observations of pickup ions and their tails in the heliosphere and heliosheath george gloeckler...
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Observations of Pickup Ions and their Tails in the Heliosphere and Heliosheath
George GloecklerUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
Implications of Interstellar Neutral Matter
Holloway Commons Piscataqua Room
University of New HampshireNovember 15 & 16, 2011
OverviewCharge exchange plays a central role in the interaction of
neutral gas with plasmas - Pickup Ions are created from ambient slow moving neutrals by charge exchange, photoionization and electron impact ionization
- Energetic Neutrals (ENAs) are produced by charge exchange with the ambient neutral gas
- Pickup Ions are affected by solar wind compressions and expansions, and their spectra reveal these conditions along the solar wind flow direction from the sun to the location of the spacecraft
- Pickup Ion densities depend on local neutral densities and ionization rates, and their spectra reveal variations in these along the solar wind flow direction from the sun to observer
- Pickup Ions are the core population that feeds and grows suprathermal tails by the pumping acceleration mechanism
- In the heliosheath these tails grow further in energy to become the Anomalous Cosmic Rays (ACRs) near the heliopause, their modulated spectra observed throughout the heliosphere and heliosheath
- Pickup ions and their extended tails reveal the composition of their neutral source (e.g. interstellar gas, Inner Source, cometary gas)
- ENAs provide information on plasmas, spectra and composition of pickup ions and their extended tails in remote regions such as the heliosheath
Distributed Sources • Interstellar Neutrals
• Extended Inner Source - Evaporated or sputtered material
from interstellar dust and small objects (e.g. KBO) > ~1 AU
- Vaporization of dust in dust-dust
collisions (~10-200 Rs)
- Dust-desorbed atoms and
molecules (~10-200 Rs) (‘Recycled Solar Wind’)
Local Sources • Sun-Grazing Comets • Cometary Neutrals • Planetary Neutrals
Pickup ions are newly ionized atoms or molecules that are picked up by the solar wind and carried outward
0.01 101.00.1 100
Term
inat
ion
shoc
k
IP dust
Sun AU IS dust
IS atoms
IS atoms
dust - dust collisions
Pickup ions
He
H, N, O, Ne, Ar
Sources of Pickup Ions
Neutrals from LIC are detected inside the heliosphere and in the
heliosheath (HS)
• directly in the heliosphere (H, He, O, Ne )
• as pickup ions in the heliosphere
• as pickup ion Tails in the HS
• as Anomalous Cosmic Rays in the HS
Use composition measurements ofPickup Ions
Pickup Ion Tails in the HS Anomalous Cosmic Rays in the HS
to deduce the densities of atoms near the Termination Shock
LIC Compositionneutral
gas
grains
pickupions
- Bulk Solar wind- Halo solar wind- Pickup protons- Suprathermal tail
In the solar wind frame the tail spectrum has the form
dj/dE = joE –1.5exp[–(E/Eo)0.63]
Eo = 0.72 MeV
In the spacecraft frame the spectra are steeper than -5
Four-component Differential Energy Spectrum
Four-component Proton Velocity Distribution in all of 1998
- Bulk Solar wind- Halo solar wind- Pickup protons- Suprathermal tail
In the solar wind frame the tail spectrum has the form
f(v) = fov –5exp[–(v/vo)α]
The exponential rollover parameters vo and α will vary, since they depend on ambient solar wind conditions, e.g. spatial diffusion coefficient
Measured and Model Quiet-time Velocity Distributions of Protons and He+ in the High Speed (Coronal Hole) Solar Wind
The proton distribution has four components• Bulk solar wind (maxwellian)• Halo solar wind (kappa function, κ = 3)• Interstellar pickup protons• Suprathermal tail (power law, γ = -5 in solar
wind frame)
The He+ distribution has three components• Interstellar He+
• He+ from charge exchange of neutral hydrogen with solar wind He++ and some
Inner Source He+
• Suprathermal tail is not observed because the upper energy limit of SWICS in the high speed solar wind is just above W=2
Phase Space Density in the Solar Wind Frame
Different shapes below the cutoff speed (w ≈ 1) reflect the different radial profiles of interstellar neutral H and He caused by different ionization rates
The tail spectrum has the form
f(v) = fov –5exp[–(v/vo)α]
with the exponential rollover parameters vo and α determined by ambient solar wind conditions, e.g. spatial diffusion coefficient and its dependence on rigidity
~3.7 AU–50° Lat
Model Phase Space Densities of of H and Hein the Solar Wind Frame
Simple ‘hot model’ with standard interstellar parameters was used to calculate the model curves
The loss rates, βloss were selected to fit spectral shapes
βprod = βloss
Neutral hydrogen density just upstream of the Termination Shock is
All of 1998
8 years (1991- 1993, 1997-2001 and 2003)
8 years (1991- 1993, 1997-2001 and 2003)
8 years (1991- 1993, 1997-2001 and 2003)
Model and Measured Velocity Distributions of of H, N, O and Ne in the Spacecraft Frame
βprod = βloss = 8•10-7 s-1
NH(95 AU) = 0.095 cm-3
βprod = βloss = 5•10-7 s-1
NH(95 AU) = 8•10-6 cm-3
βprod = βloss = 6•10-7 s-1
NH(95 AU) = 6.6•10-5 cm-3
βprod = βloss = 4•10-7 s-1
NH(95 AU) = 7•10-6 cm-3
- Pickup ions as well as the bulk and halo solar wind are strongly heated in CIRs- Model spectra of the form dj/dE = joE –1.5exp[–(m/q)0.27(E/Ec)
0.63] with Ec = 0.72 MeV/n provide good fits to the data
Measured Velocity Distributions of H to Fe at 1AU with ACE/SWICS and ULEIS in the Spacecraft Frame
H+, He++, He+ (SWICS)H4, He, C, O, Fe (ULEIS)
H+, He++, He+ (SWICS)H4, He, C, O, Fe (ULEIS)
The ENA Hydrogen spectrum is a superposition of four distinct components produced by charge exchange with the ambient interstellar gas in the heliosheath
(a) Heliosheath Solar Wind(b) Heliosheath Pickup H+
(c) Heliospheric Pickup H+
(d) F&G suprathermal Tail
Density of (c) downstream of the TS is taken to be 6•10-4 cm-3
Sum of all four components fits the observed EHA spectrum
The fact that the SoHO EHAs fall ~ a factor of two below the model curve may be due to changes in the heliosheath thickness with time and viewing direction
ENA Hydrogen Spectrum and and Low Energy Proton Spectrum in the
Heliosheath
Model differential intensities for four heliosheath proton populations as would be measured with a large field-of-view particle detector in the heliosheath
near the termination shock at ~91 AU (solidcurve)
in the transition region with high turbulence δu2
at ~140 AU (dashed curve)
near the heliopause at ~148 AU dotted curve)
Local Tail at 110 AU (blue circles, V-1)
Modulated ACRs at 104 AU (red circles, V-1 CRS)
GCRs are not shown
Populations (b) and (c) are not measured by Voyagers.
Heliosheath Proton Spectrum at Different Distances in the
Heliosheath
Voyager 1 velocity distributions of H, He, O, N, Ne, and Ar (also C and Fe), in the heliosheath, averaged over 2.8 years
Fits to the lower energy data of F&G tail distributions (–5 power laws with gentle roll over) were obtained and tail pressures computes
Ratios (relative to He) of H, N, O, Ne and Ar pickup ion fluxes in the heliosheath were derived from the respective pressure ratios
Composition of Interstellar Gasfrom Heliosheath Tails and ACRs
ModulatedACRs
F&G Tail
ModulatedACR spectrum
Modulation function Rollover function
5%/AU 16 MeV/nuc He gradient is built inro = 100 AU; A is (m/q); λ is e-folding distance of solar wind speed decrease
Composition of Interstellar Gas fromHeliospheric Pickup Ions, Heliosheath Tails and ACRs
Densities of interstellar H, He, N, O, Ne and Ar at ~100 AU from averages of Pickup ions (all but He and Ar), Heliosheath Tails (all but H, He and Ar), and
ACRs (all except H, He, O)
Solar Wind Conditions Bulk SWpressure
Corepressure
Tailpressure
Coronal Hole (R ≈ 3 AU) 1.2•10-11 6.3•10-13 4.2•10-15
Quiet (R ≈ 1 AU) 3.5•10-12 3.7•10-12 4.6•10-14
Quiet (R ≈ 5.2 AU) 1.3•10-12 4.12•10-13 3.8•10-14
Many disturbed periods (R ≈ 5.3 AU) 3.7•10-13 4.6•10-13 9.3•10-14
Disturbed (R ≈ 46 AU)† 6.5•10-15 1.1•10-13 3.5•10-14
Quiet (R ≈ 94 AU)† 1.6•10-15 5.4•10-14 4.8•10-15
Heliosheath (R ≈ 100 AU)† 2.8•10-14 1.2•10-12 2.9•10-13
ACRs (R ≈ 140 AU)† ~7•10-13 8•10-13
†Core (Pickup proton) pressure is based on model calculations
Pressures (dyne/cm2) in Bulk Solar Wind, Pickup Ionsand Tail in Various Regions of the Solar System
Ulysses at 1.4 AU
He++ + H –––> He+ + H+He++ + He –––> He+ + He+
Two primary sources: (a) Inner Source He+, (b) Solar He+ by charge exchange
•
••
InnerSource
Source of He+ near W = 1
•Heliocentric distance (AU)
Flu
x (c
m-2 s
-1)
Crosswind
Slow Solar Wind Conditions
Sources of He+ near W = 1
Two primary sources(a) Inner Source
He+
(b) Solar He+ by charge exchange
At 1 AU Inner Source dominates
The tail just above W = 2 is much steeper in the spacecraft frame than it is just above w = 2 in the spacecraft frame
InnerSource
InterstellarPickup He+
-5 Tail
21
• Sources of “Solar Wind” He+ include (a) e.g. dust-desorbed He (inner source) and (b) charge-exchanged He+ from neutral H whose density decreases with decreasing
radial distance• At 1.4 AU the ‘Inner Source’ He+ density is larger than the ‘Solar Wind’ He+ density• At 5.4 AU the ‘Solar Wind’ He+ density exceeds the ‘Inner Source’ He+ density
Contributions from Inner Source and Solar Wind to He+ at W≈1 at 1.4and 5.4 AU
Velocity Distributions of Inner Source and Interstellar Pick up O+
Since the H/O, He/O, C/O, N/O and Ne/O ratios in the In-ecliptic Inner Source are nearly identical in the corresponding ratios in the In-ecliptic solar wind it is likely that most of the Inner Source pickup ions originate as dust-desorbed
Detection of C+,Mg+, Si+ and
molecular ions including water-
group molecules at ~ 5 AU with speeds
above W ≈ 1.25 indicates a
significant inner source that
extends at least up to 5 AU.
Inner Source Composition
• Since the H/O, He/O, C/O, N/O and Ne/O ratios in the In-ecliptic Inner Source are nearly identical in the corresponding ratios in the In-ecliptic solar wind it is likely that most of the Inner Source pickup ions originate as dust-desorbed atoms and molecules
• Because the In-ecliptic Inner Source has He and Ne it is unlikely that most of the Inner Source pickup ions come from cometary material
Inner Source and Solar Wind Compositions
Hourly Variations of Interstellar Pickup He Density and Solar Wind Bulk and Thermal Speeds
He FocusingCone
• Spikes in Pickup He density most often coincide with large rapid increases in the solar wind bulk and especially thermal speeds (compression regions)
• Broader dips (minima) in tail densities are well correlated with gradual decreases in the solar wind bulk and thermal speeds (expansion regions)
• He Focusing cone is clearly visible in the smoothed data (light blue curve)
Hourly Variations of Interstellar Pickup He Density and Solar Wind Bulk and Thermal Speeds
• Spike in Pickup He density at DOY ~357 is associated with rapid increase in solar wind thermal speed
• Spike in Pickup He density at DOY ~380 is associated with a very minor rapid increase in local solar wind thermal speed and hardly any increase in the solar wind bulk speed
This one-hour pickup He+ spectrum is at a spike in the pickup ion density which is associated with a fairly rapid increase in solar wind thermal and bulk speeds (compression region)
Pickup He 1-hour Velocity Distribution on DOY 357
Pickup He 1-hour Velocity Distribution on DOY 361
This one-hour pickup He+ spectrum is at a dip in the pickup ion density which is associated with a fairly rapid increase in solar wind thermal and bulk speeds (expansion region)
Pickup He 1-hour Velocity Distribution on DOY 14
This one-hour pickup He+ spectrum is at a spike in the pickup ion density which is associated with at best a very slight increase in the solar wind thermal speed and hardly any change in the solar wind bulk speed
2008 Helium Focusing Cone at 1 AULarge hourly density variations on top of a smoothed density profile of the He+ cone (light blue curve)
Model cone density profile (dashed red curve) is computed using standard parameters and observed photoionization rate, and then scaled by (1/12)
Model cone density profile scaled to fit observed profile (red curve)
Pickup He+ cone is wider than neutral He cone indicating transport of He+ ions
Electron impact ionization most likely contributes to reduce the neutral He density in the inner heliosphere
Hourly density of He+ computed by integrating the solar wind frame velocity distribution (assumed to be isotropic) from w = 0.2 to 1.2
Interstellar Pickup Ions Inner Source Pickup Ions
Spatial distribution of densities
Related to distribution of interstellar gas driven by time and spatial (radial, latitude and longitude) dependent ionization rates that deplete neutrals in the inner heliosphere and are influenced by local solar wind conditions (e.g. compression/expansion region)
Related to distribution of neutrals in the inner heliosphere driven by time and spatial dependent (radial, latitude and longitude) production of these neutrals, and time and spatial variations of ionization rates
Velocity distributions
Long term time averages (days to years): well represented by the Vasyliunas & Siscoe (1976) spectrum and neutral density distributions calculated using the hot model (sharp cutoff at ~2•VSW)Short term time averages (hours): Generally complex spectra with multiple peaks and cutoffs near 2•VSW
Long term time averages (months s to years): Broad peak below W=1 (at 0.95W) with tail ending at a cutoff near 2•VSW
Short term time averages (hours): not yet studied
Composition Reflects composition of neutral gas in the heliosphere (H, He, N, O, Ne, Ar) Pickup Ar has not yet been detected
Reflects composition of neutrals (elements and molecules) near the sun
Summary
Conclusions - Electron impact ionization plays an important role, particularly in the inner heliosphere (< 1A) and close to the sun
- Large temporal increases in the hourly He+ density are often associated with compression regions in the solar wind
- Low hourly He+ densities (dips) are often associated with expansion regions in the solar wind
- Complex hourly He+ spectra with multiple peaks are often observed, providing information on solar wind structure along the flow direction between the sun and spacecraft
- Velocity distributions of Inner Source pickup ions peak below W =1 (at about 0.95W) indicating anisotropies in their spectra close to the sun
- Spectral shapes of Inner Source pickup ions indicate that their neutral source peaks at about 0.04 to 0.08 AU, but extends to 1 AU and beyond (i.e. extended Inner Source)
- Pickup ions as well as the bulk and halo solar wind are strongly heated in CIRs
- Inner source elemental composition is similar to that of the solar wind but also many molecular ions are also observed consistent with the ‘recycled solar wind’ as its source
- Pickup Ions are the core population that feeds and grows suprathermal tails by the F&G pumping acceleration mechanism
END