph (f)(1)(viii) of this section, everycrane used to load or discharge cargointo or out of a vessel shall be fittedwith a load-indicating device or alter-native device in proper working condi-tion that shall meet the following cri-teria:

(i) The type or model of any load-in-dicating device used shall be such as toprovide:

(A) A direct indication in the cab ofactual weight hoisted or a means of de-termining this by reference to craneratings posted and visible to the opera-tor, except that the use of a dynamom-eter or simple scale alone will not meetthis requirement; or

(B) An automatic weight-moment de-vice (e.g., a computer) providing indi-cations in the cab according to the ra-dius and load at the moment; or

(C) A device that will prevent anoverloaded condition.

(ii) The accuracy of the load-indicat-ing device, weight-moment device, oroverload protection device shall besuch that any indicated load (or limit),including the sum of actual weighthoisted and additional equipment or‘‘add ons’’ such as slings, sensors,blocks, etc., is within the range be-tween 95 percent (5 percent underload)and 110 percent (10 percent overload) ofthe actual true total load. Such accu-racy shall be required over the range ofdaily operating variables reasonablyanticipated under the conditions ofuse.

(iii) The device shall enable the oper-ator to decide before making any liftthat the load indicating device or al-ternative device is operative. In the al-ternative, if the device is not somounted or attached and does not in-clude such means of checking, it shallbe certified by the manufacturer to re-main operative for a specific time. Thedevice shall be checked for accuracy,using known values of the load, at thetime of every certification survey (see§ 1918.11) and at such additional timesas may be recommended by the manu-facturer.

(iv) When the load indicating deviceor alternative device is so arranged inthe supporting system (crane struc-ture) that its failure could cause the


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load to be dropped, its strength shallnot be the limiting factor of the sup-porting system (crane structure).

(v) Units of measure in pounds orboth pounds and kilograms (or otherindicators of measurement, such as col-ored indicator lights), capacity of theindicating system, accuracy of the in-dicating system, and operating instruc-tions and precautions shall be con-spicuously marked. If the system usedprovides no readout but automaticallyceases crane operation when the ratedload limit is reached under any specificcondition of use, the marking shallprovide the make and model of the de-vice installed, a description of what itdoes, how it is operated, and any nec-essary precautions regarding the sys-tem. All of these markings shall bereadily visible to the operator.

(vi) All load indicating devices shalloperate over the full operating radius.Overall accuracy shall be based on ac-tual applied loads and not on full scale(full capacity) load.

NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (F)(1)(VI): If theaccuracy of the load indicating deviceis based on full scale loads and the de-vice is arbitrarily set at plus or minus10 percent, it would accept a readingbetween 90,000 and 110,000 lbs. at fullcapacity for a machine with a maxi-mum rating of 100,000 lbs. but wouldalso show a reading of between zeroand 20,000 lbs. at that outreach (radius)at which the load would be 10,000 lbs.;this is clearly unacceptable. If, how-ever, the accuracy of the device isbased on actual applied loads under thesame conditions, the acceptable rangewould remain the same with the100,000-lb. load but would show a figurebetween 9,000 and 11,000 lbs. at the10,000-lb. load; this is an acceptablereading.

(vii) When a load-indicating deviceuses the radius as a factor in its use orin its operating indications, the indi-cated radius (which may be in feet and/or meters, or degrees of boom angle,depending on the system used) shall bewithin the range between 97 percentand 110 percent of the actual (true) ra-dius. When radius is presented in de-grees, and feet or meters are requiredfor necessary determinations, a conver-sion chart shall be provided.

(viii) The load indicating device re-quirements of this paragraph do notapply to a crane:

(A) Of the trolley equipped bridgetype while handling containers knownto be and identified as empty, or load-ed, and in either case according to theprovisions of § 1918.85(b) of this part, orwhile hoisting other lifts by means of alifting beam supplied by the cranemanufacturer for the purpose and in allcases within the crane rating;

(B) While handling bulk commoditiesor cargoes by means of clamshell buck-et or magnet;

(C) While used to handle or holdhoses in connection with transfer ofbulk liquids, or other hose-handledproducts; or

(D) While the crane is used exclu-sively to handle cargo or equipmentwhose total actual gross weight ismarked on the unit or units hoisted,and the total actual gross weight neverexceeds 11,200 lbs., and the load is lessthan the rated capacity of the crane atthe maximum outreach possible at thetime.

(2) [Reserved]

§ 1918.67 Notifying the ship’s officersbefore using certain equipment.

(a) The employer shall notify the of-ficer in charge of the vessel beforebringing aboard ship internal combus-tion or electric powered tools, equip-ment or vehicles.

(b) The employer shall also notify theofficer in charge of the vessel beforeusing the ship’s electric power for theoperation of any electric tools orequipment.

§ 1918.68 Grounding.The frames of portable electrical

equipment and tools, other than doubleinsulated tools and battery operatedtools, shall be grounded through a sep-arate equipment conductor run with orenclosing the circuit conductors.

§ 1918.69 Tools.(a) General. Employers shall not issue

or permit the use of visibly unsafetools.

(b) Portable electric tools. (1) Portablehand-held electric tools shall beequipped with switches of a type thatmust be manually held in position.


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29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–98 Edition) §§ 1918.70–.80

(2) All portable, power-driven cir-cular saws shall be equipped withguards above and below the base plateor shoe. The upper guard shall coverthe saw to the depth of the teeth, ex-cept for the minimum arc required topermit the base to be tilted for bevelcuts. The lower guard shall cover thesaw to the depth of the teeth, exceptfor the minimum arc required to allowproper retraction and contact with thework. When the tool is withdrawn fromthe work, the lower guard shall auto-matically and instantly return to thecovering position.

§§ 1918.70–.80 [Reserved]

Subpart H—Handling Cargo

§ 1918.81 Slinging.(a) Drafts shall be safely slung before

being hoisted. Loose dunnage or debrishanging or protruding from loads shallbe removed.

(b) Cargo handling bridles, such aspallet bridles, which are to remain at-tached to the hoisting gear while hoist-ing successive drafts, shall be attachedby shackles, or other positive meansshall be taken to prevent them frombeing accidentally disengaged from thecargo hook.

(c) Drafts of lumber, pipe, dunnageand other pieces, the top layer of whichis not bound by the sling, shall beslung in a way that prevents sliders.Double slings shall be used onunstrapped dunnage, unless, due to thesize of hatch or deep tank openings,using them is impracticable.

(d) Case hooks shall be used onlywith cases designed to be hoisted bythese hooks.

(e) Bales of cotton, wool, cork, woodpulp, gunny bags or similar articlesshall not be hoisted by straps unlessthe straps are strong enough to supportthe weight of the bale. At least twohooks, each in a separate strap, shallbe used.

(f) Unitized loads bound by bands orstraps may be hoisted by the bandingor strapping only if the banding orstrapping is suitable for hoisting and isstrong enough to support the weight ofthe load.

(g) Additional means to maintain theunitized loads during hoisting shall be

employed to ensure safe lifting of suchloads having damaged banding orstrapping.

(h) Loads requiring continuous man-ual guidance during handling shall beguided by guide ropes (tag lines) thatare long enough to control the load.

(i) No draft shall be hoisted unlessthe winch or crane operator(s) canclearly see the draft itself or see thesignals of a signalman who is observingthe draft’s movement.

(j) Intermodal containers shall behandled in accordance with § 1918.85.

(k) The employer shall require thatemployees stay clear of the area be-neath overhead drafts or descendinglifting gear.

(l) The employer shall not permitemployees to ride the hook or the load,except as provided for in § 1918.85(g).

§ 1918.82 Building drafts.

(a) Drafts shall be built or meansshall be taken to prevent cargo fromfalling from them.

(b) Buckets and tubs used in handlingbulk or frozen cargo shall not be loadedabove their rims.

§ 1918.83 Stowed cargo; tiering andbreaking down.

(a) When necessary to protect person-nel working in a hold, the employershall secure or block stowed cargo thatis likely to shift or roll.

(b) In breaking down stowed cargo,precautions shall be taken to preventremaining cargo from falling.

(c) Employees trimming bulk cargoshall be checked in and out by the jobboss. Before securing any reefer com-partment, a check shall be made to en-sure that no employee remains inside.Frequent checks shall be made to en-sure the safety of any employee work-ing alone in a tank or cargo compart-ment.

§ 1918.84 Bulling cargo.

(a) Bulling cargo shall be done withthe bull line led directly from the heelblock. However, bulling may be donefrom the head of the boom when thenature of the cargo and the surfaceover which it is dragged are such thatthe load cannot be stalled, or when thewinch actually does not have sufficient


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strength, with the purchase used, tooverload the boom.

(b) Snatch blocks shall be used toprovide a fair lead for the bull line toavoid unnecessary dragging of the bullline against coamings and obstruc-tions.

(c) Snatch blocks shall not be usedwith the point of the hook resting onthe flange of a beam, but shall be hungfrom padeyes, straps, or beam clamps.Snatch blocks or straps shall not bemade fast to batten cleats or other in-secure fittings.

(d) Beam frame clamps shall be so se-cured as to prevent their slipping, fall-ing, or being pulled from their station-ary attachment.

(e) Falls led from cargo booms of ves-sels shall not be used to move scows,lighters or railcars.

§ 1918.85 Containerized cargo oper-ations.

(a) Container markings. Every inter-modal container shall be legibly andpermanently marked with:

(1) The weight of the container whenempty, in pounds;

(2) The maximum cargo weight thecontainer is designed to carry, inpounds; and

(3) The sum of the weight of the con-tainer and the maximum cargo weight,in pounds.

(b) Container weight. No containershall be hoisted by any lifting appli-ance unless the following conditionshave been met:

(1) The employer shall determinefrom the carrier whether a container tobe hoisted is loaded or empty. Beforeloading or discharging, empty contain-ers shall be identified in a manner thatwill inform every supervisor and jobboss on the site and in charge of load-ing or discharging, or every crane orother hoisting equipment operator andsignalman, that such container isempty. Methods of identification mayinclude cargo plans, manifests, ormarkings on the container.

(2) For a loaded container:(i) The actual gross weight shall be

plainly marked and visible to the craneor other hoisting equipment operatoror signalman, or to every supervisor orjob boss on site and in charge of the op-eration; or

(ii) The cargo stowage plan or equiva-lent permanently recorded displayserving the same purpose, containingthe actual gross weight and the serialnumber or other positive identificationof that specific container, shall be pro-vided to the crane or other hoistingequipment operator and signalman,and to every supervisor and job boss onsite and in charge of the operation.

(3) Every outbound container re-ceived at a marine terminal ready toload aboard a vessel without furtherconsolidation or loading shall beweighed to obtain the actual grossweight, either at the terminal or else-where, before being hoisted.

(4)(i) When container weighing scalesare found at a marine terminal, anyoutbound container with a load con-solidated at that terminal shall beweighed to obtain the actual weight be-fore being hoisted.

(ii) If the terminal has no scales, theactual gross weight may be calculatedfrom the container’s contents and thecontainer’s empty weight. The weightsused in the calculation shall be postedconspicuously on the container, withthe name of the person making the cal-culation, and the date.

(5) Open top vehicle-carrying con-tainers, and those built specifically andused solely for the carriage of com-pressed gases, are excepted from para-graphs (b)(3) and (b)(4) of this section.

(6) Closed dry van containers carry-ing vehicles are exempted from para-graph (b)(4) of this section if:

(i) The container carries only com-pletely assembled vehicles and noother cargo;

(ii) The container is marked on theoutside so that an employee can read-ily discern that the container is carry-ing vehicles; and

(iii) The vehicles were loaded intothe container at the marine terminal.

(7) The weight of loaded inbound con-tainers from foreign ports shall be de-termined by weighing, by the methodof calculation described in paragraph(b)(4)(ii) of this section or by shippingdocuments.

(8) Any scale used within the UnitedStates to weigh containers for the re-quirements of this section shall meetthe accuracy standards of the state or


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5 A heavily laden container is one that isloaded to within 20 percent of its rated ca-pacity.

(D) The lift angle is at 80 to 90 degrees;(E) The distance between the lifting beam

and the load is at least 8 feet, 2.4 inches (2.5m); and

(F) The length of the spreader beam is atleast 16.3 feet (5 m) for a 20-foot container,and at least 36.4 feet (11 m) for a 40-foot con-tainer.

6 Examples of work that may not be elimi-nated by positive container securing devicesand that may require employees to work ontop of containers include, but are not limitedto: installing or removing bridge clamps;

local public authority in which thescale is found.

(c) Overloaded containers. No con-tainer shall be hoisted if its actualgross weight exceeds the weightmarked as required in paragraph (a)(3)of this section, or it exceeds the capac-ity of the lifting appliance.

(d) Container inspection. (1) Prior tohoisting, each container shall be in-spected for any visible defects in struc-tural members and fittings that wouldmake the handling of such containerunsafe.

(2) Any container found to have sucha defect shall either be handled by aspecial means to ensure safe handlingor shall be emptied before handling.

(e) Suspended containers. The em-ployer shall prohibit employees fromworking beneath a suspended con-tainer.

(f) Lifting fittings. Containers shall behandled using lifting fittings or otherarrangements suitable and intended forthe purpose as set forth in paragraphs(f)(1) through (f)(3) of this section, un-less damage to an intermodal containermakes special means of handling nec-essary.

(1) Loaded intermodal containers.Loaded intermodal containers of 20 feet(6.1 m) or more shall be hoisted as fol-lows:

(i) When hoisting containers by thetop fittings, the lifting forces shall beapplied vertically from at least foursuch fittings. A less than vertical lift ispermitted only under the followingconditions:

(A) The container being lifted is anISO ‘‘closed box container’’;

(B) The condition of the box is sound;(C) The speed of hoisting and lower-

ing is moderated when heavily ladenedcontainers 5 are encountered;

(ii) When hoisting containers frombottom fittings, the hoisting connec-

tions shall bear on the fittings only,making no other contact with the con-tainer. The angles of the four bridlelegs shall not be less than 30 degrees tothe horizontal for 40-foot (12.2 m) con-tainers; 37 degrees for 30-foot (9.1 m)containers; and 45 degrees for 20-foot(6.1 m) containers.

(iii) Lifting containers by fork lifttrucks or grappling arms from above orfrom one side may be done only if thecontainer is designed for this type ofhandling.

(iv) Other means of hoisting may beused only if the containers and hoist-ing means are designed for such use.

(2) Intermodal container spreaders. (i)When using intermodal containerspreaders that employ lanyards for ac-tivation and load disengagement, allpossible precautions shall be taken toprevent accidental release of the load.

(ii) Intermodal container spreadersthat utilize automatic twist lock sys-tems shall be designed and used so thata suspended load cannot accidentallybe released.

(g) Safe container top access. A safemeans of access shall be provided foreach employee required to work on thetop of an intermodal container. Unlessladders are used for access, such meansshall comply with the requirements of§ 1917.45(j) of this chapter.

(h) Employee hoisting prohibition. Em-ployees shall not be hoisted on inter-modal container spreaders while a loadis engaged.

(i) Portable ladder access. When othersafer means are available, portable lad-ders shall not be used in gaining accessto container stacks more than two con-tainers high.

(j) Fall protection. (1) Containers beinghandled by container gantry cranes.

(i) After July 26, 1999, where a con-tainer gantry crane is being used tohandle containers, the employer shallensure that no employee is on top of acontainer. Exception: An employeemay be on top of a container only toperform a necessary function that can-not be eliminated by the use of positivecontainer securing devices.6


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hooking up or detaching over-height con-tainers; or freeing a jammed semi-automatictwist lock.

7 For the purposes of this paragraph, quali-fied person means one with a recognized de-gree or professional certificate and extensiveknowledge and experience in the subjectfield who is capable of design, analysis, eval-uation and specifications in the subjectwork, project, or product.

8 For the purposes of this paragraph, quali-fied person means one with a recognized de-gree or professional certificate and extensiveknowledge and experience in the subjectfield who is capable of design, analysis, eval-uation and specifications in the subjectwork, project, or product.

(ii) After July 26, 1999, the employershall ensure that positive container se-curing devices, such as semi-automatictwist locks and above deck cell guides,are used wherever container gantrycranes are used to hoist containers.

(iii) The employer shall ensure thateach employee on top of a container isprotected from fall hazards by a fallprotection system meeting the require-ments of paragraph (k) of this section.

(2) Containers being handled by otherhoisting devices. Where containers arebeing handled by hoisting devices otherthan container gantry cranes, the em-ployer shall ensure that each employeeon top of a container is protected by afall protection system meeting the re-quirements of paragraph (k) of this sec-tion.

(3) Other exposure to fall hazards. Theemployer shall ensure that each em-ployee exposed to a fall hazard is pro-tected by a fall protection systemmeeting the requirements of paragraph(k) of this section. Exception: Wherethe employer can demonstrate that fallprotection for an employee would beinfeasible or create a greater hazarddue to vessel design, container design,container storage, other cargo stowage,container handling equipment, liftinggear, or port conditions, the employershall alert the affected employee aboutthe fall hazard and instruct the em-ployee in ways to minimize exposure tothat hazard.

(k) Fall protection systems. When fallprotection systems required by para-graph (j) of this section are employed,the following shall apply:

(1) Each fall protection system com-ponent, except anchorages, shall havefall arrest/restraint as its only use.

(2) Each fall protection system sub-jected to impact loading shall be im-mediately withdrawn from service andnot be used again until inspected anddetermined by a designated person tobe undamaged and suitable for use.

(3) Each fall protection system shallbe rigged so that a falling employeecannot contact any lower level stowageor vessel structure.

(4) Each fall protection system adopt-ed for use shall have an energy absorb-ing mechanism that will produce an ar-resting force on an employee of notgreater than 1800 pounds (8 kN).

(5) Each component of a fall protec-tion system shall be designed and usedto prevent accidental disengagement.

(6) Each fall protection system’sfixed anchorages shall be capable ofsustaining a force of 5,000 pounds (22.2kN) or be certified as capable of sus-taining at least twice the potential im-pact load of an employee’s fall. Suchcertification must be made by a quali-fied person.7 When more than one em-ployee is attached to an anchorage,these limits shall be multiplied by thenumber of employees attached.

(7) When ‘‘live’’ (activated) containergantry crane lifting beams or attacheddevices are used as anchorage points,the following requirements apply:

(i) The crane shall be placed into a‘‘slow’’ speed mode;

(ii) The crane shall be equipped witha remote shut-off switch that can stoptrolley, gantry, and hoist functions andthat is in the control of the em-ployee(s) attached to the beam; and

(iii) A visible or audible indicatorshall be present to alert the exposedemployee(s) when the remote shut-offis operational.

(8) Fall protection system compo-nents, other than the anchorages, shallbe certified as a unit of being capableof sustaining at least twice the poten-tial impact load of an employee’s fall.Such certification shall be made by aqualified person.8

(9) Each fall protection system shallincorporate the use of a full body har-ness.

(10) Each device, such as a safetycage, used to transport an employee(s)


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9 Ro-Ro operations occur only on Ro-Rovessels which are vessels whose cargo is driv-en on or off the vessel by way of ramps andmoved within the vessel by way of rampsand/or elevators.

10Decals on hard hats will not be consid-ered equivalent protection for the purposesof this paragraph.

by being attached to a container gan-try crane spreader, shall have a second-ary means to prevent accidental dis-engagement and the secondary meansshall be engaged.

(11) Each fall protection system shallbe inspected before each day’s use by adesignated person. Any defective com-ponents shall be removed from service.

(12) Before using any fall protectionsystem, the employee shall be trainedin the use and application limits of theequipment, proper hookup, anchoringand tie-off techniques, methods of use,and proper methods of equipment in-spection and storage.

(13) The employer shall establish andimplement a procedure to retrieve per-sonnel safely in case of a fall.

(l) Working along unguarded edges.The employer shall provide, and ensurethat the employee use, fall protectionmeeting the requirements of paragraph(k) of this section whenever the em-ployee works along an unguarded edgewhere a fall hazard exists (see § 1918.2 ).

§ 1918.86 Roll-on roll-off (Ro-Ro) oper-ations 9 (See also § 1918.25).

(a) Traffic control system. An orga-nized system of vehicular and pedes-trian traffic control shall be estab-lished and maintained at each en-trance/exit ramp and on ramps withinthe vessel as traffic flow warrants.

(b) Ramp load limit. Each ramp shallbe plainly marked with its load capac-ity. The marked capacity shall not beexceeded.

(c) Pedestrian traffic. Stern and sideport ramps also used for pedestrian ac-cess shall meet the requirements of§ 1918.25. Such ramps shall provide aphysical separation between pedestrianand vehicular routes. When the designof the ramp prevents physical separa-tion, a positive means shall be estab-lished to prevent simultaneous use ofthe ramp by vehicles and pedestrians.

(d) Ramp maintenance. Ramps shall beproperly maintained and secured.

(e) Hazardous routes. Before the startof Ro-Ro operations, the employershall identify any hazardous routes or

areas that could be mistaken for nor-mal drive-on/drive-off routes. Such haz-ardous routes shall be clearly markedand barricaded.

(f) Air brake connections. Each tractorshall have all air lines connected whenpulling trailers equipped with airbrakes and shall have the brakes testedbefore commencing operations.

(g) Trailer load limits. After July 27,1998, flat bed and low boy trailers shallbe marked with their cargo capacitiesand shall not be overloaded.

(h) Cargo weights. Cargo to be handledvia a Ro-Ro ramp shall be plainlymarked with its weight in pounds(kilograms). Alternatively, the cargostow plan or equivalent record contain-ing the actual gross weight of the loadmay be used to determine the weight ofthe cargo.

(i) Tractors. Tractors used in Ro-Rooperations shall have:

(1) Sufficient power to ascend rampinclines safely; and

(2) Sufficient braking capacity to de-scend ramp inclines safely.

(j) Safe speeds. Power driven vehiclesused in Ro-Ro operations shall be oper-ated at speeds that are safe for prevail-ing conditions.

(k) Ventilation. Internal combustionengine-driven vehicles shall be oper-ated only where adequate ventilationexists or is provided. (Air contaminantrequirements are found in § 1918.94 andpart 1910, subpart Z, of this chapter.)

(l) Securing cargo. Cargo loaded or dis-charged during Ro-Ro operations shallbe secured to prevent sliding loads.

(m) Authorized personnel. Only au-thorized persons shall be permitted onany deck while loading or dischargingoperations are being conducted. Suchauthorized persons shall be equippedwith high visibility vests (or equiva-lent protection 10 ).

NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (M): High visi-bility vests or equivalent protectionmeans high visibility/retroreflectivematerials which are intended to pro-vide conspicuity of the user by daythrough the use of high visibility (fluo-rescent) material and in the dark byvehicle headlights through the use of


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11A ‘‘walking stick’’ is two logs bolted orotherwise secured together with two or threeplanks firmly attached on top that serves asa floating walking and working surface andthat is used in the loading of logs onto ves-sels from the water.

retroreflective material. The minimumarea of material for a vest or equiva-lent protection is .5 m2 (760 in.2) for flu-orescent (background) material and.13m2 (197 in.2) for retroreflective mate-rial.

(n) Vehicle stowage positioning. Driv-ers shall not drive vehicles, either for-ward or backward, while any personnelare in positions where they could bestruck.

§ 1918.87 Ship’s cargo elevators.(a) Safe working load. The safe work-

ing loads of ship’s cargo elevators shallbe determined and followed.

(b) Load distribution. Loads shall beevenly distributed and maintained onthe elevator’s platform.

(c) Elevator personnel restrictions. Per-sonnel shall not be permitted to ride onthe elevator’s platform if a fall hazardexists. (See § 1918.2.)

(d) Open deck barricades. During ele-vator operation, each open deck thatpresents a fall hazard to employeesshall be effectively barricaded.

§ 1918.88 Log operations.(a) Working in holds. When loading

logs into the holds of vessels and usingdumper devices to roll logs into thewings, the employer shall ensure thatemployees remain clear of areas wherelogs being dumped could strike, rollupon, or pin them.

(b) Personal flotation devices. Each em-ployee working on a log boom shall beprotected by a personal flotation de-vice meeting the requirements of§ 1918.105(b)(2).

(c) Footwear. The employer shall pro-vide each employee that is workinglogs with appropriate footwear, such asspiked shoes or caulked sandals, andshall ensure that each employee wearsappropriate footwear to climb or walkon logs.

(d) Lifelines. When employees areworking on log booms or cribs, lifelinesshall be furnished and hung overside tothe water’s edge.

(e) Jacob’s ladder. When a log boom isbeing worked, a Jacob’s ladder meetingthe requirements of § 1918.23 shall beprovided for each gang working along-side unless other safe means of access(such as the vessel’s gangway) is pro-vided. However, no more than two Ja-

cob’s ladders are required for any sin-gle log boom being worked.

(f) Life-ring. When working a logboom alongside a ship, a U.S. CoastGuard approved 30-inch (76.2 cm) life-ring, with no less than 90 feet (27.4 m)of line, shall be provided either on thefloating unit itself or aboard the shipclose to each floating unit beingworked.

(g) Rescue boat. When employees areworking on rafts or booms, a rescueboat capable of effecting an immediaterescue shall be available. Powered res-cue boats are required when the cur-rent exceeds one knot.

(h) Log rafts. When an employee isworking logs out of the water, walkingsticks 11 (safety sticks) shall be pro-vided as follows:

(1) They shall be planked and be noless than 24 inches (.61 m) wide;

(2) They shall extend along the entirelength of all rafts on the side(s) of thevessel being worked, and to the meansof access to the log raft(s); and

(3) They shall be buoyant enough tokeep the walking surface above the wa-terline when employees are walking onthem.

§ 1918.89 Handling hazardous cargo(See also § 1918.2 and § 1918.99).

Hazardous cargo shall be slung andsecured so that neither the draft norindividual packages can fall because oftipping of the draft or slacking of thesupporting gear.

Subpart I—General WorkingConditions.

§ 1918.90 Hazard communication.See § 1918.1(b)(4).

§ 1918.91 Housekeeping.(a) General. Active work areas shall

be kept free of equipment, such as lash-ing gear, and materials not in use, andclear of debris, projecting nails, strap-ping and other objects not necessary tothe work in progress.


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(b) Slippery surfaces. The employershall eliminate conditions causing slip-pery walking and working surfaces inimmediate areas used by employees.

(c) Free movement of drafts. Dunnageshall not be placed at any locationwhere it interferes with the free move-ment of drafts.

(d) Dunnage height. Dunnage rackedagainst sweat battens or bulkheadsshall not be used when the levels ofsuch racks are above the safe reach ofemployees.

(e) Coaming clearance. Dunnage, hatchbeams, tarpaulins or gear not in useshall be stowed no closer than threefeet (.91 m) to the port and starboardsides of the weather deck hatch coa-ming.

(f) Nails. (1) Nails that are protrudingfrom shoring or fencing in the workarea shall be rendered harmless.

(2) Dunnage, lumber, or shoring ma-terial in which there are visibly pro-truding nails shall be removed from thework area, or, if left in the area, thenails shall be rendered harmless.

(g) Ice aloft. Employees shall be pro-tected from ice that may fall fromaloft.

§ 1918.92 Illumination.(a) Walking, working, and climbing

areas. Walking, working, and climbingareas shall be illuminated. Unless con-ditions described in the regulations ofthe U.S. Coast Guard (33 CFR 154.570)exist for specific operations, illumina-tion for cargo transfer operations shallbe of a minimum light intensity of fivefoot-candles (54 lux). Where work tasksrequire more light to be performedsafely, supplemental lighting shall beused.

(b) Intensity measurement. The light-ing intensity shall be measured at thetask/working surface, in the plane inwhich the task/working surface ispresent.

(c) Arrangement of lights. Lights shallbe arranged so that they do not shineinto the eyes of winch-drivers, craneoperators or hatch tenders. On Ro-Roships, stationary lights shall not shinedirectly into the eyes of drivers.

(d) Portable lights. Portable lightsshall meet the following requirements:

(1) Portable lights shall be equippedwith substantial reflectors and guards

to prevent materials from coming intocontact with the bulb.

(2) Flexible electric cords used withtemporary lights shall be designed bythe manufacturer for hard or extra-hard usage. Temporary and portablelights shall not be suspended by theirelectric cords unless the cords andlights are designed for this means ofsuspension. Connections and insulationshall be maintained in safe condition.

(3) Electric conductors and fixturesfor portable lights shall be so arrangedas to be free from contact with drafts,running gear, and other moving equip-ment.

(4) Portable cargo lights furnished bythe employer for use aboard vesselsshall be listed as approved for marineuse by the U.S. Coast Guard or by a na-tionally recognized testing laboratory(see § 1910.7).

(e) Entry into darkened areas. Employ-ees shall not be permitted to enterdark holds, compartments, decks orother spaces without a flashlight orother portable light. The use ofmatches or open flames is prohibited.

§ 1918.93 Hazardous atmospheres andsubstances (See also § 1918.2).

(a) Purpose and scope. This sectioncovers areas in which the employerknows, or has reason to believe, that ahazardous atmosphere or substancemay exist, except where one or more ofthe following sections apply:§ 1918.94(a), Carbon monoxide;§ 1918.94(b), Fumigated grains;§ 1918.94(c), Fumigated tobacco;§ 1918.94(d), Other fumigated cargoes;§ 1918.94(e), Catch of menhaden andsimilar species of fish.

(b) Determination of the hazard. Whenthe employer knows, or has reason tobelieve, that a space on a vessel con-tains or has contained a hazardous at-mosphere, a designated and appro-priately equipped person shall test theatmosphere prior to employee entry todetect whether a hazardous atmosphereexists.

(c) Testing during ventilation. Whenmechanical ventilation is used tomaintain a safe atmosphere, tests shallbe made by a designated person to en-sure that the atmosphere is not hazard-ous.


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12Ro-Ro operations occur only on Ro-Rovessels which are vessels whose cargo is driv-en on or off the vessel by way of ramps andmoved within the vessel by way of rampsand/or elevators.

(d) Entry into hazardous atmospheres.Only designated persons shall enterhazardous atmospheres, in which casethe following provisions shall apply:

(1) Persons entering a space contain-ing a hazardous atmosphere shall beprotected by respiratory and emer-gency protective equipment meetingthe requirements of subpart J of thispart;

(2) Persons entering a space contain-ing a hazardous atmosphere shall be in-structed about the hazards, pre-cautions to be taken, and the use ofprotective and emergency equipment.Standby observers, similarly equippedand instructed, shall continuouslymonitor the activity of employeeswithin such space;

(3) Except in emergency or rescue op-erations, employees shall not enter anyatmosphere identified as flammable oroxygen-deficient (less than 19.5% oxy-gen). Persons who may be required toenter flammable or oxygen-deficientatmospheres in emergency operationsshall be instructed in the dangers at-tendant to those atmospheres and beinstructed in the use of self-containedbreathing apparatus which shall beused for entry.

(4) To prevent inadvertent employeeentry into spaces identified as havinghazardous, flammable or oxygen-defi-cient atmospheres, appropriate warn-ing signs or equivalent means shall beposted at all means of access to thosespaces.

(e) Asbestos cargo leak. When thepackaging of asbestos cargo leaks,spillage shall be cleaned up by des-ignated employees protected from theharmful effects of asbestos as requiredby § 1910.1001 of this chapter.

§ 1918.94 Ventilation and atmosphericconditions (See also § 1918.2, defini-tion of Hazardous cargo, materials,substance or atmospheres).

(a) Ventilation with respect to carbonmonoxide. (1) When internal combustionengines exhaust into a hold, intermedi-ate deck, or any other compartment,the employer shall ensure that the at-mosphere is tested as frequently asneeded to prevent carbon monoxide(CO) concentrations from exceeding al-lowable limits. Such tests shall bemade in the area in which employees

are working by persons competent inthe use of the test equipment and pro-cedures. If operations are in a deeptank or refrigerated compartment, thefirst test shall be made within one halfhour of the time the engine starts. Todecide the need for further testing, theinitial test in all other cargo handlingareas shall be taken no later than onehour after the time the engine starts.

(i) The CO content of the atmospherein a compartment, hold, or any en-closed space shall be maintained at notmore than 50 parts per million (ppm)(0.005%) as an eight hour average arealevel and employees shall be removedfrom the enclosed space if the CO con-centration exceeds a ceiling of 100 ppm(0.01%). Exception: The ceiling shall be200 ppm (0.02%) instead of 100 ppm(0.01%) for Ro-Ro operations 12

NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (A)(1)(I): Theterm eight hour average area levelmeans that for any period in which theconcentration exceeds 50 parts per mil-lion, the concentration shall be main-tained for a corresponding period below50 parts per million.

(ii) When both natural ventilationand the vessel’s ventilation system areinadequate to keep the CO concentra-tion within the allowable limits, theemployer shall use supplementarymeans to bring such concentrationwithin allowable limits, as determinedby monitoring.

(2) The intakes of portable blowersand any exposed belt drives shall beguarded to prevent injury to employ-ees.

(3) The frames of portable blowersshall be grounded at the source of thecurrent by means of an equipmentgrounding conductor run with or en-closing the circuit conductors. Whenthe vessel is the source of the current,the equipment grounding conductorshall be bonded to the structure of thevessel. Electric cords shall be free fromvisible defects.

(b) Fumigated grains. (1) Before com-mencing to handle bulk grain in any


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compartment of a vessel in which em-ployees will or may be present, the em-ployer shall:

(i) Determine whether the grain hasbeen or will be fumigated at the eleva-tor; and

(ii) Determine whether that compart-ment, or any cargo within it loaded ata prior berth, has been treated with afumigant or any other chemical.

(2) If fumigant or chemical treatmenthas been carried out, or if there is rea-son to suspect that such treatment hasbeen carried out, it shall be determinedby atmospheric testing that the com-partment’s atmosphere is within allow-able limits. (See paragraph (b)(3) ofthis section.)

(3) A test of the fumigant concentra-tion in the atmosphere of the compart-ment shall be made after loading be-gins and before employees enter thecompartment. Additional tests shall bemade as often as necessary to ensurethat hazardous concentrations do notdevelop.

(i) Tests for fumigant concentrationshall be conducted by a designated per-son, who shall be thoroughly familiarwith the characteristics of the fumi-gant being used, the correct procedurefor measurement, the proper measuringequipment to be used, the fumigantmanufacturers’ recommendations andwarnings, and the proper use of per-sonal protective equipment to guardagainst the specific hazard.

(ii) If the concentration in any com-partment reaches the level specified ashazardous by the fumigant manufac-turer, or exceeds the permissible expo-sure limits of part 1910, subpart Z ofthis chapter, whichever is lower, allemployees shall be removed from suchcompartments and shall not be per-mitted to reenter until tests prove thatthe atmosphere is within allowablelimits.

(iii) No employee shall be permittedto enter any compartment in whichgrain fumigation has been carried out,or any compartment immediately nextto such a compartment, until it hasbeen determined by testing that the at-mosphere in the compartment to be en-tered is within allowable limits forentry.

(iv) In the event a compartment con-taining a hazardous or unknown con-

centration of fumigants must be en-tered for testing of the atmosphere, orfor emergency purposes, each employeeentering shall be protected by res-piratory protective equipment follow-ing the provisions of § 1918.102, and byany protective clothing and other per-sonal protective equipment rec-ommended by the fumigant manufac-turer for protection against the par-ticular hazard. At least two other em-ployees shall be stationed outside thecompartment as observers, to providerescue services in case of emergency.The observers shall be equipped withsimilar personal protective equipment.

(v) One or more employees on dutyshall be equipped and trained to pro-vide any specific emergency medicaltreatment stipulated for the particularfumigant.

(vi) Emergency equipment requiredby this paragraph shall be readily ac-cessible wherever fumigated grains arebeing handled.

(4) If a compartment is treated forlocal infestation before loading grainby a chemical other than a fumigant,the employee applying the treatment,and any other employees entering thecompartment, shall be provided withand required to use any personal pro-tective equipment recommended by themanufacturer of the product to protectthem against the effects of exposure.

(c) Fumigated tobacco. The employershall not load break-bulk tobacco untilthe carrier has provided written notifi-cation about whether or not the cargohas been fumigated. If break-bulk to-bacco cargo has been treated with anytoxic fumigant, loading shall not com-mence until a written warranty hasbeen received from the fumigation fa-cility that the aeration of the cargohas been such as to reduce the con-centration of the fumigant to withinthe level specified as hazardous by thefumigant manufacturer, or does not ex-ceed the permissible exposure limits ofpart 1910, subpart Z of this chapter,whichever is lower. Such notificationand warranty shall be maintained forat least 30 days after the loading of thetobacco has been completed, and shallbe available for inspection.


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(d) Other fumigated cargoes. Beforecommencing to load or discharge fumi-gated cargo other than the cargo spe-cifically addressed in paragraphs (b)and (c) of this section, the employershall determine that the concentrationof fumigants is within the level speci-fied as hazardous by the fumigant man-ufacturer, or does not exceed the per-missible exposure limits of part 1910,subpart Z of this chapter, whichever islower.

(e) Grain dust. When employees areexposed to concentrations of grain dustgreater than the allowable limit foundin subpart Z of part 1910 of this chap-ter, they shall be protected by suitablerespiratory protective equipment as re-quired by § 1918.102.

(f) Catch of menhaden and similar spe-cies of fish. (1) The provisions of thisparagraph shall not apply to vesselshaving and utilizing refrigerated holdsfor the carriage of all cargo.

(2) After a vessel has arrived at berthfor discharge of menhaden, but beforepersonnel enter the hold, and as fre-quently thereafter as tests show to benecessary, tests shall be made of theatmosphere in the vessel’s hold to en-sure a safe work space. The tests shallbe done for the presence of hydrogensulfide and for oxygen deficiency.

(3) Tests required by paragraph (f)(2)of this section shall be made by des-ignated supervisory personnel, trainedand competent in the nature of hazardsand the use of test equipment and pro-cedures.

(4) Before employees enter a hold itshall be tested for hydrogen sulfide andoxygen deficiency. Employees shall notenter the hold when the hydrogen sul-fide level exceeds 20 ppm ceiling orwhen the oxygen content is less than19.5 percent, except in emergencies.

§ 1918.95 Sanitation.(a) Washing and toilet facilities. (1) Ac-

cessible washing and toilet facilitiessufficient for the sanitary require-ments of employees shall be readily ac-cessible at the worksite. The facilitiesshall have:

(i) Running water, including hot andcold or tepid water, at a minimum ofone accessible location (whenlongshoring operations are conductedat locations without permanent facili-

ties, potable water may be provided in-stead of running water);

(ii) Soap;(iii) Individual hand towels, clean in-

dividual sections of continuous towel-ing, or warm air blowers; and

(iv) Fixed or portable toilets in sepa-rate compartments with latch-equipped doors. Separate toilet facili-ties shall be provided for male and fe-male employees unless toilet roomswill be occupied by only one person ata time.

(2) Washing and toilet facilities shallbe regularly cleaned and maintained ingood order.

(b) Drinking water. (1) Potable drink-ing water shall be accessible to em-ployees at all times.

(2) Potable drinking water containersshall be clean, containing only waterand ice, and shall be fitted with covers.

(3) Common drinking cups are prohib-ited.

(c) Prohibited eating areas. Consump-tion of food or beverages in areas wherehazardous materials are stowed orbeing handled is prohibited.

(d) Garbage and overboard discharges.Work shall not be conducted close touncovered garbage or in the way ofoverboard discharges from the vessel’ssanitary lines unless employees areprotected from the garbage or dis-charge by a baffle or splash boards.

§ 1918.96 Maintenance and repairwork in the vicinity of longshoringoperations.

(a) Noise interference (See also§ 1918.1(b)(6).) Longshoring operationsshall not be carried on when noiseinterferes with communications ofwarnings or instructions.

(b) Falling objects. Longshoring oper-ations shall not be carried on in thehold or on deck beneath work beingconducted overhead whenever suchwork exposes the employee to a hazardof falling objects.

(c) Hot work. Longshoring operationsshall not be carried on where the em-ployee is exposed to damaging lightrays, hot metal, or sparks from weldingor cutting.

(d) Abrasive blasting and spray paint-ing. Longshoring operations shall notbe carried on in the immediate vicinity


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of abrasive blasting or spray paintingoperations.

(e) Machine guarding. (See also§ 1918.2, definition of ‘‘Danger zone’’.)

(1) Danger zones on machines andequipment used by employees shall beguarded.

(2) The power supply to machinesshall be turned off, locked out, andtagged out during repair, adjustment,or servicing.

§ 1918.97 First aid and lifesaving facili-ties. (See appendix V of this part).

(a) Injury reporting. The employershall require each employee to reportevery work-related injury, regardlessof severity, to the employer.

(b) First aid. A first aid kit shall beavailable at or near each vessel beingworked. At least one person holding avalid first aid certificate, such as isissued by the Red Cross or other equiv-alent organization, shall be availableto render first aid when work is inprogress.

(c) First aid kits. First aid kits shallbe weatherproof and shall contain indi-vidual sealed packages for each itemthat must be kept sterile. The contentsof each kit shall be determined by aperson certified in first aid and cog-nizant of the hazards found in marinecargo handling operations. The con-tents shall be checked at intervals thatallow prompt replacement of expendeditems.

(d) Stretchers. (1) For each vesselbeing worked, at least one Stokes bas-ket stretcher, or its equivalent, shallbe available to be permanentlyequipped with bridles for attachmentto the hoisting gear.

(2) Stretchers shall be kept close tovessels and shall be positioned to avoiddamage to the stretcher.

(3) A blanket or other suitable cover-ing shall be available.

(4) Stretchers shall have at least foursets of effective patient restraints inoperable condition.

(5) Lifting bridles shall be of ade-quate strength, capable of lifting 1,000pounds (454 kg) with a safety factor offive (lifting capability of 5,000 pounds),and shall be maintained in operablecondition. Lifting bridles shall be pro-vided for making vertical patient lifts

at container berths. Stretchers for ver-tical lifts shall have foot plates.

(6) Stretchers shall be maintained inoperable condition. Struts and bracesshall be inspected for damage. Wiremesh shall be secured and have noburrs. Damaged stretchers shall not beused until repaired.

(7) Stretchers in permanent locationsshall be mounted to prevent damageand be protected from the elements iflocated out-of-doors. If concealed fromview, enclosures shall be marked to in-dicate the location of the lifesavingequipment.

(e) Life-rings. (1) The employer shallensure that there is in the vicinity ofeach vessel being worked at least oneU.S. Coast Guard approved 30-inch (76.2cm) life-ring with no less than 90 feet(27.4 m) of line attached, and at leastone portable or permanent ladder thatwill reach from the top of the apron tothe surface of the water.

(2) In addition, when working abarge, scow, raft, lighter, log boom, orcarfloat alongside a ship, a U.S. CoastGuard approved 30-inch (76.2 cm) life-ring, with no less than 90 feet (27.4 m)of line shall be provided either on thefloating unit itself or aboard the shipin the immediate vicinity of each float-ing unit being worked.

(f) Communication. Telephone orequivalent means of communicationshall be readily available at the work-site.

§ 1918.98 Qualifications of machineryoperators and supervisory training.

(a) Qualification of machinery opera-tors. (1) Only an employee determinedby the employer to be competent byreason of training or experience, andwho understands the signs, notices andoperating instructions and is familiarwith the signal code in use, shall bepermitted to operate a crane, winch, orother power-operated cargo handlingapparatus, or any power-operated vehi-cle, or give signals to the operator ofany hoisting apparatus. However, anemployee being trained and supervisedby a designated person may operatesuch machinery and give signals to op-erators during training.

(2) No employee known to have defec-tive uncorrected eyesight or hearing,or to be suffering from heart disease,


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13The following are recommended topics:Safety responsibility and authority; ele-ments of accidents prevention; attitudes,leadership and motivation; hazards oflongshoring, including peculiar local cir-cumstances; hazard identification and elimi-nation; applicable regulations; and accidentinvestigations.

14When an employer directs his employeesto respond to an emergency that is beyondthe scope of the Emergency Action Plan de-veloped in accordance with this section§ 1910.120(q) shall apply.

epilepsy, or similar ailments that maysuddenly incapacitate the employee,shall be permitted to operate a crane,winch or other power-operated cargohandling apparatus or a power-oper-ated vehicle.

NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (A)(2): OSHA isdefining suddenly incapacitating medi-cal ailments consistent with the Amer-icans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 42U.S.C. 12101 (1990). Therefore, employ-ers who act in accordance with the em-ployment provisions (Title I) of theADA (42 U.S.C. 12111–12117), the regula-tions implementing Title I (29 CFRpart 1630), and the Technical Assist-ance Manual for Title I issued by theEqual Employment Opportunity Com-mission (Publication number: EEOC–M1A), will be considered as being incompliance with this paragraph.

(b) Supervisory accident prevention pro-ficiency. (1) By July 16, 1999, each im-mediate supervisor of a cargo handlingoperation of more than five personsshall satisfactorily complete a coursein accident prevention.

(2) Each employee newly assigned tosupervisory duties after that date shallbe required to meet the provisions ofthis paragraph within 90 days of suchassignment.

(3) The accident prevention courseshall consist of instruction suited tothe particular operations involved.13

§ 1918.99 Retention of DOT markings,placards and labels.

(a) Any employer who receives apackage of hazardous material that isrequired to be marked, labeled or plac-arded in accordance with the U.S. De-partment of Transportation’s Hazard-ous Materials Regulations (49 CFRparts 171 through 180) shall retain thosemarkings, labels and placards on thepackage until the packaging is suffi-ciently cleaned of residues and purgedof vapors to remove any potential haz-ards.

(b) Any employer who receives afreight container, rail freight car,motor vehicle, or transport vehiclethat is required to be marked or plac-arded in accordance with the Hazard-ous Materials Regulations shall retainthose markings and placards on thefreight container, rail freight car,motor vehicle or transport vehicleuntil the hazardous materials that re-quire the marking or placarding aresufficiently removed to prevent any po-tential hazards.

(c) Markings, placards and labelsshall be maintained in a manner thatensures that they are readily visible.

(d) For non-bulk packages that willnot be reshipped, the provisions of thesection are met if a label or other ac-ceptable marking is affixed in accord-ance with OSHA’s Hazard Communica-tion Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200).

(e) For the purposes of this section,the term ‘‘hazardous material’’ has thesame definition as in the HazardousMaterials Regulations (49 CFR parts171 through 180).

§ 1918.100 Emergency action plans.(a) Scope and application. This section

requires all employers to develop andimplement an emergency action plan.14

The emergency action plan shall be inwriting (except as provided in the lastsentence of paragraph (e)(iii) of thissection) and shall cover those des-ignated actions employers and employ-ees must take to ensure employee safe-ty from fire and other emergencies.

(b) Elements. The following elements,at a minimum, shall be included in theplan:

(1) Emergency escape procedures andemergency escape route assignments;

(2) Procedures to be followed by em-ployees who remain to operate criticaloperations before they evacuate;

(3) Procedures to account for all em-ployees after emergency evacuationhas been completed;

(4) Rescue and medical duties forthose employees who are to performthem;


274


(5) The preferred means of reportingfires and other emergencies; and

(6) Names or regular job titles of per-sons or departments that can be con-tacted for further information or expla-nation of duties under the plan.

(c) Alarm system. The employer shallestablish an employee alarm systemthat provides warning for necessaryemergency action or for reaction timefor safe escape of employees from theworkplace or the immediate work area,or both.

(d) Evacuation. The employer shallestablish the types of evacuation to beused in emergency circumstances.

(e) Training. (1) Before implementingthe emergency action plan, the em-ployer shall designate and train a suffi-cient number of persons to assist in thesafe and orderly emergency evacuationof employees.

(2) The employer shall review theplan with each employee covered bythe plan at the following times:

(i) Initially when the plan is devel-oped;

(ii) Whenever the employee’s respon-sibilities or designated actions underthe plan change; and

(iii) Whenever the plan is changed.(3) The employer shall review with

each employee upon initial assignmentthose parts of the plan that the em-ployee must know to protect the em-ployee in the event of an emergency.The written plan shall be kept at theworkplace and made available for em-ployee review. Employers with 10 orfewer employees may communicate theplan orally to employees and need notmaintain a written plan.

Subpart J—Personal ProtectiveEquipment

§ 1918.101 Eye and face protection.(a) The employer shall ensure that:(1) Each affected employee uses ap-

propriate eye and/or face protectionwhere there are exposures to eye and/orface hazards. Such equipment shallcomply with American National Stand-ards Institute, ANSI Z–87.1–1989, ‘‘Prac-tice for Occupational and EducationalEye and Face Protection.’’

(2) For an employee wearing correc-tive glasses, eye protection equipmentrequired by paragraph (a)(1) of this sec-

tion shall be of the type that can beworn over glasses. Prescription-groundsafety lenses may be substituted ifthey provide equivalent protection.

(b) Eye protection shall be main-tained in good condition.

(c) Used eye protection shall becleaned and disinfected before issuanceto another employee.

§ 1918.102 Respiratory protection.See § 1918.1(b)(12).

§ 1918.103 Head protection.(a) The employer shall ensure that

each affected employee wears a protec-tive helmet when working in areaswhere there is a potential for injury tothe head from falling objects.

(b) Such equipment shall complywith American National Standards In-stitute, ANSI Z–89.1–1986, ‘‘PersonnelProtection-Protective Headwear for In-dustrial Workers-Requirements.’’

(c) Previously worn protective hatsshall be cleaned and disinfected beforeissuance by the employer to anotheremployee.

§ 1918.104 Foot protection.(a) The employer shall ensure that

each affected employee wears protec-tive footwear when working in areaswhere there is a danger of foot injuriesdue to falling or rolling objects or ob-jects piercing the sole.

(b) Such equipment shall complywith American National Standards In-stitute, ANSI Z–41–1991, ‘‘American Na-tional Standard for Personal Protec-tion-Protective Footwear.’’

§ 1918.105 Other protective measures.(a) Protective clothing. (1) The em-

ployer shall provide and shall requirethe wearing of special protective cloth-ing for each employee engaged in workwhere protective clothing is necessary.

(2) When necessary, protective cloth-ing shall be cleaned and disinfected be-fore reissuance.

(b) Personal flotation devices (PFDs).(1) The employer shall provide andshall require the wearing of PFDs foreach employee engaged in work inwhich the employee might fall into thewater.

(2) PFDs (life preservers, life jackets,and work vests) worn by each affected


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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor Pt. 1918, App. I

employee shall be any United StatesCoast Guard (USCG) approved andmarked Type I PFD, Type II PFD orType III PFD; or shall be a USCG ap-proved Type V PFD that is marked foruse as a work vest, for commercial use,or for use on vessels. USCG approval ispursuant to 46 CFR part 160, CoastGuard Lifesaving Equipment Specifica-tions.

(3) Personal flotation devices shall bemaintained in safe condition and shallbe considered unserviceable when dam-aged in a manner that affects buoyancyor fastening capability.

APPENDIX I TO PART 1918—CARGO GEARREGISTER AND CERTIFICATES (NON-MANDATORY)

NOTE: This appendix is non-mandatory andprovides guidance to part 1918 to assist em-ployers and employees in complying with therequirements of this standard, as well as toprovide other helpful information. Nothingin this appendix adds or detracts from any ofthe requirements of this standard. The lan-guage in this appendix is taken directly fromthe recommended ILO document.

Form No. 1

IDENTITY OF NATIONAL AUTHORITY ORCOMPETENT ORGANIZATION

REGISTER OF SHIPS’ LIFTING APPLIANCES ANDCARGO HANDLING GEAR

Name of Ship ————————————————

Official Number ———————————————

Call Sign ——————————————————

Port of Registry ———————————————

Name of Owner ———————————————

Register Number ——————————————

Date of Issue ————————————————

Issued by ——————————————————

Signature and Stamp ————————————

NOTE: This register is the standard inter-national form as recommended by the Inter-national Labour Office in accordance withthe ILO Convention No. 152.

GENERAL

The tests, examinations and inspectionsindicated in this register are based on the re-quirements of ILO Convention 152 and Rec-ommendation 160. They are intended to en-sure that ships having lifting appliances areinitially certified by a competent person,and to establish periodically that they con-tinue to be in safe working order to the sat-isfaction of a competent person acceptable

to a competent authority. A Register of lift-ing appliances and items of loose gear shallbe kept in a form prescribed by the com-petent authority, account being taken ofthis model recommended by the Inter-national Labour Office. This Register and re-lated certificates shall be kept available toany person authorized by the competent au-thority. The Register and certificates forgear currently aboard the ship shall be pre-served for at least five years after the date ofthe last entry.

INSTRUCTION

1. Initial Examination and Certification

1.1. Every lifting appliance shall be cer-tified by a competent person before beingtaken into use for the first time to ensurethat it is of good design and constructionand of adequate strength for the purpose forwhich it is intended.

1.2. Before being taken into use for thefirst time, a competent person shall super-vise and witness testing, and shall thor-oughly examine every lifting appliance.

1.3. Every item of loose gear shall, beforebeing taken into use for the first time, shallbe tested, thoroughly examined and certifiedby a competent person, in accordance withnational law or regulations.

1.4. Upon satisfactory completion of theprocedures indicated above, the competentperson shall complete and issue the Registerof lifting appliances and attach the appro-priate certificates. An entry shall be made inpart I of the Register.

1.5. A rigging plan showing the arrange-ment of lifting appliances shall be provided.In the case of derricks and derrick cranes,the rigging should show at least the follow-ing information:

(a) The position of guys;(b) The resultant force on blocks, guys,

wire ropes and booms;(c) The position of blocks;(d) The identification mark of individual

items; and(e) Arrangements and working range of

union purchase.

2. Periodic Examination and Re-testing

2.1. All lifting appliances and every item ofloose gear shall be thoroughly examined by acompetent person at least once in everytwelve months. The particulars of thesethorough examinations shall be entered inpart I of the Register.

2.2. Re-testing and thorough examinationof all lifting appliances and every item ofloose gear is to be carried out:

(a) after any substantial alteration or re-newal, or after repair to any stress bearingpart, and

(b) in the case of lifting appliances, atleast once in every five years.


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29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–98 Edition) Pt. 1918, App. I

2.3. The retesting referred to in paragraph2.2(a) may be omitted provided the partwhich has been renewed or repaired is sub-jected by separate test, to the same stress aswould be imposed on it if it had been testedin-situ during the testing of the lifting appli-ance.

2.4. The thorough examinations and testsreferred to in paragraph 2.2. are to be enteredin part I of the Register.

2.5. No new item of loose gear shall bemanufactured of wrought iron. Heat treat-ment of any existing wrought iron compo-nents should be carried out to the satisfac-tion of the competent person. No heat treat-ment should be applied to any item of loosegear unless the treatment is in accordancewith the manufacturer’s instruction; and tothe satisfaction of the competent person.Any heat treatment and the associated ex-amination are to be recorded by the com-petent person in part I of the Register.

3. Inspections

3.1. Regular visual inspections of everyitem of loose gear shall be carried out by aresponsible person before use. A record ofthese regular inspections is to be entered inpart II of the Register, but entries need onlybe made when the inspection has indicated adefect in the item.

4. Certificates

4.1. The certification forms to be used inconjunction with this Register (Form No. 1)are as follows:

(Form No. 2)—Certificate of test and thor-ough examination of lifting appliance.

(Form No. 2(U))—Certificate of test andthorough examination of derricks used inunion purchase.

(Form No. 3)—Certificate of test and thor-ough examination of loose gear.

(Form No. 4)—Certificate of test and thor-ough examination of wire rope.

DEFINITIONS

(a) The term ‘‘competent authority’’means a minister, government department,or other authority empowered to issue regu-lations, orders or other instructions havingthe force of law.

(b) The term ‘‘competent person’’ means aperson appointed by the master of the shipor the owner of the gear to be responsible forthe performance of inspections and who hassufficient knowledge and experience to un-dertake such inspections.

(c) The term ‘‘thorough examination’’means a detailed visual examination by acompetent person, supplemented if necessaryby other suitable means or measures in orderto arrive at a reliable conclusion as to thesafety of the lifting appliance or item ofloose gear examined.

(d) The term ‘‘lifting appliance’’ covers allstationary or mobile cargo handling appli-ances used on board ship for suspending,raising or lowering loads or moving themfrom one position to another while sus-pended or supported.

(e) The term ‘‘loose gear’’ covers any gearby means of which a load can be attached toa lifting appliance, but which does not forman integral part of the appliance or load.


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......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.

NO

TE

1: I

f al

l the

lifti

ng a

pplia

nces

are

tho

roug

hly

exam

ined

on

the

sam

e da

te it

will

be

suffi

cien

t to

ent

er in

Col

. (1

) ‘‘A

ll lif

ting

appl

ianc

es a

nd lo

ose

gear

’’. I

f no

t, th

e pa

rts

that

hav

e be

enth

orou

ghly

exa

min

ed o

n th

e da

tes

stat

ed m

ust

be c

lear

ly in

dica

ted.

NO

TE

2: T

he t

horo

ugh

exam

inat

ions

to

be in

dica

ted

in C

ol.

(3)

incl

ude:

(a)

Initi

al.

(b)

12 m

onth

ly.

(c)

5 ye

arly

.(d

) R

epai

r/D

amag

e.(e

) O

ther

tho

roug

h ex

amin

atio

ns.


278


[Part II—Regular Inspections of Loose Gear]

Situation and description of loose gear(with distinguishing numbers or marks, if

any) that has been inspected.(See note 1)

Signature and date of the responsibleperson carrying out the inspection Remarks (to be dated and signed)

NOTE 1: All loose gear should be inspected before use. However, entries need only be made when the inspection discloses adefect.

Form No. 2

Identity of National Authority or CompetentOrganization

CERTIFICATE OF TEST AND THOROUGHEXAMINATION OF LIFTING APPLIANCES

Name of Ship ————————————————


Call Sign ——————————————————


Name of Owner ———————————————

Certificate No. ———————————————


279


Situ

atio

n an

d de

scrip

tion

of li

fting

app

lianc

es(w

ith d

istin

guis

hing

num

bers

or

mar

ks,

if an

y)w

hich

hav

e be

en t

este

d an

d th

orou

ghly

exa

m-

ined

Ang

le t

o th

e ho

rizon

tal o

r ra

dius

at

whi

chte

st lo

ad a

pplie

dT

est

load

(to

nnes

)S

afe

wor

king

load

at

angl

e or

rad

ius

show

nin

col

. 2

(ton

nes)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)


280


Name and address of the firm or competentperson who witnessed testing and carried outthorough examination.

I certify that on the date to which I haveappended my signature, the gear shown inCol. (1) was tested and thoroughly examinedand no defects or permanent deformationwas found and that the safe working load isas shown.

Date: ————————————————————Place: ————————————————————Signature: ——————————————————

NOTE: This certificate is the standardinternational form as recommended by theInternational Labor Office in accordancewith ILO Convention No. 152.

Reverse of Form No. 2

INSTRUCTIONS

1. Every lifting appliance shall be testedwith a test load which shall exceed the SafeWorking Load (SWL) as follows:

SWL Test load

Up to 20 tonnes ................................. 25 percent in excess.20 to 50 tonnes .................................. 5 tonnes in excess.Over 50 tonnes .................................. 10 percent in excess.

2. In the case of derrick systems, the testload shall be lifted with the ship’s normaltackle with the derrick at the minimumangle to the horizontal for which the derricksystem was designed (generally 15 degrees),or at such greater angle as may be agreed.The angle at which the test was made shouldbe stated in the certificate.

2.1. The SWL shown is applicable to swing-ing derrick systems only. When derricks areused in union purchase, the SWL (U) is to beshown on Form 2 (U).

2.2. In the case of heavy derricks, careshould be taken to ensure that the appro-priate stays are correctly rigged.

3. In the case of cranes, the test load is tobe hoisted and luffed at slow speed. Gantryand traveling cranes together with theirtrolleys, where appropriate, are to be tra-versed and traveled over the full length oftheir track.

3.1. In the case of variable load-radiuscranes, the tests are generally to be carriedout with the appropriate test load at maxi-mum, minimum and intermediate radii.

3.2. In the case of hydraulic cranes wherelimitations of pressure make it impossible tolift a test load 25 percent in excess of thesafe working load, it will be sufficient to liftthe greatest possible load, but in general thisshould not be less than 10 percent in excessof the safe working load.

4. As a general rule, tests should be carriedout using test loads, and no exception shouldbe allowed in the case of initial tests. In thecase of repairs/replacement or when the peri-odic examination calls for re-test, consider-ation may be given to the use of spring orhydraulic balances provided the SWL of thelifting appliance does not exceed 15 tonnes.Where a spring or hydraulic balance is used,it shall be calibrated and accurate to within#2 percent and the indicator should remainconstant for five minutes.

4.1. If the test weights are not used, this isto be indicated in Col. (3).

5. The expression ‘‘tonne’’ shall mean atonne of 1000 kg.

6. The terms ‘‘competent person’’, ‘‘thor-ough examination’’, and ‘‘lifting appliance’’are defined in Form No. 1.

NOTE: For recommendations on test proce-dures reference may be made to the ILO doc-ument ‘‘Safety and Health in Dock Work’’.

Form No. 2(U)

IDENTITY OF NATIONAL AUTHORITY OR

COMPETENT ORGANIZATION

CERTIFICATE OF TEST AND THOROUGH EXAM-INATION OF DERRICKS USED IN UNION PUR-CHASE

Name of Ship ————————————————


Call Sign ——————————————————


Name of Owner ———————————————



281


Situ

atio

n an

d de

scrip

tion

of d

erric

ks u

sed

inU

nion

Pur

chas

e (w

ith d

istin

guis

hing

num

bers

or m

arks

) w

hich

hav

e be

en t

este

d an

d th

or-

ough

ly e

xam

ined

Max

. he

ight

of

tria

ngle

pla

te a

bove

hat

chco

amin

g (m

) or

max

. an

gle

betw

een

runn

ers

Tes

t lo

ad (

tonn

es)

Saf

e w

orki

ng lo

ad,

SW

L w

hen

oper

atin

g in

unio

n pu

rcha

se (

tonn

es)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)


282


Position of outboard preventer guy attach-ments:

(a) forward/aft * of mast—(m) and(b) from ship’s centerline—(m)

Position of inboard preventer guy attach-ments:

(a) forward/aft * of mast—(m) and(b) from ship’s centerline—(m)

*Delete as appropriate.Name and address of the firm or competent

person who witnessed testing and carried outthorough examination

————————————————————————

————————————————————————I certify that on the date to which I have

appended my signature, the gear shown inCol. (1) was tested and thoroughly examinedand no defects or permanent deformationwas found and that the safe working load isas shown.

Date: ————————————————————

Signature: ——————————————————

Place: ————————————————————

NOTE: This certificate is the standardinternational form as recommended by theInternational Labour Office in accordancewith ILO Convention No. 152.

Reverse Form No. 2 (U)

INSTRUCTIONS

1. Before being taken into use, the derricksrigged in Union Purchase shall be testedwith a test load which shall exceed the SafeWorking Load (SWL (U)) as follows:

SWL Test load

Up to 20 tonnes ................................. 25 percent in excess.20 to 50 tonnes .................................. 5 tonnes in excess.Over 50 tonnes .................................. 10 percent in excess.

2. Tests are to be carried out at the ap-proved maximum height of the triangle plateabove the hatch coaming or at the angle be-tween the cargo runners and with the der-rick booms in their working positions, toprove the strength of deck eye plates and theUnion Purchase system. These heights or an-gles must not exceed the values shown onthe rigging plan.

3. Tests should be carried out using testloads.


5. The terms ‘‘competent person’’, ‘‘thor-ough examination’’ and ‘‘lifting appliance’’are defined in Form No. 1.

NOTE: For recommendations on test proce-dures, reference may be made to the ILO doc-ument ‘‘Safety and Health in Dock Work’’.

Form 3

IDENTITY OF NATIONAL AUTHORITY ORCOMPETENT ORGANIZATION

CERTIFICATE OF TEST AND THOROUGHEXAMINATION OF LOOSE GEAR

Name of Ship ————————————————


Call Sign ——————————————————


Name of Owner ———————————————


Distinguishing number or markDescription

of loosegear

Numbertested Date of test Test load

(tonnes)

Safe workload (SWL)

(tonnes)

Name and address of makers or suppliers:Name and address of the firm or competent

person who witnessed testing and carried outthorough examination.

I certify that the above items of loose gearwere tested and thoroughly examined and nodefects affecting their SWL were found.

Date: ————————————————————Place: ————————————————————Signature: ——————————————————

NOTE: This certificate is the standardinternational form as recommended by the

International Labour Office in accordancewith ILO Convention No. 152.

Reverse Form No. 3

INSTRUCTIONS

1. Every item of loose gear is to be testedand thoroughly examined before being putinto use for the first time and after any sub-stantial alteration or repair to any part lia-ble to affect its safety. The test loads to beapplied shall be in accordance with the fol-lowing table:


283


Item Test load (tonnes)

Single sheave blocks (See Note 1) ................................................................................................... 4 × SWLMulti sheave blocks (See Note 2):

SWL < 25 tonnes ........................................................................................................................ 2 × SWL25 tonnes < SWL ≤ 160 tonnes ................................................................................................. (0.933 × SWL) + 27SWL > 160 tonnes ..................................................................................................................... 1.1 × SWL

Chains, hooks, rings, shackles, swivels, etc.:SWL < 25 tonnes ........................................................................................................................ 2 × SWLSWL > 25 tonnes ....................................................................................................................... (1.22 × SWL) + 20

Lifting beams, spreaders, frames and similar devices:SWL ≤ 10 tonnes ........................................................................................................................ 2 × SWL10 tonnes < SWL ≤ 160 tonnes ................................................................................................. (1.04 × SWL) + 9.6SWL > 160 tonnes ..................................................................................................................... 1.1 × SWL

NOTE: 1. The SWL for a single sheaveblock, including single sheave blocks withbeckets, is to be taken as one-half of the re-sultant load on the head fitting.

2. The SWL of a multi-sheave block is to betaken as the resultant load on the head fit-ting.

3. This form may also be used for the cer-tification of interchangeable components oflifting appliances.

4. The expression ‘‘ton’’ shall mean a ton of1,000 kg.

5. The terms ‘‘competent person’’, ‘‘thor-ough examination’’ and ‘‘loose gear’’ are de-fined in Form No. 1.


Form No. 4

IDENTITY OF NATIONAL AUTHORITY OR

COMPETENT ORGANIZATION

CERTIFICATE OF TEST AND THOROUGH

EXAMINATION OF WIRE ROPE

Name of Ship ————————————————


Call Sign ——————————————————


Name of Owner ———————————————



284


Nam

e an

d ad

dres

s of

mak

er o

r su

pplie

r

Nom

inal

dia

met

er o

f ro

pe (

mm

)N

umbe

r of

str

ands

Num

ber

of w

ires

per

stra

ndC

ore

Lay

Qua

lity

of w

ire (

N/m

m2)

Dat

e of

tes

t of

sam

ple

Load

at

whi

ch s

ampl

e br

oke

(ton

nes)

Saf

e w

orki

ng lo

ad o

f ro

pe (

tonn

es)

Inte

nded

use


285

Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor Pt. 1918, App. II

Name and address of the firm or competentperson who witnessed testing and carried outthorough examination.

I certify that the above particulars are cor-rect, and that the rope was tested and thor-oughly examined and no defects affecting itsSWL were found.

Date: ————————————————————

Place: ————————————————————

Signature: ——————————————————

NOTE: This certificate is the standardinternational form as recommended by the

International Labour Office in accordancewith ILO Convention No. 152.

Reverse Form No. 4

INSTRUCTIONS

1. Wire rope shall be tested by sample, apiece being tested to destruction.

2. The test procedure should be in accord-ance with an International or recognized Na-tional standard.

3. The SWL of the rope is to be determinedby dividing the load at which the samplebroke, by a co-efficient of utilization, deter-mined as follows:

Item Coefficient

Wire rope forming part of a sling:SWL of the sling ......................................................................................................................... 5SWL < 10 tonnes ........................................................................................................................ 10 5

10 tonnes < SWL ≤ 160 tonnes ................................................................................................. (8.85 × SWL) + 1910SWL > 160 tonnes ..................................................................................................................... 3

Wire rope as integral part of a lifting appliance:SWL of lifting appliance .............................................................................................................. 10 4

SWL ≤ 160 tonnes ...................................................................................................................... (8.85 × SWL) + 1910SWL > 160 tonnes ..................................................................................................................... 3

These coefficients should be adopted unlessother requirements are specified by a Na-tional Authority.


5. The terms ‘‘competent person’’, ‘‘thor-ough examination’’ and ‘‘lifting appliance’’are defined in Form No. 1.


APPENDIX II TO PART 1918—TABLES FOR

SELECTED MISCELLANEOUS AUXIL-IARY GEAR (MANDATORY)

NOTE: This appendix is mandatory and is tobe used in the appropriate sections of part1918 when certificates or the manufacturers’use recommendations are not available.

TABLE 1.—WIRE ROPE CLIPS

Improved plow steel, rope Minimum number of clips Minimum spacing

Inches (cm) Drop forged Othermaterial Inches (cm)

1⁄2 or less (1.3) ...................................................................................................... 3 4 3 (7.6)5⁄8 (1.6) .................................................................................................................. 3 4 33⁄4 (9.5)3⁄4 (1.9) .................................................................................................................. 4 5 41⁄2 (11.4)7⁄8 (2.2) .................................................................................................................. 4 5 51⁄4 (13.3)1 (2.5) .................................................................................................................... 5 6 6 (15.2)11⁄8 (2.7) ................................................................................................................ 6 6 63⁄4 (17.1)11⁄4 (3.2) ................................................................................................................ 6 7 71⁄2 (18.1)13⁄8 (3.5) ................................................................................................................ 7 7 81⁄2 (21.0)11⁄2 (3.8) ................................................................................................................ 7 8 9 (22.9)

TABLE 2

Natural Fiber Rope and Rope Slings

Load Capacity in Pounds (lbs.) Safety Factor=5


286

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–98 Edition) Pt. 1918, App. II

TABLE 2—Continued

Eye and Eye Sling

Basket Hitch

Angle of rope to horizontal90 deg. 60 deg. 45 deg. 30 deg.

Rope diameter nominal in. Verticalhitch

Chokerhitch

Angle of rope to vertical

0 deg. 30 deg. 45 deg. 60 deg.

1⁄2 ............................................................ 550 250 1,100 900 750 5509⁄16 .......................................................... 700 350 1,400 1,200 1,000 7005⁄8 ............................................................ 900 450 1,800 1,500 1,200 9003⁄4 ............................................................ 1,100 550 2,200 1,900 1,500 1,10013⁄16 ......................................................... 1,300 650 2,600 2,300 1,800 1,3007⁄8 ............................................................ 1,500 750 3,100 2,700 2,200 1,5001 .............................................................. 1,800 900 3,600 3,100 2,600 1,80011⁄16 ........................................................ 2,100 1,100 4,200 3,600 3,000 2,10011⁄8 .......................................................... 2,400 1,200 4,800 4,200 3,400 2,40011⁄4 .......................................................... 2,700 1,400 5,400 4,700 3,800 2,70015⁄16 ........................................................ 3,000 1,500 6,000 5,200 4,300 3,00011⁄2 .......................................................... 3,700 1,850 7,400 6,400 5,200 3,70015⁄8 .......................................................... 4,500 2,300 9,000 7,800 6,400 4,50013⁄4 .......................................................... 5,300 2,700 10,500 9,200 7,500 5,3002 .............................................................. 6,200 3,100 12,500 10,500 8,800 6,20021⁄3 .......................................................... 7,200 3,600 14,500 12,500 10,000 7,20021⁄4 .......................................................... 8,200 4,100 16,500 14,000 11,500 8,20021⁄2 .......................................................... 9,300 4,700 18,500 16,000 13,000 9,300

25⁄8 .......................................................... 10,500 5,200 21,000 18,000 14,500 10,500Endless Sling

1⁄2 ............................................................ 950 500 1,900 1,700 1,400 950

9⁄16 .......................................................... 1,200 600 2,500 2,200 1,800 1,2005⁄8 ............................................................ 1,600 800 3,200 2,700 2,200 1,6003⁄4 ............................................................ 2,000 950 3,900 3,400 2,800 2,00013⁄16 ......................................................... 2,300 1,200 4,700 4,100 3,300 2,3007⁄8 ............................................................ 2,800 1,400 5,600 4,800 3,900 2,8001 .............................................................. 3,200 1,600 6,500 5,600 4,600 3,30011⁄16 ........................................................ 3,800 1,900 7,600 6,600 5,400 3,80011⁄8 .......................................................... 4,300 2,200 8,600 8,600 6,100 4,30011⁄4 .......................................................... 4,900 2,400 9,700 8,400 6,900 4,90015⁄16 ........................................................ 5,400 2,700 11,000 9,400 7,700 5,40011⁄2 .......................................................... 6,700 3,300 13,500 11,500 9,400 6,70015⁄8 .......................................................... 8,100 4,100 16,000 14,000 11,500 8,00013⁄4 .......................................................... 9,500 4,800 19,000 16,500 13,500 9,5002 .............................................................. 11,000 5,600 22,500 19,500 16,000 11,00021⁄3 .......................................................... 13,000 6,500 26,000 22,500 18,500 13,00021⁄4 .......................................................... 15,000 7,400 29,500 25,500 21,000 15,00021⁄2 .......................................................... 16,500 8,400 33,500 29,000 23,500 16,50025⁄8 .......................................................... 18,500 9,500 37,000 32,500 26,500 18,500

TABLE 3A

Polypropylene Rope and Rope Slings

Load Capacity in Pounds (lbs.) Safety Factor=6

Eye and Eye Sling

Basket HitchAngle of rope to horizontal


287



Chokerhitch



1⁄2 ............................................................ 650 350 1,300 1,200 950 6509⁄16 .......................................................... 800 400 1,600 1,400 1,100 8005⁄8 ............................................................ 1,000 500 2,000 1,700 1,400 1,0003⁄4 ............................................................ 1,300 700 2,700 2,300 1,900 1,30013⁄16 ......................................................... 1,600 800 2,600 2,300 2,200 1,6007⁄8 ............................................................ 1,800 900 3,100 2,700 2,600 1,8001 .............................................................. 2,200 1,100 3,600 3,100 3,100 2,20011⁄16 ........................................................ 2,500 1,300 4,200 3,600 3,600 2,50011⁄8 .......................................................... 2,900 1,500 4,800 4,200 4,100 2,90011⁄4 .......................................................... 3,300 1,700 6,700 5,800 4,700 3,30015⁄16 ........................................................ 3,700 1,900 7,400 6,400 5,300 3,70011⁄2 .......................................................... 4,700 2,400 9,400 8,100 6,700 4,70015⁄8 .......................................................... 5,700 2,900 11,500 9,900 8,100 5,70013⁄4 .......................................................... 6,800 3,400 13,500 12,000 9,600 6,8002 .............................................................. 8,200 4,100 16,500 14,500 11,500 8,20021⁄8 .......................................................... 9,700 4,800 19,500 16,500 13,500 9,70021⁄4 .......................................................... 11,000 5,500 22,000 19,000 15,500 11,00021⁄2 .......................................................... 12,500 6,300 25,500 22,000 18,000 12,50025⁄8 .......................................................... 14,500 7,100 28,500 24,500 20,000 14,500

TABLE 3B

Polypropylene Rope and Rope Slings

Load Capacity in Pounds (lbs.) Safety Factor = 6Endless Sling

Basket Hitch

Angle of rope to horizontal90 deg. 60 deg. 45 deg. 30 deg.


Chokerhitch



1⁄2 ............................................................ 1,200 600 2,400 2,100 1,700 1,2009⁄16 .......................................................... 1,500 750 2,900 2,500 2,100 1,5005⁄8 ............................................................ 1,800 900 3,500 3,100 2,500 1,8003⁄4 ............................................................ 2,400 1,200 4,900 4,200 3,400 2,40013⁄16 ......................................................... 2,800 1,400 5,600 4,900 4,000 2,8007⁄8 ............................................................ 3,300 1,600 6,600 5,700 4,600 3,3001 .............................................................. 4,000 2,000 8,000 6,900 5,600 4,00011⁄16 ........................................................ 4,600 2,300 9,100 7,900 6,500 4,60011⁄8 .......................................................... 5,200 2,600 10,500 9,000 7,400 5,20011⁄4 .......................................................... 6,000 3,000 12,000 10,500 8,500 6,00015⁄16 ........................................................ 6,700 3,400 13,500 11,500 9,500 6,70011⁄2 .......................................................... 8,500 4,200 17,000 14,500 12,000 8,50015⁄8 .......................................................... 10,500 5,100 20,500 18,000 14,500 10,50013⁄4 .......................................................... 12,500 6,100 24,500 21,000 17,500 12,5002 .............................................................. 15,000 7,400 29,500 25,500 21,000 15,00021⁄8 .......................................................... 17,500 8,700 35,500 30,100 24,500 17,50021⁄4 .......................................................... 19,500 9,900 39,500 34,000 28,000 19,50021⁄2 .......................................................... 23,000 11,500 45,500 39,500 32,500 23,00025⁄8 .......................................................... 25,500 13,000 51,500 44,500 36,500 25,500


288


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e ar

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d by

thi

s S

tand

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(2)

Rat

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ne o

f th

e lo

ad.


289


TABLE 4 B.—MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WEAR AT ANY POINT OF LINK

Nominal chain or coupling link size Maximum allow-able wear of

cross-sectional di-ameter, in.in. mm

8⁄32 ...................................................................................................................................... 7 0.0373⁄8 ....................................................................................................................................... 10 0.0521⁄2 ....................................................................................................................................... 13 0.0605⁄8 ....................................................................................................................................... 16 0.0843⁄4 ....................................................................................................................................... 20 0.1057⁄8 ....................................................................................................................................... 22 0.1161 ......................................................................................................................................... 26 0.13711⁄4 ..................................................................................................................................... 32 0.169

NOTE: For other sizes, consult chain or sling manufacturer.

TABLE 5.—SAFE WORKING LOADS FOR SHACKLES[In tons of 2,000 pounds]

Material size (inches) Pin diameter(inches) Safe working load

1⁄4 ....................................................................................................................................... 5⁄8 1.45⁄8 ....................................................................................................................................... 3⁄4 2.23⁄4 ....................................................................................................................................... 7⁄8 3.27⁄8 ....................................................................................................................................... 1 4.31 ......................................................................................................................................... 11⁄8 5.611⁄8 ..................................................................................................................................... 11⁄4 6.711⁄4 ..................................................................................................................................... 13⁄8 8.213⁄8 ..................................................................................................................................... 11⁄2 10.011⁄2 ..................................................................................................................................... 15⁄8 11.911⁄4 ..................................................................................................................................... 2 16.22 ......................................................................................................................................... 21⁄4 21.1

WIRE ROPE TABLE—RATED LOADS FOR SINGLE LEG SLINGS 6 X 19 OR 6 X 37 CLASSIFICATIONIMPROVED PLOW STEEL GRADE ROPE WITH FIBER CORE (FC)

Rated loads [note {1b], Tons (2,000 lb)

Vertical Choker

Rope diameter, in. HT MS S HT, MS&S

1⁄4 .................................................................................................... 0.49 0.51 0.55 0.388⁄16 .................................................................................................. 0.78 0.79 0.85 0.63⁄8 .................................................................................................... 1.1 1.1 1.2 0.857⁄16 .................................................................................................. 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.21⁄2 .................................................................................................... 1.8 2.0 2.1 1.59⁄16 .................................................................................................. 2.3 2.5 2.7 1.95⁄11 .................................................................................................. 2.8 3.1 3.3 2.33⁄4 .................................................................................................... 3.9 4.4 4.8 3.37⁄8 .................................................................................................... 5.2 6.0 6.4 4.51 ..................................................................................................... 6.7 7.7 8.4 5.913⁄8 .................................................................................................. 8.4 9.5 11 7.411⁄4 .................................................................................................. 10 12 13 9.013⁄8 .................................................................................................. 12 14 16 1111⁄2 .................................................................................................. 15 17 18 1316⁄8 .................................................................................................. 17 19 21 1513⁄4 .................................................................................................. 20 22 25 172 ..................................................................................................... 26 29 32 22

HT=Hand tucked Splice.For Hidden Tuck Splice (IWRC), use values in HT (FC) columns.MS=Mechanical Splice.S=Poured Socket or Swaged Socket.NOTES:(1) These values are based on slings being vertical. If they are not vertical, the rated load shall be reduced. If two or more

slings are used, the minimum horizontal angle between the slings shall also be considered [see para. 9.2.2.1(d)].(2) These values only apply when the D/d ratio (see Fig. 11) is 15 or greater.(3) These values only apply when the D/d ratio is 25 or greater.

D=Diameter or curvature around which the body of the sling is bent.d=Diameter of rope.


290


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291

Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor Pt. 1918, App. III

WIRE ROPE TABLE—RATED LOADS FOR SINGLE LEG SLINGS 6 × 19 OR6 × 37 CLASSIFICATIONEXTRA IMPROVED PLOW STEEL GRADE ROPE WITH INDEPENDENT WIRE ROPE CORE (IWRC)

Rated loads [note], tons (2,000 lb)

Vertical Choker Vertical bas-ket [note (2)]

Rope diameter MS S MS&S MS&S

1⁄4 .................................................................................................... 0.65 0.68 0.48 1.35⁄16 .................................................................................................. 1.0 1.1 0.74 2.03⁄8 .................................................................................................... 1.4 1.5 1.1 2.97⁄10 .................................................................................................. 1.9 2.0 1.4 3.91⁄2 .................................................................................................... 2.5 2.7 1.9 5.19⁄16 .................................................................................................. 3.2 3.4 2.4 6.46⁄8 .................................................................................................... 3.9 4.1 2.9 7.83⁄4 .................................................................................................... 5.6 5.9 4.1 117⁄8 .................................................................................................... 7.6 8.0 5.6 151 ..................................................................................................... 9.8 10 7.2 2011⁄8 .................................................................................................. 12 13 9.1 2411⁄4 .................................................................................................. 15 16 11 3013⁄8 .................................................................................................. 18 19 13 3611⁄2 .................................................................................................. 21 23 16 4215⁄8 .................................................................................................. 24 26 18 4913⁄4 .................................................................................................. 28 31 21 572 ..................................................................................................... 37 40 28 73

HT=Hand tucked Splice.For Hidden Tuck Splice (IWRC), use values in HT columns of table 3.MS=Mechanical Splice.S=Poured Socket or Swaged Socket.NOTES:(1) These values are based on slings being vertical. If they are not vertical, the rated load shall be reduced. If two or more

slings are used, the minimum horizontal angle between the slings shall also be considered (see para. 9.2.2.1(d)).(2) These values only apply when the D/d ratio (see Fig. 11) is 25 or greater.

APPENDIX III TO PART 1918—THE ME-CHANICS OF CONVENTIONAL CARGOGEAR (NON-MANDATORY)

NOTE: This appendix is non-mandatory andprovides an explanation of the mechanics inthe correct spotting of cargo handling gear.

Although the most prevalent method ofcargo handling is accomplished through theuse of modern shoreside container gantrycranes, there are occasions when break-bulkcargo is handled with conventional ship’scargo gear. This appendix provides a ref-erence for those unfamiliar with such cargogear.

Sections 1918.52, 1918.53, and 1918.54 all ad-dress the subject of rigging and operatingvessel’s cargo handling gear. It is importantto understand that under the Burton Systemof cargo handling (conventional gear consist-ing of two cargo derricks with married falls),the midships or up-and-down boom should bespotted as close to the fore and aft centerlineof the hatch as operationally possible. Suchspotting of the up-and-down boom will allowthe most effective leads for the guy(s) andpreventer(s) to safely support the lateralstresses generated in the boom(s) by the

married falls. As the lead of the guy(s) andpreventer(s) approaches the vertical, in sup-porting the boom(s) head, the total stress inthe guy(s) increases rapidly due to the in-creased vertical force that is generated inthe guy(s) in order to counteract any par-ticular horizontal or lateral force exerted onthe boom(s) head. The appreciable verticalforces that are generated in this process aretransmitted, in substantial part, to theboom(s) and topping lift(s), causing propor-tionate compressive stresses in the boom(s)and tension stresses in the topping lift(s).

In general, guys and preventers must be lo-cated so that enough vertical resistance isdeveloped so as to prohibit the boom(s) fromjackknifing as cargo passes across the deck.Special care must be exercised in the properplacement of guys and preventers associatedwith the Burton or yard boom. Preventers,when used, must parallel as closely as pos-sible the guys that they support. Guys andpreventers must not be attached to the samefitting.

While under a load, the cargo falls (run-ning rigging) must not be permitted to chafeon any standing or other running gear. Spe-cial attention must be paid to ensure thatcargo runners work freely through the heel


292

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–98 Edition) Pt. 1918, App. IV

block, without chafing the cheek of theblock. Also, bobbing chains and heel blockpreventers must be attached so as to notinterfere with the movement of the cargorunners.

APPENDIX IV TO PART 1918—SPECIALCARGO GEAR AND CONTAINERSPREADER TEST REQUIREMENTS(MANDATORY) [SEE § 1918.61 (F), (G),(H); ALSO APPLICABLE TO§ 1917.50(C)(5)]

Type gear Testrequirement Tested by

Proof test

All Special Cargo Handling GearPurchased or Manufactured on orAfter January 21, 1998

Safe Working Load—> 5 short tons(10,000 lbs./4540 kg.).

Prior to initial use .. OSHA Accreditedagency only.

Up to 20 short tons 125% SWL.

Prior to reuse afterstructural dam-age repair.

............................... Between 20 and 50short tons.

5 short tons in ex-cess of SWL.

Every four yearsafter initial proofload test.

OSHA Accreditedagency or des-ignated person..

Over 50 short tons 110% SWL.

Safe Working Load—5 short tons or less Prior to initial use .. OSHA Accreditedagency or des-ignated person.

125% SWL.


125% SWL

Container spreaders not part of vessel’scargo handling gear.

Prior to initial use .. OSHA Accreditedagency only.


Every four yearsafter initial proofload test.

OSHA Accreditedagency or des-ignated person.

125% SWL.

All Special Cargo Handling Gear inUse Prior to January 21, 1998

Safe Working Load—> 5 short tons(10,000 lbs./4540 kg.).

Every four yearsfrom January 21,1998.

OSHA Accreditedagency or des-ignated person.

Up to 20 short tons 125% SWL.


............................... Between 20 and 50short tons.

5 short tons in ex-cess of SWL.

............................... ............................... Over 50 short tons 110% SWL.Safe Working Load—5 short tons or less Prior to initial use .. OSHA Accredited

agency or des-ignated person.

125% SWL


125% SWL

Container spreaders not part of vessel’scargo handling gear.

Prior to initial use .. OSHA Accreditedagency or des-ignated person.

125% SWL


125% SWL.

APPENDIX V TO PART 1918—BASIC ELE-MENTS OF A FIRST AID TRAINING

PROGRAM (NON-MANDATORY)

NOTE: This appendix is non-mandatory andprovides guidelines for small businesses, in-stitutions teaching first aid, and the recipi-ents of first aid training.

GENERAL PROGRAM ELEMENTS

A. Teaching Methods

1. Trainees should develop ‘‘hands on’’skills through the use of manikins and train-ee partners during their training.

2. Trainees should be exposed to acute in-jury and illness settings as well as the appro-priate response to those settings through the


293

Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor PT. 1918, App. V

use of visual aids, such as video tape andslides.

3. Training should include a course work-book which discusses first aid principles andresponses to settings that require interven-tions.

4. Training duration should allow enoughtime for particular emphasis on situationslikely to be encountered in particular work-places.

5. An emphasis on quick response to firstaid situations should be incorporatedthroughout the program.

B. Principles of Responding to a HealthEmergency

The training program should include in-struction in:

1. Injury and acute illness as a health prob-lem.

2. Interactions with the local emergencymedical services system. Trainees have theresponsibility for maintaining a current listof emergency telephone numbers (police,fire, ambulance, poison control) easily acces-sible to all employees.

3. The principles of triage.4. The legal aspects of providing first aid

services.

C. Methods of Surveying the Scene and theVictim(s)

The training program should include in-struction in:

1. The assessment of scenes that requirefirst aid services including:

a. general scene safety.b. likely event sequence.c. rapid estimate of the number of persons

injured.d. identification of others able to help at

the scene.2. Performing a primary survey of each vic-

tim including airway, breathing, and circula-tion assessments as well as the presence ofany bleeding.

3. The techniques and principles of takinga victim’s history at the scene of an emer-gency.

4. Performing a secondary survey of thevictim including assessments of vital signs,skin appearance, head and neck, eye, chest,abdomen, back, extremities, and medicalalert symbols.

D. Basic Adult Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation(CPR)

Basic adult CPR training should be in-cluded in the program. Retesting shouldoccur every year. The training programshould include instruction in:

1. Establishing and maintaining adult air-way patency.

2. Performing adult breathing resuscita-tion.

3. Performing adult circulatory resuscita-tion.

4. Performing choking assessments and ap-propriate first aid interventions.

5. Resuscitating the drowning victim.

E. Basic First Aid Intervention

Trainees should receive instruction in theprinciples and performance of:

1. Bandaging of the head, chest, shoulder,arm, leg, wrist, elbow, foot, ankle, fingers,toes, and knee.

2. Splinting of the arm, elbow, clavicle, fin-gers, hand, forearm, ribs, hip, femur, lowerleg, ankle, knee, foot, and toes.

3. Moving and rescuing victims includingone and two person lifts, ankle and shoulderpulls, and the blanket pull.

F. Universal Precautions

Trainees should be provided with adequateinstruction on the need for and use of univer-sal precautions. This should include:

1. The meaning of universal precautions,which body fluids are considered potentiallyinfectious, and which are regarded as hazard-ous.

2. The value of universal precautions forinfectious diseases such as AIDS and hepa-titis B.

3. A copy of OSHA’s standard for occupa-tional exposure to bloodborne pathogens orinformation on how to obtain a copy.

4. The necessity for keeping gloves andother protective equipment readily availableand the appropriate use of them.

5. The appropriate tagging and disposal ofany sharp item or instrument requiring spe-cial disposal measures such as blood soakedmaterial.

6. The appropriate management of bloodspills.

G. First Aid Supplies

The first aid provider should be responsiblefor the type, amount, and maintenance offirst aid supplies needed for their particularworksite(s). These supplies need to be storedin a convenient area available for emergencyaccess.

H. Trainee Assessments

Assessment of successful completion of thefirst aid training program should include in-structor observation of acquired skills andwritten performance assessments. First aidskills and knowledge should be reviewedevery three years.

I. Program Update

The training program should be periodi-cally reviewed with current first aid tech-niques and knowledge. Outdated materialshould be replaced or removed.


294

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–98 Edition) PT. 1918, App. V

SPECIFIC PROGRAM ELEMENTS

A. Type of Injury Training

1. Shock

Instruction in the principles and first aidintervention in:

a. shock due to injury.b. shock due to allergic reactions.c. the appropriate assessment and first aid

treatment of a victim who has fainted.

2. Bleeding

a. the types of bleeding including arterial,venous, capillary, external, and internal.

b. the principles and performance of bleed-ing control interventions including directpressure, pressure points, elevation, andpressure bandaging.

c. the assessment and approach to woundsincluding abrasions, incisions, lacerations,punctures, avulsions, amputations, andcrush injuries.

d. the principles of wound care includinginfection precautions, wounds requiringmedical attention, and the need for tetanusprophylaxis.

3. Poisoning

Instruction in the principles and first aidintervention of:

a. alkali, acid and systemic poisons. In ad-dition, all trainees should know how andwhen to contact the local Poison ControlCenter.

b. inhaled poisons including carbon mon-oxide, carbon dioxide, smoke, and chemicalfumes, vapors and gases as well as the impor-tance of assessing the toxic potential of theenvironment to the rescuer and the need forrespirators.

Trainees should be instructed in the acuteeffect of chemicals utilized in their plants,the location of chemical inventories, mate-rial safety data sheets (MSDS’s), chemicalemergency information, and antidote sup-plies.

c. topical poisons including poison ivy, poi-son sumac, poison oak, and insecticides.

d. drugs of abuse including alcohol, narcot-ics such as heroin and cocaine, tranquilizers,and amphetamines.

4. Burns


a. assessing the severity of the burn in-cluding first degree, second degree, and thirddegree burns.

b. differentiating between the types ofthird degree burns (thermal, electrical, andchemical) and their specific interventions.Particular attention should be focused uponchemical burns, and the use of specificchemicals in the workplace which may causethem.

5. Temperature Extremes


a. exposure to cold including frostbite andhypothermia.

b. exposure to heat including heat cramps,heat exhaustion, and heat stroke.

6. Musculoskeletal Injuries

The training program should include in-struction in the principles and first aidintervention in:

a. open fractures, closed fractures, andsplinting.

b. dislocations, especially the methods ofjoint dislocations of the upper extremity.The importance of differentiating disloca-tions from fractures.

c. joint sprains.d. muscle strains, contusions, and cramps.e. head, neck, back, and spinal injuries.

7. Bites and Stings

Instruction in the principles and first aidintervention in:

a. human and animal (especially dog andsnake) bites.

b. bites and stings from insects (spiders,ticks, scorpions, hornets and wasps). Inter-ventions should include responses toanaphylactic shock; other allergic mani-festations; rabies and tetanus prophylaxis.

8. Medical Emergencies


a. heart attacksb. strokesc. asthma attacksd. diabetic emergencies including diabetic

coma, insulin shock, hyperglycemia, andhypoglycemia.

e. seizures including tonic-clonic and ab-sence seizures. Importance of not puttinggags in mouth.

f. pregnancy including the appropriate careof any abdominal injury or vaginal bleeding.

9. Confined Spaces

a. the danger of entering a confined spaceto administer first aid without having theappropriate respiratory protection.

b. if first aid personnel will be required toassist evacuations from confined spaces, ad-ditional training will be needed.

B. Site of Injury Training

Instruction in the principles and first aidintervention of injuries to the followingsites:


295

Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor Part 1918, Index

1. Head and Neck

a. including skull fractures, concussions,and mental status assessments with particu-lar attention to temporary loss of conscious-ness and the need for referral to a physician.

b. including the appropriate approach tothe management of the individual who hassuffered a potential neck injury or fracture.

2. Eye

a. foreign bodies, corneal abrasions andlacerations.

b. chemical burns and the importance offlushing out the eye.

c. the importance of not applying anti-biotics without physician supervision.

3. Nose

a. nose injuries and nose bleeds.

4. Mouth and Teeth

a. oral injuries, lip and tongue injuries,and broken and removed teeth. The impor-

tance of preventing inhalation of blood andteeth.

5. Chest

a. rib fractures, flail chest, and penetratingwounds.

6. Abdomen

a. blunt injuries, penetrating injuries, andprotruding organs.

7. Hand, Finger, and Foot Injuries

a. finger/toe nail hematoma, lacerations,splinters, finger nail avulsion, ring removal,and foreign bodies.

b. the importance of identifying amputa-tion care hospitals in the area. When an am-putation occurs, appropriate handling of am-putated fingers, hands, and feet during theimmediate transportation of the victim andbody part to the hospital.

EDITORIAL NOTE: This listing is provided for informational purposes only. It is compiled andkept up-to-date by the Department of Labor.

SUBJECT INDEX FOR 29 CFR 1918—LONGSHORING

Subject term Section No.

Access, Means: (see Gangways andLadders, Jacob’s).

Barges ......................................... .26Drafts .......................................... .21(a)Illumination .................................. .92River Towboats ........................... .26(b)Vessels ....................................... .21(a), (b),

(c)Atmospheres:

Carbon Monoxide ....................... .94(a)Conditions ................................... .90Dusts ........................................... .94(e)Fumigants ................................... .94(b), (c),

(d)Fish ............................................. .94(f)Hazardous .................................. .93

Bales, Handling .................................. .81(e)Barges:

Access ........................................ .26(a), (b),(c)

Decks .......................................... .37(b)Definition ..................................... .2Mooring ....................................... .26(d)Moving by Booms ....................... .84(e)Open Hatches ............................. .35Walking ....................................... .37(a)

Beams, Hatch (Strongbacks):Placement ................................... .31(d)Roller ........................................... .43(f)Secured ...................................... .31(b),

.43(e)Stowage ...................................... .43(b), (c),

(d)

SUBJECT INDEX FOR 29 CFR 1918—LONGSHORING—Continued


Booms:Moving Barges or Cars ............... .84(e)Placement ................................... .54(c)Topping or Lowering ................... .54(f)(1), (2)

Bridge Plates ..................................... .25(a)Bridles:

Beam and Pontoon ..................... .42Cargo Handling ........................... .81(b)Flush End Pallets ........................ .62(k)(4)Gangways ................................... .22(g)

Buckets (Tubs, Hand-Loaded) ........... .82(b)Bulk Cargo Moving Vehicles .............. .65Bulling:

Definition ..................................... .2Leads .......................................... .84 (a), (b)

Car Plates: (see Bridge Plates).Carbon Monoxide ............................... .94(a),

.1(b)(9)(iii)Cargo Handling:

Bales ........................................... .81(e)Breaking Down ........................... .83(b)Bridles ......................................... .81(b)Bulling ......................................... .84(a)Case Hooks ................................ .81(d)Drafts, Building ........................... .82Drafts, Safely Slung .................... .81(a)Hoisting ....................................... .81(g)Lumber ........................................ .81(c)Pipes ........................................... .81(c)Reefers ....................................... .83(c)Securing ...................................... .83(a)Tag Lines .................................... .81(h)Trimming ..................................... .83(c)


296

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–98 Edition) Part 1918, Index



Cargo Hooks ...................................... .52(f)Cars, Railway ..................................... .84(e)Case Hooks ....................................... .62(j)(3),

.81(d)Chains:

Annealed ..................................... .62(h)(5)(i)Inspection ................................... .62(h)(3)(i),

(ii)Knots ........................................... .62(h)(6)Proof Tests ................................. .62(h)(4)Removal From Service ............... .62(h)(3)(iii),

(iv)Repairs ........................................ .62(h)(4)Safe Working Loads ................... .62(h)(1)Shortened ................................... .62(h)(6)

Chutes ................................................ .63(a), (b),(c), (d)

Clamps, Beam or Frame ................... .84(d)Coaming Clearances:

Intermediate Decks ..................... .41(b)Not Applicable ............................. .41(d)Not Required ............................... .41(b)(1)Trunk Hatches ............................ .41(c)Weather Decks ........................... .41(a)

Coaming Rollers, Secured ................. .52(e)Compliance Responsibility ................. .1Containerized Cargo:

Capacity ...................................... .85(c)Handling ...................................... .85(b)Inspection ................................... .85(d)Permanent Markings ................... .85(a)

Conveyors, Powered:Controls ...................................... .64(a), (c),

(d), (h)Approved Equipment .................. .64(c)Guarding ..................................... .64(b)Power Cables ............................. .64(e)

Cranes:Afloat, Guarding Swing Radius .. .55(c)(1)Ashore, Guarding Swing Radius .66(b)(2)Certification, Afloat ...................... .11(a)Certification, Ashore ................... .66(a)(1)Counterweights ........................... .66(a)(8)Hoisting ....................................... .66(a)(2)Illumination .................................. .92(a)Loading Indicating Devices ......... .66(f)Overloading Prohibited ............... .66(a)(4)Radius Indicators ........................ .66(a)(6)Rating Charts .............................. .66(a)(3)Side Stress on Boom .................. .66(b)(3)(i)Visible Defects ............................ .66(b)(3)(ii)

Cups, Sanitary Drinking ..................... .95(b)Deck Loads:

Clearance .................................... .54(g)Handlines .................................... .41(a)Ladders ....................................... .25(e)(1)Safe Passage ............................. .33(a), (b)

Definitions:Barge .......................................... .2Bulling ......................................... .2Danger Zone ............................... .2Designated Person ..................... .2



Dockboards ................................. .2Employee .................................... .2Employer ..................................... .2Enclosed Space .......................... .2Fall Hazard ................................. .2Fumigant ..................................... .2Gangway ..................................... .2Hatch Beam ................................ .2Hazardous Cargo ........................ .2Intermodal Container .................. .2Longshoring Operations ............. .2Mississippi River System ............ .2Public Vessel .............................. .2Ramp .......................................... .2Related Employments ................. .2River Towboat ............................. .2Small Trimming Hatch ................ .2Vessel ......................................... .2Vessel’s Cargo Handling Gear ... .2

Derricks:Certification, Afloat ...................... .11(a)Certification, Ashore ................... .66(a)(1)Ratings ........................................ .66(a)(3), (4)Visible Defects ............................ .66(b)(3)(ii)

Drafts:Access Means ............................ .21(a)Building ....................................... .82(a), (b)Double Slings .............................. .81(c)Safely Slung ................................ .81(a)Visibility ....................................... .81(i)

Drinking Water ................................... .95(b)Duckboards, Cleated ......................... .22(d)Dunnage:

Clear of Work Area ..................... .91(a)Nails ............................................ .91(f)(2)Placement on Deck .................... .91(c)Racked Against Sweat Battens .. .91(d)Slinging ....................................... .81(c)Stowage ...................................... .91(e)

Dusts:Heavy Concentration .................. .94(e)Protection .................................... .94(e),

.102Sandblasting ............................... .96(d)

Edge, Guarded .................................. .32(b)Eye Protection:

Cleaned Disinfected .................... .101(c)Corrective Spectacles ................. .101(a)(2)Maintenance ............................... .101(b)Required ..................................... .101(a)Specifications .............................. .101(a)(1)

Falls (runners):Chafing ....................................... .54(e)Drum Winding ............................. .52(c)(4)Eyes ............................................ .52(c)(3)Secured ...................................... .52(c)(1)Winch Drum Turns ...................... .52(c)(2)

First Aid:First Aid Kit ................................. .97(b), (c)Inspection ................................... .97(c)

Foot Protection .................................. .104


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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor Part 1918, Index



Fumigation:Cargo .......................................... .94(d)Grain ........................................... .94(b)Stowage Spaces ......................... .93(b)Tobacco ...................................... .94(c)

Gangways:Coast Guard Inspection .............. .22(j)Definition ..................................... .2Duckboards ................................. .22(d)General Requirements ................ .21Illumination .................................. .21,

.92Loads .......................................... .21(a)Nets ............................................ .22(e)Obstructions ................................ .22(h)Railing ......................................... .22(b)Stanchions .................................. .22(b)Substitutes .................................. .22(a)Supporting Bridles ...................... .22(g)Trimming ..................................... .22(c)Turntables ................................... .22(b)Walking Surfaces ........................ .22(a)

Garbage ............................................. .95(d)Gear Certification:

Coast Guard Inspected Vessels .11(c)Container Cranes ........................ .61Foreign Vessels .......................... .11(d)Materials Handling Devices ........ .61,

.66Public Vessels ............................ .11(b)Regulations ................................. .11(a)Standards ................................... .61(e)

Gear, Other than Ship:Blocks, Snatch ............................ .84 (b), (c)Bridles ......................................... .62(k)(4),

.81(b)Chains ......................................... .62(h)Clamps, Beam or Frame ............ .84(d)Hooks .......................................... .62(j)Hooks, Case ............................... .62(j)(3),

.81(d)Hooks, Plate ............................... .62(j)(4)Inspection ................................... .61(a)Manila or Natural Fiber Ropes ... .62(c)Marking Weight ........................... .61(c)Pallets ......................................... .62(k)Shackles ..................................... .62(i)Stevedore Gear .......................... .61(f)Synthetic Fiber Ropes ................ .62(d)Wire Ropes ................................. .62(b)Wire Rope Clips .......................... .62(b)(5)Wire Rope Limitations ................ .62(b)(3), (6),

(7), (8), (9)Gear, Ship Cargo Handling:

Cargo Hooks ............................... .52(f)Certification ................................. .11Coaming Rollers ......................... .52(e)Falls ............................................ .52(c)Heel Blocks ................................. .52(d)Preventers .................................. .52(a),

.54(d)Safe Working Loads ................... .51(a)



Stoppers, Chain .......................... .52(b)Stoppers, Clamp ......................... .52(b)(3)Unsafe ......................................... .51(b)Wire Rope Limitations ................ .51(c), (d)

Gravity Rollers ................................... .68(d), (e), (f)Grounding .......................................... .68Guys:

Placement ................................... .54(a), (b)Preventers .................................. .54(d)Securing ...................................... .54(d)(1)

Handrails:Barges ......................................... .37(a)Deck Loads ................................. .41(a)Trunk Bulk Heads ....................... .41(c)

Hatch Covering:Intermediate Decks ..................... .31(a), (e)Partially Opened ......................... .43(a)(2)Securing ...................................... .43(f)(2), (g)Weather Decks ........................... .43(a)

Hatch Covers:Damaged or Ill Fitting ................. .31(c)Hinged or Folding ....................... .43(g)Hydraulic ..................................... .41(d)Mechanical .................................. .41(d)Missing ........................................ .31(c)Placement ................................... .31(d)Repairs ........................................ .31(c)Stowage ...................................... .43(a)(1), (2),

(d)Pontoons ..................................... .43(a)(1), (e)

Hatch, Protection ............................... .35Hazardous Communication ................ .1(b)(4)Hazardous Cargoes:

Definition ..................................... .2Handling ...................................... .89

Head Protection ................................. .103Housekeeping .................................... .91Ice ...................................................... .91(g)Illumination ......................................... .92Inspection:

Chains ......................................... .62(h)(3)Hooks .......................................... .62(j)(1)Respiratory Protective Equip-

ment..102

Stevedore Gears ......................... .61(f)Knots, Wire Rope ............................... .62(b)(6)Ladders, Cargo Spaces:

Alternatives ................................. .24(c)Rung Clearance .......................... .24(d)General ....................................... .24(a)Unsafe ......................................... .24(b)

Ladders, Jacobs:Acceptable .................................. .23(a)Barge or Towboat ....................... .23(c)In Lieu of Gangways ................... .22(a)In Lieu of Fixed Hold Ladders .... .24(c)Suspension ................................. .23(b)

Ladders, Straight Portable:Barge or Towboat ....................... .25(b)In Lieu of Fixed Hold Ladders .... .24(c)In Lieu of Gangways ................... .22(a)Secured ...................................... .24(j)(1), (2)


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Ladders, to Water .............................. .97(e)Liferings ............................................. .97(e)Lights, Open Flame Prohibited .......... .92(e)Nails, Protruding ................................ .91(f)Nets:

Gangways ...................................Safety ..........................................

Notifying Ships Officers .....................Operators, Machinery ........................Overboard Discharges .......................Personal Protective Equipment:

Drowning Protection ................... .105(b)Eye Protection ............................ .101Foot Protection ........................... .104Head Protection .......................... .103Protective Clothing ...................... .105(a)Respiratory Protection ................ .102

Pontoons: (see Hatch Covers).Lifting .......................................... .42(c)Secured ...................................... .43(e)Stowage ...................................... .43(a)(1), (c)

Preventer:Coaming Rollers ......................... .52(e)Heel Blocks ................................. .52(d)(1)

Preventer Guys:Securing ...................................... .54(d)Strength ...................................... .52(a)(1)Tails ............................................ .52(a)(1)

Rails, Weather Deck .......................... .36Ramps ................................................ .26(a) (b),

.25(b)Reefer Compartments, Securing ....... .83(c)Respiratory Protection ....................... .102Rigging Gear:

Boom Placement ........................ .54(c)Falls, Chafing .............................. .54(e)Guy Placement ........................... .54(a), (b)Preventer Securing ..................... .54(d)

Runners: (see Falls (Runners)).Shackles:

Safe Working Loads ................... .62(i)(1)Used Aloft ................................... .62(i)(2)

Skeleton (Mechano) Decks ................ .34Slippery Conditions ............................ .91(b)Snatch Blocks:

Fairleads ..................................... .84(b)Use ............................................. .84(c)

Splash Boards ................................... .95(d)Spouts, Bulk Cargo Certification ........ .11(a)Steps, Bulwark ................................... .21(b)Stowed Cargo, Temporary Landing

Platform..32

Stretchers ........................................... .97(d)Strongback: (see Beams, Hatch

(Strongback)).Suckers, Bulk Cargo Certification ...... .11(a)Tables, Temporary Landing ............... .32(a)Tag Lines ........................................... .81(h)Tents .................................................. .43(j)Toggles, Bridle ................................... .42(b)Tools:

Portable Electric .......................... .69(b)



Unsafe ......................................... .69(a)Tripping Hazards ................................ .91(a)Trucks, Lift ......................................... .65(a), (b),

(c), (e), (f),(g), (h)

Ventilation .......................................... .94Ventilation, Portable:

Carbon Monoxide ....................... .94(a)(1)Grounding ................................... .94(a)(3)Guarding Blowers ....................... .94(a)(2)

Vessel:Coast Guard Inspected ............... .11(b) (c)Definition ..................................... .2Public, Definition ......................... .2Public, Exemptions ..................... .11(b)

.22(j)Water, Drinking .................................. .95(b)Walkways:

Barges or River Towboats .......... .26(b)Barges ......................................... .37(a)Decks .......................................... .43(c)Gangways ................................... .22(f)

Winches, Electric:Brakes ......................................... .53(i)Control points .............................. .53(j)Unattended ................................. .53(k)

Winches, General:Changing Gears .......................... .53(d)Defects ........................................ .53(e)Drivers, Seats and Shelters ........ .53(f)Extension Levers ........................ .53(g)Gear Shift Locking ...................... .53(c)Guarding ..................................... .53(a)Improper Control Lever Oper-

ation..53(b)

Winches, Steam:Controls Secured ........................ .53(k)Deck Steam Lines ...................... .53(e)Escaping Steam .......................... .53(e)Extension Control Levers ........... .53(h)

Wire Rope Clips:Prohibited .................................... .52(c)(3)Use ............................................. .62(b)(5)

PART 1919—GEAR CERTIFICATION

Subpart A—General Provisions

Sec.1919.1 Purpose and scope.1919.2 Definition of terms.

Subpart B—Procedure GoverningAccreditation

1919.3 Application for accreditation.1919.4 Action upon application.1919.5 Duration and renewal of accredita-

tion.1919.6 Criteria governing accreditation to

certificate vessels’ cargo gear.


occupational safety and health admin., labor pt. 1918

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